Crash Rescue

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CIRCULAR II J U N E 1 9 4 8

CRASH F I R E A N D R E S C U EEQUIPMENT AT A ERODROMES

Prepared i n t h e A i r Navigation Bureauand p u b l i s h e d by a u t h o r i t yof the Seore ta ry General

I N T ERNAT I ONALC I V I L A V I A T I O NO R G A N I Z A T I O NM O NTREAL CANADA


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This PubUcation i s issued i n English, French and Spanish.

Published in 14ontrea1, Canada, by theInt ern atio nal Ci vi l Aviation Organization.Correspondence concerning the publica-tionsshould be addressed t o the Secre- Generalof ICAO, Dominion Square Building,I.Zontreal, Canada

Orders f o r I C AO publications shorald be sent, on papent:In Canadian currency ($1, t o the In E m t i a n c u r m n c ~ drns l , to theSecretmy General of ICAO, ICAO Representatf ve,Dominton Square Building, Middle East Office,Montreal, Canada, PO Sharia Lotfallah, Apartment 7,(Cable address: ICAO MONTREAL) Zamalek,Cairo, Egypt,(Cable address: ICAOREP CAIRO)I n French currency (Fr o , t~ %he In Australian cwrencv CEI&, t o theI C A O Representative, I C AO Representative,Riropean & Afrfcan Office, Par East & Paciff c Office,60 bf s Avenue d B16na, 522 L i t t l e CslPfns Street,Pa r i s 16&, France, k l b o u ~ n e A us tr al ia ,(Cable add ress: ICAOREP PARJS); (Cable address: ICAOREP BdELBOLJRNE);

In Pemvian currency (soles), t o theICAO Rep~esenta t ive ,South American Office,Apartado 680,Lima, Peru,(Cable address ICAOREP LIk7.A).

Prf ce XO cents (Canadfan) ( ~ o n t r e a l )


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ICAO Circular 4 . AN/^ Page 3

TABLE OF CONTENTSIntroduction .......................O................

CRASH FIRE AND RESCUE EQUIPMENT AT AERODROMESGeneral Considerations .............................. 7The Responsible Authority ........................... 7Considerations Affecting Measure ofProtection to be Afforded ........*................ 7Extinguishing Media ................................. 9Crash. Pire-fighting and Rescue Vehicles ............ 10Static Water Tanks and Water hains .................. 10Personnel ........................................... 11Rescue Equipment .................................... 11Rescue Tools and Equipment to be carriedon Crash Vehicles ................................. 12Protective Clothing ................................. 12Crash Fire and Rescue Statfon ....................... 12Dispatch of Crash Fire and Rescue Vehicles .......... 13Supervision of Crash Fire and Rescue Activities ..... 13Alarm and Communication Systems ..................... 13Accidents outside Aerodrome Boundaries .............. 14Break-in points on Aircraft ......................... 14Water Aerodromes ..................................... 14


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Page 4 ICAO C i r c u l a r 4 . N/3Appendix A ........................................ 15Bibl iography ...................................... 17......................nited Kingdom Publications

Uni ted S ta te s Publ ica t ions . . . 17. . . . . . . . * . * * * * * . . * , 17


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ICAO C i r c u l a r 4 - d ~ / 3 Page

I N T R O D U C T I O N

A t the Th i rd Sess ion ( 1947) of the Aerodromes, A i r Rouand Ground k i d s D i ~ ~ i s i o nf I CAO , a sp e c i a l workin g p a r ty ofex pe r t s was appo in ted t o p repare a paper on the su b j ec t o f"Cra sh F i r e and Rescue Equipment a t AerodromesT1. The Divisionconsidered t h i s paper and expressed i t s a p p r e c i a t i o n of t h espeed and e f fe c t iv en es s of the work performed by the Uni tedKingdom, Uni ted S t a t e s and Canadian e x p e r t s who made up t h egroup.

