Creating a New Nation Unit Two 1Creating a New Nation.

Creating a New NationCreating a New Nation

Unit Two Unit Two

11Creating a New Nation Creating a New Nation

SSUSH3 The student will SSUSH3 The student will explain the primary explain the primary

causes of the American causes of the American Revolution.Revolution.


a. Explain how the end of Anglo-French a. Explain how the end of Anglo-French imperial competition as seen in the imperial competition as seen in the French-Indian War, and the 1763 Treaty of French-Indian War, and the 1763 Treaty of Paris, laid the groundwork for the Paris, laid the groundwork for the American Revolution.American Revolution.


Anglo-French Imperial Anglo-French Imperial CompetitionCompetition

• Anglo means the Anglo means the English/British. English/British. Thus, Anglo-French Thus, Anglo-French means the British-means the British-French.French.

Creating a New Nation Creating a New Nation 44

• The French and the The French and the British had been British had been fighting over North fighting over North America America throughout the late throughout the late 1600s and the 1600s and the early1700s.early1700s.


• The first three wars The first three wars were indecisive (no were indecisive (no one really won) but one really won) but the fourth war the the fourth war the Seven Years’ War or Seven Years’ War or the the French and French and Indian WarIndian War determined who determined who would rule North would rule North America.America.


French and Indian WarFrench and Indian War1754-17631754-1763

• The war was between Great Britain and The war was between Great Britain and her allies and France and her allies.her allies and France and her allies.

• How did it start?How did it start?– A young George Washington entered the A young George Washington entered the

contested Ohio River Valley to claim it for contested Ohio River Valley to claim it for Virginia on the order of Governor Dunwoody.Virginia on the order of Governor Dunwoody.

– The French forced him and his militia out of the The French forced him and his militia out of the valley. This started the war. (The conflict was valley. This started the war. (The conflict was created out of both nations’ desire to control created out of both nations’ desire to control the Ohio River Valley.)the Ohio River Valley.)


French and Indian War French and Indian War (Cont.)(Cont.)• Great Losses and VictoriesGreat Losses and Victories

– In 1754, British were defeated by the In 1754, British were defeated by the French at Fort Duquesne (present day French at Fort Duquesne (present day Pittsburgh.)Pittsburgh.)


– 1757, William Pitt 1757, William Pitt became prime became prime minister of Great minister of Great Britain organized its Britain organized its victory in the war.victory in the war.


– 1759 – Gen. James 1759 – Gen. James Wolfe defeated the Wolfe defeated the French Gen. French Gen. Montcalm at the Montcalm at the Battle of Quebec. Battle of Quebec. (Turning Point (Turning Point Battle)Battle)


• 1763- The British 1763- The British defeat the French. defeat the French. The British and her The British and her allies official sign the allies official sign the Treaty of Paris, 1763Treaty of Paris, 1763


Treaty of 1763Treaty of 1763

• The Treaty of 1763 eliminated (ended) The Treaty of 1763 eliminated (ended) France as a colonial power in North France as a colonial power in North America.America.

• France ceded (gave) – France ceded (gave) – – To Spain: all French territory west of the To Spain: all French territory west of the

Mississippi and New Orleans.Mississippi and New Orleans.– To Britain: Canada and all French territory To Britain: Canada and all French territory

east of the Mississippi, except New east of the Mississippi, except New Orleans.Orleans.


Effects of the French and Effects of the French and Indian WarIndian War

Effects on the coloniesEffects on the colonies

• Military experience and confidence for theMilitary experience and confidence for the

• Colonies recognized the need for unityColonies recognized the need for unity– Plan of AlbanyPlan of Albany

• Native Americans removed as a threat (for Native Americans removed as a threat (for the moment) making them less dependent the moment) making them less dependent on Britain. on Britain.


