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REMEDIATION

1. PREFACE:

"GRAMMAR MASTER?"

NEVER A STUPID QUESTION

There comes a day of fear and trembling in the life of every teacher when the

answers to students' questions don't come easy.

One semester, Maria, a Level 6, Spanish ESL student asked me: "How can I turn

this statement into a question: "It was a faulty wire that caused the fire" ?I hesitated for amoment, afraid that the class would devolve into an unproductive session on English

linguistics. "Why do you want to know?," I asked.

"Because it was on the CPT (Computerized Placement Test) and I failed the test,"

she said. Thus obliged, I reluctantly went to the blackboard and began to write thesentences:

Statement: "It was a faulty wire that caused the fire."

Question : "Was it a faulty wire that caused the fire?"

Immediately, I was bombarded by questions on this topic and other questions the

students remembered, sometimes imperfectly, from the practice and actual CPT

administered at Miami-Dade College as the protocol for exiting the top-level, Level 6, ofEnglish as a Second Language writing.

"Can you start a question with 'Was'?" they chorused.

Now, I was afraid to answer, but ventured forth anyway.

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2. INTRODUCTION

About

INSTRUCTOR NOTE:Be a student for a moment.Take this test:"Their is four errors in this sentance. Can you find them?"(1)

Error 1: THEIR should be THEREError 2: IS should be ARE

Error 3: SENTANCE should be SENTENCE

What is the 4th Error?(1) "Metamagical Themas," Scientific American, 235, No.[1981],22-32.

__The 4th Error is the TRUTH proposition of the actual sentence. It is falsethat there are 4 errors--there are in fact, only 3 errors.----------------------------------------------------------------In the movie, "Swept Away," Madonna's sailor-boyfriend, tired of beingcorrected and voicing his frustration with the idiosyncracies of English,decrees loudly, " From now on, the plural of FISH is FISHES!"----------------------------------------------------------------

QUESTION?What exactly is the link between teaching grammar explicitly in theclassroom and the resulting improvement of writing ability by students?_ANSWER ...In fact, nearly 100 years of studies have confirmed that there is no "relationship between a knowledge of technical grammar and the ability touse English and to interpret the language."(2)--------------------------------------------------------------------The goal is then clear.Formal grammar errors have long been considered a result ofcarelessness on the part of the writer. So, this link becomes a crucial onefor ESL students, who must pass standardized tests, such as theComputerized Placement Test (CPT), and succeed in Freshman CollegeEnglish (1101).--------------------------------------------------------------------

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Mina Shaughnessy said of students' errors or formal errors, " [They are]unintentional and unprofitable intrusions upon the consciousness of thereader."(3)(2) "The Place of Grammar in Elementary Curriculum," Hoyt, Teachers College Record, 7[1906], 483-484.(3) Shaughnessy, Mina P. ERRORS AND EXPECTATIONS: A GUIDE FOR THE TEACHING OF

WRITING. New York: Oxford UP, 1977._

In short, the reasons for a student making an error are moreimportant than the error itself.---------------------------------------------------------------The hope is that this CD and accompanying materials will allow studentsto 'Discover' the reasons motivating their grammar errors.---------------------------------------------------------------Part One, ERRORS, is inspired by the Robert J. Connors and AndreaLunsford's study of college writing errors on over 20,000 essays(4).Part Two, SENTENCES, is based upon Bateman and Zidonis' study thatsentence-combining improves student writing. These are the same skills

probed by the CPT.(5)Part Three, GRAMMAR, is modeled upon the English for AcademicPurposes (EAP) competencies taught at Miami-Dade College. They arekeyed to an online diagnostic test at http://www.glearner.com/grammar. Inaddition, the Irregular English Verbs are presented with movies as asequence---------------------------------------------------------------(4) Robert J. Connors and Adrea Lunsford. "Frequency of Formal Errors in Current CollegeWriting or Ma and Pa Kettle Do Research." From College Composition and Communication,December 1988.(5) Bateman and Zidonis. Sentence-Combining: Improving Student Writing Without FormalGrammar Instruction. (Urbana, Ill. : NCTE, 1971)_

3. TEST-TAKING SKILLS

High-stakes tests are the ones which can change your life depending onwhether or not you pass them.Examples include the CPT, GRE, LSAT, SAT, CLEP, and so on.On a whole, the tests are "Good."

That means that they are VALID and measure the skill sets they aresupposed to measure, and they are RELIABLE and measure most students

well.However, if you wish to do well on a Sentence Skills Test, suchas the CPT, here are some suggestions:_

1. Come to the Testing Center Early.

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Rushing in to take a high-stakes test at the last moment is not a goodidea. Take the test seriously and arrive early enough and well-prepared._

2. Don't take the test while hungry orthirsty.

Make sure you are comfortable to sit through a test that could take wellover an hour._

3. Meditate, Pray, or use otherConfidence Boosters.

You can get your psychology in the mood to do better on a test bypracticing centering activities._

4. SAY IT ALOUD

Say the sentences aloud and their possible solutions. When you hear asentence aloud, if it "sounds right" it probably is. Frequently, when it"sounds wrong"--it is wrong._

5. WRITE IT DOWN

If you are allowed to, write down the original problem sentence and the

possible solution sentences.Then SAY IT as in Suggestion 4._

6. READ DIRECTIONS TWICE

Be sure that you are not confused or tripped up on Negative Words, whichask you to reverse something. For instance, LIKE might need to bechanged to UNLIKE.)_

7. READ THE PROBLEM TWICE

Remember that sometimes the presented question or sentence is thecorrect one and is repeated as one of the choices._

8. ELIMINATE.

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Use the Process of Elimination to discard obviously wrong answers.Choose between two potentially close answers to reduce your odds of aright choice to 50-50._

9. DON'T GET WEIRD

Don't try to make an unfamiliar, odd, or wrong answer right by stretchingit. Many times, your first choice or intuition will be the correct answer._

10. REVIEW BEFOREHAND

Review before hand using this CD,--Online Resources (such as http://www.stevendonahue.com orhttp://www.glearner.com/grammar).--Know your weak points and work on them.--Ask other students who have successfully passed other high-stakes

tests.--Use the library reference desk as a resource for answering yourquestions._

GOOD LUCK!_

4. SENTENCE SKILLS

Take this test online at http://www.stevendonahue.com

Exam: Writing#17-SentenceSkills1

0. Select the best version of the part of the sentence. If you

think the original sentence is best, choose that answer.