The Di vis ion decided, howevar , t h a t th e s t ag e had not yebeen reached when In te rna t iona l S tandards o r Recommended Prac-t i c e s on th i s su b j ec t cou ld be recornmnded f o r adop t ion by theCounc i l . I t p ro po se d i n s t e a d t h a t t h e p a pe r r e f e r r e d t o ab ov et o g e t h e r w i t h a b i b li o g ra p h y of r e l e v a n t t e c h n i c a l p ap er sp ro c u ra b le f rom v a r io u s S t a t e s , be i s su e d a s a n ICAO C i r c u l a r .The Pr es id en t of th e I C A O C o u n c il , a c t i n g u nd er s p e c i a l a u t h o rd e l e g a t e d t o him by the C ounc il , approved t h i s recommendation.I n add i t io n , th e Pres ide n t approved th e fo l lowing recom-mendations which t h e Di vi si on made wit h a view t o f a c i l i t a t i n gthe development of International Standards and RecommendedP r a c t i c e s on t h i s s u b j e c t a t i t s 1949 s e s s i o n :

1. That the su b j ec t be f u r t h e r s tud ied by Con-t r a c t i n g 3 t a t e s and by th e S e c r e t a r i a t and t h a t S t a t e sbe r e q u e s t e d t o sup p ly I CAO with in2ormat ion on thes u b j e c t f o r f u r t h e r s t ud y, as i t becomes a v a i la b l e andw i t h ou t b ei ng s p e c i f i c a l l y r e qu e st ed s o t o d o ;

2 . That the m at er ia l subrni t t e d by Co ntr ac t ingS t a t e s s hou ld i n cl u de i n f or m at io n r e l e v a n t t o t h e i n i t i at i o n and t h e progr ess of res ear ch o r developmenta l workon t h e s u b j e c t ;3 T ha t t h e S e c r e t a r i a t be g iv en t h e t a s k ofc o U e c t i n g , s t u d y in g , and d i s s e min a t in g i n fo rma t io n andd a t a r e l e v a n t t o t h e s u b j e c t .


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Page 6 I C AO C i r c u l a r 4 - AN/^Action on the p a r t of Sta tes working i n c o l l a b o r a t i o nw i th t h e S e c r e t a r i a t should g r e a t l y s i m p l i fy the problem ofdeveloping r s u i t a b l e Stand ards and Recommended P r a c t i c e s a tt h e ne x t s e s s i o n of t h e D iv i s io n . A l l Information and datarece ived will be s tu d ie d w i th a view t o i s s u i n g f u r t h e r c i r -

cuikars o n th e s u b je c t .


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ICAO C i r c u l a r 4 - AN/3 Page 7

CRASH FIRE AND RESCUE EQUIPMENT AT AERODROMES

General Considerat ions1. Where a i rc raf t a r e i nv ol ve d i n a c c id e n t s on o r i nt h e v i c i n i t y of the aerodrome, experience has shown that the

most sev ere l roblems i n resc ue ope rat i ons a r e encountered whenf i r e o cc ur s. The o u ts t an d in g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of a i r c r a f t c r a s hf i r e s i s t h e i r tendency t o r ea ch l e t h a l i n t e n s i t y w i t h i n a ve rysh or t t ime of th e outbreak , and not only sev ere l y handicap rescuee f f o r t s , b ut p re se nt a s e v er e h az ard t o t h e l i v e s o f t h o se in-volved i n t h e acc iden ts and anyone a t t empt in g rescue . F i r e i sa n e v er p r e s en t t h r e a t and o cc ur s ve ry f r e q u e n t l y i n a i r c r a f tacci den ts . F i r e may occur immediately fol low ing an in ci de nt ora t any t ime dur ing r e scue ope ra t i ons owing t o t he na tu re o f t hef u e l i nv o lv e d, and t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of s p a r k s b ei ng c r e a t e dthrough movement of t h e wreckage or d is t ur ba nc e of e l e c t r i cc i r c u i t s .2. The p o s s i b i l i t y of a i r c r a f t a c c id e n t s i s c o n s t a n t l ypresen t t hroughou t t h e ex t en t o f a i r rou t e s . The acc iden tp o t e n t i a l i s g r e a t e s t , however, a t and near aerodromes. Fort h i s r e as o n , t h e p r o v i s i o n o f s p e c i a l means t o d e a l w it h i n c i -d e n ts o n and i n t h e v i c i n i t y of aerodromes i s of primaryimportance, as i t i s with in such l i m i t s t h a t t h e r e a r e t h eg r e a t e s t o p p o r t u n i t i e s o f s av in g l i f e .