• Effects on Great BritainEffects on Great Britain– Before the French and Indian War, Britain Before the French and Indian War, Britain

had followed a policy of salutary had followed a policy of salutary (beneficial) neglect and virtual (beneficial) neglect and virtual representation (self government with little representation (self government with little interference from the mother country.) interference from the mother country.) They decided to change this because they:They decided to change this because they:•Felt the colonists had not helped sufficiently.Felt the colonists had not helped sufficiently.

•Felt that colonists had gained much.Felt that colonists had gained much.

•Should pay for at least part of the war cost. Should pay for at least part of the war cost.


Britain’s New Colonial PolicyBritain’s New Colonial Policy

In 1763, Great Britain adopted a policy with In 1763, Great Britain adopted a policy with three objectives:three objectives:

1.1. Tighten British economic and political control Tighten British economic and political control over the colonies.over the colonies.

2.2. Make the colonies respect and obey the Make the colonies respect and obey the English lawsEnglish laws

3.3. Make the colonist pay for part of the war.Make the colonist pay for part of the war.


Georgia Performance Georgia Performance StandardsStandards

• b. Explain colonial response to such b. Explain colonial response to such British actions as the Proclamation of British actions as the Proclamation of 1763, the Stamp Act, and the 1763, the Stamp Act, and the Intolerable Acts as seen in Sons and Intolerable Acts as seen in Sons and Daughters of Liberty and Committees Daughters of Liberty and Committees of Correspondence. of Correspondence.


Proclamation of 1763Proclamation of 1763

• Proclamation of 1763 Proclamation of 1763 After Pontiac’s After Pontiac’s Rebellion King Rebellion King George III forbid George III forbid settlement in the settlement in the Ohio River Valley Ohio River Valley with the with the Proclamation of Proclamation of 1764. It angered the 1764. It angered the colonies who ignored colonies who ignored it. it.


Strict Enforcement of Existing Strict Enforcement of Existing LawsLaws

• Navigational Act had required Navigational Act had required – Transport their goods only in British (and colonial) Transport their goods only in British (and colonial)

ships.ships.– Export only enumerated goods (items such as Export only enumerated goods (items such as

tobacco, sugar, indigo, and furs) to Britain (other tobacco, sugar, indigo, and furs) to Britain (other European markets offered higher prices.)European markets offered higher prices.)

– Purchase imports from Britain or pay import Purchase imports from Britain or pay import duties (taxes) if goods were from another countryduties (taxes) if goods were from another country

• Colonists continued to smuggle goodsColonists continued to smuggle goods


• Writs of Assistance were general court Writs of Assistance were general court orders authorizing British to search orders authorizing British to search colonial homes, buildings, and ships colonial homes, buildings, and ships for smuggled goods. for smuggled goods.

• Writs of assistance allowed for the Writs of assistance allowed for the search of any place and seizure of any search of any place and seizure of any smuggled goods.smuggled goods.– Colonial ResponseColonial Response

•Colonists protested them as an invasion of Colonists protested them as an invasion of privacy. James Otis of Mass. said that “every privacy. James Otis of Mass. said that “every man’s home is his castle.” Later, he would man’s home is his castle.” Later, he would use the phrase “No Taxation without use the phrase “No Taxation without Representation.”Representation.”


SSUSH4bSSUSH4b• b. Explain colonial response to such b. Explain colonial response to such

British actions such as the British actions such as the Proclamation of 1763, Stamp Act, Proclamation of 1763, Stamp Act, and the Intolerable Acts as seen in and the Intolerable Acts as seen in Sons and Daughters of Liberty and Sons and Daughters of Liberty and Committees of Correspondence.Committees of Correspondence.


Stamp ActStamp Act

• Stamp Act (1765) – first internal tax or Stamp Act (1765) – first internal tax or direct tax (levied) created for the direct tax (levied) created for the colonies. It required the purchase of colonies. It required the purchase of stamps that were to be put on printed stamps that were to be put on printed materials such as wills, mortgages, materials such as wills, mortgages, almanacs, and newspapers. It effected almanacs, and newspapers. It effected influential groups such as lawyers, influential groups such as lawyers, clergy, and printers.clergy, and printers.


