C605 PRINCIPAL OF MANAGEMENT

Explain the planning process and its role in project

execution.

oDefine the meaning of planning, principles of

planning as well as its objective.

oExplain the relationship between planning and

decisions making.

oExplain the steps in planning.

Menjelaskan proses merancang dan peranannya

di dalam perlaksanaan projek.

oMentakrifkan maksud merancang, prinsip-

prinsip merancang serta objektifnya.

oMenjelaskan hubungkait merancang dengan

membuat keputusan.

oMenerangkan langkah-langkah di dalam

merancang.

TOPIC III

PLANNING

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Define the meaning of planning,

principles of planning as well as

its objective.

PLANNING

Definition Of Planning As deciding in advance about the objectives to be pursued by the enterprise: the selection of best alternative courses of action to reach those objectives and a specification of activities- technical, financial, personel etc. required for the implementation of the pre-selected courses of action.

PLANNING

Other Definition Of Planning Planning is an intellectually demanding process; its requires the conscious determination of courses of action and the basing of decisions and purpose, knowledge, and considered estimates. - Koontz and ODonnel

PLANNING

Other Definition Of Planning Planning is the selecting and relating of facts and the making and using of assumptions regarding the future in the visualisation and formulation of proposed activities believed necessary to achieved desired results. - George R. Terry

PLANNING Other Definition Of Planning Planning is the continuous process of making present entrepreneural (risk taking) decisions systematically and with best possibble knowledge of their futurity, organising systematically the efforts needed to carry out these decisions and measuring the results of these decisions againts the expactations through organised, systematic feed back - Peter F. Drucker

PLANNING

Other Definition Of Planning A Plan is a trap laid to capture the future. - Louise A. Allen Generally speaking, planning is deciding in advance what is to be done. - W.H. Newman

PLANNING

Objective Of important of Planning In Implementation Construction Project: 1. Is designed in term of cost, time, quality,

safety and profitability in order to be served and can be supervised

2. In terms of costs, project costs must not exceed the cost that was agreed upon.

3. The quality must meet specifications in terms of materials and workmanship.

PLANNING Objective Of important of Planning In Implementation Construction Project: 4. Time management involves two design of long term planning and design of short term aim to ensure that the project can be completed within the stipulated period. 5. Safety of workers either before, during and after project implementation. 6. Ensure that the objectives of the profits have been designated to be achieved.

PLANNING

Types Of Planning Objective:

1. Organization Objective : Overall firm, the responsibility belong to management and long term planning.

2. The Objective of The Department : A department, determined based on the objectives of the organization.

PLANNING

Types Of Planning Objective:

3. Sub-objective Unit : For the smaller units within the department, it is important to support the objective of the department and further the objectives of the organization.

PLANNING

Types Of Planning Objective:

4. Individual Objective: For each employee in the organization, personal, be guided by the objectives of the organization, department or units to your own interest. Examples : promotions, salary movement, outstanding awards, etc.

TOPIC III

PLANNING

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Relationship between planning and

decisions making.

PLANNING

Decision Making Decision by managers lead to sound actions on their part; and accordingly better and efficient attainment of organizational objectives is facilitated.

PLANNING

Definition of Decision Making Decision making is the process of selecting the best alternative course of action; from among a number of alternatives given to management or developed by it- after carefully and critically examining each alternative.

TOPIC III

PLANNING

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Steps in planning.

PLANNING Steps in Planning :

1. Planning : - Determine what to do, when & how it

done - Clarify the objectives and determine

the operations to achieve maximum effectiveness through the process of determining the target

- Collecting and analyzing information obtain.

- Develop and deliver planning and directing.

PLANNING Steps in Planning :

2. Organizing : - Obtain the necessary facilities,

equipment and staff to establish a proper framework to implement the plan through a process of job specification

- Compiling components in a proper organizational structure.

- Formulate and explain the rules and procedures of planning has been made.

PLANNING Steps in Planning :

3. Directing : - Set the time and expense of detailed

framework arising from the information obtained.

- Make decisions as a result of the precribed plan.

- Providing or issuing specific instructions in doing the planning.

PLANNING Steps in Planning :

4. Controlling : - Evaluate by comparison to the plan - Report all problems in a timely

manner for further action to correct or resolve.