If he Res ponsib le Aut h o r i t g3 The r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r e n su r in g t h e p r o v i s i o n o fc r a s h f i r e - f i g h t i n g and re s cu e f a c i l i t i e s a t aerodromes s ho ul dr e s t p ri m ar il y upon t h e aerodrome management.

$on s ide ra t i ons Affec t in g Measure of P ro tec t io nt o be Afforded4. I n dec id ing on th e sca l e o f equipment fo r c r a sh , f i r e -f i g h t ing and r e scue purposes, no regard should be had t o th ep a r t i c u l a r f u n c t i o n fop which the a i rc raf t us ing tha t aerodrome


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Page 8 ICAO Circular 4 - AN/^- - -are employed, viz , , whether f or passenger carry ing, fr ei gh tcarrying, or other form of aerial activity, The main ob~ectivei s t o save the lives of passengers and crew, and i t may benecessary to effect complete control 01. ext inct ion of the f i r et o ensure rescue from an ai r cr af t or any particular part of i t .5 The potent ia l extent of the f i r e i n an a i r cr af t i sgoverned mainly by the quantity of fuel carried which varies,usually, i n proport ion t o the gross weight of the a i rcraf t .The load-carrying capacity of th e a i r c r a f t , which w i l l se tl imi t s t o the ex tent of the rescue f a c i l i t i e s requi red a t acrash, has alsc a dire c t re la t ionsh ip to the gross woight oft h e a i r c r a f t .6. The sca le of crash, f ir e- fi gh ti ng and rescue f a c i l i -t i e s should, therefore , be rel ate d to the larg est type ofaircraft normally using the aerod~orne.?* I t i s rea l i zed , how eve^, t h a t t h e cost of providingt h e suggested scales of crash f i re and r e s cue f ae i l i t i e s w i l l begreat and that i n the case of remote aerod~omes he co st may bematerial ly in@reased, The sca le of f a c i l i t i e s ac tua l ly providedmay, th ere fo re, have t o be re la ted t o the revenue produced bythe t raff ic using the aerod~ome,and the overall requirements ofthe s i tua t ion, On the other hand conditions of tr a f f i c dens ityor other fac tors , may require a n lncrease i n the sca le off a c i l i t i e s t o be afforded.8. For the purpose sf assessing th e scale of crash,

f i re-f ight in g and rescue f a c i l i t i e s t o be provided a t aerodroA:es,the following grading, based on the gross wefght of a i r c r a f tnormally o r recurrently using those aerodromes, 1s suggested:Grade 1: Aircraft of over 200,000 Ibs, gross weight.Grade 2: Air c ra ft of 100,000 Ibs, and over, but le s sthan 200,000 Pb s , gross wefght.Grade 3: Aircr aft of 60~ 000 b s . and over, but l e s sthan lOO,OOQ lbs , gross weight.Grade 4: Aircraft of 25,000 I b s . and over, but lessthan 60,000 lbs. gross weight.Grade 5: Aircraft of 10,000 l b s . and over, but lessthan 25,000 Ibs. gross wefght.Grade 6: Aircraf t less than 10,000 l b s . gross weight.


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ICAO C i r c u l a r 4 - AN/3 Page 9Extinguishing Media

9 . In view of the lack of uni formi ty i n the s i z e andtype of t he c ras h and f i r e - f i gh t in g veh ic l e s and app li ances i nuse throughout t he world , the sc a l e of ext i ngu ish ing media t o beprovided i s most co nv en ien tly expre ssed i n terms of volume andr a t e of production .

