CQ BIODIESEL

8/7/2019 CQ BIODIESEL

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Biodiesel and your vehicleSpanish version -- Versin en espaol

Compatibility:-- Filters-- Rubber partsBiodiesel quality-- Homebrew quality-- Homebrew vs commercial productionWhy quality mattersQuality testing-- Wash test-- What should you do if your fuel doesn't pass the wash-test?-- Reprocessing test

-- Methanol test-- Methanol test by mass-- How to use the quality tests-- More quality checks-- Reprocessing biodieselStandards for biodieselUsing biodiesel in winterBiodiesel in gasoline enginesTiny diesel engines

Very Frequently Asked Question: "Can I use biodiesel in my car?"

Answer: If it's a diesel, yes. Any diesel engine will run safely on pure biodiesel. But ithas to be top-quality biodiesel, which isn't always the case, not even when it'scommercial fuel made by professionals and backed by big business.

The good news is that anyone can learn how to make their own top-quality biodieselusing the instructions and quality checks provided here, very few homebrewers arechemists or technicians. Start here.

That said, there are a few things you need to know about using biodiesel in yourvehicle.

Filters

Fuel filters can and do clog when you first start using biodiesel, but don't blame thebiodiesel!

It won't happen if your car is brand new, but beyond a year or so, the older the car is themore likely it is that using biodiesel will lead to clogged filters.
http://journeytoforever.org/es/biodiesel_vehiculo.htmlhttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_vehicle.html#compathttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_vehicle.html#filterhttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_vehicle.html#rubberhttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_vehicle.html#qual1http://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_vehicle.html#hbqualhttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_vehicle.html#commrclhttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_vehicle.html#whyqualityhttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_vehicle.html#qualityhttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_vehicle.html#washtsthttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_vehicle.html#whatdohttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_vehicle.html#reprohttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_vehicle.html#methtesthttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_vehicle.html#methtest2http://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_vehicle.html#howtotstshttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_vehicle.html#moretstshttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_vehicle.html#reprocesshttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_vehicle.html#stdshttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_vehicle.html#winterhttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_vehicle.html#gashttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_vehicle.html#tinydhttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_make.html#starthttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_vehicle.html#compathttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_vehicle.html#filterhttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_vehicle.html#rubberhttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_vehicle.html#qual1http://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_vehicle.html#hbqualhttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_vehicle.html#commrclhttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_vehicle.html#whyqualityhttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_vehicle.html#qualityhttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_vehicle.html#washtsthttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_vehicle.html#whatdohttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_vehicle.html#reprohttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_vehicle.html#methtesthttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_vehicle.html#methtest2http://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_vehicle.html#howtotstshttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_vehicle.html#moretstshttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_vehicle.html#reprocesshttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_vehicle.html#stdshttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_vehicle.html#winterhttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_vehicle.html#gashttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_vehicle.html#tinydhttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_make.html#starthttp://journeytoforever.org/es/biodiesel_vehiculo.html


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Petroleum diesel is dirty stuff, and of varying quality. Over time it deposits a layer ofwaxes and gunge in the fuel tank and the hoses. Biodiesel is a good solvent, it dissolvesthe wax into the fuel. The fuel filters then get clogged up with wax crystals.

It's not a sudden catastrophe, you'll have enough warning. When you put your foot

down there'll be a lack of power because of fuel starvation, the clogged filter won't letenough fuel through. You'll probably be able to get home okay, but eventually theengine will just stop.

REMEDY: For the first few weeks carry a spare filter or filter element in the car. Makesure you know how to change the filter and have the right tools for the job. You can doit at the roadside if you have to.

Some people fit another filter upstream of the main fuel filter for the first few weeks,usually a cheap cartridge filter that's easy to change.

It takes a few weeks for the biodiesel to clean all the wax out, and then you won't haveany more problems. Just change the filters as recommended for normal use.

Another potential problem is that there's usually a particle filter inside the fuel tank,which can also get clogged with wax crystals and gunge, and getting the filter out soyou can clean it is probably more than a roadside job.

This doesn't happen often, because tank filters are a coarser grade of filter than the 10microns or 5 microns of the fuel filter, mostly they're just a screen. But sometimes itdoes happen, and the filter clogs.

It's not worth taking the trouble to remove the in-tank filter first as preventive action.Wait until it happens, probably it never will.

If it does happen, the symptoms are the same as with other clogged filters, fuelstarvation. Again, you'll have plenty of warning. If the main fuel filter is clean then thetank filter could be the problem. You might want to get a mechanic to take it out foryou. It's not an easy job, especially not with some models.

Once you've got the filter out, don't put it back!

Discard the clogged filter and fit an external filter instead, between the tank and the fuel

filter. Use a cheap filter with a fine mesh screen, easy to clean.

Rubber parts

Biodiesel can rot rubber parts in the fuel system, but such problems are rare. It doeshappen, but it's very unlikely it will happen to you.

If it does happen, again it won't be a sudden catastrophe, you'll have enough warning.


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Any diesel made after the mid-'90s will have resistant parts that won't rot.

In the early '90s the switch to low-sulphur diesel fuel caused wear and failure ofinjection pumps and the manufacturers switched to resistant components, which are alsoresistant to biodiesel.

Even with older motors rotting seals or fuel lines are seldom a problem. Any vehiclemade from the early 1980s on is unlikely to have problems. Biodieselers in the US whouse 100% homebrewed biodiesel in the popular early-'80s Mercedes Benz diesels don'treport problems. A leaking fuel line has been reported with some '80s VW diesels,easily replaced.

We've used 100% homebrewed biodiesel for years in two 30-year-old Yanmar dieselengines on our farm without any problems.

The consensus at the Biofuel mailing list: "There's no reason to fear pump failure evenin early pumps. Having the pump rebuilt with a Viton kit is not necessary."

