Creating a Resilient Energy Network of Net Zero Buildings Track ...

"The Role of Power Producing Buildings in the 21st Century

Energy Network."

Brian T. Patterson – IEEEPresident, EMerge Alliance

Track: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENTand STANDARDS

Wednesday, April 13, , 2016 3:05 - 4:20 pm

The Big PictureGrid to chip …and back again. The ENERNET

Smart GridEminent DomainSynchronizationFrequency ControlVoltage MaintenanceReactive Power (VARs)Spinning ReservesPeaking Turbines

Renewable Energy Sources (RES)Solar (PV) – Wind - Fuel CellsMicro-turbines - Combined Heat & Power Distributed Energy Resources (DER)Clean EnergyEnergy Storage

SSL - EfficiencySmart ControlsDigital Devices – IoTAC/DC Power ConversionFast Charge Electric VehiclesSmart BuildingsZero Net Energy (ZNE)

Remote Power AccessOff-gridIslandingMicrogridsLoad ShiftingDemand ResponseNet Metering

Power System ResiliencyElectro-Magnetic PulsesBrownouts-BlackoutsTerrorismExtreme WeatherPower QualityLinear Dynamic Failure

Over Dependency on Fossil Fuel SourcesCoal & Oil is leading to Increased Use of NG, Nuclear, Solar, Wind

Increasing Demand – Decreasing SupplyDespite Conservation Efforts – Use Grows at Double-Digit Rates

Resistance to New Centralized Infrastructure“Don’t Tread On Me”

Growing Problems of Quality and Resiliency There’s no easy answers for the existing grid

SANDY

Category 3

EMP

5KnT/min.

A Rising Population with No Electricity More Than 1/4 of the World Has No Electricity

Solution:

The ENERNET

62,500 1,700,000,000

Community Microgrid

Building ServicesPower Storage & Control

Factory or WarehouseIndustrial Space

Outdoor SourcesOffice & Occupied Space

Data Center

Commercial Campus Microgrid

Wind Farm

Solar Farm

Sub-station

Sub-station

Commercial Campus

Microgrid

Community Microgrids

Peaking Power Plant

Utility-Scale Microgrids

Utility Microgrids are Ener-connected into ‘Smart-Macro-Grids’

Base Load Power Plant




Utility Transmission Macrogrid

The ENERNET

The Complete Grid Interconnect

Combining ideal solutions with key virtues learned from the Internet

Resilient Infrastructure

The New Energy Marketplace

Nanogrids, Microgrids and Macrogrids Organized into an Increasingly

Expansive and Inclusive Tiered Framework

The ENERNET

Macrogrids

National

Tier 3Regional

MicrogridsCommunity

Tier 2Campus

Nanogrids Building Tier 1

Level, Room, Device Area

Transforming Traditional Power Gridsto an ENERNET Mesh Topology:

Integrated Mesh NetworkCluster Tree Network

But who will manage the Enernet?

Public Utility? Local Service Provider?

You?Cloud Service Provider?

All of the Above…

Your Public Utility? A Local Service Provider?

You?A Cloud Based Service Provider?

Using a Transactive Power

Management Framework

+

Predicted Transition to a market driven Transactive Energy Framework

Source: GridWise Architecture Council

Transactive Power Management Framework Timing

The ENERNET

Flexible, clean, efficient, resilient, affordable and sustainable energy infrastructure

Private Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid Basics…

High Voltage Loads• DC Power Distribution• High Voltage Bus• Hi Bay/Hi Output Lights• Ext. Lighting / Signage• EV Vehicle Charging• Data Centers• VFD Motor Drives

Low Voltage Loads• Office Lighting• Ceiling Grid• Wireless Controls• Pwr. Mgmt. / Monitor• Sensors• Fans• IT Access / Security

AC Power Sources• Utility Grid• AC Service Gen.• Transformers

DC Power Sources• Solar PV• Wind Turbine• Fuel Cell• Comb. Heat & Power• Micro-turbine Gen.• Battery Storage• Future Energy Harvest?