10. I t i s recognized t h a t pr ec is e methods of ope rat i on,d e t a i l s of de sig n, an? techniq ues w i l l vary wi th r ega rd t o c rash ,f i re - f ig ht in g and rescue equipment , However, i n order t o es ta b-l i s h a suitable minimum estimate of extinguishing media requiredfor such purposes , i t i s n ec es sa ry t o c o n s id e r c e r t a i n b a s i cp r i n c i p l e s of e f f e c t i v e opera t ion as e s t ab l i shed f rom ac tua lexper ie nce. These may be summarized as fol lows:a ) Water used as water-fog, o r otherwis e, i s t h eb e s t u n i v e r s a l l y a v a i l a b l e c o o li n g a ge nt f o r t h e c o n t r o lof f i r e and f o r p r o t e c t i o n f ~ o m e a t . However, e x ce p tu nd er v e ry s p e c i a l c o n d i t i o n s , t h e e x t i ng u i s h in g a b i l i t yof water on hi gh ly inf lammable l iq u id s i s poor;b) I n t r o d u c t i o n o f foam t o water-fog dis cha rgei n c r e a s e s the ex t ingu i sh ing q ua l i t y of fog fo r such typesof f i r e s . Hov~ever, f o r u l t i m a t e c o n t r o l o f l a r g e a i r -c r a f t f i r e s , th e u se of foam i n combination with as u i t a b l e i n e r t gas i s indica ted , because th i s method

produces more po s i t i v e and permanent ex ti n c ti o n ;c > Two o r more comp atible ex ti ng ui sh in g a ge nt smust o rd in ar i l y be appl ied i n conbin a t ion , quickly andi n l a r g e q u a n t i t y , c om pl et el y t o e f f e c t r e s c ue f rom, ancj.c o n t r o l o r e x t i n c t i o n o f , e ven r e l a t i v e l y s ma ll a i r c r a f tf i r e s ; Id ) ~ c t u a l x p e r i e n c e i n d i c a t e s t h a t t e c h n i q u e si n v o lv i n g r a p i d a p p l i c a t i o n of l a r g e q u a n t i t i e s of asu i t ab l e q ua l i t y of foam and an i n e r t gas , such as carbond iox ide (C02) supp li ed from e i th e r h igh p res sure o r l ow

pressure sou rces , a r e su pe r io r t o o t he r known methods f o ro b ta i ni n g e f f e c t i v e r e s u l t s .11. The types and q ua n t i t i es of ext in gui shin g media,de t a i l ed i n Appendix A he re t o , a re based on th e exper ience re-f e r r e d t o i n Paragraph 10, and a re r e l a t ed t o t he pa r t i c u l a rrequirements of c i v i l aerodromes and a i r c r a f t . They a r e recom-mended as th e misfmum q u a n t i t i e s t o be herd i n read ines s f o rin s t an t ope ra t i on t o meet t ec hn ic a l r equ i rement s w ithou t r ega rdt o economic or o the r fa c t o rs (seeParagraph 6 ) a t each grade oCaerodrome.


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Bsge 10 I CAO C i s c u l a r 4 - AN / 3Crash, Fire-Fighting and Rescue Vehicles

12. Ve hic les must be provided f o r conveying th e cx t i n -guishfng media and equipment immediately and r a p i d l y t o anacc iden t , and i n the event of f i r e , f o r app ly ing the mediaspee di ly and e f fe c t iv e l y . Vehic les used fo r t h i s purposeshould have the f o l lo w i n g c h a r a c t e r i s i c s :

a ) F u l l f lcross-countryw performance;b) High ra t e o f acc e le ra t ion wi th a c ru i s i ng speed ofn ot l e s s t h a n 45 miles per hour;C ) Lowest p oss i ble ce nt re of g ra vi ty compatible wi t hadequate ground clearance ;

Minimum u n i t ground load ;e > Si m pl ic i t y of op era tio n and maintenance ;f1 Adequate and convenient s towage f o r a l l equipmentand appliances ;g) Adequate two-way r a d i o communication f a c i l i t i e sa s mentioned i n Paragraph 21;h ) Adequate l i g ht i n g f a c i l i t i e s f o r s e ~ r c h nd rescueopera t ions and fo r i l lumin a t io n of the c rash .

i ) Over al l d imensions and gross weight of veh ic l esshould be wi th in pra c t ic a l l i m i t s having regard t o .the nec ess i ty fo r passage th rough ga tes , l an es ,and over b r idges , and t o obvia te the nec ess i ty f o rth e pr ov is io n of new ho u s ~ n g ccommodation.13 The p a r t i c u l a r n a tu r e of t h e t e r r a i n i n t h e v i c i n i t yof a n aerodrome may n ec es si ta t e the pro vis ion of s p e c i a l v e h i c l eso r equipment capable of r e l i a b l e movement i n the op era tin g ar ea .' F o r i n s t an c e i n c e r t a i n c o n d i t i o n s , a f a s t h ig h ly manoeuvrablevehi c le ca r ry ing a smal l p ropor t ion of the ex t inguish ing mediamay be of advantage f o r quick res erv e o per ati on .