When fuel lines or seals do rot, it's not sudden, you'll spot it before it gets too serious,and have the time to replace the damaged parts. Use replacement parts made of Viton.

IMPORTANT: All this presumes that the biodiesel you're using is high-quality fuel,properly made and properly washed. Poorly made or unwashed biodiesel can containimpurities and contaminants which are much more corrosive than biodiesel is itself.

Biodiesel quality

Homebrew quality

Biodiesel made from different kinds of oil can have slightly different characteristics(see Oils and esters characteristics) -- some are better for cold climates, for instance.But it's all excellent fuel, even when it's made from used cooking oil (WVO) -- as longas it's well made. You CAN make top-quality biodiesel yourself if you follow theinstructions given on this site.

Our normal production biodiesel made from used cooking oil here at HandmadeProjects in Japan was tested by Gas Chromatograph at Tokyo's top technicaluniversity.

"Very clean biodiesel!" was the comment on the lab test results. Ester content was99.09%, a very complete reaction, much better than the European EN 14214 biodieselquality standard specification of 96.5% minimum ester content.

The lab staff said later it was the cleanest biodiesel they'd seen. "How do you make suchgood biodiesel from WVO?" they asked. See: [Biofuel] Biodiesel test results, 11 Apr2006:http://snipurl.com/pie8
http://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_yield.html#oils_estershttp://snipurl.com/pie8http://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_yield.html#oils_estershttp://snipurl.com/pie8


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Aleks Kac's homebrew biodiesel made with his "Foolproof" acid-base two-stageprocess has passed the German DIN 51606tests twice, as well as the AustrianONORMtest, with samples taken from his normal production without any special preparation.Again, the lab was surprised he could make such good biodiesel from WVO.

"Backyard" and small-scale producers take a pride in what they do, many or most ofthem make high-quality biodiesel.Jack Kenworthy, a teacher at the Cape EleutheraIsland School in the Bahamas, joined our Biofuel mailing list in November 2002 as anovice. List members helped him learn how to make biodiesel from scratch, helped himsolve problems he encountered, then helped him design and build a processor. Ninemonths after joining he wrote to the list:

"Hey All -- just thought I would let you know that I just received my resultsfrom the ASTM tests [the US ASTM D-6751 biodiesel standard] and we passedall categories. Just another good example of a homebrewer in a remote setting(Bahamas) making spec-grade biofuel! Thanks! -- Jack"

Jack uses the single-stage base process and makes the fuel in 150-gallon batches,totalling about 300 gallons a week. He uses waste vegetable oil from cruise liners thatcall at the island once a week.

See: Standards and the homebrewer-- "Most of the ASTM D-6751 standards canbe met simply by preparing and washing the fuel well," says Todd Swearingen ofAppal Energy.

We've received many reports from people using their own fuel of how diesel engineerswere surprised at how clean their engines are following a professional inspection.

Homebrew vs commercial production

You can make better fuel yourself than the big commercial biodiesel companies oftendo, despite the industry mythology to the contrary.

On 7 Nov 2002 Graham Noyes ofWorld Energy, a major commercial supplier ofbiodiesel in the US and beyond, wrote to the Biofuels mailing list:

"The big fear of the biodiesel industry is that homebrewers are going to destroythe market. I have seen home-brewed biodiesel cause problems in multiple

locations and it has taken significant efforts to undo the damage. One region ofthe country in particular had large quantities of homegrown off-spec fuel thatwas being sold and distributed. The use of biodiesel was substantially delayed inthis area until trust for the fuel was re-established."

But, though put under considerable pressure by list members, he was unable to provideany details of this catastrophe. Three weeks later he changed his tune:

"After some experience here, I have a much better understanding of the efforts
http://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_yield2.html#biodstdshttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_yield2.html#biodstdshttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_yield2.html#biodstdshttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_yield2.html#biodstdshttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_yield2.html#biodstdshttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_ASTM.htmlhttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_yield2.html#biodstdshttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_yield2.html#biodstdshttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_yield2.html#biodstdshttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_ASTM.html


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that are being made to make top-quality fuel. I also think I should provide somemore details regarding my perspective on homebrew (and should have beenmore careful about sweeping statements in the first place). While I do nothingbut biodiesel 40-70 hours/week, I have not seen any significant problems resultfrom the use of homebrew. There are concerns but these are primarily perceptionrather than experience."

An apocryphal tale, as we'd charged: there was no off-spec homegrown fuel causingproblems, it was just industry rumour-mongering. But Graham earned the homebrewers'respect for admitting it -- and now he works to counter such negative mythology in theindustry in the US, and heads a committee focusing on small-scale producers at theNational Biodiesel Board (NBB, which represents the commercial industry in the US).

Some months later, in May 2003, World Energy recalled a consignment of commercialbiodiesel from the Pacific Northwest because it was sub-standard, with a "highglycerine content".

To their credit, World Energy acted quickly to withdraw the fuel, replace it with qualityfuel and repair the PR damage. Graham Noyes said the fuel had been tested first like allthe biodiesel marketed by World Energy and the lab had okayed it. So then WorldEnergy had it tested at another lab, which found the sub-standard high glycerinecontent.

Soon afterwards several thousand gallons of commercial biodiesel distributed in the SanFrancisco area (not by World Energy) turned out to be very poor-quality, sub-standardfuel (also unwashed, and worse) and was recalled, fortunately before it reachedconsumers.

In summer and fall 2003 there were serious problems in California with bad-qualitybiodiesel produced by NBB member Imperial Western Products' plant, which causedengine damage with expensive repair bills. IWP went on delivering the bad fuel, itwasn't just a single bad batch.

The fuel was independently tested twice and found to contain high levels oftriglycerides -- there was unconverted oil in the biodiesel.

The NBB was apparently not aware of the issue, and in fact scheduled a tour of theImperial Western Products plant during an NBB convention following the incident.When small-scale producers at the convention asked about it they were unofficially told

not to "rock the boat" and risk damaging the prospects of a promising emergingindustry.