Steps in the planning process

(i) Setting Goals Goals set should contain features such as clear and real, rational, logical,

with the duration and challenging.

Steps in the planning process

(ii.) Describe Condition Determine whether resources are adequate or not is made up of the

financial, manpower or information to achieve the goals that have been

determined.

Steps in the planning process

(iii.) Identifying Barriers / Support There are two factors that might help or hinder the planning process both internal and external factors. 1. Internal factors - A company needs to train qualified workers for high caliber staff

Steps in the planning process

(iii.) Identifying Barriers / Support 2. External factors - The organization should be looking at other options because of

competition from other companies that offer low prices has become an obstacle to the goals performers.

Steps in the planning process

(iv.) To Opinion After all the proper measures had passed, the plan had been workable.

BAB III

PERANCANGAN

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Mentakrifkan maksud merancang,

prinsip-prinsip merancang serta

objektifnya.

PERANCANGAN Definisi Merupakan proses analisa/membuat formula dan mengatur aktiviti projek. Merangkumi konsep meramal, bagi mewujudkan keperluan klien dalam konteks yang sedia ada dan dikehendaki pada masa hadapan. - Pengurus perlu memikirkan terlebih dahulu tentang matlamat dan tindakan yang diambil. - Tindakan berdasarkan kaedah, perancangan atau logik - Penekanan 5M supaya proses merancang menepati objektif organisasi.

5 M

MATERIAL -

BAHAN

MAN POWER

TENAGA BURUH

& SUMBERNYA

MACHINERY

JENTERA DAN

MESIN

MONEY -

KEWANGAN

METHOD

KAEDAH ATAU

PROSEDUR

PERANCANGAN Prinsip-Prinsip Merancang Bersepadu (Comprehensive)

-Memastikan objektif semua bahagian/unit adalah bersepadu

Mempunyai Kesinambungan (Consistent) - Memastikan perancangan yang realistik dan seragam. Berupaya Untuk Diubah (Flexible) - Memastikan perancangan yang mudah dan kebolehubahannya mengikut keperluan semasa. Tepat (Precise) - Memastikan tindakan yang patut diambil adalah tepat.

PERANCANGAN

Objektif Perancangan

Ia dirangka dari segi kos, masa, kualiti, keselamatan dan keuntungan supaya dapat disampaikan dan mampu diawasi.

PERANCANGAN

Objektif Perancangan

Kos :- Kos projek mestilah tidak melebihi

daripada kos yang telah dipersetujui.

Kualiti :- Kualiti hendaklah menepati

spesifikasi dari segi bahan dan mutu kerja.

PERANCANGAN

Objektif Perancangan

Masa :- Pengurusan masa melibatkan dua

perancangan iaitu : 1. Perancangan jangka panjang 2. Perancangan jangka pendek Tujuan :- Memastikan projek siap dalam

tempoh ditetapkan.

PERANCANGAN Objektif Perancangan

Masa :- Tiga item yang perlu diikuti bagi

memastikan projek : 1. Kenalpasti aktiviti-aktiviti yang

mesti dilaksanakan untuk siapkan projek.

2. Anggaran tempoh masa untuk penyiapan sesuatu aktiviti.

3. Pengawalan terhadap perubahan pada jadual projek

PERANCANGAN

Objektif Perancangan

Keselamatan :- Sebelum, semasa dan selepas

projek dilaksanakan.. Keuntungan :- Memastikan objektif keuntungan

yang telah ditetapkan dapat dicapai.

PERANCANGAN

Tujuan Perancangan (1)Untuk menilai pelbagai strategi pembinaan pilihan dan kontrak. Pilihan yang dibuat mestilah sesuai dengan perancangan utama (2)Untuk mengukur prestasi dan membuat kawalan (3)Meningkatkan kecekapan operasi (4)Sebagai asas untuk pengawasan, pengawalan dan pemantauan (5)Meminimakan perkara luar jangkaan dalam projek