The baby was obviously getting too hot, then Sam did what

he could to cool her.

A.hot; Sam, trying to doB.hot; Sam, therefore, did

C.hot, then Sam did

1. Select the best version of the part of the sentence. If youthink the original sentence is best, choose that answer.

She hoped to find a new job. One that would let her earn

money during the school y

A.job. The kind that

B.job, one thatC.job. One that



Knocked sideways, the statue looked as if it would fall

A.The statue, looking knocked sideways,

B.Knocked sideways, the statue lookedC.he statue was knocked sideways, looked

3. Rewrite the sentence in your head, following the directions

given below. Keep in mind that your new sentence should bewell written and should have essentially the same meaning as

the sentence given you.

When you cross the street in the middle of the block, this is

an example of jaywalking.

A.When you cross the street in the middle of the block, thisB.Crossing the street in the middle of the block

C.he fact that you cross the street in the middle of the block


To walk, biking, and driving are Pats favorite ways of

getting around

A.To walk, to bike, and also driving

B.Walking, biking, and drivingC.To walk, biking, and to drive

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Walking by the corner the other day, a child, I noticed, waswatching for the light to change

A.there was, I noticed, a child watching

B.I noticed a child watching

C.a child, I noticed, was watching

6. In his songs, Gordon Lightfoot makes melody and lyrics

intricately intertwine.

Rewrite, beginning with Melody and lyrics

A.does Gordon LightfootB.in Gordon Lightfoots

C.Gordon Lightfoot has

7. It is easy to carry solid objects without spilling them, butthe same cannot be said of liquids

Rewrite, beginning with Unlike liquids,

A.it is easy to

B.solid objects can easily be

C.solid objects are easy to be

8. Excited children ran toward the loud music, and they told

others about the ice cream truck outside.

Rewrite, beginning with Excited children, who had runtoward the loud

A.music, they told

B.music, told

C.music, telling

9. If he had enough strength, Todd would move the boulder.

Rewrite, beginning withTodd cannot move the boulder

A.without enough

B.because heC.when lacking

10. The band began to play, and then the real party started

Rewrite, beginning withThe real party startedA.the band beginning

B.after the band began

C.and the band began

11. Chris heard no unusual noises when he listened in the

park.

Rewrite, beginning withListening in the park,

A.no unusual noises could be heardB.Chris heard no unusual noises

C.and hearing no unusual noises


Mr. Jones planning to teach a course on pronunciation next

fall.

A.with a plan

B.PlansC.planning


think the original sentence is best, choose that answer.The teacher listing only four journals on biology

A.Listing

B.Listed

C.with a list

14. Being a female judge, she was often interviewed

Rewrite beginning with She was often interviewed

A.Being as she was

B.Because she wasC.On account of she was

15. Copies of the proposed legislative rules were provided by

the president of the Senate to the members of the committee

Rewrite beginning with The president of the SenateA.to the members of the committee

B.provided copies of the proposed

C.proposed copies of the rules

16. Having no air conditioning, her house is very hot.

Rewrite, beginning with Her house is very hot.

A.by it being

B.Because it has

C.On account of it has

17. The praise of the other soldiers was earned by the young

corporal who solved the war crime.

Rewrite beginning with Having solved the murderA.Praising of

B.Earned the praise

C.Earning the praise



According to some scientists, the pollution of our air and

water is not so hazardous to our health as is the pollution of

our food.A.but the pollution of our food.

B.as in the pollution of our food.

C.as polluting our food.

19. Modern science has made one notable advance of

spiritual nature: it has created a sense of the existence of

universal law.

Rewrite beginning with By creatingA.law, there is one

B. law, modern science

C.law, one notable advance

==========================ANSWERS

==========================Explanation for #0

hot; Sam, therefore, did

Explanation for #1

job, one that

Explanation for #2

Knocked sideways, the statue looked

Explanation for #3Crossing the street in the middle of the block

Explanation for #4

Walking, biking, and driving

Explanation for #5

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I noticed a child watching

Explanation for #6

in Gordon Lightfoots

Explanation for #7

solid objects can easily be

Explanation for #8music, told

Explanation for #9

because he

Explanation for #10after the band began

Explanation for #11

Chris heard no unusual noises

Explanation for #12

Plans

Explanation for #13

Listed

Explanation for #14

Because she was

Explanation for #15provided copies of the proposed

Explanation for #16

Because it has

Explanation for #17

Earned the praise

Explanation for #18

as in the pollution of our food.

Explanation for #19

law, modern science

Made by Steven Donahue

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Gerunds

1. Gerunds are equivalent to Nouns."GOING to school is fun."

2. Gerunds take Possessive Pronouns."HIS having done that upset me."3. Personal Subjects of Gerunds usually take Possessive apostrophes."Jane's complaining really bothered the teacher."

_

Participles as Modifiers

Both Past and Present Participles can be used as modifiers1. "The EDITED paper was 500 words long."

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(Past Participle EDITED modifies PAPER)2. "The Teacher EDITING your paper is young."(Present Participle EDITING modifies TEACHER)

_

Absolute Phrases

Absolute Phrases modify the basic sentence.They can be formed in two ways:1. His arms were weak with pain, but John drove the car carefully. -->His arms weak with pain, John drove the car carefully.(HIS ARMS WEAK WITH PAIN modifies main sentence)

2. His arms trembled with pain, but John drove the car carefully. -->His arms trembling with pain, John drove the car carefully.(HIS ARMS TREMBLING WITH PAIN modifies main sentence)

_

Appositives

Appositives position a second noun in opposition or besides another noun.

1. "Paula, an old friend, is a great person."(PAULA is next to the Appositive AN OLD FRIEND)2. My country, Cuba, is an island.(MY COUNTRY is next to the Appositive CUBA)

Note: Appositives are set off with Commas as above._

Past Participles

Past Participles are used in one of three ways:A. As ADJECTIVES"John's depleted bank account was closed."

( DEPLETED modifies BANK ACCOUNT)B. As a MAIN VERB with HAVE" The student had decided to drop the course because he wasoverwhelmed."