Committees of CorrespondenceCommittees of Correspondence

• Colonial ResponseColonial Response– Stamp Act Congress of 1765- delegates Stamp Act Congress of 1765- delegates

meet in New York City to plan united meet in New York City to plan united resistance against the Stamp Act. resistance against the Stamp Act. Delegates said colonists could only be Delegates said colonists could only be tax by colonial legislatures. tax by colonial legislatures.

– Colonial Response: Boycotts (refusal to Colonial Response: Boycotts (refusal to purchase goods in protest.)purchase goods in protest.)


Committees of CorrespondenceCommittees of Correspondence

– Committees of Correspondence Committees of Correspondence •Samuel Adams in 1772 launched these Samuel Adams in 1772 launched these

committees to provide a way to keep other committees to provide a way to keep other colonies informed through this information colonies informed through this information network.network.


Additional Action and Additional Action and Responses Responses • Massive Action: Boycotts and Massive Action: Boycotts and

DemonstrationDemonstration– It was repealed in 1766.It was repealed in 1766.

Declaratory Act was passedDeclaratory Act was passed

Townshend Act (1767) which was Townshend Act (1767) which was repealed in 1770repealed in 1770


Sons and Daughters of Sons and Daughters of LibertyLiberty• Sons and Daughters of Liberty Sons and Daughters of Liberty

organized colonial support.organized colonial support.


The Boston MassacreThe Boston Massacre

• In 1770, colonial In 1770, colonial demonstrators demonstrators fought against the fought against the British redcoats. British redcoats. The fight ended in The fight ended in the “Boston the “Boston Massacre” where Massacre” where Crispus Attucks was Crispus Attucks was among the first to among the first to die.die.


Tea Act (1773)Tea Act (1773)

• The Tea Act was passed to save the British The Tea Act was passed to save the British India Company. The companies tea was to India Company. The companies tea was to be sold only to the Americas.be sold only to the Americas.

The Colonial ResponseThe Colonial Response

• The colonists resented the tax.The colonists resented the tax.

• They threw tea into Boston Harbor.They threw tea into Boston Harbor.• British Response: The British passed the British Response: The British passed the

Intolerable Acts/Coercive Acts.Intolerable Acts/Coercive Acts.


What’s unusual about this What’s unusual about this picture?picture?


Intolerable Acts (1774)Intolerable Acts (1774)

• Parliament passed a series of acts Parliament passed a series of acts called the Intolerable Acts by the called the Intolerable Acts by the American colonists and Coercive Acts American colonists and Coercive Acts by the British. The acts: by the British. The acts: – Closed Boston harbor until the tea was Closed Boston harbor until the tea was

paid for.paid for.– Quartered soldiersQuartered soldiers– Weakened self-government in North Weakened self-government in North

America.America.


• Colonial ResponseColonial Response– First Continental of Congress met in First Continental of Congress met in

Philadelphia. Philadelphia. •They created a “Declaration of Rights and They created a “Declaration of Rights and

Grievances” to King George III, asking for a Grievances” to King George III, asking for a redress (correction) of wrongs and repeal of redress (correction) of wrongs and repeal of the Intolerable Acts. They voted to boycott the Intolerable Acts. They voted to boycott British goods.British goods.


– Patrick Henry in Virginia made his Patrick Henry in Virginia made his famous speech, concluding “Give me famous speech, concluding “Give me liberty, or give me death!”liberty, or give me death!”

– Colonies started training militiaColonies started training militia


Outbreak of the WarOutbreak of the War

• Mass. British Gen. Thomas Gage Mass. British Gen. Thomas Gage ordered a detachment of troops to take ordered a detachment of troops to take colonial military supplies at Concord colonial military supplies at Concord (MA) and to arrest Samuel Adams and (MA) and to arrest Samuel Adams and John Hancock in Lexington (MA). John Hancock in Lexington (MA).

