CPCCCM2001A Read and Interpret Plans and Specifications LR - … · 2015-11-14 · 2.1.Title panel...

CPCCCM2001A

Read & Interpret Plans and Specifications

Student Learning Resource

Student Name ________________________________________________

Type Title Standard Issue Version Ref Release date Kit CCPCCCM2001A NVR Standard 15.5 1 004 Read & Interpret plans and specifications 17/04/2014

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Student Information Purpose: The purpose of this learning package is to help you understand the technical and theoretical knowledge and associated skills of your selected trade area. This package contains a number of learning and associated documents for this unit of competency. Please read all parts of this package to ensure that you complete and manage the process correctly. This assessment tools address the mandatory requirements of the unit of competency including, evidence requirements, range statements and the required skills and knowledge to achieve the learning outcomes indicated in the document. Performance criteria are described below. The contents of this unit will contain some or all of the following as required: Unit outlines / Performance Criteria Self-Checks are self-tests for the student. These have in general been extracted from this learning resource.

ELEMENT PERFORMANCE CRITERIA

1. Identify types of drawings and their functions.

1.1. Main types of plans and drawings used in the construction sector of the industry are identified. 1.2. Key features and functions of each type of drawing are identified. 1.3. Quality requirements of company operations are recognised and adhered to. 1.4. Environmental requirements and controls are identified from job plans, specifications and environmental

plan.

2. Recognise amendments.

2.1. Title panel of project documentation is checked to verify latest amendments to drawing. 2.2. Amendments to specifications are checked to ensure currency of information and conveyed to others

where appropriate.

3. Recognise commonly used symbols and abbreviations.

3.1. Construction symbols and abbreviations are recognised. 3.2. Legend is located on project drawings, and symbols and abbreviations are correctly interpreted.

4. Locate and identify key features on a site plan.

4.1. Orientation of the plan with the site is achieved. 4.2. Key features of the site are identified and located. 4.3. Access to site is gained and services, main features, contours and datum are identified.

5. Identify project requirements.

5.1. Dimensions for project and nominated locations are identified. 5.2. Construction types and dimensions for nominated locations are identified. 5.3. Environmental controls and locations are identified. 5.4. Location, dimensions and tolerances for ancillary works are identified.

6. Read and interpret job specifications.

6.1. Job specifications are identified from drawings, notes and descriptions. 6.2. Standards of work, finishes and tolerances are identified from the project specifications. 6.3. Material attributes are identified from specifications.

UNIT DESCRIPTOR CPCCCM2001A Read and interpret plans and specifications This unit of competency specifies the outcomes required to read and interpret plans and specifications relevant to construction operations. It includes the identification of types of plans and drawings and their functions, the recognition of commonly used symbols and abbreviations, the identification of key features and specifications on a site plan, the comprehension of written job specifications and the recognition of document status and amendment detail.


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ASSESSMENT Overall Assessment Requirements The instructional outcomes required at the completion of this training are satisfactory for each form of evidence resulting in competent. If you do not achieve the required outcomes of competent, for this assessment you will be required to re sit a supplementary examination within a reasonable time of the original examination date. To achieve successful completion of this unit you should achieve a minimum of 3 forms of assessment. Below are some of the forms of evidence that can be used. 1. Written Assessment 2. Third party reports (usually by your employer or supervisor) 3. Workshop/ On Site Activity (generally referred to as “Practical Assessment”) 4. Logbook Evidence (a record of the tasks you carry out for each unit) Theory Examination During the period of this learning you will be required to complete a written theory examination to establish the level of understanding of technical content. Self Checks Self-checks are to be completed on pages provided when requested by your trainer. These exercises are used mainly as a learning tool; they may form part of your overall assessment if deemed necessary by your Trainer. Verbal Questions Verbal questions may be used and recorded to establish your level of knowledge of the competencies of this learning package. Practical Observation / Assessment Practical may be assessed in either of the following formats: -

1. Practical observations will be undertaken in the workplace. Where the assessor observes the student completing a task in the workplace the observation will be recorded in the observation checklist.

2. Where a student is not able to undertake an activity in the workplace a simulated practical activity will be setup by the assessor. (Refer to the practical exercises outlined in this Student Learning Resource.) The observation checklist will be used to record the student’s performances.

