CPCI 2015 materials - Rediscover Concrete
Transcript of CPCI 2015 materials - Rediscover Concrete
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www.buildingsciencelabs.com
Material Selection Matters
Dr John Straube, P.Eng. Principal, RDH Building Science
Professor, School of Architecture University of Waterloo
Outline • Materials• Structural Systems• Enclosures
• Concrete• Steel• Wood
• Trends, Research and Field Experience
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Presentation copyright RDH Building Science Inc. 2016
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SOME MATERIAL SCIENCE
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Materials – Basic Review • Agents of material deterioration
– Water + Oxygen– UV– High heat / very cold– Fire
• Three primary material categories– Metallic
• Corrosion=oxidation– Polymer/organic
• UV, oxidation, high heat, cold, moisture (natural polymers)– Mineral/Ceramic
• Freeze-thaw, salt– Composite: made up of others
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Polymers: Carbon bonds
Asphalt– a modified natural polymer
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e.g. Minerals used to protect polymer from UV
Wood: a natural polymer
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Clay Brick: an BmeCtested mineralCbased product
Salt (+water)
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Stone: being dissolved slowly
THE CHANGING WORLD
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New Challenges / Trends • Faster construction & design cycles
– All weather construction• Congested sites
– i.e., urban & additions• More high-rise & multi-use• Better energy performance
– More on this later…• Climate change & resiliency• Design for maintenance & renewal
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Building Energy Use
• Growing demand from codes and somecustomers for lower energy use
• Actual measured performance beginning to playa role- game changer– Models vs reality– Code compliance vs performance
• Energy use is a SYSTEM and DESIGN issue nota material issue– Continuous insulation, air barrier are critical!
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Aside: Thermal Mass & Energy
Savings 2% 9%
RDH Study of Vancouver MURB
• Thermal mass can improve comfort, resiliency,and save energy
• Mass in exposed ceilingsis most valuable
• Exterior walls alsohelpful- but keepit inside
Aside: Embodied Energy • Operation / use comprises 80-90% of life-cycle
energy of common buildings• Material choice is a
small overall factor• Energy-efficiency &
design-efficiency are90-95%
• Durable buildings arelower GHG
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MATERIALS AND STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
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Different Occupancies / Different Needs
• Residential– Compartments: fire, sound, odour– Many good internal partitions
• Concrete / CMU vs framed hollow• Office
– Wide open flexible spaces, lots of services– Concrete or steel with concrete topping
• Retail– Very few partitions
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Past: the last 50+ yrs
• Wood– Low-rise, single-family– Some three+ storey multi’s
• Masonry– Low- & mid-rise institutional/commercial
• Concrete Frame– Mid- & high-rise institutional/commercial/resid.
• Steel Frame– Low- to high-rise commercial (some instit.)
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Why?
• Why were those choice made?• Usually because the different choices were
deemed best for different needs• High-rise is more expensive than low-rise
– Higher loads, higher fire resistance, moredurability expectations
• None of the material properties has changed– Why are choices changing?– Labour, energy, performance expectations
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Future material selection
• Building designers need to change to meet– More labor efficient (price)
• Prefab
– Higher density means...• Taller buildings, people next to each other• Fire and sound more important!
– More energy efficient• More insulation, more airtightness, less thermal
bridges– Building in any weather, fast
• Prefabrication, less moisture sensitive 24
In the old days … Labour & Bme expensive
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Wood single-family housing
• Low-cost• Easy to escape in fire• Sufficient load capacity (if connected)• Separation for fire/noise by air gap or CMU
Hot-rolled Steel Frame
• Low weather sensitivity• Fast erection• Requires significant additional fire protection
esp. for taller buildings• Requires enclosure system (like all frames)• Requires partition system (like all frames)
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LowCrise spec. office buildingAddiBonal finish, fire protecBonand sound isolaBon needed
Site-cast Concrete Frame
• Integral Fire-proofing• Shear walls / floor can be excellent fire/sound
separating partitions• Cold-weather sensitive• Need to have repetition in formwork to be
economical
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InsBtuBonal buildingStrong, durable, fire/soundresistantFlexible floor planCold weather heaBng…
Concrete Masonry Mid-rise InvestorCowned buildingStrong, durable, fire/sound resistantFixed compartmentsMasonry= labour expensive, weather
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Insulated Concrete Forms
Emerging technologyIncludes enclosure thermal/airLess weather/formwork sensiBveFoam needs fire protecBon/finish
R"20 to R"40
!