Microgrid Technology

Electric Function AC Microgrid Hybrid DC Microgrid

Power Sources(Solar / Wind / Fuel Cell / CHP/ grid)

AC + DC to AC DC + AC to DC

Power Storage(Battery / Thermal Electric)

IN: DC + AC DC + DC

OUT: DC to AC

IN: DC

OUT: DC

Distribution/Wiring(Conduit / Wiring / Circuit Protection)

AC + DC to AC DC

Loads/Devices/Outlets(Lighting / Motors / Pumps / IT

Security / Appliances / Desktop)

AC + AC to DC DC + DC to AC

Controls/Monitoring(Wired / Wireless)

AC to DC DC

Total Frequency Conversion Points 6 2

Microgrids Require Power Conversions

Notes: •Frequency conversions are generally much less efficient than simple voltage conversions•Conversion efficiency is almost always better at higher voltages and currents•Wire Size favors DC at equivalent voltages

Status Quo…

AC Grid

AC Bus

DC storage

AC

DC

Common Building

Loads (80%DC)

ACDC

DC

AC

ACDC

ACDC

ACDC

AC

DC

AC

Typical

Conversion

Loss

DC

AC

4% to

8% Loss

2% to 10%

loss

4% to

8% Loss

4% - 8%

4% to

8% Loss

12% to

20% loss

15% to

20% loss

3% to 10%

loss

V

F

D

A Better Way…

AC GridDC Bus

DC storage

DC

DC

DC / Semiconductor

Based Loads

DC

DC

• Higher Efficiency

• Minimal Conversion Loss

• Lower Operating Expense

• Safer

• Fewer Components

• More Reliable

• Less Real Estate

• Reduced Carbon Footprint

3% to 5%

loss

2% to 5%

loss

ACDCDC

ACDCDC

2% to 5%

loss

0% to 2%

loss

3% to 6%

loss

3% to 6%

loss

V

F

D 0% loss

ACDCDC

1% to 5%

loss

Existing Codes and Standards

Voltages and Application Categories

Significant US Standards

EXISTING LVDC CODES AND STANDARDSStandard Description Region Status

MANDATORY STANDARDS - apply to all electrical installations

NFPA 70 US Nat. Elec. Code - principles of protection for safety. LVDC (under 1000V). US 2014 version released

Article 250 Section VIII Grounding & Bonding - Direct Current Systems - Articles 250.160-250.169 2014 version released

Article 393 Low-Voltage Suspended Ceiling Power Distribution Systems US 2014 version releasedjn

Article 408 Switchboards, Switchgear, and Panellboards US 2014 version releasedjn

Article 480 Storage Batteries US 2014 Released (2017 revisions)

Article 690 PV Systems over 600 Volts US 2014 Released (2017 revisions)

NFPA 70E Standard for electrical safety in the workplace - Includes LVDC. US 2014 version released

NFPA 70B Recommended practice for electrical equipment maintenance. US 2014 version released

GENERAL APPLICATION STANDARDS

EMerge Occupied Space V. 2.0 DC power distrib. Req'mts for commercial bldg. interiors 24, 48 & 360Vdc, Class 1 &2 Global Released

EMerge Residential V1.0 DC power distrib. Req'mts for residential bldgs. 24, 48, 380 Vdc, Class 1 & 2 Global Scheduled Release 2016

EMerge Commercial Bldg. V1.0 DC power distrib. Req'mts for commercial bldg. and Campus 380-760 Vdc, Class 1 Global Scheduled Release 2016

EMerge Data/Telecom V.1.1 DC power distribution requirements in data centers/telecom Global Released

USB-PD Extra Low Voltage DC for Desktop and Personal Electronics 5-20Vdc, 100watts Global Released

PoE Extra Low Voltage DC for ICT Equipment 24 & 48 Vdc, 35 watts Global Released

European & Global Standards



NFPA 70 US National Electrical Code Addresses fundamental principles of protection for safety. Applies to LVDC (under 1000V). US 2014 version released














DIN VDE 0100-100:2009-06 Low-voltage installations – Part 1: Fundamental principles, assessment of general characteristics, definitions Europe Released

DIN VDE 0100-410:2007-06 Low-voltage installations – Part 4-41: Protection for safety - Protection against electric shock Europe Released

DIN VDE 0100-530:2011-06 Low-voltage installations – Part 530: Selection & erection of electrical equipment – Switchgear and controlgear Europe Released

DIN VDE 0100-540:2012-06 Low-voltage installations – Part 5-54: Selection & erection of electrical equipment – Earthing & protective conductors Europe Released

DIN EN 61557-2:2008-02 Up to 1500 Vdc – testing, measuring or monitoring of protective measures, Part 2: Insulation resistance Europe Released

DIN EN 61557-8:2007-12 Up to 1500 Vdc – testing, measuring or monitoring of protective measures Part 8: Insulation monitoring - IT systems Europe Released

DIN EN 61557-9:2009-11 Up to 1500 Vdc – testing, measuring or monitoring of protective measures Part 9: Insulation fault location - IT systems Europe Released