• Paul Revere and William Dawes set out Paul Revere and William Dawes set out to warn them however only William to warn them however only William Dawes finished the ride.Dawes finished the ride.


• The result was the first battle of the The result was the first battle of the American Revolution – Battle of American Revolution – Battle of Lexington and Concord.Lexington and Concord.


RECAP: Summary of causes of RECAP: Summary of causes of the American Revolution.the American Revolution.

• Economic causesEconomic causes– UNFAIR TAXATION OF COLONISTSUNFAIR TAXATION OF COLONISTS– Colonial Manufacturers and merchants Colonial Manufacturers and merchants

(businessmen) were indignant (angry) over (businessmen) were indignant (angry) over British mercantilist laws.British mercantilist laws.

• Political CausesPolitical Causes– Colonist felt they were entitled to self-govt.Colonist felt they were entitled to self-govt.– Did not like writs of assistanceDid not like writs of assistance

• Distance and misunderstanding.Distance and misunderstanding.


Georgia Performance Standard

•SSUS3b Explain the importance of Thomas Paine’s Common Sense to the movement for independence.


The Colonists indecisionThe Colonists indecision

• For the first year of the war, For the first year of the war, Colonists were unsure of whether or Colonists were unsure of whether or not they were fighting for their rights not they were fighting for their rights as English citizen or declaring their as English citizen or declaring their independence.independence.


• By the summer of 1776, they By the summer of 1776, they decided to declare their decided to declare their independence.independence.

• Why?Why?– Colonists were outraged by British Colonists were outraged by British

conduct in the war and their use of the conduct in the war and their use of the Hessians – German mercenaries (hired Hessians – German mercenaries (hired soldiers.)soldiers.)

– Thomas Paine’s Pamphlet “Common Thomas Paine’s Pamphlet “Common Sense?”Sense?”


Thomas Paine and “Common Thomas Paine and “Common Sense.”Sense.”

• Common Sense was a persuasive Common Sense was a persuasive pamphlet that said it was common sense pamphlet that said it was common sense that a continent (North America) should that a continent (North America) should not remain subservient to a island (Great not remain subservient to a island (Great Britain.)Britain.)

• Also, they should not stay loyal to a king Also, they should not stay loyal to a king that was spilling their blood.that was spilling their blood.

• He convinced many colonies to change He convinced many colonies to change their views.their views.


BattlesBattles

• 1776 – Battle of Breed’s Hill aka 1776 – Battle of Breed’s Hill aka Bunker HillBunker Hill


Georgia Performance Georgia Performance StandardsStandardsSSUSH4 The student will identify the

ideological, military, and diplomatic aspects of the American Revolution.

a. Explain the language, organization, and intellectual sources of the Declaration of Independence; include the writing of John Locke and Montesquieu, and the role of Thomas Jefferson.


Declaration of Declaration of IndependenceIndependence

• July 4, 1776 – the Second Continental July 4, 1776 – the Second Continental Congress formally adopted the Congress formally adopted the Declaration of Independence.Declaration of Independence.

• It was written chiefly by Thomas It was written chiefly by Thomas Jefferson.Jefferson.– Jefferson used the ideals of the Jefferson used the ideals of the

Enlightenment thinkers like John Locke Enlightenment thinkers like John Locke whom he used a lot.whom he used a lot.


John LockeJohn Locke

• In 1689, John Locke justified the English In 1689, John Locke justified the English Glorious Revolution in his writing Glorious Revolution in his writing Two Two Treatise of Government.Treatise of Government.– He acknowledged the democratic political He acknowledged the democratic political

theory thattheory that • People are born with certain natural rights – life, People are born with certain natural rights – life,

liberty, and property.liberty, and property.• People. by means of a social contract among People. by means of a social contract among

themselves or with their rulers, created and granted themselves or with their rulers, created and granted authority to government for the purpose of protecting authority to government for the purpose of protecting their rights. This is called the Social Contract Theory.their rights. This is called the Social Contract Theory.