ICF • High rise practical – manage window widths
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Total Precast (MURB)
Waterloo, ABA Architects
Investor ownedFast erecBon, excellent fire sound separaBonLiZle weather sensiBvity
Sandwich Panel
R"20 or so
Fast erecBon, excellent firesound separaBonLiZle weather sensiBvityPefab w/windows in factory
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Tall Wood Buildings • Much closer framing
– Not practical much beyond 6 stories• Cross-Laminated Timber
– Can be used for tall building• Post-and-Beam
– Can easily be 10 storeys with big enoughwood
• Wood-frame infill– Any height structurally…
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Four+
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SixCStorey MidCRise Wood Buildings (Framed)
6 storeys is very different . . .
• Price rockets as the amount of wood doublesand triples
• Connections!
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Complexity
• Fire and soundseparation morechallenging withframedassemblies
Challenges with Mechanically Attached Air Barriers & Wind During Construction
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CLT- new kind on the block
• New: solid wood strips, cross laminated• Much stronger, heavier, more fire resistant• Much more costly
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Solid Wood:CLT
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High-rise Around the World
We can … • … but should we?
• Significant complexity to manage– Many layers, trades, details
• New challenges to overcome– Construction moisture– Shrinkage/movement– Fire
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Construction Moisture
• Taller buildingsexposed to morerain and snow
• More concernsre. waterstorage/damage
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Moisture Trapped in Wood
•
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•
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Finland
Prince George BC
Shrinkage • Cross-grain
woodshrinks
Site Protection
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Differential Shrinkage Out of the Comfort Zone
• Wood frame and masonry orconcrete walls (fire walls, stairwells,elevator core)
• Masonry cladding• Floor and roof penetrations
(plumbing, sprinkler pipes, tops ofmasonry walls)
• Different support structure (balconieswith exterior columns)
Windowsill Sliding Flashing to Accommodate Shrinkage
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Fire During Construction
• Can you get insurance?
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SOME ENCLOSURE ASPECTS
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Many ways to enclose …
Contractors perspecBve– PCL Constructors
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Ensure conBnuouswater & air barrier,insulaBon
Highly moisturetolerant and fireresistant system
Detailing penetraBonsconBnues to be a focusForgiving system
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Steel Stud Infill
• Significanton-site &on-wallwork
• Most insulationneeds to be onexterior
Steel Stud Infill
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Curtainwall
60around RC3 to RC4 including spandrels and have lots of hidden sealantPrefabricated/UniBzed but, modern curtainwalls, window walls are
Architectural Precast
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e
Federal ReserveMinneapolis MNHOK Architects
FBI HQBuffalo, NY
Commercial/RetailCalgary, AB
R"10to R"
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Modern ApproachHigh thermalExcellent air / waterDurable
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Do n’t dothis!AvoidAir Gap!!ProvideconWnuous“convecWon”barrier inside(e.g., sealedgypsum, tapedboard foam,taped foil%face
Old, problemaWcdesign approachPoor thermalPoor air control
Wide Range of Aesthetics
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Waterloo Region CourthouseNORR Architects
R"10 to R25
Complete prefab highCperformance enclosure
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Fort McMurray, AB Integrally Insulated Wall Panels Windows Cast-in at Precast Plant
oh Straube
UBC / Sandwich panelArchitects KPMB & HCMA
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ICF & Cladding • Many
options• Drained
is bestbut EIFSis practical
• Beware:all openingsmust bedrained!
Window / Balcony Detailsare CriBcal! Drain opening.
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This is apenetraWontoo!Beware “sBck
and peels”
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Wood Enclosure Options
RC20to R
C30+
Exterior
air barrie
r
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Challenges with Mechanically Attached Water Control Layer & Wind
FullyCadhered air & waterbarriers preferred for higherexposure
Poor/Limited Choices
772x8 stud wall
LowR"v
alue
Higher M
oisture
Risk
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Conclusions
• Different materials have different properties• Different projects have different needs• We can usually use all materials for all projects,
but …the best materials will depend on the project!
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Building Science Laboratories is a division of RHD Building Science Inc.
RDH is committed to expanding building science knowledge through research, education, and collaboration among building science professionals. By promoting sound principles established through research, while working with on-the-ground industry partners, RDH aims to have a lasting impact on the quality and energy efficiency of the built environment.
Presentation copyright RDH Building Science Inc. 2016