IEC 60050-614 International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - Part 614: Generation, transmission and distribution of electricity Global Released

IEC 60034-1 Rotating electrical machines - Part 1: Rating and performance Global Released

IEC 61362 Guide to specification of hydraulic turbine governing systems Global Released

IEC 60308 Hydraulic turbines - Testing of control systems Global Released

IEC 60038:2009 - Standard Voltages Global Released

IEC 61992 DC switchgear Global Released

IEC 62848-1 DC Surge arresters Global Released

IEC 62924 Stationary energy storage system for DC traction systems Global Released

IEC 62053-41/Ed1 ELECTRICITY METERING EQUIPMENT (DC) Global Released

IEC 61378-3 (2006-04-27) Convertor transformers - Part 2: Transformers for HVDC applications Global Released

IEC 62620 Performance of lithium ion batteries for industrial apparatus (unit battery/ battery pack) Global Released

IEC 62619 Safety of lithium ion batteries for industrial apparatus (unit battery/ battery pack) Global Released

IEC/TS 62735-2 D.C. Plugs and socket-outlets - indoor access controlled areas - Part 2: Plug and socket-outlet system for 5,2 kW Global Released

IEC 61869-14 Instrument Transformers- Part 14: Specific Requirements for DC Current Transformers (CDV) Global Released

IEC 61869-15 Instrument Transformers- Part 15: Specific Requirements for DC Voltage Transformers (CDV) Global Released

IEC 61180 /Ed1 HIGH-VOLTAGE TEST TECHNIQUES FOR LOW-VOLTAGE EQUIP. Definitions, test & procedure requirements, test equip. Global Released

IEC 60947-2 Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear – Part 2: Circuit-breakers） Global Released

IEC 60947-3 Low-voltage switchgear & controlgear - Part 3: Switches, disconnectors, switch-disconnectors & fuse units. Global Released

IEC 61439-X LOW-VOLTAGE SWITCHGEAR AND CONTROLGEAR ASSEMBLIES –Part X: Assemblies for photovoltaic installations Global Released

TELECOM and DATA CENTERS (Higher voltage DC - 380VDC)

GENERAL

ETSI EN 300 132-3-0 Power supply interface at the input to telecommunications and datacom (ICT) equipment Europe Released

ETSI EN 3061605 Earting and bonding for 400VDC systems Europe Released

ITU -T L.1200 Specification of DC power feeding interface Global Released


YD/T2378-2011 240VDC systems China Released

YD/T XXXX-201X 336V direct current power supply systems for telecom China Approval process

ATIS -0600315.01.2015 Voltage levels for 400VDC systems US Released

PRODUCT SPECIFIC STANDARDS

IEC 62040-5-3 DC UPS test and performance standard IEC Scheduled release 2016

IEC 62040-5-1 Safety for DC UPS IEC Work started

IEC TS62735-1 400VDC plug & socket outlet IEC Released

YD/T 2524-2015 336V HF switchmode rectifier for telecommunication China Approval process

ELECTRICAL VEHICLE CHARGING

CHAdeMO DC fast charging Released

SAE/CCS DC charging Released?

Rail Transit DC Systems

BS EN 50163 (2007) Railway applications. Supply voltages of traction systems, IET Europe Released

IEC 60850 (2007) Railway applications - Supply voltages of traction systems (3rd ed.) Global Released

IEEE C2-2012 (2012) National Electrical Safety Code (NESC) Global Released

Marine DC Systems

ABYC E-9 DIRECT CURRENT (DC) ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS ON BOATS USA Released

GENERAL SAFETY STANDARDS - apply to all use cases (data centers, commercial and residential applications)

Existing safety standards (NEC in US and ICC, IEC- global) address both AC and DC installations today. Various

However, these standards were principally written for AC and are not explicit for DC. Updating for clarity is required. Various

IEEE Global StandardsIEEE SA - 1653.6-2013 - IEEE Trial-Use Recommended Practice for Grounding of DC Equipment ...

... Recommended Practice for Grounding of DC Equipment Enclosures in Traction Power ... Description: The grounding of dc equipment enclosures installed in dc traction power distribution facilities as ... testing of insulation used in dc traction facilities and further recommended...

http://standards.ieee.org/findstds/standard/1653.6-2013.html

IEEE SA - 2030.1.1-2015 - IEEE Approved Draft Standard Technical Specifications of a DC ...