• If the gov’t fails to do its duty, the people have right If the gov’t fails to do its duty, the people have right to replace their gov’t by revolution if necessary.to replace their gov’t by revolution if necessary.


Basic Ideals of the Declaration Basic Ideals of the Declaration of Independence.of Independence.

Format of the Declaration of IndependenceFormat of the Declaration of Independence1.1. IntroductionIntroduction

• Explained why it was necessary for colonists Explained why it was necessary for colonists to end their union with Great Britain.to end their union with Great Britain.

2.2. Democratic Philosophy of Government Democratic Philosophy of Government • Explained reasoning behind the Declaration Explained reasoning behind the Declaration

of Independence.of Independence.3.3. List of Grievances (Wrongs)List of Grievances (Wrongs)

• Explained the wrongs committed by King Explained the wrongs committed by King George III to the colonists.George III to the colonists.

4.4. ConclusionConclusion


Why is it (Declaration of Why is it (Declaration of Independence) significant (import.)Independence) significant (import.)

• Spoke of new ideals – equality not based on Spoke of new ideals – equality not based on the divine right theory or hereditary (being the divine right theory or hereditary (being born into your position.)born into your position.)

• It made the struggle on for independence It made the struggle on for independence and encourage Spain and France to help the and encourage Spain and France to help the colonists.colonists.

• Throughout the world the Declaration of Throughout the world the Declaration of Independence inspired others like the Independence inspired others like the French during the French Revolution. French during the French Revolution. Encouraged rebellions in Latin America in Encouraged rebellions in Latin America in the early 1800s and Asia and Africa in the the early 1800s and Asia and Africa in the 1900s.1900s.


• Long-Term Effects within the United Long-Term Effects within the United StatesStates– Influenced the Constitution. Influenced the Constitution.

•Due process of law (trial by jury of peers, Due process of law (trial by jury of peers, etc)etc)

•Making of amendmentsMaking of amendments

• Inspired democratic reforms over time like Inspired democratic reforms over time like abolition of slavery and equality for women.abolition of slavery and equality for women.


•b. Explain the reason for and significance of the French alliance and foreign assistance and the roles of Benjamin Franklin and the Marquis de Lafayette.


Highlights of the WarHighlights of the War

• 1776-1777 – Colonials under George 1776-1777 – Colonials under George Washington were defeated by British Washington were defeated by British General Howe. However, Gen. General Howe. However, Gen. Washington increased troop morale Washington increased troop morale with his defeat of the British at with his defeat of the British at Trenton and Princeton.Trenton and Princeton.


• 1777- Victory at Saratoga caused the 1777- Victory at Saratoga caused the French to ally with the American French to ally with the American colonists. It was the turning point colonists. It was the turning point battle.battle.– Up until this battle the French had been Up until this battle the French had been

providing the colonists with loans and providing the colonists with loans and weapons, secretly. The battle convinced weapons, secretly. The battle convinced the French government to ally militarily the French government to ally militarily with the colonists. with the colonists.

– At Benjamin Franklin’s insistence, the At Benjamin Franklin’s insistence, the French recognized American independence French recognized American independence and in 1778 signed a treaty of alliance.and in 1778 signed a treaty of alliance.

• 1777-78 – Suffering at Valley Forge1777-78 – Suffering at Valley Forge


• 1781 – French navy bottled up British 1781 – French navy bottled up British Gen. Cornwallis at the Battle of Gen. Cornwallis at the Battle of Yorktown. The British surrendered to Yorktown. The British surrendered to the tune of “The World Turned the tune of “The World Turned Upside Down.’Upside Down.’


USA in 1783


GPS SSUSH5

SSUSH5 The student will explain specific SSUSH5 The student will explain specific events and key ideas that brought about the events and key ideas that brought about the adoption and implementation of the United adoption and implementation of the United States Constitution.States Constitution.