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(DECIDED with HAD makes the Verb Past Perfect)C. As a PASSIVE with BE."The soccer ball was kicked by Pele."(WAS and the Participle of KICK makes the Verb Passive)

_

Present Participles

The Present Participle has three uses:A. As a GERUND"The breaking of dishes was vandalism"

( BREAKING modifies DISHES)B. As a MAIN VERB with BE" John said that he was driving over right now"(DRIVING with WAS makes the Verb Progressive or Continuous)

C. As an ADJECTIVE."The temperature rose at an alarming rate"

(ALARMING modifies RATE)_

Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary Verbs are Helping Verbs. There are three types:A. BE

"I am going"( AM makes GOING Progressive)B. HAVE" John said that he had called before he drove over yesterday"(HAD makes CALLED Past Perfect and the CALL preceded the DRIVING)C. DO"Do you care?"/"I do care!"/"I don't care."

(DO is used for Questions, Emphasis, or Negation)_

Transitive & Intransitive

Transitive Verbs take objects.1. "Pele scored the goal."( The verb SCORE takes the object GOAL)ONLY Transitive Verbs can be made PASSIVE

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2. "The goal was scored by Pele."( In Passive, the Object is emphasized)Intransitive Verbs cannot take Objects.

Intransitive Cannot be made Passive.3. "The student smiled"

(SMILED is an Intransitive verb)_

SubjunctiveSubjunctive shows that the writer believes the action is unreal orhypothetical.In Subjunctive, the bare verb is used, without "S".1. Subjunctive can be preceded by words such as:

" I recommend she study more" (not she studies)" I suggest he study more" (not he studies)"I insist John study more" (not John studies)2. Do not use WAS after IF" If John were a millionaire, he would still teach" (WERE not Was)3. Subjunctive is used after AS IF or AS THOUGH)"She swims as if she were a fish" (WERE not WAS)"He writes quickly as though he were in a race." (WERE not WAS)4. Use Subjunctive after THAT when expressing Requirement, Request,Urging, or Recommendation

" I think it is important that he write more." (WRITE not WRITES)_

SubordinationIf a sentence begins with a Subordinating Conjunction (Danger Word), it isa Dependent Clause.Danger Words include: After, Because, Although, If, Though, Unless, While,etc.)1. Always put a comma after a clause beginning with a Danger Word:"Though he may have a high school diploma, he can't read it."(The Comma comes after the Clause beginning with THOUGH)2. Don't mix Coordinating Conjunctions (FANBOYS) with Danger Words:

Wrong: "Because he was sick, so he went to the doctor."Right: "Because he was sick, he went to the doctor."3. Do not put a comma before a Danger Word if it is not the first word:Wrong: " He went to the doctor, because he was sick"

Right: "He went tot the doctor because he was sick"_

Dangling Modifiers

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When a sentence begins with a Participial Clause, make sure its referenceis right after the comma.Wrong: After studying the homework, the teacher gave the students thetest.(It is not clear who STUDYING--the teacher or the students)

Right: After studying the homework, the students were given a test bythe teacher.(Now it is clear that the Students were the ones STUDYING)

_

Limiting ModifiersTake care not to change the meaning of a sentence when moving LimitingModifiers.Limiting Modifiers include: Almost, Even, Just, Nearly, Only, Simply.

Example: "The students trusted only him"(Here, the students trust a particular person)Example: "Only the students trusted him"

(Here, particular students trusted a person)_

Parallel WordsKeep words and Phrases ParallelWrong: "The teacher was a visionary and liked realism"Right : "The teacher was a visionary and realistic"

(both words are adjectives now)Wrong: " Judy loved to skate, swimming, and to jog"Right : " Judy loved skating, swimming, and jogging"(All the words are now -ING words)Right: "Judy love to skate, to swim, and to jog"(All the words are now Infinitives)Wrong: " Jim loved breakfast, dinner, and lunch."Right : " Jim love, breakfast, lunch, and dinner."(All the words are in Chronological order now)

_

Cleft SentencesCleft Sentences have a Verb that "Cleaves" or divides the sentence intotwo parts.Normal: " A faulty wire caused the fire."Cleft : "It was a faulty wire that caused the fire"(Here WAS divides the Sentence into two parts)To change a Cleft Sentence into a Question, begin with WAS not WHAT.

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"Was it a faulty wire that caused the fire?"A second type of Cleft is called "Pseudo Cleft"Normal: " A faulty wire caused the fire."Pseudo: " What caused the problem was a faulty wire."To change a Pseudo Cleft Sentence into a Question, begin with WAS not

WHAT."Was it a faulty wire that caused the fire?"Note: WHAT Questions can be formed by adding THAT

"What was it that caused the fire?" BUT the Cause--Faulty Wire is NOTmentioned._

WHOSENormally, WHOSE refers to Persons, but can also refer to things.PERSON: "The teacher whose briefcase was stolen is upset."

(Here, WHOSE shows who owns the briefcase--the teacher)THING: " The government whose ambassador was kidnapped made arescue attempt."(Here, WHOSE shows who "owns" the ambassador--the government)THING: " The two planets whose atmospheres are similar include Earthand Venus."

(Here, WHOSE shows who "owns" the atmospheres--two planets.)_

Adverbial ModifiersThere are three placement guidelines for Adverbial Modifiers1. Locate directly before a Transitive or Intransitive VerbNo : " Joe finished cheerfully his homework"

Yes: " Joe cheerfully finished his homework"2. Locate directly after BE or Helping VerbsNo : " Joe frequently was late for class"

Yes: " Joe was frequently late for class"

3. Place before Negatives in Inverted SentencesNo : " I don't frequently study"

Yes: " I frequently don't study"_

5. ERRORS

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1. Comma and Introductory Element

a. Because of the dry weather, many fires broke out in the Everglades.*

b. Because of the dry weather many fires broke out in the Everglades.c. Because, of the dry weather, many fires broke out in the Everglades.

d. Because of the dry weather many fires, broke out in the Everglades.

2. Comma and Introductory Element

a. Many fires broke out in the Everglades, because of the dry weather.

b. Many fires broke out in the Everglades because of the dry weather. *

c. Many fires broke out, in the Everglades, because of the dry weather.

d. Many fires, broke out, in the Everglades because of the dry weather.

3. Vague Pronoun Reference.

a. Her mother told her that she was going to shop at the mall.b. Her mother told her, I am going to shop at the mall. *

c. Her mother told she that she was going to shop at the mall.d. Her mother told she that her was going to shop at the mall.


a. His father told him that he was going to visit Egypt.

b. His father told him, You are going to visit Egypt. *

c. His father told he that he was going to visit Egypt.

d. His father told he that him was going to visit Egypt.