PERANCANGAN

Kepentingan Perancangan (1) Memastikan projek dapat disiapkan dalam masa yang

ditetapkan (2) Memastikan penggunaan modal yang minimum dan pulangan

modal yang maksimum (3) Tiada kemalangan dari mula hingga tamat projek (4) Memastikan projek memenuhi kehendak klien (5) Meningkatkan kebaikan projek dan meminimumkan kos projek (6) Mengenalpasti keperluan klien (7) Membantu dalam pengurusan sumber (8) Memastikan segala peruntukan anggaran kos tidak melebihi

anggaran kos sebenar (9) Memastikan setiap proses kerja mempunyai kesinambungan

dan tidak bertindih (10) Supaya projek mencapai matlamat

PERANCANGAN

Ciri-ciri perancangan yang baik A Objektif mestilah jelas B Mudah difahami C Fleksibel D Seimbang E Senang dikawal F Menggunakan sumber dengan optima G Melibatkan semua pihak H Mengikut turutan perancangan

1. MENETAPKAN MATLAMAT

2. ANALISA & PENILAIAN

PERSEKITARAN

3. MENGENALPASTI & MENILAI

ALTERNATIF

4. MENGEMUKAKAN TINDAKAN

1.0 PENETAPAN MATLAMAT

Objektif yang ingin dicapai akan ditentukan:

oIa akan dicapai dalam tempoh masa tertentu samada

oJangka masa pendek atau

oJangka masa panjang.

Persoalan yang perlu dijawab adalah tentang apakah yang hendak dicapai oleh organisasi kita dalam jangkamasa panjang ataupun jangkamasa pendek.

Matlamat yang ditetapkan mestilah mengandungi ciri-ciri seperti jelas dan nyata, rasional, logik, mempunyai jangkamasa dan mestilah mencabar.

1.0 PENETAPAN MATLAMAT

Contoh :

Matlamat jualan harian sebagai objektif jangka pendek.

Membuka cawangan baru dalam tempoh tertentu merupakan matlamat jangka panjang.

1.0 PENETAPAN MATLAMAT

Persekitaran organisasi akan dianalisa dan dinilai untuk mengetahui kedudukan semasa organisasi tersebut.

Proses ini termasuk menilai persekitaran langsung dan tidak langsung.

2.0 ANALISA DAN PENILAIAN PERSEKITARAN

Contoh :

Keadaan premis bagi membantu kehadiran pelanggan.

Mengkaji persaingan-persaingan yang ada.

2.0 ANALISA DAN PENILAIAN PERSEKITARAN

Alternatif-alternatif tindakan perlu dikenalpasti bagi mencapai matlamat tersebut.

Senaraikan cadangan alternatif tindakan-tindakan tersebut

Penilaian perlu dibuat bagi setiap cadangan alternatif tindakan tersebut

3.0 MENGENALPASTI & MENILAI ALTERNATIF

Sekiranya adanya sokongan yang boleh menolong dari segi perlaksanaan perancangan seterusnya tercapainya matlamat, atau halangan yang boleh melambatkan perjalanan perancangan maka, pengurus boleh mengemukakan tindakan sama ada teruskan tindakan terhadap perancangan atau cari jalan lain untuk setiap perancangan.

4.0 MENGEMUKAKAN TINDAKAN

Sekiranya didapati banyak halangan yang timbul dari sokongan maka organisasi perlulah menukar kepada matlamat yang baru atau merangka perancangan yang baru yang boleh menguntungkan organisasi tersebut.

4.0 MENGEMUKAKAN TINDAKAN

Peringkat ini amat penting kerana ia melibatkan proses membuat dan mengambil keputusan yang teliti dan cermat.

Setelah semua langkah tadi telah dilalui dengan sempurna, maka perancangan tadi bolehlah dilaksanakan.

4.0 MENGEMUKAKAN TINDAKAN

LANGKAH-LANGKAH MERANCANG

OBJEKTIF - tentukan matlamat dan tempoh masa

- selain keuntungan, perlu memenuhi kehendak klien

PROGRAM strategi @ tindakan yang perlu

- menunjukkan @ mempamerkan program yang telah

dirancang melalui penyediaan carta organisasi, carta bar dan

peratusan pencapaian

SCHEDULE jadikan program dalam bentuk jadual

BUDGET

ORGANIZATION membentuk organisasi di tapak bina secara sementara

hingga projek siap

POLISI peraturan umum bagi pekerja

PROSEDUR cara-cara melaksanakan polisi

STANDARD mengikut piawaian yang telah ditetapkan