Where a student undertakes an activity in the workplace and the trainer is not able to be present the employer / supervisor will confirm the activity on the Third Party Report. The student and employer / supervisor will provide photographic evidence of the activity with an explanation of the task undertaken. The assessor will contact the student by phone or face to face to question the student about the activity to confirm the students understanding and skills. The outcome of this contact will be recorded in the Practical Assessment.


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Log Book or Training Record Book It is the responsibility and requirement for the learner to complete the training record based on the on-the-job and structured training tasks received by the employer or Supervising Registered Training Organisation (SRTO) or as indicated in the training plan, which may be produced to the employer and SRTO at reasonable intervals of not more than 3 months. Log Book evidence from your employer and other forms of evidence relating to this unit of competency will contribute to the outcome of this learning package. If the required activity is not part of your employer’s scope of activity you will be required to complete the skill learning process within a simulated environment. Logbook evidence must reflect the “Elements” shown for this unit. Results A statement of Attainment may be printed for this unit if required, but in general your achievement of this unit will be recorded and presented to you on completion of the entire qualification. Your certificate will record all the units you have completed. RPL and Acceleration Recognition of prior learning is available to all students. This provides an opportunity for being credited for previous learning. Acceleration provides an opportunity to reduce the allocated learning hours for this unit of competency. There is a separate RPL kit for this process. Methodology This unit may be provided as a separate learning instruction or provided with other units of competency in a practical or theoretical learning experience. Due care Every care has been taken to ensure that the information in this learning guide is correct, but trainers are advised to check the currency and the relevance of the content to their own training package. Copyright protects this publication. Except for purpose permitted by the Copyright Act 1968, reproduction, adaptation, electronic storage and communication to the public is prohibited without prior written permission. Pre-requisites Pre-requisite units: CPCCOHS2001A Apply OHS requirements, policies and procedures in the construction industry Feedback to the learner The trainer will provide feedback to the learner on the progress of assessment

This learning package is intended for use by those completing the Competency Unit - CPCCWF2001A Handle Wall & Floor Tiling Materials as part of Basic Stream Skills within the Building Construction Skills Stream of the National Competency Framework.


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Identify types of drawings and their functions

1.1 Main types of plans and drawings used in the construction sector of the industry are identified.

WORKING DRAWINGS Working drawings enable estimators, builders and sub-contract trades persons to perform their respective tasks. Most working drawings have a standard layout of plans, elevations and detail sections. If you need to reach information from plans, this standard layout will help you find it. A set of drawings for the construction of a building consists of some or all of the following:

• Site Plan • Foundation Plan • Floor Plan • Elevations (four) • Sectional Elevation • Section Details • Bracing Plan • Tie Down/Fixings • Joinery Schedule • Timber List

Most of these relate to on-site construction plans, in off-site some plans will apply. The importance of job instructions in off-site construction workplace, such as a factory, will be discussed towards the end of this section.

General requirements for working plans are that they be drawn to a scale of 1:100 except construction details, which are required to be drawn to a minimum scale of 1:20 and site plans to a scale of 1:500. However, 1:200 is preferred by many Local Authorities.

The scale may also depend on the area of the site.

Figures 1 - 5 show a sample set of working drawings for the construction of a brick veneer dwelling and Figures 6 - 8 are the working drawings for a concrete block garage.

Off-site trades people, like construction workers, must be able to read and interpret plans without error. Often this could be the only method by which you will be able to calculate the size of the products you are going to produce and the materials you will need. An example may be the manufacture of stairs or joinery for domestic or commercial buildings.

It’s better to pay extra attention to plans and get the job done correctly the first time rather than pay for expensive mistakes.


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Figure 1: Brick Veneer Dwelling – Floor Plan


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Figure 2: Brick Veneer Dwelling Site and Foundation Plans


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Figure 3: Brick Veneer Dwelling – Elevations and Sections


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Figure 4: Brick Veneer Dwelling – Bracing Details


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Figure 5: Brick Veneer Dwelling – Tie down Details Figure


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Figure 6: Concrete Block Garage - Plans and elevations


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Figure 7: Concrete Block Garage - Bracing Details & Site Plan


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Figure 8: Concrete Block Garage - Structural Details Plan


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1.2 Key features and functions of each type of drawing are identified.