[Rule: A nouns possessive form is the antecedent to a possessive pronoun]


a. The teachers lottery ticket brought him a fortune.

b. The teachers lottery ticket brought he a fortune.

c. The teachers lottery ticket brought his fortune. *d. The teachers lottery ticket brought he or she a fortune.


a. I told my counselor that I planned to drop the writing course, which bothered my parents.

b. My parents were bothered because I told my counselor that I planned to drop the writing course. *

c. I told my counselor that I planned to drop the writing course, and it bothered my parents.d. It bothered my parents that I told my counselor it planned to drop the writing course.


a. They say that you can survive a hurricane by being prepared for it.

b. Experts say that one can survive a hurricane by being prepared.*

c. They say that one can survive a hurricane by being prepared for it.

d. Experts say that you can survive a hurricane by being prepared for it.

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a. When the students car was stolen, it was expected that it would make it a tough day.

b. It was expected that it would be a hard day after the students car was stolen.*

c. It would make a hard day of it when the students car was stolen.d. When it was stolen, it was expected that the students day would be tough because of it.


a. The word donut, which was originally spelled doughnut, is easier to spell. *

b. The word donut, that was originally spelled doughnut, is easier to spell.

c. The word donut, whom was originally spelled doughnut, is easier to spell.

d. The word donut, who was originally spelled doughnut, is easier to spell.

10. Comma and Compound Sentence

[Rule: use a comma after coordinating conjunction and independent clauses]

a. Her pet dog ran away and her little cat was left alone.

b. Her pet dog ran away and her little cat, was left alone.

c. Her pet dog ran away, and her little cat was left alone.*d. Her pet dog, ran away, and her little cat was left alone.

11. Comma and Compound Sentence

a. The pet dog ran away, and found a new home.

b. The pet dog ran away and found a new home. *

c. The pet dog, ran away, and found a new home.

d. The pet, dog, ran away, and found a new home.

12. Wrong Word

a. I admired the teachers patient.b. I admiration the teachers patience.

c. I admired the teachers patience. *

d. I admiration the teachers patient.

13. Comma and non-restrictive.

[ Rule: Use commas to set off non-essential material]

a. Some schools test people who are from foreign countries for English proficiency.

b. Some schools test people, who are from foreign countries, for English proficiency. *

c. Some schools test, people, who are from foreign countries, for English proficiency.

d. Some schools, test people, who are from foreign countries for English proficiency.

14. Inflected Endings [Nouns/Adverbs/Adjectives/Pronouns/Prepopsitons/Interjections]

a. The doctor gave the childrens some toys.

b. The doctor gave the childs some toys.

c. The doctors gave the childrens some toys.

d. The doctors gave the children some toys. *

15. Inflected Endings

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a. I told him that he has to get used to the hot weather down here. *

b. I told him that he has to get use to the hot weather down here.

c. I told him that he has get used to the hot weather down here.

d. I told him that he has get use to the hot weather down here.

[Rule: Single-word modal auxiliaries have no s ending in the third-person singular.]


a. The teacher coulds give us a surprise test today.

b. The teacher could be give us a surprise test today.

c. The teacher could give us a surprise test today. *

d. The teacher coulds be give us a surprise test today.

[Rule: Obligation is with a form of be followed by supposed to and simple main verb.]


a. I was suppose to give a Powerpoint presentation.

b. I was supposing to give a Powerpoint presentation.

c. I was to suppose to give a Powerpoint presentation.

d. I was supposed to give a Powerpoint presentation.*

[ Rule: Use used to to convey past habitual action]


a. I used to live in Miami.*

b. I use to live in Miami.

c. I use to lived in Miami.

d. I would to live in Miami.

[Rule: Use uninflected main verb with auxiliary]


a. Does the language lab closes on Sunday?

b. Do the language lab close on Sunday? *c. Does the language lab close on Sunday?

d. Do the language lab be close on Sunday?

20. Preposition

a. I will meet you on my apartment for breakfast.

b. I will meet you over my apartment for breakfast.

c. I will meet you about my apartment for breakfast.

d. I will meet you in my apartment for breakfast.*

21. Comma and Independent Clauses

a. The comet fell in a fiery ball, it burned down half the city.b. The comet fell in a fiery ball. It burned down half the city. *

c. The comet fell in a fiery ball. And burned down half the city.d. The comet fell in a firey ball it burned down half the city.

22. Apostrophe

a. The writers pen is mightier than the sword.

b. The writers pen is mightier than the swords.

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c. The writers pen is mightier than the sword. *

d. The writers pen is mightier than the swords.

23. Tense Shift

a. She went to the library yesterday and reads a book.b. She went to the library yesterday and will read a book.

c. She went to the library yesterday reading a book.

d. She went to the library yesterday and read a book. *

24. Shift (Person, Number, Subject, Voice, Tense, Mood, Direct/Indirect)

a. They enjoy going to the lake where you can swim without clothes.

b. They enjoy going to the lake where we can swim without clothes.

c. They enjoy going to the lake where I can swim without clothes.

d. They enjoy going to the lake where they can swim without clothes.*

25. Complete Sentences

a. The car with a CD-player.b. The car with its CD-player.

c. The car with its CD-player.d. The car is with a CD-player.*

26. Tense

(simple past)

a. I watch TV yesterday.

b. I watching TV yesterday.c. I watched TV yesterday.*

d. I was watch TV yesterday.

27. Tense

(simple future)

a. I watching TV tomorrow.b. I was watching TV tomorrow.

c. I will watch TV tomorrow.*

d. I watch TV tomorrow.

28. Tense

(simple past)

a. I am to watch TV now.b. I watch TV now.*

c. I am watch TV now.d. I watched now.

29. Tense

(present perfect)

a. Since I had watched TV since noon today , I know the top story.

b. Since I watched TV since noon today ,I know the top story.

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c. Since I watching TV since noon today , I know the top story.

d. Since I have watched TV since noon today , I know the top story.*

30. Tense

(present progressive)

a. Feyrouz is considering a move to Washington the coming week.*b. Feyrouz considered a move to Washington in the coming week.

c. Feyrouz considers a move to Washington in the coming week.

d. Feyrouz has considered a move to Washington in the coming week.

31. Tense

(present perfect progressive)

a. Xiaoling has been sat in that chair for the entire morning.

b. Xiaoling has been sitting in that chair for the entire morning.*

c. Xiaoling sat in that chair for the entire morning.

d. Xiaoling sits in that chair for the entire morning.