A November 2006 Technical Bulletin from the US National Biodiesel Board (NBB) andthe Petroleum Marketers Assocation of America (PMAA), Winter Advisory onBiodiesel, ULSD, said: "A national fuel quality testing project, co-funded by NBBand the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, found that 50 percent of biodieselsamples pulled between Nov. 2005 and July 2006 were out of spec on at least oneparameter. One-third of all the samples were out of spec for total glycerin, the same


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property that caused issues in Minnesota last year."http://www.biodiesel.org/resources/PR_supporting_docs/20061108_NBB_PMAA_Winter_Advisory_Technical_Bulletin.pdf

The PMAA reported: "Quality: PMAA is concerned that some of the biodiesel producedin the United States does not meet ASTM specifications. Off-specification biodiesel

leads to poor engine performance, higher emissions, difficulty starting engines in coldweather, and clogged fuel filters and injection nozzles, among other problems. Theremust be a reliable system in place to ensure uniform fuel quality for biodiesel." --Biofuels and the Existing Fuel Stream: Issue Backgroundhttp://www.pmaa.org/userfiles/file/Issue%20Briefs%202007/Biofuels_and_the_%20Existing_%20Fuel_%20Stream.pdf

For its 2007 B100 Quality Survey the US National Renewable Energy Laboratoryapproached all 107 commercial-scale biodiesel producers in the US, with productionranging from less than 100,000 gallons a year to more than a million gallons a year.Fixty-six producers participated in the study, most of the others failed to respond to

multiple attempts to collect a sample.

After testing the samples collected NREL estimated that 90% of the biodieselproduction in the US met the quality specifications -- and 10% failed. The failedsamples tested represented about 10.5 million gallons of biodiesel produced and sold.

"The overall quality of biodiesel has improved over that found in previous studies, butsignificant lapses in quality still exist," the report concluded. -- Results of the 2007B100 Quality Survey, T. L. Alleman and R. L. McCormick, National RenewableEnergy Laboratory (NREL), March 2008.http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy08osti/42787.pdf

Yet the NBB continues to attack homebrewers: "'Unlike commercial biodiesel, thehomemade fuel is not held to ASTM International specifications drafted to protectengines,' said Jenna Higgins, spokesman for the National Biodiesel Board. ... Fuelsfrom home reactors would void engine warranties, she added." -- From Grease-guzzlers thrive on leftovers, Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, February 26, 2006http://www.nwanews.com/adg/News/146919/

(Fuel from home reactors or from any other reactors will not void engine warrantiesunless it can be shown that the fuel was the direct cause of any damage caused -- whichsimply won't happen if you make it properly.)

There is similar industry prejudice in other countries, and it's similarly baseless. See, forinstance, Why Standards Are Important, by Werner Korbitz of the AustrianBiofuels Institute (from the US NBB's database):http://www.biodiesel.org/resources/reportsdatabase/reports/gen/20010401_gen-322.pdf

Aleks Kac in Slovenia reported this:
http://www.biodiesel.org/resources/PR_supporting_docs/20061108_NBB_PMAA_Winter_Advisory_Technical_Bulletin.pdfhttp://www.biodiesel.org/resources/PR_supporting_docs/20061108_NBB_PMAA_Winter_Advisory_Technical_Bulletin.pdfhttp://www.pmaa.org/userfiles/file/Issue%20Briefs%202007/Biofuels_and_the_%20Existing_%20Fuel_%20Stream.pdfhttp://www.pmaa.org/userfiles/file/Issue%20Briefs%202007/Biofuels_and_the_%20Existing_%20Fuel_%20Stream.pdfhttp://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy08osti/42787.pdfhttp://www.nwanews.com/adg/News/146919/http://www.biodiesel.org/resources/reportsdatabase/reports/gen/20010401_gen-322.pdfhttp://www.biodiesel.org/resources/reportsdatabase/reports/gen/20010401_gen-322.pdfhttp://www.biodiesel.org/resources/PR_supporting_docs/20061108_NBB_PMAA_Winter_Advisory_Technical_Bulletin.pdfhttp://www.biodiesel.org/resources/PR_supporting_docs/20061108_NBB_PMAA_Winter_Advisory_Technical_Bulletin.pdfhttp://www.pmaa.org/userfiles/file/Issue%20Briefs%202007/Biofuels_and_the_%20Existing_%20Fuel_%20Stream.pdfhttp://www.pmaa.org/userfiles/file/Issue%20Briefs%202007/Biofuels_and_the_%20Existing_%20Fuel_%20Stream.pdfhttp://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy08osti/42787.pdfhttp://www.nwanews.com/adg/News/146919/http://www.biodiesel.org/resources/reportsdatabase/reports/gen/20010401_gen-322.pdfhttp://www.biodiesel.org/resources/reportsdatabase/reports/gen/20010401_gen-322.pdf


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"For nosyness' sake I tried the ole' quality test (mix a little water in your finishedproduct and watch the separation -- see below) but with a commercial biodieselsample from Austria. Horrifying results: it created a thick white foam betweenthe water and bio layers. The white foam thinned to 1/4 of the thickness in twoweeks, but hasn't disappeared. After two weeks the fuel still hasn't cleared.Conclusion: this commercial biodiesel is not washed with water! I suspect it has

merely the methanol distilled out and been neutralized in a solid acid bed."

Rob Del Bueno ofVegenergy resells commercially produced biodiesel. He told theBiofuel mailing list:

"Over the past two years I have seen the quality of this fuel vary greatly. Funnything about the 'commercially manufactured' biodiesel... One of the bigarguments against backyard biodiesel (from industry folks) is quality, yet everybatch that I have made, and every batch I have seen by a homebrew biodieselmaker has been much better than the 'fuel' I am reselling. Individuals with small-scale setups seem to really care, take their time, and craft their fuel... after all,

most are using it in their own cars, not selling to the boiler fuel market."