S t a t i c Nater Tanks and Water Hains1 4 . The a v a i l a b i l i t y of a s u f f i c i e n t q u a n t i t y of w a te rf o r cra sh, f i re - f ig ht in g and rescue purposes , f rom water supplyse rv i ces a long+aprons and i n f ro n t of admin i s t r a t i on and se r v i c ea r e a s , i s most desi rabl e- . Furthermore, t he ext ens ion of suchs u p ~ l i e q o s t r ~ t e g i c o in t s on the movement a r ea i s a g r e a t


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ICAO C i r c u l a r 4 - ArT/3 Page 11advan t age , e spec i a l l y a t aerodromes of ve ry h i gh t r a f f i c dens i t y ,because i t ensures adequate qua nt i t i es o f water f o r foam pro-d u c t i o n o r o t h e r u se s.

Person;$215. S u f f i c i e n t cr as h f i r e anci rescue personnel t o br ingi n t o i mmediate ope ra t i on a t l e a s t o rL@-th irdof t he t o t a l e x t in -qu is h in g media o r a minimum of one crash vehic le , whichever i st he g r e a t e r , s ho uld be a v a i l a b l e a t a l l tim es w hi le f l i g h to p er a ti on s a r e i n p r o g re s s, A t aerodromes which, from t h e i rn a t ur e o r t h e d e n s i t y o f ti:c.,ir t r a f f i c , d o n o t wa rr an t theemployment of full-t ime personnel, i t i s d e s i r a b l e t h a t a tl e a s t one fu l l - t i me employee be provided f o r t h e proper main-tena nce and opcrcd.tion of th e f i r s equipment provided.16. ALP c ra sh f i r e and rescur? personnel , whether f u l l -t ime or par t - t ime, should be f u l l y t ra ine d f o r the per formanceof t h e i r d u t i e s . They shou l d a l sc be p r o f i c i e n t i n med ic alf i r s t a i d , i n or de r t o avoid t he : A ~ f l i c t i o nf a d d i t i o n a ls uf fe r i ng and i n j u r y i n e x t r i c a t i ~ ~ gersonne l f rom a i rc ra f t .They shou l d pa r t i c i pa t e f r equen t l y i n f i r e and r e s c ue d r i l l si n o r de r t o m a in ta in a h i gh s t anda rd of e f f i c i enc y , and t h e i rt r a i n i ng shoul d i nc l ude i n s t ru c t i o n i n t he l ayou t and gene ra ls t r u c t ur e of the a i r c r a f t wi th which they may have t o d e a l , i no r de r t h a t on a r r i v a l a t a n in c i de n t t he y may be ab le t o dec ideimmedia te ly on th e bes t method of a t t a ck . Pa r t i c u l a r a t t e n t i o n

must be paid t o the t r a i n i n g and d e t a i l i n g f o r d u ty of t h ed r i ve r - o pe r a to r s of c r a s h f i r e v e h i c l e s .

Rescue Equipment17 . No a t t empt has been made t o be s pe c i f i c i n in -d i c a t i ng t h e exac t t ype and qua n t i t y of r e scue t oo l s andequipment t o be provided. Cate gori es and types of t oo ls andequipment a t presen t av a i l ab l e a r e l i s t e d he reunder and t heseshould be provided f o r a l l c r a sh f i r e and r e sc u e v e h ic l e s.Development and research may show the need f o r improvement ande x t en s i on i n the to ol s and equipment ind ic at ed , and fu r th e rst ud y on t he development of s u i t a b l e equipment should be made.Fur t he r s t udy i s a l s o requi r ed i n the use and development ofpower-operated tools as a n a i d t o r e s cu e .