32. Tense

(past perfect)

a. The robber left before the police arrived.b. The robber had been leaving before the police had been arriving.

c. The robber had left before the police arrived.*

d. The robber had left before the police had arrived.

33. Tense (past progressive)

a. Colombus tried to find India when he landed in America.

b. Colombus was trying to find India when he landed in America. *c. Colombus tried to find India when he was landing in America.

d. Colombus had tried to find India when he had landed in America.

34. Tense

(past perfect progressive)

a. Before the fire alarm went off, the students had studied the lesson.

b. Before the fire alarm went off, the students had been studying the lesson.*c. Before the fire alarm went off, the students had been study the lesson.

d. Before the fire alarm had gone off, the students had studied the lesson.

35. Tense (future perfect)

a. By the time this class is finished, I will have read the entire book.*

b. By the time this class finishes, I will read the entire book.

c. By the time this class will be finished, I will have read the entire book.d. By the time this class will finish, I will have been reading the entire book.

36. Tense (future progressive)

a. Within five years, most countries around the world will be enter the Internet age.

b. Within five years, most countries around the world will be entering the Internet age.

c. Within five years, most countries around the world will have entering the Internet age.

d. Within five years, most countries around the world will have enter the Internet age.

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37. Tense (future perfect progressive)

a. By the time this year is over, I will have studying English for five full years.

b. By the time this year is over, I will have study English for five full years.

c. By the time this year is over, I will study English for five full years.d. By the time this year is over, I will have been studying English for five full years.

38. Agreement (Subject/Verb)

a. The teacher speak too loudly.

b. The teacher speaks too loudly.

c. The teachers speaks too loudly.*

d. The teacher speaking too loudly.

39. Comma in a Series.

a. Getting an A in class requires attendance, attention, and participation.*

b. Getting an A in class requires attendance, attention and participation.

c. Getting an A in class requires attendance attention and participation.

d. Getting an A in class requires attendance attention, and participation.

40. Pronoun Agreement.

a. The dog growls when he feels threatened.

b. The dog growls when she feels threatened

c. The dog growls when it feels threatened.*

d. The dog growls when they feel threatened.

41. Pronoun Agreement

a. Students fill the language lab with sounds when they do their weekly assignments.*b. Students fill the language lab with sounds when it do their weekly assignments

c. Students fill the language lab with sounds when they do they weekly assignments

d. Students fill the language lab with sounds when they do it weekly assignments

[Rule: Singular antecedents joined by and require a plural pronoun]


a. The library and the language lab closed for New Years Eve to give its employees a small break.

b. The library and the language lab closed for New Years Eve to give they employees a small break.

c. The library and the language lab closed for New Years Eve to give his or her employees a small

break.

d. The library and the language lab closed for New Years Eve to give their employees a small break.

*


[Rule: Singular antecedents joined by and and preceded by each require a singular pronoun]e.

a. The library and the language lab each closed for New Years Eve to give its employees a small

break.*

b. The library and the language lab each closed for New Years Eve to give they employees a small

break.

c. The library and the language lab each closed for New Years Eve to give his or her employees a

small break.

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d. The library and the language lab each closed for New Years Eve to give their employees a small

break.


a. My wife and best friend makes his or her best coffee.

b. My wife and best friend makes their best coffee.c. My wife and best friend make his best coffee.

d. My wife and her best friend make the best coffee.*


[Rule: Make verb agree with subject closest to it when joined by or]

a. Either the crayon or the pencils need their tips sharpened. *

b. Either the crayon or the pencil need their tips sharpened.

c. Either the crayon or the pencil need its tips sharpened.

d. Either the crayons or the pencils need its tips sharpened.


[Rule: Each and Every remain singular when a compound sentence]

a. Each problem and obstacle has their individual solution..

b. Each problem and obstacle has them individual solution..c. Each problem and obstacle has there individual solution..

d. Each problem and obstacle has its individual solution..*


a. Everyone taking this grammar test plans to get their results immediately.

b. Everyone taking this grammar test plans to get his or her results immediately. *

c. Everyone taking this grammar test plans to get she or he results immediately.d. Everyone taking this grammar test plans to get them results immediately.


a. Every student need a number two pencil in their hand.

b. Every student need a number two pencil in his or her hand

c. Every student needs a number two pencil in their hand

d. Every student needs a number two pencil in his or her hand *


a. Everyone hopes that they win the lottery.

b. Everyone hopes that he or she wins the lottery. *

c. Everyone hope that he or she wins the lottery.

d. Everyone hopes that them win the lottery.

50. Comma and Restrictive

a. People who travel to the United States should visit New York. *

b. People, who travel to the United States, should visit New York.

c. People who travel to the United States, should visit New York.

d. People, who travel, to the United States should visit New York.

51. Sentence Boundaries

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a. Bill Gates is the richest man in the world he is a multi-billionaire.

b. Bill Gates is the richest man in the world, he is a multi-billionaire.

c. Bill Gates is the richest man in the world and he is, a multi-billionaire.

d. Bill Gates is the riches man in the world, and he is a multi-billionaire.*

52. Modifiers

a. Dipped under hot water, you get the soap bubbles off the dishes.

b. After dipped under hot water, soap bubbles easily come off the dishes.

c. Dipped under hot water, they get the soap bubbles off the dishes.

d. After the dishes are dipped under hot water, soap bubbles easily come off.*

53. Its and Its

a. Its time to give the dog its bone.

b. Its time to give the dog its bone.

c. Its time to give the dog its bone.

d. Its time to give the dog its bone.*

54. Quotation Marks

a. The dean said school has been cancelled.b. The dean said, school has been cancelled.*

c. The dean said school has been cancelled.

d. The dean said, school has been cancelled.

55. Words

a. Ive proofread paragraph a dozen times.

b. Ive proofread paragraph dozen times.c. Ive proofread the paragraph a dozen times.*

d. Ive proofread the paragraph a dozen.

56. Capitalization.

a. I think that it is important to learn English.

b. I think that it is Important to learn English.*

c. I think that it is important to learn english.d. i think that It is important to learn English.

57. Which/That & Who/Whom

a. My present car which I got from my parents needs urgent repairs.

b. My present car that I got from my parents needs urgent repairs.

c. My present car, which I got from my parents, needs urgent repairs.*

d. My present car, that I got from my parents, needs urgent repairs.

58. Which/That & Who/Whoma. The house, which I want to buy, has a pool.

b. The house, that I want to buy, has a pool.

c. The house that I want to buy has a pool.*

d. The house where I want to buy has a pool.