You can do it too.

Why quality matters

A message to one of the biodiesel discussion groups told how someone had made somebiodiesel by shaking the ingredients up a few times in a plastic bottle, let it settle andput it straight into his tank: "... I've had dozens of trouble-free miles!" he enthused.

Unlike gasoline engines, diesels will run on bad fuel -- for a while: they'll run on usedmotor oil, or with kerosene or even gasoline added, or on sub-standard, unwashedbiodiesel. But diesel motors and their fuel systems should last 250,000 miles or more,half a million miles is common. Dozens of miles, 10,000 miles or even 20,000 milesdon't mean much.

A real test would be over at least 250,000 miles on unwashed biodiesel with all itscontaminants -- soaps, excess methanol, residual lye, free glycerine -- with regularengine disassembly and full professional examination for wear. There aren't any suchtests, as standards committees and other professional bodies in several countries havealready determined what damage these contaminants and impurities do -- that is thebasis of the various national standards for biodiesel.

Here's what the Fuel Injection Equipment (FIE) Manufacturers (Delphi,Stanadyne, Denso, Bosch) have to say about biodiesel quality:Summary -- htmlFull document -- Acrobat file, 104kb

The next section describes simple quality tests homebrewers can use to ensure thatthey're producing top-quality fuel.
http://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_vehicle.html#qualityhttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_yield2.html#biodstdshttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_FIEM.htmlhttp://journeytoforever.org/biofuel_library/FIEM.pdfhttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_vehicle.html#qualityhttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_yield2.html#biodstdshttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_FIEM.htmlhttp://journeytoforever.org/biofuel_library/FIEM.pdf


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Quality testing

Wash test

This is the most useful all-round test, and it's very simple: Put

150 ml of unwashed biodiesel (settled for 12 hours or more,with the glycerine layer removed) in a half-litre glass jar orPET bottle. Add 150 ml of water (at room temperature),screw the lid on tight and shake it up and down violently for10 seconds. Then let it settle.

The biodiesel should separate from the water in half an houror less, with amber (and cloudy) biodiesel on top and milkywater below, and no more than a paper-thin white interfacelayer between the oil and water.

This is quality fuel, a completed product with minimalcontaminants. Wash it and use it with confidence.

But if it turns into something that looks like mayonaisse andwon't separate, or if it only separates very slowly, with athick, creamy white layer sandwiched between the water andthe biodiesel, it's not quality fuel and your process needsimprovement.

Either you've used too much catalyst and made excesssoap (solution: more accurate measurements, better titration), or

an incomplete reaction with poor conversion has left you with half-processedmonoglycerides and diglycerides, fuel contaminants that also act as emulsifiers.Emulsifiers are used to make stable mixtures of oil and water, such as, indeed,mayonnaise (solution: more accurate measurements, better titration; longerprocessing time, better temperature control, also try using more methanol), or

both -- too much catalyst as well as poor conversion.

Poor conversion is much more likely to cause a severe emulsion that won't separate thanexcess soap is. See Emulsions.

Either way you're headed forwashing problems. Using super-gentle washing techniqueslike bubble-washing or mist-washing might avoid the washing problems, but you'll stillbe left with poor-quality fuel laced with contaminants that can cause injector coking andengine damage and they can't be washed out.

If you have an emulsion layer much thicker than the normal paper-thin interface layerbetween the oil and the water, the batch should probably be retreated. See Reprocessingbiodiesel, below.

Wash-test with unwashedbiodiesel -- left, after aviolent 10-second shaking;right, biodiesel and waterseparated cleanly within

minutes. The biodiesel willbe cloudy, and the water canbe milkier than this, but aslong as it separates quicklyand cleanly, it passes the

test.
http://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_make2.html#measurehttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_bubblewash.html#emulsionhttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_bubblewash.html#methodhttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_make2.html#measurehttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_make2.html#measurehttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_bubblewash.html#emulsionhttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_bubblewash.html#method


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Also try the Methanol test, see below.

See:Washing

How the process works

How to use the quality tests

What should you do if your fuel doesn't pass the wash-test?

See Accurate measurements

The three main reasons test batches fail are failure to follow the instructions properly,inaccurate measurements, and poor-quality chemicals, in that order.With the first one, failure to follow the instructions, comes the sad fact that there's a lotof bad information put about on how to make biodiesel. Just forget everything elseyou've heard, follow the instructions, step by step, don't take shortcuts, and you'll get

there.

Go back to the beginning, double-check everything: Where do I start?

Frequently Asked Question: "Alright, I'm stumped. When I tried to wash thebiodiesel with tap water, it formed a white emulsion. I've waited a long time but therewas no separation, absolutely nothing. What happened?? What am I doing wrong???Can I make biodiesel with this oil?"

Answer: Keep trying, make more test batches, practice makes perfect.

Learners at the Biofuel mailing list replied:

Re: Alright, I'm stumped-- Sad to say but I think most of us have screwed up atone point or another. My big mistake was the very first thing doing the titrationwith the Better Titration method, but I forgot one minor thing. So from thatpoint all was up hill. I was checking my process one thing at a time, checkingand rechecking, but all I did seemed to be A1. After thinking that this was all atrick, I found the first thing I did was wrong. Now all is well with the process.Until I mess up once more. -- Derick Giorchino, 10 Oct 2005

Re: Alright, I'm stumped-- Sounds like my first run and I'm no expert now but ...