SITE PLAN The site plan is a vertical plan view of the building site or allotment. It identifies the location, shape, size and orientation of the construction site, and the position of the building or buildings on the site. It may also give other details such as:

• Real property description. (R.P.D.) . • Area of allotment. • Access roads. • Service points. • Contour lines. • Significant physical features. • Storm water drainage.

The North point is always shown on the site plan to show the orientation of the site and the building/s. Site plans are usually drawn to a scale of 1:200 with dimensions given in metres to two (2) decimal places.

Refer to Figure 2, and study the site plan and the information it conveys.

Figure 9 is a simple site plan used for orientation purposes only. The North point is indicated and from this you can determine the North, South, East and West boundaries likewise the North, South, East and West sides of the building. Example 1

Only With reference to Figure 10 you will notice that it not only shows the distance the proposed office building is from the boundary lines but also the sewer main, sewer connection, underground power connection and the access drive to the adjacent street.

The position of a proposed future extension is shown in the North East corner. The example site plan shown in Figure 11, in addition to other information, indicates a datum set out point and contour lines. From the contour lines you can determine the fall of the allotment which in this case falls 2.1m, along the East boundary from North to South and 0.5m along the South boundary from West to East. You can also determine that the finished floor level (F.F.L.) is to be 1400 above the datum set out point.

Examples of various site plans


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A site plan showing the access to the site from the adjacent street


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A site plan showing contours, concrete driveway and paths


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FOUNDATION PLAN The foundation plan shows:

• Thickness and width of all footings whether strip or isolated • Thickness of foundation walls • Size of columns and concrete slab • Thickness of concrete slab • Thickness and width of slab thickening - when required to support load bearing walls.

The size and type of reinforcement for concrete footings and slabs is often stated adjacent to the foundation plan. Foundation plans are drawn to a scale of 1:100 and any dimensions are in millimetres. Figure 12 is an example of a typical foundation plan for a brick veneer dwelling. Note the reference to the construction of the concrete footing and slab. Other examples appear in Figures 2 and 6.

FLOOR PLANS This plan usually gives more information than any other part of the working drawings and includes: • Overall shape and size; • Dimensions of individual rooms, patios, verandahs etc.; • Thickness of walls, external and internal; • Position of openings, windows and doors; • Roof outline; and • Position of hanging and strutting beams if applicable.

Floor plans are usually drawn to a scale of 1:100 with the dimensions given in millimetres. Figure 13 is an example of a floor plan for a timber-framed dwelling sheeted externally with a material other than brick veneer. A floor plan for a brick veneer dwelling is shown on Figure 1 and Figure 6 the floor plan for a concrete block garage is shown. Note the difference in how the external walls are indicated. Also note how the brick cavity wall to the lounge and dining rooms on the floor plan in Figure 1 is shown.

ELEVATIONS Most Local Authorities require elevations of the four (4) sides of a dwelling as part of a set of working drawings Each elevation is named according to the direction it faces for example NORTH, SOUTH, EAST or WEST ELEVATION. Information shown on or adjacent to elevations is: • Windows and doors to external walls • External cladding for example, brick veneer, chamfer boards, fibre cement etc. • General roof shape and slope (pitch) • Roof overhang • Handrail heights to verandahs if applicable.


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SECTIONAL ELEVATIONS This view is required by most Local Authorities. The section to be viewed is indicated on the floor plan by section lines which by the aid of the arrow heads indicate the direction in which the section is viewed. The sectional elevation shows such information as: • Height of floor above ground level (G.L.) • Ceiling height • Joinery line/height • Handrail height if applicable and • Depth of footings

Figure 15 shows a typical sectional elevation for a brick veneer dwelling on a concrete slab.


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SECTION DETAILS These views are used when it is not possible or practical to show specific constructional details on small scale drawings, for example: 1:100 or 1:50 details are usually drawn at scales of 1:20, 1:10 or 1:5 for more accurate drawings the scale maybe 1:1 or 1:2.

Figure 16 is a vertical section showing details of the footing and floor slab junction. Other sectional detail drawings are shown on Figures 2, 5, 8, 17 and 31.

BRACING PLAN Some states require a bracing plan with the set of working diagrams for dwellings NOTE: This is a single line floor plan of the building showing the type, length and position of bracing panels.

A schedule of the bracing panels and their individual and total wind

resistance value usually accompanies this plan.