59. Which/That & Who/Whom

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a. College teachers go to high schools hoping to enroll students which others have ignored.

b. College teachers go to high schools hoping to enroll students who others have ignored.*

c. College teachers go to high schools hoping to enroll students that others have

ignored.

d. College teachers go to high schools hoping to enroll students whom others have ignored.

60. Which/That & Who/Whoma. The students wondered whom would be the winner of the contests prize.

b. The students wondered which would be the winner of the contests prize.

c. The students wondered who would be the winner of the contests prize.*

d. The students wondered whose would be the winner of the contests prize.

61. Idiomatic Word Use

[Below, the previous situation is reversed]

a. Now, the shoe is on the other shoe

b. Now, the foot is on the other foot.

c. Now, the shoe is on the other foot.*

d. Now, the foot is on the other shoe.

62. Idiomatic Word Use[Below, someone has become angry]

a. When dad saw the F on my report card, he hit the wall.

b. When dad saw the F on my report card, he hit the ceiling.*

c. When dad saw the F on my report card, he hit me.

d. When dad saw the F on my report card, he hit the floor.

63. Idiomatic Word Usea. I intend on doing my homework regularly.*

b. I intend do my homework regularly.

c. I intend to do my homework regularly.d. I intend doing my homework regularly.


a. The student is happy to except the scholarship.

b. The student is happy to accept the scholarship.*c. The student is happy to excepted the scholarship.

d. The student is happy to accepted the scholarship.


a. That teacher gave us alot of homework for the weekend.

b. That teacher gave us a lot of homework for the weekend.

c. That teacher gave us a great deal of homework for the weekend.*

d. That teacher gave us a lot a homework for the weekend.

66. Idiomatic Word Usea. The math problem was debated between the three students.

b. The math problem was debated within the three students.

c. The math problem was debated among the three students.*

d. The math problem was debated between and among the three students.


a. The workers concluded that fewer jobs means fewer money for them.

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b. The workers concluded that less jobs means fewer money for them.

c. The workers concluded that less jobs means less money for them.

d. The workers concluded that fewer jobs means less money for them.*

68. Comma and Subject and Verb

a. I , love to see horror movies.b. I love to see horror movies.*

c. I love, to see, horror movies.

d. I , love, to see horror movies.

69. Comma and Subject and Verb

a. The students, made a wonderful multimedia project.b. The students made, a wonderful multimedia project.

c. The students made a wonderful multimedia project.*

d. The students made, a wonderful, multimedia project.

70. Apostrophe

a. The students paper was sent by email instantly.b. The students papers was sent by email instatantly.

c. The students paper was sent by email instantly.*d. The students papers was sent by email instantly.

71. Apostrophe

a. The cause of the powerfailure was no ones fault.*

b. The cause of the powerfailure was no ones fault.

c. The cause of the powerfailures was no ones fault.

d. The cause of the powerfailure was on ones fault.

72. Apostrophe

a. Researchers are seeking explanations for childrens creativity.*

b. Researchers are seeking explanations for childrens creativity.c. Researchers are seeking explanations for childrens creativity.

d. Researchers are seeking explanations for childrens creativity.

73. Comma and Complex Sentence

a. Steve was always happy on Valentines Day because that was his grandfathers birthday, and the

date usually marked the end of winter. *

b. Steve was always happy on Valentines day, because that was his grandfathers birthday, and the

date usually marked the end of winter.

c. Steve was always happy on Valentines day, because that was his grandfathers birthday and the


d. Steve was always happy on Valentines day because that was his grandfathers birthday and the


74. Hyphenation

a. I dont get along too well with my brotherinlaw.

b. I dont get along too well with my brother in law.

c. I dont get along too well with my brother in-law.

d. I dont get along too well with my brother-in-law.*

75. Hyphenation

a. The teacher was well-dressed in my opinion.

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b. In my opinion, that was a well-dressed teacher.

c. The teacher was dressed-well in my opinion.

d. In my opinion, that was a well dressed teacher. *

76. Hyphenationa. I paid over two hundred and twenty-five dollars for the blazer.*

b. I paid over two-hundred and twenty-five dollars for the blazer.c. I paid over two hundred and twenty five dollars for the blazer.

d. I paid over two-hundred and twenty five dollars for the blazer.

77. Comma and Direct Object.

a. The students ate apples at the county fair.*b. The students ate, apples at the county fair.

c. The students ate, apples, at the county fair.

d. The students , ate, apples at the county fair.

78. Idiomatic Sentence Pattern

a. Stand for this I will not.

b. I will not stand for this.*c. This not stand for this I will.

d. I for this will not stand.

79. Idiomatic Sentence Pattern

a. The reason why is because it gets so hot in the summer.

b. The reason is because it gets so hot in the summer.*

c. The reason why is it gets so hot in the summer.

d. The reason it gets so hot in the summer is why.

[ Rule: Use a comma to separate coordinate adjectives]

80. Coordinate Adjectives

a. The rhythmic pulsating music made the huge restless crowd ecstatic.

b. The rhythmic, pulsating music made the huge restless crowd ecstatic.

c. The rhythmic pulsating music made the huge, restless crowd ecstatic.

d. The rhythmic, pulsating music made the huge, restless crowd ecstatic.*

81. Coordinate Adjectives

a. JoHanna was adorned with a silver antique beautiful necklace.

b. JoHanna was adorned with a antique silver beautiful necklace.

c. JoHanna was adorned with a beautiful antique silver necklace.*

d. JoHanna was adorned with an antique silver beautiful necklace.

82. Titles

a. The title to the students five-paragraph essay was How To Bounce Back.b. The title to the students five-paragraph essay was How To Bounce Back.

c. The title to the students five-paragraph essay was How To Bounce Back.*

d. The title to the students five-paragraph essay was How To Bounce Back.

83. Sentence Clarity/Mixed

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a. I beginned after 26 dec I send the 6 enormes to the bookseller.

b. I beginned after December 26 to send six enormes to the bookseller.

c. I sent six enormes after 26 dec I beginned to the bookseller.

d. I sent six chapters to the bookseller after the twenty-sixth of December.*

84. Adjectives and Adverbs.

a. A good computer lab must run smooth and promptly.

b. A well computer lab must run smoothly and promptly.

c. A good computer lab must run smooth and prompt.

d. A good computer lab must run smoothly and promptly.*

85. Adjectives and Adverbs

a. The cook felt bad that the food smelled bad because he had cooked badly.

b. The cook felt bad that the food smelled badly because he had cooked bad.

c. The cook felt bad that the food smelled bad because he had cooked badly.*

d. The cook felt badly that the food smelled bad because he had cooked bad.