I had to eliminate the variables one by one. So I got virgin oil, got better attitration, got better lye (and how to measure it!) -- and Bingo, there it was,perfect biodiesel. Make sure you measure your lye very carefully, I found Iadded too much the first time and smoked a blender. But it was this and severalother blunders that have made it easier to get along with now. -- Jim, 10 Oct2005
http://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_vehicle.html#reprocesshttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_bubblewash.htmlhttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_make2.html#measurehttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_make.html#starthttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_make.html#starthttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_make2.html#bettertitratehttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_vehicle.html#reprocesshttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_vehicle.html#reprocesshttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_vehicle.html#methtesthttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_bubblewash.htmlhttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_make2.html#howprocesshttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_vehicle.html#howtotstshttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_make2.html#measurehttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_make.html#starthttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_make2.html#bettertitrate


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Perseverance furthers.

"I went from 1 and 2 liter test batches to a small 15-liter processor and all wentfine. When I bumped up to a 30-gallon batch (114 liters) I got incompletereactions and the emulsions during washing that can go with it. The washed anddried biodiesel looked great, but produced more glycerine when a sample was

reprocessed. Following advice from Keith Addison at Journey to Forever Iscaled down the volume of the batches, increased the temperature a few degrees,and increased processing time... It takes less time and it's less expensive toprocess it right the first time than to have to reprocess a batch." -- Tom Kelly,Biofuel mailing list.

Now Tom stir-washes his biodiesel at high speed and doesn't get emulsions.

"The higher the quality of biodiesel the more rigorous the wash agitation can be.The batches that I have made that cannot take stir washing (emulsions occurred)have invariably been the result of incomplete reactions. As the biodiesel I make

has increased in quality, it has stir washed very easily.

"For anyone starting out or still in the R&D phase of scaling up and tweakingthe process to improve quality, disregard anything other than the tried and testeddirections at Journey to Forever. Read them and then re-read them. Follow theinstructions, don't add or subtract anything and you will be making qualitybiodiesel." -- Tom Kelly, 5 Nov 2005

See also How to use the quality tests, below.

Reprocessing test

Introduced at the Biofuel mailing list in 2001, the reprocessing test is a simple checkthat tells you if the process went far enough, with good completion of the reaction andgood conversion. If not, there will still be unconverted and partly converted material inthe fuel, such as diglycerides and monoglycerides, fuel contaminants that can emulsifythe fuel when you wash it so that it won't separate from the wash-water.

Take a litre of finished, settled and separated fuel and process it again as if it were newoil, using 200 ml of methanol and 3.5 grams of NaOH or the equivalent of KOH. Let itsettle. If any more glycerine by-product drops out, then you know the reaction wasn't asgood as it should have been.

Try longer processing times, better temperature control; see more accuratemeasurements; make sure the titration was accurate; double-check every part of theprocess to make sure you're following the instructions correctly.

The reprocessing test has since been superceded by Jan Warnquist's Methanol Test(next), but it's still a useful technique to know.

The methanol test
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Biofuel mailing list memberJan Warnqvist of Sweden developed this extremelyuseful test for homebrewers, first introduced at the Biofuel list in August 2005:

"Take exactly 25 ml of biodiesel and dissolve it in exactly 225 ml of methanol ina measuring glass.

"The biodiesel should be fully soluble in the methanol, forming a clear brightphase. If not, there is pollution in the biodiesel. Each ml of undissolved materialcorresponds to 4% by volume. Is there any undissolved material at the bottom ofthe measuring glass? If there is, your reaction is not complete and this is causingyou trouble with the water test.

"This method does not cover every aspect of quality, but it gives a hint. It isvalid only for biodiesel made from vegetable and animal oils. It is not valid forbiodiesel made from oils with a very wide fatty acid pattern, such as fish oils."

Jan WarnqvistAGERATEC ABBiofuel mailing listRe: Quality Test, Jan Warnqvist, Thu, 11 Aug 2005http://www.mail-archive.com/[email protected]/msg53363.html

What the test tells you: Biodiesel dissolves easily in methanol, but vegetable oranimal oils and fats (triglycerides) won't dissolve in methanol. Any unconverted oil leftin the biodiesel will settle out at the bottom of the test flask.

This means your processing didn't go far enough and needs improvement. All the oilshould be fully converted to biodiesel. (See How the process works.)

If some unconverted triglycerides remain in the biodiesel, there will also be partlyconverted diglycerides and monoglycerides -- this is poor-quality fuel that will not meetthe quality specifications and could damage your engine. Diglycerides andmonoglycerides also cause emulsions when you try to wash the fuel.

A clean methanol test result with no deposit at the bottom means you've made well-completed, high-quality fuel.

The test is most accurate at room temperature, about 20-25 deg C (68-77 deg F).

Use pure 99%+ methanol with no water contamination.

After dissolving the biodiesel in the methanol, leave to settle for 30 minutes.

The test can be used with:

finished biodiesel that's been washed and dried
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unwashed biodiesel straight from the processor

samples taken during processing (see below, How to use the quality tests).

Methanol test by mass

Determination by mass will give you a more precise result, says Jan Warnqvist:

Equipment needed for the analysis:

1. One 250 ml separation funnel2. One 400 ml beaker3. One magnetic stirrer4. Balance accurate to 0.05 g5. One 50 ml E-flask with narrowed neck

Chemicals for the analysis:

1. Water-free methanol, minimum 225 g2. FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Esters, biodiesel) with water content less than 500ppm, clear, bright and without visible impurities, minimum 25 g

Take the clean beaker and put exactly 225 g of methanol in it. Then add exactly25 g of the biodiesel.

Stir the fluids with the stirrer for 2 minutes.

Take the beaker off the stirrer and pour the contents into the separation funnel.

Set the clean e-flask on the balance and set the balance to zero.

Let any oil phase separate out from the biodiesel/methanol phase and put it inthe e-flask.

Weigh the contents and calculate the result as follows:

1 - m1/m2 = m3

where

m1 = the amount of undissolved materialm2 = the amount of biodiesel put into the reactionm3 = the amount of biodiesel that is dissolved in methanol in mass %

Example:

m1 = 0.5 g undissolved materialm2 = 25 g biodiesel put into the reaction
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1 - m1/m2 = m31 - 0.5/25 = 0.98

m3 = 98% of the biodiesel dissolved in the methanol, leaving 2% unreacted oil.

