Created by: Mrs. Herman 2012. Fossils are remains or evidence of once-living organisms.
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Transcript of Created by: Mrs. Herman 2012. Fossils are remains or evidence of once-living organisms.
Created by: Mrs. Herman 2012
Changes Over Time
Fossils are remains or evidence of once-living organisms.
FOSSIL FORMATION
BrainPop Video: Textbook, Chapter 6, lesson 1 resources. http://connected.mcgraw-hill.com/media/repository/protected_content/COMPOUND/50000016/12/60/Fossils/00076703.htm?stateCode=FL
The Fossil Record is made up of all the
fossils ever discovered on Earth.
What is the estimate age of the trilobite fossils (bottom layer of fossils)?
Which layer is approximately 460 million years old?
I n d e x f o s s i l sIndex fossils are fossils that
can be used to date the rock in which they are
found. The best examples are fossils of animals or
plants that lived for a very short period of time and
were found in a lot of places. Ammonites,
shelled relatives of today’s octopus, make ideal index
fossils.
Charles Darwin’s
Born in England, 1809 Studied Medicine at
Edinburgh University Transferred to Cambridge
University Studied to be a Minister
Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division [reproduction number, e.g., LC-USZ61-104].
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/11/2/quicktime/e_s_2.html
Darwin’s Expedition1831
Hired as Naturalist on H.M.S. Beagle Sailed on Five Year Scientific Expedition
Down East Coast of South AmericaUp Pacific Coast to Galapagos IslandsMade Stops on Mainland and IslandsObserved Variety of Life and Habitats
The Galapagos Island
The smallest, lowest islands were hot, dry, and nearly barren-Hood Island-sparse vegetation
The higher islands had greater rainfall and a different assortment of plants and animals-Isabela- Island had rich vegetation .
The Galapagos Island Darwin was fascinated in particular by the land tortoises and marine iguanas in the Galápagos.
Giant tortoises varied in predictable ways from one island to another.
The shape of a tortoise's shell could be used to identify which island a particular tortoise inhabited.
Wrote: Origin of Species
Proposed Evolution Resulting from Natural Selection:
Organisms Produce Many OffspringCompetition for Food, Territory, Mates,
etc.Those With Best Traits Survive Organisms Change Over Many Generations
Time Frame: Millions of Years
Evolution by Natural Selection
Competition exists among individuals
Organisms produce more offspring than the environment can support.
Variations exists among individuals within a species.
The organisms whose variations best fit them to the environment are the ones who are most likely to survive, reproduce and pass these desired variations on to the next generation. (survival of the fittest)
From: Evolution and the Fossil Record By John Pojota Jr. and Dale A. Springer
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/variation/recipe/
Natural Selection
Over time, natural selection results in
changes in inherited characteristics of a population. These changes increase a species fitness in its
environment
Adapted from: Ms. Weinberg
toad
Animal Adaptations
Have you ever wondered how animals are able to survive in the wild?
Animals have certain adaptations that help them to survive.
Think about the way you dress in the winter.
You don’t wear your shorts and bathing suit when it’s snowing outside!
You wear warm clothes, and maybe
even a hat and mittens to protect yourself from the weather.
And what if you are having a snowball fight?
You probably run away from the person throwing at you,
and maybe even try to sneak up on that person and
throw some snowballs!
The way you dress in the winter, as well as the way that you run and hide from
someone throwing snow at you are kinds of …
Adaptations
An adaptation is an inherited trait that increases an organism’s change of surviving and reproducing in its environment.
We can separate adaptations into two
categories: Physical
(structural and functional)
AND
Behavioral
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Physical adaptations
are body structures that allow an animal to find and consume food, defend itself,
and to reproduce its species.
Physical adaptations help an animal survive in its environment.
Hey! I’m a walking stick. I look just like a stick you’d find on the ground.
© A. Weinberg
Physical adaptationCamouflage (use of color in a
surrounding)
The chameleon can change its color to match its surroundings.
Mimicry (looking or sounding like another living
organism)The Viceroy butterfly uses mimicry to look like the
Monarch butterfly. Can you tell them apart?
Poisonous
Not poisonous
Physical adaptation
I’m the Monarch!
I’m the Viceroy!
Chemical defenses (like venom, ink, sprays)
Physical adaptation
Body coverings & parts (claws, beaks, feet, armor plates, skulls, teeth)
Physical adaptations
The elephant’s trunk is a physical adaptation that helps it to clean itself, eat, drink, and to pick things up.
Now let’s learn about
Behavioral Adaptations…
Behavioral Adaptations allow animals to respond to
life needs.
Each organism has unique methods of adapting to its environment by means of
different actions.
Behavioral Adaptations
are animals’ actions.
Remember that Physical Adaptations are body
structures.
We can divide Behavioral Adaptations into two groups:
Instinctive Learned
These behaviors happen naturally & don’t have to
be learned.
These behaviors must be taught.
Instinctive behaviors
happen naturally &
don’t need to be learned
=
Finding shelter
Methods of gathering & storing food
Defending oneself
Raising young
Hibernating
Migrating
Learned behaviors
Obtained by interacting with the environment and cannot be
passed on to the next generation
except by teaching.
=
Changes…..Environments are complex. Species must adapt to an
environment’s living parts as well as it’s nonliving parts. Nonliving parts include temperature, water, nutrients in soil
and climate. Deciduous trees shed their leaves due to changes in climate. Camouflage, mimicry and mouth shape are
adaptations mostly to an environments living parts.
Living and nonliving factors are always changing. Even slight environmental changes affect how species adapt. If a species is unable to adapt, it becomes extinct. The fossil record contains
many fossils of species that were unable to adapt to change.
From text page 222
Evolution or Extinction
Biological Evolution - the change over time in populations of related organisms.
Extinction – occurs when the last individual organism of a species dies.
Evidence of Evolution
The Fossil Record
Geographic Distribution of Living Things
Homologous Body Structures
Similarities in Early Development
Evidence of Evolution
The Fossil Record
Geographic Distribution of Living Things
Homologous Body Structures
Similarities in Early Development
Evidence of Evolution The Fossil Record
Geographic Distribution of Living Things
Homologous Body Structures - structures that have different mature forms in different organisms, but develop from the same embryonic tissue
Similarities in Early Development
Evidence of Evolution
The Fossil Record
Geographic Distribution of Living Things
Homologous Body Structures
Similarities in Early Development
Evidence of EvolutionThe Fossil Record
Geographic Distribution of Living Things
Homologous Body Structures
Similarities in Early Development
Vestigial organs - organs that serve no useful function in an organism, i.e. appendix, tail bone.
Rib cage of a Python