86. Correct Pronoun Case

a. My family consists of two sisters and me.

b. My family consists of two sisters and I.*

c. Me family consists of two sisters and me.

d. Me family consists of two sisters and I.


a. Jose and me went to their party.b. Jose and me went to them party.

c. Jose and I went to them party.

d. Jose and I went to their party.*


a. The teacher told Jose and I that this test was going to be tough.

b. The teacher told Jose and me that this test was going to be tough.*c. The teacher told I and Jose that this test was going to be tough.

d. The teacher told Jose and me myself that this test was going to be tough.


a. The ones who will graduate are them and me.

b. The ones who will graduate are them and I.

c. The ones who will graduate are theirselves and me.d. The ones who will graduate are they and I.*


a. My brother loved his wife more than I.

b. My brother loved his wife more than me.*

c. My brother loved his wife more than myself.

d. My brother loved his wife more than himself.

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91. Dashes

a. Americas challengesbetter education, less crime, more equalityare still urgent ones.*

b. Americas challenges arebetter education, less crime, more equalitystill urgent ones.

c. Americas challengesbetter education, less crime, more equality are still urgent ones.d. Americas challenges, better education, less crime, more equalityare still urgent ones.

92. An / A

a. I bought book, pencil, and package of paper.

b. I bought a history book, a pencil, and a package of paper.*

c. I bought book, a pencil, and a package of paper.

d. I bought an history book, a pencil, and a package of paper.

93. An / A

a. I learned a good English at a interactive Web site.

b. I learned a good English at an interactive Web site.

c. I learned good English at a interactive Web site.

d. I learned good English at an interactive Web site.*

94. An / A

a. I bought book today. It was a pronunciation dictionary.

b. I bought an book today. It was the pronunciation dictionary.

c. I bought the book today. It was a pronunciation dictionary.

d. I bought a book today. It was a pronunciation dictionary.*

95. The

a. I have a car in the city. However, the car is often in the shop.*b. I have the car in a city. However, a car is often in a shop.

c. I have a car in the city. However, the car is often in shop.

d. I have the car in city. However, the car is often in a shop.

96. The

a. Ive been in United States for most of a year.

b. Ive been in the United States for most of a year.c. Ive been in United States for most of the year.*

d. Ive been in the United States for most of the year.

97. The

a. The moon rose above a skyline.

b. A moon rose above the skyline.

c. The moon rose above the skyline.*d. A moon rose above a skyline.

98. The

a. The governor wants an alligator to be a state symbol for Florida.

b. The governor wants the alligator to be the state symbol for Florida.*

c. A governor wants an alligator to be a state symbol for the Florida.

d. The governor wants the alligator to be the state symbol for the Florida.

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99. The

a. A test that I took yesterday gave me an incredible migraine.

b. The test that I took yesterday gave me the incredible migraine.

c. A test that I took yesterday gave me the incredible migraine.d. The test that I took yesterday gave me an incredible migraine.*

100. The

a. Designing good Web sites requires much forethought.*

b. The designing good Web sites requires much forethought.

c. The designing of good Web sites requires much forethought.

d. The designing of the good Web sites requires much forethought.

101. The

a. The orchids are the flowers that can grow on the air alone.

b. Orchids are flowers that can grow on air alone.*

c. The orchids are flowers that can grow on the air alone.

d. Orchids are the flowers that can grow on air alone.

102. Question Mark

a. How many times have I taken this stupid test.

b. ? How many times have I taken this stupid test?

c. How many times have I taken this stupid test!

d. How many times have I taken this stupid test?*

103. The

a. The actors debated what to do next. Quit? Protest? Let the show go on?*

b. The actors debated what to do next. Quit Protest? Let the show go on?c. The actors debated what to do next. Quit. Protest. let the show go on?

d. The actors debated what to do next quit protest let the show go on?

104. Verb Form

(Infinitive/Gerund/Participle/Irregular/Mood/Voice

[ Rule: Use infinitive after be + complement ]

a. The students are eager going to the graduation ceremony.

b. The students are eager be going to the graduation ceremony.

c. The students are eager to go to the graduation ceremony.*

d. The students are eager for going to the graduation ceremony.

105. Verb Form

[Rule: use infinitive after expression such as the first and the last]

a. The best students are the first to arrive to class and the last to leave.*

b. The best students are the first arriving to class and the last leaving.c. The best students are the first to arrive to class and the last leaving.

d. The best students are the first arriving to class and the last to leave.

106. Verb Form

[Rule: use unmarked infinitive after feel,hear,have,let,listen to,look at, notice,see,watch]

a. I will ask the teacher to let us leave out early.*

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b. I will ask the teacher to let us to leave early.

c. I will ask the teacher letting us out early.

d. I will ask the teacher for letting us out early.

107. Verb Form[Rule: Use gerund after words such as admit, avoid, enjoy, imagine, mind, quit, suggest, etc.]

a. I enjoy to learn advanced English composition.

b. I enjoy learned advanced English composition.

c. I enjoy learning advanced English composition.*

d. I enjoy be learning advanced English composition.

108. Verb Form[Rule: Generally use a gerund rather than an infinitive as the subject of a sentence]

a. Choose the right college classes is important.

b. To choose the right college classes is an important.

c. Choosing the right college classes is important.*

d. To chose the right college classes is important.

109. Verb Form[Rule: Always use a gerund, not an infinitive as the object of a preposition]

a. The college is committed to upgrade the computer system.

b. The college is committed upgrade the computer system.

c. The college is committed to upgrading the computer system.*

d. The college is committed to be upgrade the computer system.

110. Verb Form

[Rule: Use standard form of be in college writing]

a. She be working late tonight at the gallery.

b. She be work late tonight at the gallery.

c. She is work late tonight at the gallery.d. She is working late tonight at the gallery.*

111. Verb Form

[Rule: Modal auxiliary verbs are always followed by simple form of verb.]

a. The student might going to the movies tonight.

b. The student might to go to the movies tonight.

c. The student might go to the movies tonight.*

d. The student might be go to the movies tonight.

112. Verb Form

[Rule: Subject usually omitted in imperative mood]

a. You be quiet.

b. Be quiet!*c. You quiet!

d. Quiet, you!