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Page 12 ICAO C i r c u l a r 4 - AN/^Rescue Tools and Equipment t o becarr ied on Crash Vehicles

Cut t ing Tool sLarge and s mal l reg ula r and s p e c i a l a xe sHand and hack sawsBo l t , bar and meta l cu t t e r sS p e c i a l r e l e a s e k ni ve sS ni pp e rs and wi re c u t t e r s , c h i s e l s , p l i e r s , . e t c .Sh i f t i ng Too l sCrow and p r y barsGrapnel and cable assemblyPole and hand hooksShove1sHand and sledge hammersMiscellaneous EquipmentBlanketsE le c t r i c hand l amps and p or tab le f l oo dl i gh t s oft ype su i t ab l e f o r u se i n exp l os i ve atmosphereAccess laddersF i r s t a id medical equipment

P r o t e c t i v e C l o th i n g18. I t i s e s s e n t i a l t h a t a de qu ate p r o t e c t i v e c l o t h i n gand equipment be provided and maintained and be r e a d i l y a v a i l -ab le t o ea ch member of a res cue crew. Such cl ot hi ng andequipment should be capab le of g i v ing p ro t e c t i o n aga i ns tr a d i a n t h e a t and l i m i t e d p r o t e c t i o n a g a i p s t d i r e c t f la me andshould inc lude g loves , helmet and a s u i t a b l e fac e sh ie l d whichmust all ow f u l l v i s i o n and freedom of movement.

Crash F i r e and Rescue Stat ion19 The cr as h f i r e and rescue ve hic les should be houseda t a l l t imes i n bu i l d i ngs (which shoul d be hea ted when necessaryf o r i n s u r i n g immediate s t a r t i n g ) and th e acc ess t o th e movementar ea should be unobs t ruc ted . The s t a t i o n should be i n a pos i t io nwhich i s most convenient having regard t o the fol low ing fa ct or s :

a ) The d e s i r a b i l i t y f o r m a in t ai n in g o b s e r va t i onof f l i g h t a c t i v i t y and a i r c r a f t movement on the ground;


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I CAO Circu la r 4 - AN/J Page 13b) The necessi ty for maintaining direct corn-munication with the a i r t r a f f i c ---+--lac > The n e c e s s i t y f o r Immediate response t o analarm by a u x i l i a r y firemen forming p a rt of the'crewq offlre and rescue vehicles.

Dispatch of Crash Fi re and Rescue Vehicles20. The a i r traffic con t ro l supe rv i so r on duty shouldnormally be respons ible f o r di re ct in g ' th e movement of the cr ashf i r e and rescue v e h i cl e s t o a n a i r c r a f t a c c id e n t , whether i t bewi th in o r beyond t h e boundary of t h e aerodrome, From h i s know-ledge of th e probable movements of o th er a i r c r a f t a t the a i r p o r t ,t h e air traffic con t ro l supe rv i so r i s best q u a l i f i e d t o decideupon the e x t e n t t o which the protection on the aerodrome may.beraduced f o r the purpose of attendance a t an acc iden t ou t s ide the&emdrome boundary.

@tipervision of Crash F i r e and Rescue Ac tkv fti es21. Re s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r d i r e c t i o n o f ail cras_h, f-ipe;f i gh t ing and rescue a c t i v i t i e s , s u b s e q u e n t $ 0 a r r i v a l a t aninc ident , should r e s t e n t i r e l y w it h t h e i n d i v i d u a l i n ch ar ge o ft h e c rash f i r e and r e scue crews a t the time.

Alarm and Communfcation Sys terns. .

