CRCT Review

Southwest Asia Map

Bodies of Water in the Middle East

Resources

• Scarce– “not a lot of”

• Abundant– “a lot of”

• Water

• Oil

Oil Production

• How has an abundance of Oil and Organization of OPEC affected the economies of SW Asia (Middle East)?

• How have deserts and rivers affected population and where people live?

Ethnic vs. Religious

• Ethnic• Something you cannot

change

– Persians– Kurds– Arabs

• Religious• Something you choose

to practice

– Islam– Christianity– Judaism

•Persians•Iran •Afghanistan

75% Muslim6

0% Shia Islamic mysticism

•Kurds•Syria•Iraq•Iran•Turkey

The majority of Kurds are Sunni Muslims.

Some minorities include Christianity, Judaism, and Ba’hai.

•Arabs•21 Middle Eastern countries•Saudi Arabia•Syria•Lebanon•Yemen•Jordan•Iraq•Qatar

90% of Arabs are Muslim.The remaining10 % are Christian and Jewish.

Religious Groups of the Middle East

Islam• Founded in Saudi Arabia• Founded by Muhammad• Holy Cities are Mecca and Medina• 5 Pillars of Islam• Monotheistic • Quran• Abrahamic• Muslims• Sunni• Shia/ Shiite

Sunni/ Shia SplitMuslims while Muhammad

was Caliph

Shi’a

Sunni

Believed that any Muslim could be the Caliph after Muhammad Died

Believed that the daughter of Muhammad should be the next caliph

Judaism

• Oldest Religion in the Middle East• Monotheistic• Abrahamic• Anti-Semitism• Zionism• Israel (1948)• Torah (Old Testament)• 10 Commandments

Christianity

• Offshoot of Judaism• Founded in the Middle East• Abrahamic• Monotheistic• Jesus= Son of God• Bible• 10 Commandments• Minority in ME• Old and New Testament

• Literacy Rate– The % of people in a country (15+) who

can read and write

Literacy RateStandard

of Living

Literacy Rate and Standard of Living

DISTRIBUTION OF POWER

UNITARY

Unitary

Characterized by or constituting a form of government in which power is held by one central authority.

Example: King or Dictator

CONFEDERATION

ConfederationVoluntary association of independent states, to secure some common purpose, agree to certain limitations on their freedom of action and establish some joint machinery of consultation or deliberation

Example:OPEC

CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA(during civil war)

FEDERALFederal

Characterized by or constituting a form of government in which power is divided between on central and several regional authorities

Example: USA

CITIZENS PARTICIPATION

IN GOVERNMENT

AUTOCRATICAutocratic

government in which one person possesses unlimited power and the citizens have little if any role in the government

OLIGARCHICOligarchic (oli-gar-kick)

Government by the few, sometimes in which a small group exercises control especially for corrupt and selfish purposes. The citizen has a very limited role.

DEMOCRATIC

Democratic

A government in which the supreme power is vested in the people and exercised by them directly or indirectly through a system of representation usually involving free elections.

FORMS OF DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT

P a rlim a n ta ry P re s ide n tia l

D e m o c ra tic G ove rnm e nt

Parliamentary

PARLIAMENTARY

Parliamentary

A system of Government having the real executive power vested in a cabinet composed of member of the legislature who are individually and collectively responsible to legislature. May have prime minister elected by the legislature

PRESIDENTIAL

Presidential

A system of government in which the president is constitutionally independent of the legislature

Middle Eastern Government

Distribution of Power

Citizens Role

Theocracy of Iran

Unitary Oligarchic

Monarchy of Saudi Arabia

Unitary Autocratic

State of Israel Unitary Democracy

Parliamentary

South & Eastern Asia GovernmentsDistribution of Power

Citizens Role

The Republic of India

Federal Democracy

Parliamentary

Communist State of the People’s Republic of China

Unitary Oligarchy

The Constitutional Monarchy of Japan

Federal Democracy

Parliamentary

African Governments

Distribution of Power

Citizens Role

The Republic of Kenya

Federal Democracy

PresidentialThe Dictatorship of the Republic of Sudan

Unitary Autocratic

Republic of South Africa

Federal Democracy

Parliamentary

Economic Questions

• What to produce

• How to produce

• For Whom to produce

Command Free Market

When gov’t decidesall three

When people decideall three

Saudi Arabia

South Africa

China

India

Japan

North Korea

Israel

Turkey

Nigeria

Trade

• Specialization of Trade occurs when countries have different natural, human, and capital resources and different ways of combining these resources, they are not equally efficient at producing the goods and services that their residents demand.

Trade Restrictions

• Trade Barrier– government policy or regulation that restricts international trade.

The barriers can take many forms, including the following terms that include many restrictions in international trade within multiple countries that import and export any items of trade.

Tariffs Quotas Embargos

QUOTAS

• A type of trade barrier that sets a physical limit on the quantity of a good that can be imported into a country in a given period of time.

EMBARGO

• EMBARG----NO– Restriction of trade with a specified country…

TARIFFS

• A tariff is a tax imposed on goods when they are moved across a political boundary. They are usually associated with protectionism, the economic policy of restraining trade between nations. For political reasons, tariffs are usually imposed on imported goods, although they may also be imposed on exported goods.

Human Capital

• Human Capital– Amount of money a person is capable of

making

Think about it…

• If Sudan wanted to increase it’s GDP by increasing Human Capital what could the country do????– Invest money into

_____________ and _____________.......

Capital• Capital

– assets available for use in the production of further assets

Think about it…• If Sudan wanted to increase it’s GDP by

increasing Capital what could the country do????– Invest money into _____________ and

_____________.......

Establishment of Israel

• WWII– Jews were persecuted during the Holocaust in

Germany• Anti-Semitism

– Prejudice against or hostility towards Jews

United Nations voted to divide Palestine into two states, one Jewish and one Arab;

• as accepted by Zionist leaders but rejected by Arab leaders.