Refer to Figures 4, 7 and 18 for details of bracing plan.


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TIE DOWN In a set of working drawings tie downs or special fixings are mostly shown in the form of a schedule or table that indicates how structural framing members are tied down or fixed to each other from the roof sheeting through to the footing. Example: • Roof sheeting to roof battens. • Roof battens to rafters. • Rafters to top wall plates. • Top wall plate to studs. • Studs to bottom wall plates. • Bottom wall plates to concrete footing on slab.

Refer to Figure 19 for an example of how the information can be set out.


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TIE DOWN DETAILS Specification of timber framing and materials Roof sheeting: Colorbond zincalume 0.48th – custom ordered Roof battens: Rhw F11 AT 900 C/S Roof trusses: RADIATA PINE AT 900 C/S Ext. Wall framing: seasoned Oregon pine F7 strength GR. JD4 Int. Wall framing: seasoned Oregon pine F7 strength GR. JD4 Stud spacing: 450 C/S dimension a main roof: 4535 Designed wind area: W42

NOTE: The above information – calculations and figures are taken from Queensland Timber Framing Manual W42


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JOINERY SCHEDULE The joinery schedule is usually shown in the form of a table and contains such information as: • Type of window or door • Size of item • Material used in its construction • Its position in the building Example of a Joinery Schedule JOINERY SCHEDULE W1 1215 Anodized Aluminium Sliding W2 0606 " " " W3 1012 " " " W4 1009 " " " W5 1012 " " " W6 2012 " " " W7 2015 " " "

Window. Perm. Vent. Obscure Glass Fixed Lower Light.

D1 2121 Sl Glass Door. D2 2040 x 820 EXT Main Entrance Door. D3 " " " Flush Panel with Half Light. D4 " " “ NT Door.

Where W1 is window 1 referred to on the plan and D1 is door 1.

TIMBER LIST The section size of the various timber framing members for a building are not always shown on the working drawings but if not they must be included in the specification. The following is an example of how the section size of timber framing members are shown on a set of working drawings. TIMBER FRAMING UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED ALL TIMBER FRAMING TO BE SEASONED PINE STRESS GRADE F5 JOINT GROUP JD5


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BCG1003A – READ AND INTERPRET PLANS

© Australian National Training Authority 2000 July 2000 39

10. TIMBER LIST The section size of the various timber framing members for a building are not always shown on the working drawings but if not they must be included in the specification. The following is an example of how the section size of timber framing members are shown on a set of working drawings.

TIMBER FRAMING UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED ALL TIMBER FRAMING TO BE SEASONED PINE STRESS GRADE F5 JOINT GROUP JD5

MEMBER EXTERNAL INTERNAL REMARKS

Bottom Wall Plates 70 x 35 70 x 35

Top Wall Plates 2/70 x 35 Nail Laminated

Top Wall Plates 70 x 35

Common Studs at 450 C/S 70 x 35 Not Notched

Common Studs at 450 C/S 70 x 35 May be Notched

Studs to Sides of Openings

up to 1200 wide

2/70 x 35

70 x 45

Nail Laminated

Over 1200 and up to 1800

2/70 x 45 70 x 45 Nail Laminated

Over 1800 and up to 2100

3/70 x 45 Nail Laminated

Lintels

W4 - W5 - D3 70 x 45

W6 - W7 90 x 70

W2 2/120 x 35 Nail Laminated

W1 2/140 x 35 Nail Laminated

D4 - D5 70 x 45

Roofing Plate to Cavity Brick 100 x 50

Rhw

F11

Joint

Gr

J2

Verandah Posts 100 x 100 " " " " "

Verandah Plate 150 x 50 " " " " "

Rafters to Verandah 900 C/S

100 x 50 " " " " "

OR 120 x 35 Pine F5 " " JD5

Roof Battens 900 C/S Max. 75 x 38 Rhw F11 " " J2


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PLANS Why Do Plans Have to Be Drawn? Plans are drawn to accurately describe a particular object or building to all interested parties before it is constructed. If accurate plans are prepared then the proposed building will be fully understood by the Local Authority who approve the plans, and the builder and trades persons who will build it.