22. The provision of adequate and s u i t a b l e communicationsf a c i l i t i t e s t o ensure dependable and supe rv i sed t r ansmi t t a l ofessential emergency and r o u t i n e opera t in g informat ion w i t h regardt o c r a sh , f i r e - f i g h t ing and r e scue, i s necessary a t each aero-drome, Such f a c i l i t i e s should inc lude provis ions f o r thefol lowing purposes, co n s i s t en t with t h e i n d i v i d u a l requirementsOf.each s i t u a t i o n :

a ) Di rec t reserved communication between appro-p r i a t e a i r t r a f f i c c o n t r o l and c rash fire s t a t i o n f o r t hepurpose of ensurin g prompt dis pat ch of cr ash vehi cl es andpersonnel ;b) Emergency s ignals , o ensure inmediate sum-moning of dis ign at ed non-full- time personnel as appropr i a t e ;C ) Summoning e ss e n t i a l re la te d ser vic es on theaerodrome as necessary ;


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Page 14 C i r c u l a r 4 - AN / 3- -d ) Maintaining communication by means of two-way r a d i o w it h the crash f i r e and r escue veh ic les i na t tendance a t an i nc i de n t ;31 Summoning desired suppor t ing ass is tance f rom

s e r v i c e s ou t s i de the aerodrome.Accidents outside Aerodrome Boundaries

23. The p~oblemof dea l ing with accidents which occurbeyond aerodrome boundaries must necessarily be considered i nnore genera l terms, The provision of easy access t o the a reassurrounding the boundary of the aerodrome should be given con-s i d e r a t i o n by t h e aerodrome management. Then the acc id en t oc cu rsa t a s i t e which i s n o t a c c e s s i b l e within a shor t space of time t ot h e c ra sh f i r e and rescue vehic les f r om the aerodrome, ,e f fec t ivea c t i o n will depend la r ge ly on the eff ic iency and measure ofl i a i s o n w it h l o c a l f i r e and ambulance services. The determina-t i o n of the d i v i s i o n of r e s p o n s i b i l i t y between aerodrome crashr e s c ue s e r v i c e s , t he A i r Se ar ch and Rescue Organ iza tio n and anyother f i r e . ambulance se rv ic es should r e s t with the aerodromemanagement,

Break-in p o i n t s on Aircraft24. Crash f i r e and rescue personnel should be f a m i l i a rt h e normal and emergency exits on a l l a i r c r a f t normally

g t h e i r aerodrome. They should a l s o know the l oc a t i on o fl l po i n t s a va i l a b l e f o r e f f e c t i n g forcible entry i n t o t he

Water Aerodromes2 5 The problem of c r a gh f i r e - f i gh t i ng and rescue a t

is : m i a r t o t h a t a t land *aerodromes and t h eof organizat ion, equipment a n d f a c i l i t i e s s p e c i f i dr la nd aerodromes will, i n genera l , apply . The crash f i r erescue appliances and equipment should be mounted an a boatr boats, incorpora t ing t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of high rat6 ofand seawor thiness i n a l l condi t ions normallyo r near the aerodrome. Development work, howeve r ,s raq~l;.red;,a ~ t J c u l a r l y e, e l a t i o n t o q u a n t i t a t i v e r eq ui re me nt s,:q.xagh boa@ and rala:ed equipment and operation.


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APPENDIX A

xtinguishing Hedia

Quantities

Rate of Discharge

Period of Discharge

Estinated UaterRequirement

Note: 1) Quan titie s oxpressed in gallons represent Imperial Gallons2) Required quan tit ies of foam prod ucd in dicate d above are basedupon an approxirate cx p s i o n rat io of between 8 t o 1 nd 10 t o 1.

-r a d e lA i rc r af t 1 9 , Ot o 2 5 , m l bs .(4,503 t o 11,000 .k i l o g r m e s )Foam C026,030 1,21X)gals . lbs .

(27,250 (550l i t r e s ) kg)

1,200 400 lb s.g- p m. per min(5, 450 ( l a '1.p.m.) p.mT

5 mins 3 mlns

6CO gallons(2,703 l i t res)

Grade 6Atrcraf t under10,OCO lbs .

(under 4, W)kilogranunes)

Foam C%

3 , m 300gals . lbs .(U,6CO (U5l i t r e s kg)600 1CO lbs .6.p-m. per m i n(2,750 (45 kg1.p.m.) p.m.)

5min s 3 mins

303 gallons(1,350 l i t res)

grade 1Aircraf t over203,033 lbs.(Over 50,Okilogramnes)

Foam CO;!

32,000 4,500gals . lbs .(45,500 (2,050l i t r e s ) kg )

6,433 1,500 lbs.g.p.m. permin(29,000 (680 kg1.p.m.) p.m.)