– Creation of Israel has led to continuing religious wars

12991299The Ottoman Empire begins in modern-day Turkey

14511451The Ottomans rule a majority of the cities in the Middle East and Europe.

14531453The Ottomans establish the capital of Constantinople in present-day Turkey.

15001500The Ottomans gain control of the Eastern Mediterranean, North Africa, and major trade routes.

15201520Ottomans capture Mecca and Medina.

1800s1800sThe Ottoman Empire begins to decline and is known as the “sick man of Europe”.

19141914

WWI begins.

19181918

The Ottoman Empire ends.

19201920•Europe divides up the Ottoman Empire.

•The division is part of the Treaty of Sevres.

Naaaah, they will just get

along perfectly, I think.

Naaaah, they will just get

along perfectly, I think.

Should we divide these into

countries based on ethnic groups?

Should we divide these into

countries based on ethnic groups?

You’re going down Sunni!!You’re going down Sunni!!

No, you’re going down Shia!!

No, you’re going down Shia!!

Dividing Up the Ottoman EmpireDividing Up the Ottoman Empire

•Europe paid little attention to ethnic, religious, and tribal lines when they drew the Middle East.

•The people of the Middle East were grouped together based on the ideas of the Europeans instead of what the people of the Middle East wanted.

The Middle East TodayThe Middle East Today

2 Heads Are Better than One2 Heads Are Better than One

Why do you think the Europeans divided the Middle East?

The Europeans were interested in a newly discovered resource, oil, and wanted to expand their colonies.

How do these political borders affect the Middle East today?

The political borders cut across ethnic lines and mix together groups, creating conflict.

A Re-imagined Middle EastA Re-imagined Middle East

19231923

Turkey emerges from the remains of the Ottoman Empire.

USA Foreign Involvement

• Persian Gulf War– Fear of Iraq having too much control over oil

after Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990

• Terrorism– USA in Afghanistan and Iraq in response to

9/11; attempting establishing democracy

South and East Asian Countries

South and East Asian Bodies of Water

Landforms of South and East Asia

Religions of South and East Asia

• Buddhism– Founded in India– Siddhartha Gautama – Buddha=enlightened

one

• Hinduism– Founded in India– Sacred River is

Ganges– Most prominent

religion in India

• Shintoism– Native to Japan

• Confucianism– Philosophy of

respecting your elders

Nationalism in South and Eastern Asia

• India– Mohandas Gandhi– Non-Violent Protests– Boycotted British for independence

• Vietnam– Ho Chi Minh– Violent Wars– Fought French for independence

US Role in Rebuilding Japan after WWII

• US provided financial aid to help rebuild Japan’s economy after the dropping of the A Bombs

Communism in China• Mao Zedong

– Established the Communist State of China

– Great Leap Forward• Resulted in economic hardship, was

meant to keep up with the west– Cultural Revolution

• Red Guards destroyed all of “old China” and anything that promoted knowledge other than that of the “new China”

– Tiananmen Square• Educated College Students protested

communism and they were brutally put down, but opened the eyes to those who followed Mao, that there are successful economies and governments that allow for freedom and choice

• Ironically the same place where the Communist state of China was declared by Mao Zedong

Reasons for Foreign Involvement• Vietnam War

– US became involved in attempt contain communism from spreading.

• Red Scare

– Ultimately the Communist North defeated US and South Democratic Vietnam

• Korean War– US became involved in attempt contain communism

from spreading.• Red Scare

– Ultimately the war was declared a stalemate and North Korea and South Korea are still 2 separate countries.

• North Korea -> Communist• South Korea -> Democratic

African Countries

African Landforms/Regions

African Rivers/Bodies of Water

African Ethnic Groups

• Bantu– Southern Africa

• Most practice Traditional Religions

• Ashanti– Western Africa

• Traditional, Christianity, and Islam is practiced

• Swahili– Eastern Africa

• Islam and Traditional

• Arab– Northern Africa

• Most practice Islam and Christianity

Polluted Water: Unfit to Drink• Water Pollution is a problem in African

Countries. – Pesticides, fertilizers, human waste– Mining and manufacturing byproducts

Deforestation• Nearly 90% of the coastal rainforests in West

Africa have been cut down since 1990s– Result: Deforestation

• When trees are gone, nothing can hold soil in place.

• Wind blows, rain pours, and remaining soil is eroded. – Nutrients washed away, sun bakes exposed soil

• Leaving farmland unusable

Desertification

Causes of Desertification

- poor farming practices

- land clearing

-overgrazing of livestock

-draining of water for industrial or home use

Desertification: Process in which a desert spreads and the soil loses its ability to hold water.

Effects of Natural Resources in Africa

• Gold, Uranium, and Diamonds– South Africa

• Increases trade, mining, and foreign interest in the Country

• Oil– Nigeria

• Government has focused attention to oil, and other sectors of the economy have suffered

European Imperialism in Africa

• Artificial Boundaries set up by European Countries led to…– civil wars between tribes

in Africa

Nationalism to Independence

• South Africa– Fully independent from British in 1990 with

abolishment of Apartheid

• Kenya– Achieved Independence from British through

Violent wars led by the Mau Mau

• Nigeria– Non-Violently achieved independence from

British through formation of political parties

Apartheid

• Creation of apartheid denied black south Africans civil rights

• President FW de Klerk – Protested apartheid– ended Apartheid in 1990– Released Nelson Mandela from Jail in 1990– Served at Nelson Mandela’s Vice president

• Nelson Mandela– Imprisoned for protesting apartheid– Released from prison in 1990– First democratically elected black president of

South Africa• Elected in 1994