Ideally there should be no undissolved material, indicating a high conversion

rate leaving no unreacted oil and only small amounts of diglyceride andmonoglyceride.

How to use the quality tests

From Tom Kelly, Biofuel mailing list, 9 May 2007:

It is my impression that a thicker than "paper-thin" middle layer in the Washtest may not indicate an incomplete reaction, but rather excess soap production.This may be due to high FFA content in the WVO oil, water in the oil, water inthe lye catalyst, or in the methanol. It may even be due to too much lye.

For these reasons, and others, beginners should start with small (1-liter) testbatches using new oil, the highest quality chemicals, and balances that allowaccurate measurements.

Much of the soap settles out with the glycerine, as does most of the lye andexcess methanol. Even after 12 or 24 hours of settling some of the soap, lye andexcess methanol is still in the biodiesel fraction. That's why we wash it. Theamount that remains is related to the amount produced in the reaction.

Using new oil eliminates not only the need to titrate, but also soap formed due to

FFAs in the oil. Initial test batches with anything other than the "paper-thin"middle layer [see Wash test, above] are unacceptable because it indicateseither an incomplete reaction or excess soap. Given new oil, accuratemeasurements, and quality chemicals excess soap should not form.

After success with small (1-liter) test batches using new oil, one may beginusing WVO and eventually scale up to larger batches. This not only increasesthe volume of a potential disaster (see Emulsions), but also increases the numberof variables that must be considered when a problem arises.

How do you know what is causing the problem?

Become familiar with the Methanol test described at Journey to Forever (seeabove).

If there was an incomplete reaction and various glycerides remain in the"biodiesel", they will remain undissolved in the methanol and form a residue atthe bottom; reprocessing is in order (below). If the entire sample of biodieseldissolves in the methanol, but the wash test resulted in a thicker than "paper-thin" middle layer, the problem is soap formation. If using new oil (or low-
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titrating WVO) and too much soap forms, consider the possibility of watercontamination or inaccurate measurements/calculations.

Example: During methanol recovery (from the glycerine mix) one mustconsider water contamination in the distillate. Using the recovered methanolmay result in a complete reaction with little soap (good methanol), complete

reaction with more soap than expected (some water contamination), orincomplete reaction with a lot of soap (serious water contamination).

The more serious problems are invariably associated with the last liters ofmethanol that were distilled. I have had a similar experience using the lastgallons of methanol from a barrel. As the barrel empties, water in the aircondenses, with more water in the final gallons.

The wash test and the methanol quality tests are both valuable.

Towards the end of each reaction, I shut off the pump and draw off a sample of

the mix, and then turn the pump back on. I let the mix settle for about 10minutes and then do a solubility-in-methanol test (Methanol test) on some ofthe biodiesel fraction. If it passes, I pump the mix into my settling tank. If I'mmaking fuel for my car, and the biodiesel fails the test, I'd add a bit moremethoxide and continue processing. If I'm making fuel for my oil-fired boiler(larger batches; only 16% methanol vol/vol) a small residue of unreacted oil isacceptable. Testing this way saves the expense of time and resources involved inreprocessing.

Prior to washing a batch I always do a wash test. If the batch passed themethanol test, but there is a thicker than "paper-thin" middle layer I may let it

settle longer, or put a few ml. of phosphoric acid in the first wash water.

Having passed the methanol test, I wouldn't consider reprocessing.

-- Tom

More quality checks

Aleks Kac has provided some useful quality checks you can do yourself:

"Diesel engines require fuel of a certain quality. You just can't pour poor-quality

biodiesel into the tank and expect the engine to go on and on without problems.You have three very dangerous enemies: free glycerine, poorly convertedoils/fats and lye catalyst. Free glycerine and mono-, di- and triglycerides (poorester conversion) will form gum-like deposits around injector tips and valveheads, lye can damage the injector pump. The key to good fuel is to just do itright and finish it! Use pure chemicals (sulfuric acid, lye and methanol) andmeasure them accurately. A proper wash will get rid of any glycerine andremaining lye.
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"There is a rule of thumb: the brighter yellow in color, the better the crack. As astandard you should take virgin sunflower oil yellow color in see-throughsunlight. (It's a sort of colorometry). Then take a glass jar of your fuel and placeit in front of a white wall in the evening. When seen in the reflected light of atungsten bulb it should not change to orange (a very simple case of absorbtionspectrometry).

Nicely cracked biodiesel: very pale yellow (less than virgin sunfloweroil) and no change in color with artificial lighting;

Acceptable biodiesel: yellow like virgin sunflower oil or straw, but willget orangey undertone in reflected tungsten light;

Deeper color biodiesel has a lot of glycerine in it in the form of variousglycerides. Not good for standard engines. Remedy: If the diesel is toodark and you are sure that you used the correct quantitie(s) of catalyst(s),add a pinch more alcohol -- you could be losing it due to evaporation."

The USDA's Agricultural Research Service has adapted a sophisticated tool

known as Near Infrared spectroscopy, or NIR, for testing the quality of biodiesel.The standard method is the gas chromatograph (GC), an expensive and complex pieceof equipment that needs technical expertise, takes time, and requires special chemicals.NIR needs no special training; it uses light rather than chemicals to perform theanalysis, and can measure the conversion of vegetable oil to biodiesel in less than aminute. Still not cheap, but more affordable than a GC,

Reprocessing biodiesel

For failed batches, reprocess as with fresh oil, with the standard amount of lye used fornew oil (3.5 g per litre for NaOH) but using only 100 ml methanol per litre of oil (10%)instead of the usual 200 ml (20%).

Message to the Biofuel mailing list, 22 September 2005:

I tested some biodiesel after processing it by treating it as new virgin oil andsome additional glycerine dropped out. Do I use 10% methanol and 3.5 gNaOH/liter per Journey to Forever to reprocess the batch? Won't that causewashing problems because of the additional NaOH causing an emulsification? --Todd H.