Everyone has to work to some sort of plan, in order to meet the customer’s requirements. On large construction jobs, very detailed plans are needed. In the off-site construction industry where you may be working to produce anything from: • Shop fittings • Pre-fabricated housing components • Headstones • Signs • Plans may be less detailed. The plans are not as detailed. They still give information such as: • What you are making, including sizes and design • The materials to use • Where to install the product, if required • How to install the product. Information Found on Plans Plans will show:

• The location and size of the spaces in the building • The materials that are to be used • The location of the building on the site • Special fittings and finishes • In some cases the layout of services e.g. power and gas. • Who Draws Plans? • Trained drafters prepare the detailed plans that builders use. Drafters are trained to draw the

plans following a set of standard guidelines used by everybody in the drafting profession. The next section explains the techniques used by drafters when drawing plans.

• They are • Orthographic projection • Planes of projection • Line types • Dimensions • Notes, lettering and abbreviations • Sectional views • Scales and the Scale Rule. You may find it useful to gather some examples of plans or job

instructions you use in your workplace and discuss with your trainer the information contained in the plan. Remember, some plans are more detailed than others.


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ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION Everyday objects have three (3) dimensions, for example: • Length • Breadth or width • Height. All of the objects in Figure 20 can be represented pictorially, but the drawings can get very cluttered when additional information is added, so another method is used where the object is represented by drawing a series of different views. This is called ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION.

Orthographic projection involves drawing three different views of an object. These are: More views may have to be prepared. This will depend on the complexity of the object. • Front view or front elevation; • Side view or end elevation; and • Top view or plan.


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On the three examples given, notice the arrangement of the views on the drawing sheet. This is a standard arrangement, which is known as orthographic projection.


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PLANES OF PROJECTION

LEGEND: HP -Horizontal Plane VP -Vertical Plane EVP -End Vertical Plane P -Plan FE -Front Elevation EE -End Elevation Orthographic Projection Procedure Orthographic projection is the drawing of plans and elevations on horizontal and vertical planes by projecting lines perpendicular to the respective plane from every point of the object. Working drawings consist of as many views as are necessary to completely define the object. Figure 23 is a pictorial view of first angle projection, which is used in the building and construction industry. The engineering industry uses third angle projection, which you may have used if you have previously studied a drawing subject

NOTE: Refer to Figure 23 whilst studying the following three (3) topics:


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Horizontal Plane (HP) The plan view, face A, is drawn on this plane, HP, by projecting from every point on the object seen when looking in the direction of arrow P (from Figure 22) at 90° the horizontal plane. Vertical Plane (VP) The front elevation face B, is drawn on this plane, VP, by projecting from every point on the object seen when looking in the direction of arrow FE (from Figure 22) at 90° to the vertical plane. End Vertical Plane (EVP) The end elevation, face C, is drawn on this plane, EVP, by projecting from every point on the object when looking in the direction of arrow EE (from Figure 22) at 90° to the end vertical plane. The object, in this case a rectangular block of timber, is viewed as shown in Figure 23. Each view is described separately on a plane, i.e. a sheet of drawing paper as it exists in that view. See Figure 24.


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Each view is one of a group of drawings arranged so that they fully describe the object. In many cases showing three views is sufficient, but depending on the object, four or more views may be needed to fully describe the object. The views shown, in Figures 24 and 25 show respectively pictorial and orthographic views of a garage. This type of drawing, orthographic, is better than other types of representation because it gives the necessary information to enable the object/building to be constructed. It allows dimensions and details to be shown without making the drawing cluttered with information as you would get in pictorial views.

In orthographic drawing we get: • A view showing the top surface, the plan • A view showing the front surface, front elevation • A view showing the end surface, end elevation In plans for the construction of dwellings the elevations are usually designated as North, South, East and West. The side of the building facing the cardinal points of the compass are given that respective title. Refer to Figures 26.


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LINE TYPES Using single continuous lines can be very limiting when plans become more complex. Drafters overcome this by using a variety of line types to help distinguish between particular features and help to highlight certain important information in different circumstances. For example, here are some different types of lines and their uses.