113. Verb Form

[Rule: For wishes use subjunctive were not was]

a. If I were the president, I would feed the poor people of the world.*

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b. If I was the president, I will feed the poor people of the world.

c. If I were the president, I will feed the poor people of the world.

d. If I was the president, I would feed the poor people of the world.

114. Verb Form[Rule: Use passive when doer of action unknown or unimportant]

a. The students car was being stolen in the afternoon.

b. The students car was stole in the afternoon.

c. The students car was stoled in the afternoon.

d. The students car was stolen in the afternoon.*

115. Verb Form[Rule: Use correct form of irregular verbs]

a. When the sun rose, he had already risen.*

b. When the sun rose, he had already rose.

c. When the sun rises, he had already risen.

d. When the sun risen, he rose.

116. Verb Form[Rule: simple form of lie with modal could]

a. With three days off, I could lay on the beach all day.

b. With three days off, I could lie on the beach all day.*

c. With three days off, I could laid on the beach all day.

d. With three days off, I could laying on the beach all day.

117. Transition

a. First, its a hot day. Its very humid. Last, the air conditioner is broken.b. Its a hot day. Second, its very humid. Last, the air conditioner is broken.*

c. First, its a hot day. Second, its very humid. Last, the air conditioner is broken.

d. Its a hot day. Its very humid. The air conditioner is broken.

118. Quotation Marks

a. Who said, Alls fair in love and war?

b. Who said. Alls fair in love and war?c. Who said , Alls fair in love and war?

d. Who said, Alls fair in love and war?*

119. Semicolon and Parentheses

a. My favorite film; (The Godfather), is better than Theres Something About Mary.

b. My favorite film, (The Godfather), is better than Theres Something About Mary.

c. My favorite film (The Godfather), is better than Theres Something About Mary.*d. My favorite film-- (The Godfather), is better than Theres Something About Mary.

120. That

a. The house, I buy will have a swimming pool.

b. The house, that I buy will have a swimming pool.

c. The house, which I buy will have a swimming pool.

d. The house that I buy will have a swimming pool.*

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121. Comma and Et cetera.

a. I went to many Web sites such as Yahoo!, Dogpile, Direct Hit etc.

b. I went to many Web sites such as Yahoo!, Dogpile, Direct Hit et cetera.

c. I went to many Web sites such as Yahoo!, Dogpile, Direct Hit, etc.d. I went to many Web sites such as Yahoo!, Dogpile, Direct Hit and so forth.

122. Semicolon

[Rule: Use semicolon optionally before coordinating conjunctions with independent clauses that contain

commas]

a. Because the bookstore lacked texts, the students could not buy needed materials and some teachers

became frustrated.

b. Because the bookstore lacked texts, the students could not buy needed materials; and some

teachers became frustrated.*

c. Because the bookstore lacked texts, the students could not buy needed materials: and some

teachers became frustrated.

d. Because the bookstore lacked texts, the students could not buy needed materials-- and some

teachers became frustrated.

123. Semicolon[Rule: Use semicolon when transitional expressions connect independent clauses]

a. The college bookstore remained closed, nevertheless, students managed to find the needed texts.

b. The college bookstore remained closed nevertheless, students managed to find the needed texts.

c. The college bookstore remained closed; nevertheless; students managed to find the needed texts.

d. The college bookstore remained closed; nevertheless, students managed to find the needed texts.

124. Semicolon

a. Once opened, the language lab will have three types of materials: video, audio, and computer

animation.*b. Once opened; the language lab will have three types of materials; video, audio, and computer

animation.

c. Once opened, the language lab will have three types of materials; video, audio, and computer

animation.

d. Once opened: the language lab will have three types of materials: video, audio, and computeranimation.

125. Repetition

a. The teacher she said that the test it would be on Monday.

b. The teacher she said that the test would be on Monday.

c. The teacher said that the test would be on Monday.*d. The teacher she said that the test the test would be on Monday.

126. Repetition

a. The storeclerk said that he likes flowers as much as I like flowers.

b. The storeclerk said that he likes flowers as much as I do like flowers.

c. The storeclerk said that he likes flowers as much as I do.*

d. The storeclerek said that he likes flowers as much as I like.

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127. Gerund Modifier

a. Eating in the school cafeteria can be an incredible adventure.*

b. Eaten in the school cafeteria can be an incredible adventure.c. Eat in the school cafeteria can be an incredible adventure.

d. Eating the school cafeteria can be an incredible adventure.

128. Gerund Modifier

[Rule: Use possessive case before gerunds]

a. I concluded that the man was drunk when I noticed him staggering.

b. I concluded that the man was drunk when I noticed his staggering.*c. I concluded that the man was drunk when I noticed him stagger.

d. I concluded that the man was drunk when I noticed his stagger.

129. Negation

a. The visiting students did not have no money.

b. The visiting students never did have no money.

c. The visiting students did not have any money.*d. The visiting students never did have none money.

130 . Apostrophe and Contractions

a. Its an important day, so lets all behave properly.

b. Its an important day, so lets all behave properly.

c. Its an important day, so lets all behave properly.

d. Its an important day, so lets all behave properly.*

131 Colon

a. If you really want to be an A student, remember three key words; attendance, homework,

participation.

b. If you really want to be an A student, remember three key words: attendance, homework,

participation.*

c. If you really want to be an A student, remember three key words, attendance, homework,participation.

d. If you really want to be an A student, remember three key words attendance, homework,

participation.

132. Colon

a. The students bought: books, pencils, and paper.

b. The students bought ; books, pencils, and paper.c. The students bought books, pencils, and paper.*

d. The students bought books: pencils: and paper.

133. Parallelism

a. The students had tried complaints, screaming, and even shouting.

b. The students had tried complaining, screams, and shouts.

c. The students had tried complaints, screams, and shouting.

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d. The students had tried complaining, screaming, and shouting.*

134. Parallelism

a. Truth and being honest are virtues that go together.b. Being truthful and honest are virtues that go together.

c. Truth and honesty are virtues that go together.*d. Truthful and honesty are virtues that go together.

135. Parallelism

a. Avoiding the language lab for too long not only can lead to frustration but also to failure.

b. Avoiding the language lab for too long not only can lead to frustration but to failure also.c. Avoiding the language lab for too long can not only lead to frustration but also to failure.*

d. Avoiding the language lab for too long can only not lead to frustration also but to failure.

[#end#]

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