Reply:

I reprocessed a 95-litre batch using 10% methanol and 3.5 g NaOH per liter asper Journey to Forever. I recall having the same question you pose regarding thelye. I simply followed the instructions given at Journey to Forever and slightlymore than a gallon of additional glycerine mix separated out. The reprocessedbiodiesel washed beautifully without emulsion and after three washings and afew days drying in the sun was crystal clear and ready to use. -- Tom K.
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Standards for biodiesel

Oils and esters and characteristicsIodine ValuesQuality standard for rapeseed oil fuel

Cetane NumbersNational standards for biodieselFuel properties of fats and oilsFuel properties of esters

US standard -- D6751-02 Standard Specification for Biodiesel Fuel (B100) Blend Stockfor Distillate Fuels. Download from the ASTM site, costs $30 (pdf):http://www.astm.org/cgi-bin/SoftCart.exe/STORE/filtrexx40.cgi?U+mystore+mofc8213+-L+D6751+/usr6/htdocs/astm.org/DATABASE.CART/PAGES/D6751.htmOr: http://snipurl.com/fva4

EU standard -- DIN EN 14214, Publication date:2003-11 Automotive fuels - Fatty acidmethyl esters (FAME) for diesel engines - Requirements and test methods. Order fromBeuth Verlag GmbH ("search" for "EN 14214")http://www.beuth.de/index_en.php

Standard testing:Biodiesel fuel testing for the US ASTM D-6751 standard:

Analytical Testing Services, Inc.http://wetestit.com/

Harris Testing Laboratories, Inc.http://www.harristestinglab.com/quote/d6751.htm

Using biodiesel in winter

Like petroleum diesel fuel, biodiesel clouds when the weather gets cold, filling withlittle crystals of wax that can clog the fuel filter. When it gets colder still the biodieselgels -- sets solid and won't flow or pour. But petroleum diesel fuel, especiallywinterized or #1 diesel fuel, can take more cold than biodiesel can.

Here's what you can do about using biodiesel in cold weather:Biodiesel in winter

Biodiesel in gasoline engines

Biodiesel can also be used in gasoline (spark-ignition) engines, both 2-stroke and 4-stroke, but only as an additive. Users have reported good results with it, but it's stillexperimental, there are no guarantees.
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See Biodiesel in gasoline engines

Tiny diesel engines

Diesel model aircraft engines range from 0.55 cc (0.033 cu in)up to 8 cc (0.48 cu in) and bigger. They fit in the palm of yourhand and weigh about 250 grams (9 oz) -- great fordemonstrations and student projects.

These are great little engines, beautifully engineered, truecompression-ignition diesels. Some of them reach 18,000 rpm.

Most models have radio control versions (remote control, R/C).

They will run on biodiesel, but not 100% biodiesel.

These little diesels are not the same as full-scale diesel engines. Instead of petroleumdiesel fuel, they run on a mixture of 30% castor oil, 40% kerosene and 30% ether. Youcan substitute biodiesel for the castor oil and kerosene, but it still needs the ether -- 70%biodiesel and 30% ether.

As with cars, there are two types of model engines, diesels, and glow-plug engines,which are not diesels, they're more like gasoline engines, and they won't work withbiodiesel. The glow-plug engines run on methanol and nitro-methane, not on oil orbiodiesel. The diesel engines are more powerful, use less fuel, and they're much quieter.

Biofuel list member David Teal of the UK wrote:

"I have a good number of these engines and have been operating them for 45 years. Idid some trials and mixed 70% biodiesel with 30% ether (no oil at all). Several enginesran perfectly well on this mix with no overheating or other sign of lack of lubrication.

"Model diesel engines, with a compression screw on top, are mostly made in UK(prominent makes being PAW and Irvine) and Europe (Italy, Russia, Czechoslovakia).

"The first model diesel motor was developed in the US, but diesels have never beenpopular there -- almost all model motors used in the US have been glow-plug motors.Davis Diesel Development offers conversion kits for many popular glow-plug motors.

"Elsewhere model diesels have been more popular. These are true diesels, compession-ignition motors, but they won't run on pure diesel fuel of any kind, whether petro-dieselof any grade, kerosene, or vegetable oil (castor oil) -- they need 30% ether. You can usebiodiesel, but you still need the 30% ether.

"Chinese manufacturers make replicas of classic British diesels. These work pretty well,if not better than the originals. Seek out replica Oliver Tiger, Rivers Silver Arrow, etc.

Enya's famous .15 seriesdiesel, from Japan
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Chinese diesels. There is also an original Chinese design called Silver Swallow.

"They are 2.5 cc (0.15 cu in) and there are loads of airframe designs which will suitthem.

"The Japanese produce well-regarded model aircraft engines (Enya, including diesels)."

First, decide whether you need remote control or not, if so you'll need an engine madefor radio control (R/C) rather than FF (free flight) or CL (control-line). Most makes ofengines have a range of R/C versions.

Then, decide what size engine you need -- check the aeromodelling sites and forums tosee which kind of model planes take which engines (or helicopters, boats or cars), andmake your choices.