CONTINUOUS _________________________

DASHED CENTRE or

Continuous lines are used for general line work and can range from thin to very thick depending on what they represent. Dashed lines are usually used for hidden detail and items at different levels e.g. overhead cupboards, beams etc. These two variations are often used to show the roof lines on the plan. It is easy to develop your own alternatives that can be used in conjunction with a legend on very ‘busy’ plans. Different line types are used to highlight relevant information that needs to be indicated but is not strictly part of the plan at that level. For instance, the position of pipes under the ground or floor level, or perhaps the position of important details above, like a roof, a wall or a beam. Different line types are also used to highlight items where a plan is very congested. For example, making a line thicker or heavier. In many instances where dotted or different line types are used there is a note to assist the viewer in understanding what is being shown.


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DIMENSIONS

A dimension is a numerical note which describes the physical size of an object on a drawing and is usually shown in millimetres (mm), the exception being on site plans where the dimensions are indicated in metres to two (2) decimal places. Refer to Figure 28.

It is the drafter's responsibility to make the dimensions as easy to understand as possible.

In the preliminary stages of a project only the major overall sizes of the building are usually shown.

When the working drawings are prepared it will be necessary to provide all the dimensions required to construct the building.

Figures 28 and 29 show some examples of different types of dimensions found on plans. This is the type of basic dimensions that is used on preliminary drawings.

This is typical of the sort of dimensions that is used on working drawings.


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NOTE Overall dimensions are shown furthest from the drawing.

NOTES, LETTERING AND ABBREVIATIONS An important aspect of any set of plans are the written notes which are always evident. Notes are provided to further explain aspects of the construction that are perhaps difficult to draw, e.g. colour, fixing details, etc. Notes can be provided on the drawings with arrows pointing at the relevant part, or they can be in the form of a list with a suitable heading to help the reader. Notes should always be relevant and cross referenced to a part of the drawing. The use of abbreviations is a vital part of the notation as they save repetition and time and they avoid the unnecessary wasting of valuable space. Standard abbreviations must of course be used at all times, and the Australian Standard 1100.301 provides a very comprehensive list. Special lettering techniques are also necessary to highlight information of importance, for example, a north point, a section line, room names, drawing titles. SECTIONAL VIEWS Sectional views are a means used by the designer or draftsperson to provide further information to the builder and/or trades person on construction details that do not show up clearly in the general working drawings. A section can be either an elevation or plan view. To draw a sectional elevation or sectional plan you imagine a vertical or horizontal plane cuts through that portion of the structure that will best give the details required. An elevation or plan view is drawn where the imaginary cut is made. The position of this imaginary cutting plane is identified on a full elevation or plan by a section line with an arrow at each. This indicates the direction in which the section is taken. These section lines are also identified by letters for example A-A or B-B. Refer to Figure 31 and note section lines A-A and B-B which indicate where the sectional elevations in Figure 30 are taken. 1. Detail Sections are drawn to a larger scale than the main drawings, example 1:20, 1:10 or 1:5.


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Footing and Slab Detail

The detail construction for a concrete footing and slab is usually drawn to a scale of 1:10. Refer to Figure 31 which shows a detail Section A-A of the thickening of the slab under load bearing partition and section B-B which is a section through the concrete footing and adjacent construction.

Section B-B shows the section sizes of the concrete footing, position and size of the reinforcement for both the concrete footing and floor slab, D.P.C. under wall framing, polythene membrane under the concrete slab, flashing in the wall cavity, weep holes and the relative positions of walls be they brick or timber. This view also shows the thickness of the concrete floor slab and the shape of the edge thickening for the slab. Section A-A indicates the shape and extra reinforcement required for the thickening of the slab under load bearing partitions.


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Above typical column plan below an older slab/foundation footing plan in the old imperial measurements. 1” = approximately 254mm


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An assortment of beams and lintels


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SCALES AND THE SCALE RULE A scale rule is essential for trade drawing. The scale rule required for the construction industry is described in AS 1212 - 2/300. This rule provides scales in ratios 1:1; 1:5; 1:10 and 1:100 on the face side. On the reverse side scales of 1:20; 1:200; 1:50 and 1:500 are calibrated. The scale rule should not be used as a guide for drawing lines.

NOTE: Students will find a 400mm clear plastic rule, clearly graduated in millimetres a very useful instrument. Among other uses it can be used as a line guide on the tee square if the edge of the tee square has been damaged through misuse.

Preferred Scales for Architectural Drawings

The scale selected for a particular drawing should be determined by consideration of:

• The type of information to be communicated

• The need for the drawing to adequately and accurately communicate the information necessary for the particular work to be carried out. • The need for economy of time and effort in drawing production.