... which can accept high current DC charge, and the DC supply equipment which provides it ... as “Fast Charging”, “Fast Charger”, “DC Charger”, “Quick Charger”, etc. DC charging and AC charging vary ... AC current is converted to DC current. For typical DC charging, the current is converted ...

http://standards.ieee.org/findstds/standard/2030.1.1-2015.html

IEEE SA - 802-1955 - AIEE Proposed Trail Use Test Code DIRECT -- CURRENT CARBON -- PILE ...

It is the purpose of this code to define uniform acceptable methods of making tests to determine that the rating, performance and other characteristics of generator voltage regulators for aircraft comply with ...

http://standards.ieee.org/findstds/standard/802-1955.html

IEEE SA - 485-2010 - IEEE Recommended Practice for Sizing Lead-Acid Batteries for ...

... Stationary Applications Description: Methods for defining the direct current (dc) load and for sizing a lead-acid ... this recommended practice. Design of the dc system and sizing of the battery ...


IEEE SA - 1709-2010 - IEEE Recommended Practice for 1 kV to 35 kV Medium-Voltage DC Power ...

... to 35 kV Medium-Voltage DC Power Systems on Ships ... effective maintenance of medium-voltage direct current (MVDC) electrical power systems ... Working Group: 1709_WG - DC Power Systems on Ships ...


IEEE SA - 460-1988 - IEEE Standard for Electrical Measuring Transducer for Converting AC ...

... Measuring Transducer for Converting AC Electrical Quantities into DC Electrical Quantities Description: This standard ... factor, phase angle or frequency to a direct current or voltage. Within the effective range ...


IEEE SA - 1277-2010 - IEEE Standard General Requirements and Test Code for Dry-Type and Oil ...

... Dry-Type and Oil-Immersed Smoothing Reactors for DC Power Transmission Description: The electrical ... type aircore smoothing reactors for high-voltage direct current (HVDC) applications are specified. Test code ...

Total of 120+ Standards Generally related to DC power

Special Application Standards



NFPA 70 US National Electrical Code Addresses fundamental principles of protection for safety. Applies to LVDC (under 1000V). US 2014 version released














DIN VDE 0100-100:2009-06 Low-voltage installations – Part 1: Fundamental principles, assessment of general characteristics, definitions Europe Released

DIN VDE 0100-410:2007-06 Low-voltage installations – Part 4-41: Protection for safety - Protection against electric shock Europe Released

DIN VDE 0100-530:2011-06 Low-voltage installations – Part 530: Selection & erection of electrical equipment – Switchgear and controlgear Europe Released

DIN VDE 0100-540:2012-06 Low-voltage installations – Part 5-54: Selection & erection of electrical equipment – Earthing & protective conductors Europe Released

DIN EN 61557-2:2008-02 Up to 1500 Vdc – testing, measuring or monitoring of protective measures, Part 2: Insulation resistance Europe Released

DIN EN 61557-8:2007-12 Up to 1500 Vdc – testing, measuring or monitoring of protective measures Part 8: Insulation monitoring - IT systems Europe Released

DIN EN 61557-9:2009-11 Up to 1500 Vdc – testing, measuring or monitoring of protective measures Part 9: Insulation fault location - IT systems Europe Released

IEC 60050-614 International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - Part 614: Generation, transmission and distribution of electricity Global Released

IEC 60034-1 Rotating electrical machines - Part 1: Rating and performance Global Released

IEC 61362 Guide to specification of hydraulic turbine governing systems Global Released

IEC 60308 Hydraulic turbines - Testing of control systems Global Released

IEC 60038:2009 - Standard Voltages Global Released

IEC 61992 DC switchgear Global Released

IEC 62848-1 DC Surge arresters Global Released

IEC 62924 Stationary energy storage system for DC traction systems Global Released

IEC 62053-41/Ed1 ELECTRICITY METERING EQUIPMENT (DC) Global Released

IEC 61378-3 (2006-04-27) Convertor transformers - Part 2: Transformers for HVDC applications Global Released

IEC 62620 Performance of lithium ion batteries for industrial apparatus (unit battery/ battery pack) Global Released

IEC 62619 Safety of lithium ion batteries for industrial apparatus (unit battery/ battery pack) Global Released

IEC/TS 62735-2 D.C. Plugs and socket-outlets - indoor access controlled areas - Part 2: Plug and socket-outlet system for 5,2 kW Global Released

IEC 61869-14 Instrument Transformers- Part 14: Specific Requirements for DC Current Transformers (CDV) Global Released

IEC 61869-15 Instrument Transformers- Part 15: Specific Requirements for DC Voltage Transformers (CDV) Global Released