PAW diesels: Progress Aero Works -- Manufacturers of PAWdiesel engines for model aeroplanes (UK)

http://www.eifflaender.com/

PAW diesels in the US: Doctor Diesel, full range of PAWmodel diesels, .03, .049, .06, .09, .15, .19, .29, .35, .40, .49, .60cub in, complete catalog and info, $1.00 post free, [email protected]://www.cafes.net/doctordiesel/DDengines.htm

Vintage Diesel Engines, Chinese-made replicas, from Flair Models, UKhttp://www.flairmodels.co.uk/Engines/CS_Diesels/VintageDiesels.htm

Flair Models has a replica of the original US-made model

diesel: Micro Diesel 2cc 1948 -- "The Micro diesel is anexcellent replica of the 2 cc engine first built in 1948 in theUSA. It is very easy to start and will run all day on a whiff offuel. ... This super little engine runs like a well oiled sowingmachine." http://www.flairmodels.co.uk/Engines/CS_Diesels/VintageDiesels.htm

Enya diesels, top-flight design and engineering from Japan:Steve Webb Models, UKhttp://www.stevewebb.co.uk/index.php?area=engines&title=Full+Range+of+Engines

Enya diesels:Model Flight, Australiahttp://www.modelflight.com.au/enya-engines_diesel.htm

Sharma Model Aero Engines of India (established in 1974)makes diesel model aero engines from 1.5 to 3.2 cc R/C (0.09 to0.2 cu in), running at up to 16,000 rpm.http://www.sharmamodelaero.com/engine.htm

PAW's tiny 0.55 cc (0.033cu in) single ball race

engine.

Sharma 1.5 cc R/C,3000-16000 rpm
http://www.eifflaender.com/mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.cafes.net/doctordiesel/DDengines.htmhttp://www.flairmodels.co.uk/Engines/CS_Diesels/VintageDiesels.htmhttp://www.flairmodels.co.uk/Engines/CS_Diesels/VintageDiesels.htmhttp://www.flairmodels.co.uk/Engines/CS_Diesels/VintageDiesels.htmhttp://www.stevewebb.co.uk/index.php?area=engines&title=Full+Range+of+Engineshttp://www.stevewebb.co.uk/index.php?area=engines&title=Full+Range+of+Engineshttp://www.stevewebb.co.uk/index.php?area=engines&title=Full+Range+of+Engineshttp://www.stevewebb.co.uk/index.php?area=engines&title=Full+Range+of+Engineshttp://www.stevewebb.co.uk/index.php?area=engines&title=Full+Range+of+Engineshttp://www.stevewebb.co.uk/index.php?area=engines&title=Full+Range+of+Engineshttp://www.eifflaender.com/mailto:[email protected]://www.cafes.net/doctordiesel/DDengines.htmhttp://www.flairmodels.co.uk/Engines/CS_Diesels/VintageDiesels.htmhttp://www.flairmodels.co.uk/Engines/CS_Diesels/VintageDiesels.htmhttp://www.stevewebb.co.uk/index.php?area=engines&title=Full+Range+of+Engineshttp://www.stevewebb.co.uk/index.php?area=engines&title=Full+Range+of+Engineshttp://www.stevewebb.co.uk/index.php?area=engines&title=Full+Range+of+Engines


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USA agents: M/s Carlson Engine Imports, 814, East Marconi Avenue, Phoenix, Arizona- 85022 phone/ fax: 602-863-1684 e-mail: [email protected] agents: Just Engines, email: [email protected]://www.justengines.co.uk

Davis Diesel Development in the US offers diesel conversion kits for many popular

glow-plug engines to use model diesel fuel (or biodiesel plus ether). Conversions from0.049 to 3.6 cu in (0.8 to 59 cc). You still have to buy the glow-plug engine.http://www.davisdieseldevelopment.com/diesel/index.htm

Radio-control equipment, propellers and other accessories are available via many of thesites above. Many other websites supply model aircraft, from kits you build yourself toready-to-fly models, and there are forums where beginners can learn the basics.

BiofuelsEn espaol -- Biocombustibles, biodieselBiofuels LibraryBiofuels supplies and suppliers

Biodiesel

Make your own biodieselMike Pelly's recipeTwo-stage biodiesel processFOOLPROOF biodiesel processBiodiesel processorsBiodiesel in Hong KongNitrogen Oxide emissionsGlycerineBiodiesel resources on the WebDo diesels have a future?Vegetable oil yields and characteristicsWashingBiodiesel and your vehicle

Food or fuel?Straight vegetable oil as diesel fuel

Ethanol

Ethanol resources on the WebIs ethanol energy-efficient?
http://www.sharmamodelaero.com/engine.htmhttp://www.sharmamodelaero.com/engine.htmhttp://www.sharmamodelaero.com/engine.htmhttp://www.sharmamodelaero.com/engine.htmmailto:[email protected]://www.justengines.co.uk/http://www.davisdieseldevelopment.com/diesel/index.htmhttp://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.htmlhttp://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.htmlhttp://journeytoforever.org/biofuel_library.htmlhttp://journeytoforever.org/biofuel_supply.htmlhttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel.htmlhttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_make.htmlhttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_mike.htmlhttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_aleks.htmlhttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_aleksnew.htmlhttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_processor.htmlhttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_hk.htmlhttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_nox.htmlhttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_glycerin.htmlhttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_link.htmlhttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_future.htmlhttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_yield.htmlhttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_bubblewash.htmlhttp://journeytoforever.org/biofuel_food.htmlhttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_svo.htmlhttp://www.sharmamodelaero.com/engine.htmhttp://www.sharmamodelaero.com/engine.htmmailto:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.justengines.co.uk/http://www.davisdieseldevelopment.com/diesel/index.htmhttp://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.htmlhttp://journeytoforever.org/es/biocombustibles.htmlhttp://journeytoforever.org/biofuel_library.htmlhttp://journeytoforever.org/biofuel_supply.htmlhttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel.htmlhttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_make.htmlhttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_mike.htmlhttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_aleks.htmlhttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_aleksnew.htmlhttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_processor.htmlhttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_hk.htmlhttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_nox.htmlhttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_glycerin.htmlhttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_link.htmlhttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_future.htmlhttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_yield.htmlhttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_bubblewash.htmlhttp://journeytoforever.org/biofuel_food.htmlhttp://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_svo.htmlhttp://journeytoforever.org/ethanol.htmlhttp://journeytoforever.org/ethanol_link.htmlhttp://journeytoforever.org/ethanol_energy.html

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