• Requirements of building or lending authorities.

• Complexity of item being drawn.

• Size of drawing sheet adopted.

The preferred scales used for various architectural design drawings are shown in table form on the next page.


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PREFERRED SCALES FOR ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS



PREFERRED SCALES FOR ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS

DESIGN DRAWINGS Drawing

Recommended Scales

Use

Sketch Plans

1:200 1:100 1:50

To show the overall design of the building

PRODUCTION DRAWINGS

Location Drawings

Block Plan

1:2000 1:1000 1:500

To locate the site within the general district

Site Plan

1:500 1:200

To locate building work including services and site works - on the site.

General Location Drawings

1:200 1:100 1:50

To indicate the juxtaposition of rooms and spaces, and to locate the position of components and assemblies.

Special Area Location Drawings

1:50 1:20

To show the detailed location of components or assemblies in complex areas.

Construction Detail Drawings Construction Details

1:20 1:10 1:5 1:2 1:1

To show the interface of two or more components and assemblies for construction purposes

Component and Assembly Drawings Range Drawings

1:100 1:50 1:20

To show in schedule form, the range of specific components or assemblies to be used in the project.

Component and Assembly Details

1:10 1:5 1:2 1:1

To show precise information of components and assemblies for workshop manufacture.


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READING THE SCALE RULE Because buildings are large, scale drawings have to be used. When reading drawings or when preparing drawings to scale, you must be able to read the scale rule. A scale rule is similar to an ordinary rule in having graduation lines marked at one millimetre intervals, longer lines at the five millimetre marks and even longer lines at the ten millimetre marks. The ten millimetre marks also show the graduation number. However, on a scale rule the graduation number indicates the scaled up value rather than the true length. For example, refer to Figure 33 below, and notice that along the top of the rule there is a scale of 1:20 and below it is a scale of 1:200. This means that if we are reading a scale of 1:20, a true length of 10mm represents 200mm; 20mm represents 400mm, etc. In other words, the true length is multiplied by (or scaled up) by 20. Notice that the scaled up values are shown. Similarly, reading the 1:200 scale, 10mm true length is shown as 2m (or 2000mm). We have to mentally multiply the intermediate millimetres by the scale factor to obtain the exact measurement. For example, the 640 measurement read on the 1:20 scale shown in Figure 34, is 600mmplus (2mm x 20). If we were reading the 1:200 scale, the measurement would be 6m plus (2mm x 200) or 6.4m or 6400mm. Similarly the 7400 measurement read on the 1:200 scale is 6m + (7mm x 200) or 7400mm. Of course, on the 1:20 scale, the measurement would be 740 mm. Examine your scale rule and notice that a number of scales are available depending on the type that you have. Notice that each set of graduations has two scales, one ten times the other. When you use the rule, select the scale to match the scale of the drawing. Your instructor will assist you to understand the reading of the scale rule before you commence the scale drawing self-check exercise.


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Figure 34 is the plan of a rectangular building 11 000 by 6 000mm drawn to the scale of 1:100. This means 1 unit on the drawing represents 100 units on the building. Figure 35 is the same building drawn to the scale of 1:200 At this scale 1 unit on the drawing represents 200 units on the building


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PLAN AND DOCUMENT READING Plans, drawings and specifications provide all the necessary information required by the builder to tender for and complete a construction project. They will also provide information for off-site trades for the manufacture and fixing of internal fittings. The Australian Standard, AS 1100 Part 301-1985, Architectural Drawing sets out details of those symbols, abbreviations, graphical representations etc. recommended for use on architectural drawings. In the first portion of this section, SECTION 1, under the heading WORKING DRAWINGS you learnt about the various views/drawings that make a set of plans for a construction project. This portion of Section 1 deals with: • Title block • Drawing symbols • Fixture symbols • Electrical symbols • Abbreviations • Specifications.

TITLE BLOCK The example of a title block shown on this page shows the relevant details found in the title block of most plans: For example: • Client • Project • Location • Consultant • Drawn by • Checked by • Issue or revision code • Scale • Date • Project Number • Drawing Number Title Blocks are found usually in the bottom right hand corner of the plan, and can be vertical as shown here, or horizontal as shown below.