• Explain the importance of the Presidencies of Explain the importance of the Presidencies of George Washington and John Adams; include George Washington and John Adams; include the Whiskey Rebellion, non-intervention in the Whiskey Rebellion, non-intervention in Europe, and the development of political Europe, and the development of political parties (Alexander Hamilton). parties (Alexander Hamilton).


George Washington – first President

Created the first cabinetCreated the first cabinet

• John Adams –Vice John Adams –Vice PresidentPresident

• Alexander Hamilton – Alexander Hamilton – Secretary of TreasurySecretary of Treasury

• Thomas Jefferson – Thomas Jefferson – Sectary of StateSectary of State


Hamilton’s Program

• As Treasury Secretary, Alexander Hamilton was As Treasury Secretary, Alexander Hamilton was responsible for developing an economic responsible for developing an economic program that would help repay the huge debts program that would help repay the huge debts created by the Revolution.created by the Revolution.

• In 1790, Congress approved Hamilton’s plan to In 1790, Congress approved Hamilton’s plan to allow the federal government to take allow the federal government to take responsibility for debts acquired by individual responsibility for debts acquired by individual states. (Debt assumption plan)states. (Debt assumption plan)


• Southern states resisted this plan at first, since Southern states resisted this plan at first, since they did not want to help pay back the loans they did not want to help pay back the loans owed by northern states. However, Hamilton owed by northern states. However, Hamilton won southern support by promising to locate won southern support by promising to locate the nation’s new capital in the South. the nation’s new capital in the South. (Washington, DC)(Washington, DC)

• By By assuming states’ debtassuming states’ debt, the federal , the federal government indirectly increased its strength. government indirectly increased its strength. Since creditors now had an interest in the Since creditors now had an interest in the United States, not just individual states, they United States, not just individual states, they would help ensure that the new nation did not would help ensure that the new nation did not collapse.collapse.


Hamilton’s Strategy and OpponentsHamilton’s StrategyHamilton’s Strategy• To raise money to pay off debts, Congress To raise money to pay off debts, Congress

created a tax on whiskey and a created a tax on whiskey and a tarifftariff,, or a tax on or a tax on imported goods.imported goods.

• Rather than pay off all debt at once, the United Rather than pay off all debt at once, the United States paid States paid interestinterest,, an extra sum of money that an extra sum of money that borrowers pay creditors in return for loans.borrowers pay creditors in return for loans.

• Hamilton believed in a Hamilton believed in a loose constructionloose construction of the of the Constitution. That is, he believed that the Constitution. That is, he believed that the government could take any action that the government could take any action that the Constitution did not forbid.Constitution did not forbid.


Hamilton’s OpponentsHamilton’s Opponents• Many Americans disliked Hamilton’s plan for the Many Americans disliked Hamilton’s plan for the

national government to take over state loans, national government to take over state loans, viewing it as interference in state affairs. Many viewing it as interference in state affairs. Many also disliked Hamilton’s new taxes.also disliked Hamilton’s new taxes.

• Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson was Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson was particularly opposed to Hamilton’s plans. particularly opposed to Hamilton’s plans. Jefferson favored a Jefferson favored a strict constructionstrict construction of the of the Constitution, believing that the government Constitution, believing that the government should not take any actions other than those should not take any actions other than those specifically called for in the Constitution.specifically called for in the Constitution.


Foreign Policy Issues

The French RevolutionThe French Revolution• The French Revolution sharply divided Americans. The French Revolution sharply divided Americans.

Federalists saw the French Revolution as a Federalists saw the French Revolution as a democratic revolution gone wrong. Supporters of democratic revolution gone wrong. Supporters of Jefferson, however, viewed it as an extension of Jefferson, however, viewed it as an extension of the American Revolution.the American Revolution.

• The political split grew more intense in 1793, The political split grew more intense in 1793, when the French ambassador to the United when the French ambassador to the United States, “Citizen” Edmond Genêt, tried to convince States, “Citizen” Edmond Genêt, tried to convince private Americans to fight with the French against private Americans to fight with the French against the British.the British.