IEC 61180 /Ed1 HIGH-VOLTAGE TEST TECHNIQUES FOR LOW-VOLTAGE EQUIP. Definitions, test & procedure requirements, test equip. Global Released

IEC 60947-2 Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear – Part 2: Circuit-breakers） Global Released

IEC 60947-3 Low-voltage switchgear & controlgear - Part 3: Switches, disconnectors, switch-disconnectors & fuse units. Global Released

IEC 61439-X LOW-VOLTAGE SWITCHGEAR AND CONTROLGEAR ASSEMBLIES –Part X: Assemblies for photovoltaic installations Global Released

TELECOM and DATA CENTERS (Higher voltage DC - 380VDC)

GENERAL

ETSI EN 300 132-3-0 Power supply interface at the input to telecommunications and datacom (ICT) equipment Europe Released

ETSI EN 3061605 Earting and bonding for 400VDC systems Europe Released

ITU -T L.1200 Specification of DC power feeding interface Global Released


YD/T2378-2011 240VDC systems China Released

YD/T XXXX-201X 336V direct current power supply systems for telecom China Approval process

ATIS -0600315.01.2015 Voltage levels for 400VDC systems US Released

PRODUCT SPECIFIC STANDARDS

IEC 62040-5-3 DC UPS test and performance standard IEC Scheduled release 2016

IEC 62040-5-1 Safety for DC UPS IEC Work started

IEC TS62735-1 400VDC plug & socket outlet IEC Released

YD/T 2524-2015 336V HF switchmode rectifier for telecommunication China Approval process

ELECTRICAL VEHICLE CHARGING

CHAdeMO DC fast charging Released

SAE/CCS DC charging Released?

Rail Transit DC Systems

BS EN 50163 (2007) Railway applications. Supply voltages of traction systems, IET Europe Released

IEC 60850 (2007) Railway applications - Supply voltages of traction systems (3rd ed.) Global Released

IEEE C2-2012 (2012) National Electrical Safety Code (NESC) Global Released

Marine DC Systems

ABYC E-9 DIRECT CURRENT (DC) ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS ON BOATS USA Released

GENERAL SAFETY STANDARDS - apply to all use cases (data centers, commercial and residential applications)

Existing safety standards (NEC in US and ICC, IEC- global) address both AC and DC installations today. Various

However, these standards were principally written for AC and are not explicit for DC. Updating for clarity is required. Various

Issues with Current Standards

• Written for AC

• Reflect historical applications

• Generally “equipment, safety, test” oriented

• Tend to penalize direct current

• New standards are developed slowly

Potential Remedies

• “Vanguard” Standards

• Early product commercialization

• Inter-SDO collaboration

• Industry led effort

• Champion projects

IEEE Partnership

• Extensive collaboration

• Joint standards-development

• Roadmap for hybrid AC/DC technologies

• Mutual publication

• Remote Access DC Microgrid Standard

100+ Test, Beta, & Production SitesCommercial, Residential, Data Center Applications

NextHomeCampion HomesDetroit. MI

PNC Banking on Net Zero

Uses 50% of traditional branch – annually produces a surplus of electric energy

Bedrock (Quicken Loans – Detroit, MI)

• 3 Floors of Class A

Office Space

• 14th Floor:T8 Fluorescent – No Controls

• 15th Floor:LED Retro Tube – No controls

• 16th Floor:LED Retro Tube – W IPv6

controls

• Dramatic Energy

Savings

75%!

• Recognized by

Americas Green

Challenge

(White House Initiative)

System Case Studies

State of Michigan – Flint Office Bldg.

• Deep Renovation of 7 Story Office Bldg.

• 110,000sf of 24v DC LED Lighting

• 70,000sf of DC Energized Ceiling

• IPv6 Wireless Lighting Control

• Complete Early 2016

System Case Studies

NextEnergy Center – Detroit …

380v DC Microgrid

380v DC Bus

380v DC Data Center

30kW Rectifier

23,300sf of 24v DC Lighting

IPv6 Wireless Controls

16kW of PV Solar

High Bay Lighting

System Case Studies

See our microgrid demonstrations at:

Solar Power International and

Greenbuild 2016

Questions - Discussion

Thank you!

"The Role of Power Producing Buildings in the 21st Century

Energy Network."

THANK YOU!

Track: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENTand STANDARDS

Wednesday, April 13, , 2016 3:05 - 4:20 pm

Creating a Resilient Energy Network of Net Zero Buildings Track ...

Documents

Transcript of Creating a Resilient Energy Network of Net Zero Buildings Track ...