5 mins 3 mins

3,203 gallons( l4,550 l i t res)

Grade 2Air cra ft 1CO,000to 203,000 lbs.

(45,000 t o 90,000kilogrames)

Foam C022L,CKX) 3,LWgals . lbs .

(109,030 (1,550l i t r es ) kg)

4,800 1,103 lbs .g.p.m. p e r n i n(21,700 (5CO kg1.p.m.) p.m.)

5 mins 3 mins

2 , m g all on s( 1 0 , W l i t r e s )

Grade 3Airc raft 60,030to 1CO,003 lb s.

(27,000 t o 15,030l a l o ~ e s )

Foam c0218,000 2,lCOgals . lbs.

(81,750 (1,100l i t r e s ) kg)

3,600 EfCO lbs .g.p.m. pe rm in(16,350 (360 kg1.p.n.) p.m.)5 mins 3 mins

1,800 gallons(8,200 l i t res)

Grade 4Aircrafi 25,030t o 60,000 lb s.

(11,000 t o 27,033kilogramnes )

Foam c0212,030 1,203gals . lbs .

(54,500 (550l i t r e s ) kg)

2,403 100 bs .g.p.m. pe rm in(10,900 (la g1.p.m.) p.m.)

5 mins 3 mins

1,203 gallons(5,450 l i t res)


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BIBLIOGRAPHY

UNITED K INGDOM PUBLICATIONS1. Amp,97so Acc iden ts t o Ai r c ra f t - Notes on 3eseue ofOccupants. F i r e Risk and Co ntro l of F ir e,2. blanual of Firemanship - P a r t 6BPr ac t i ca l F ir emansh ip - Chapter 43(Obtainable f rom H.M. S t a t i o n e r y Of f i c e )3 'Pyrene ' Airfield Crash Tender.( I ssued by the P y ~ e n eCo, Ltd.,4, Grosvenor Gardens S,W.194. ' F i r e P r o t e c t i o n t(Is su ed by Afrfoam Fi re P ro te ct io n Ltd.,166 , Vic tor ia St . S,\V.l)

UNITED STATES PUBLICATIONS1. 8 AF Wn ua l 64-60-2, ' ' Ai rc ra ft Crash Rescuen,Uni ted Sta tes A i r Force, 1946,2. 8 NA B n u a l 00-80R-14, "Airpl ane Crash Fir e-F i ghti ngn,

Uni ted Sta tes Navy,Bureau of Aeron aut ics, 1946.3. O AN Baanual QO-80-C-1, "Procedure for Ai rcraf t CrashRescuet t , Joint Uni ted States Air Force - Navy publica-t i o n , Aeron aut ical 3oa,rd - United States , 1947.4. "Airplane Crash Fire-Fighting Manualt t ,Nat iona l F i re Pro tec t ion Assoc ia t ion ,60 Ba t t e r y m a ~c hS t r e e t ,Boston 10 , Mass, 1945. P r i c e $1,00ik A v a i l a b i l i t y s u b j e c t t o r e q u e s t a c t i o n t hr ou ghes ta bl f shed df p lomatic and m i l i t a ry channels ,


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Page 18 ICAO Circular 4 - AN/35 "Suggested Standard Operating Procedures - kircrafRescue and sire-FightingH,National Fire Protection Association,60 Batterymarch Street,Boston 10, Mass. 1947. ~rice"$0.256. Lt Miscel laneous Technical Bulletins, Commit ee on Aviationand Airport Fire Protection,National Fire Protection Association,60 Batterymarch Street,Boston 10, Mass, 1947.

A . Bulletin No. 6 - "A Statistical Presentation of theImportance of Fire in AircraftAccidentsw, 1946.B e Bulletin No.15 - "National Fire Protection Association -Aircraft Fire R e p o r t H , 1947.C, Bulletin ~0.18 'IAircraft Rescue and Fire Control -Mobile Equipment for Airportsn, 1948.D. Bulletin No 20 - nPaper on Crash Fire and RescueFacilities on Aerodromes - Inter-national Civil Aviation Organization,1947

P Other miscellaneous bulletins as published from time totime. Information by direct inquiry to National FireProtection Association.

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