American Neutrality and Jay’s TreatyAmerican Neutrality and Jay’s Treaty• The United States did not want to offend either nation in The United States did not want to offend either nation in

the war between Britain and France. the war between Britain and France. • President Washington issued a proclamation of neutrality in President Washington issued a proclamation of neutrality in

1793, stating that the United States would remain 1793, stating that the United States would remain neutral,neutral, or not take either side. This would not be easy.or not take either side. This would not be easy.

• In 1794, Washington sent Chief Justice John Jay to Britain to In 1794, Washington sent Chief Justice John Jay to Britain to negotiate an agreement with the British. The agreement, negotiate an agreement with the British. The agreement, which became known as which became known as Jay’s Treaty,Jay’s Treaty, was highly was highly controversial in the United States because it contained no controversial in the United States because it contained no protection for American shipping.protection for American shipping.


The Whiskey Rebellion

• In western Pennsylvania and other frontier In western Pennsylvania and other frontier areas, many people refused to pay the new tax areas, many people refused to pay the new tax on whiskey. In addition to being a popular on whiskey. In addition to being a popular beverage, whiskey was one of the only products beverage, whiskey was one of the only products made out of corn that farmers could transport made out of corn that farmers could transport to market without having it spoil.to market without having it spoil.


• The resulting The resulting Whiskey RebellionWhiskey Rebellion followed in the followed in the tradition of Shays’ Rebellion and protests tradition of Shays’ Rebellion and protests against the Stamp Act. Rebels closed courts against the Stamp Act. Rebels closed courts and attacked tax collectors.and attacked tax collectors.

• President Washington and Secretary Hamilton President Washington and Secretary Hamilton saw the Whiskey Rebellion as an opportunity to saw the Whiskey Rebellion as an opportunity to demonstrate the power of the United States demonstrate the power of the United States government. An army sent to the Pittsburgh government. An army sent to the Pittsburgh area soon dissolved the rebellion, area soon dissolved the rebellion, demonstrating the United States’ commitment demonstrating the United States’ commitment to enforcing its lawsto enforcing its laws


Political Parties Emerge

• Political Parties EmergePolitical Parties EmergeThe Jeffersonian RepublicansThe Jeffersonian Republicans

• Two Two political partiespolitical parties began to emerge in the new nation. A began to emerge in the new nation. A political party is a group of people who seek to win political party is a group of people who seek to win elections and hold public office in order to shape elections and hold public office in order to shape government policy and programs.government policy and programs.

• The Federalists formed one of these parties. The other, The Federalists formed one of these parties. The other, composed of critics of the Federalists, were called composed of critics of the Federalists, were called Republicans or Democratic-Republicans because they stood Republicans or Democratic-Republicans because they stood for a more democratic republic. To avoid confusion, for a more democratic republic. To avoid confusion, historians call them the Jeffersonian Republicans.historians call them the Jeffersonian Republicans.


The Election of 1796

The Election of 1796The Election of 1796

• President Washington chose not to run for a third term in President Washington chose not to run for a third term in 1796. With the nation politically divided, the election of 1796. With the nation politically divided, the election of 1796 was close. The Federalists won a narrow victory, 1796 was close. The Federalists won a narrow victory, making John Adams the second President. Jefferson, who making John Adams the second President. Jefferson, who finished second in the electoral vote race, became the new finished second in the electoral vote race, became the new Vice President.Vice President.

• In his Farewell Address of 1796, Washington drew on his In his Farewell Address of 1796, Washington drew on his years of experience and offered advice for the young nation years of experience and offered advice for the young nation in the years ahead. He warned against competing political in the years ahead. He warned against competing political parties and advocated a foreign policy of neutrality.parties and advocated a foreign policy of neutrality.


John Adams as President

The XYZ Affair The XYZ Affair

• At the beginning of the Adams administration, the United At the beginning of the Adams administration, the United States was drifting toward war with France.States was drifting toward war with France.

• The United States sent officials to France to negotiate. The United States sent officials to France to negotiate. These officials were met by three secret agents: X, Y, and These officials were met by three secret agents: X, Y, and Z, who demanded a bribe and a loan to France.Z, who demanded a bribe and a loan to France.

• The U.S. officials refused to pay the bribe and were met The U.S. officials refused to pay the bribe and were met with public acclaim for their patriotism upon their return with public acclaim for their patriotism upon their return home.home.

• This This XYZ affairXYZ affair infuriated Americans, resulting in what infuriated Americans, resulting in what amounted to an undeclared naval war with France.amounted to an undeclared naval war with France.


The Alien and Sedition ActsThe Alien and Sedition Acts

• The Federalists took advantage of the war crisis to push The Federalists took advantage of the war crisis to push important new measures through Congress. These important new measures through Congress. These included the included the Alien and Sedition ActsAlien and Sedition Acts of 1798. of 1798.

• Under the Alien Act, the President could imprison or deport Under the Alien Act, the President could imprison or deport citizens of other countries living in the United States.citizens of other countries living in the United States.

• Under the Sedition Act, persons who wrote, published, or Under the Sedition Act, persons who wrote, published, or said anything “false, scandalous, and malicious” against the said anything “false, scandalous, and malicious” against the American government could be fined or jailed. American government could be fined or jailed.


Increasing Tensions

• Jefferson, James Madison, and other Jefferson, James Madison, and other Republicans believed that the Sedition Act Republicans believed that the Sedition Act violated the constitutional protection of violated the constitutional protection of freedom of speech. freedom of speech.

• These men responded to the Alien and Sedition These men responded to the Alien and Sedition Acts with the Acts with the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions.Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions. The resolutions allowed these two states to The resolutions allowed these two states to nullify federal laws which they felt were nullify federal laws which they felt were unconstitutional.unconstitutional.


• Tensions between Federalists and Jeffersonian Tensions between Federalists and Jeffersonian Republicans continued to grow during the late Republicans continued to grow during the late 1790s.1790s.

• Enslaved African Americans, although barred Enslaved African Americans, although barred from participation in the political system, from participation in the political system, embraced the discussions of liberty going on embraced the discussions of liberty going on around them. A blacksmith named Gabriel around them. A blacksmith named Gabriel Prosser and several other slaves in the area Prosser and several other slaves in the area around Richmond, Virginia attempted a slave around Richmond, Virginia attempted a slave revolt. revolt. Prosser’s small-scale rebellionProsser’s small-scale rebellion failed failed before it could get underway.before it could get underway.


Adams Loses Federalist Support• Adams angered many Federalists when he Adams angered many Federalists when he

sought a peaceful solution to the undeclared sought a peaceful solution to the undeclared naval war with France. Federalists such as naval war with France. Federalists such as Alexander Hamilton were in favor of a harsher Alexander Hamilton were in favor of a harsher policy toward France, including a declaration of policy toward France, including a declaration of war.war.


• Adams entered the election of 1800 Adams entered the election of 1800 with several disadvantages. First, with several disadvantages. First, when the United States made peace when the United States made peace with France, the Jeffersonian with France, the Jeffersonian Republicans’ support for France Republicans’ support for France became less of a rallying point for the became less of a rallying point for the Federalists. Also, the unpopular Alien Federalists. Also, the unpopular Alien and Sedition Acts became even less and Sedition Acts became even less justified without the threat of justified without the threat of imminent war.imminent war.


•Adams’s bid for re-election was Adams’s bid for re-election was further damaged when Aaron further damaged when Aaron Burr, the Jeffersonian Republican Burr, the Jeffersonian Republican nominee for Vice President, nominee for Vice President, obtained and printed a damaging obtained and printed a damaging pamphlet against Adams written pamphlet against Adams written by Hamilton.by Hamilton.


Creating a New Nation Unit Two 1Creating a New Nation.

Documents

Transcript of Creating a New Nation Unit Two 1Creating a New Nation.