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TYPICAL TITLE BLOCK Suggested Size of Title Block

LEGEND: A. The name of the company, organisation or design authority from which the drawing originates. B. The title or name of the drawing. C. The drawing number. D. A record of the information relative to the preparation of the drawing. This information could include the names of the draftsperson, checker and approving authority. It might also include a contractor's name and reference number. E. A code number identifying the particular division or department within the design authority responsible for the drawing. F. The drawing sheet size. G. The predominant scale of the drawing. H. This space is reserved for miscellaneous information such as modification number, the sheet number for multi sheet drawings, or the estimated mass of the item. I. Additional blocks for other general information such as dimensions and tolerances notes, material notes, or surface finish requirements, should be placed in this area.



18. TITLE BLOCK

The example of a title block shown on this page shows the relevant details found in the title block of most plans:

CLIENT: D. C. Green and Company

For example:

PROJECT: Proposed Child Care Centre

LOCATION 91 Fir Street BARCALDINE QLD 4725

PROJECT CONSULTANTS Blake And Brown Consultants Floor 3 125 Black Road INDOOROOPILLY QLD 4068

• Client • Project • Location • Consultant • Drawn by • Checked by • Issue or revision code • Scale • Date • Project Number • Drawing Number

ARCHITECT B. J. Smyth 7 Denham Street INDOOROOPILLY QLD 4068

THIS DRAWING Elevations And Sections DRAWN: B.C. SCALE: 1:100 PROJECT NO: BCA-721

DRAWN: B.C. CHECKED: J.G. ISSUE: A

SCALE: 1:100 DATE: MAY 96

PROJECT No: DRAWING No:

Title Blocks are found usually in the bottom right hand corner of the plan, and can be vertical as shown here, or horizontal as shown below. BCA-721 WD - 04

TYPICAL TITLE BLOCK

CLIENT: D.C. Green and Company

PROJECT: Proposed Child Care Centre

LOCATION: 91 Fir Street Barcaldine QLD 4725

ARCHITECT: B.J. Smyth

Drawn Checked: Scale: Project No: Drawing No: Date:

Other information relevant to the preparation of the drawings can be recorded here.

B.C. J.G. 1:100 BCA-721 WD 10/96


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DRAWING SYMBOLS Shown below are a series of symbols relating to the construction industry.


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FIXTURE SYMBOLS Shown below are some symbols currently found on plans. Common abbreviations are


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ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS Shown below are some symbols currently found on plans. Common abbreviations are listed in Figure 40.


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ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviations are a quick method of writing on a plan without taking up too much space. They are also easy to read when used correctly. Have a close look at each abbreviation and you will see how the abbreviated letters are taken from their meanings

Level Abbreviations

FCL: Finished Ceiling Level

NGL: Natural Ground Level

FFL: Finished Floor Level

RL: Reduced Level

FGL: Finished Ground Level

CONTOUR LINE Listed below are some common abbreviations used in the construction industry.

AL Aluminium CONC Concrete RSD Roof Service Duct AS Australian

Standard CC CF Ceiling Concrete SEW Sewer

AUX Auxiliary CTR Floor Contour SD Sewer Drain BB Beam Bearer CORR Corrugated Dish SHR Shower BL Boundary Line DW D Washer Door Down S Sink BLK Block DP Pipe Drainage Floor SQ Square Tube BT Boundary Trap FW Floor Waste SPR Sprinkler BV Brick Veneer GHW Gas Hot Water SF Strip Footing BWK Brick Work MH OUT Man Hole Outlet SWD Storm Water Drain BL Building Line OA Overall SWBD Switchboard CAB Cabinet OH Overhead TC Terra Cotta CI Cast Iron PF Plasterboard TR Trench CW Cavity Wall RSJ Rolled Steel Joist TM Trench Mesh CEM Cement Mortar PCC Precast Concrete RSC Rolled Steel

Channel CR Cement Render RHT Rail Height UC Under Construction CHY Chimney RW Rain Water UG Underground CW Water Column PG PF Glass Portal Frame UB Universal Beam CD Clothes Drier WRC Western Red Cedar URV Urinal Vent CL Center Line WR Weather Resistant VER Verandah WPM Waterproof

Membrane WP Waste Pipe VERT Vertical

WM Water Meter WC Water Closet WBD Wallboard

Figure 1 Abbreviations Used By the Construction Industry


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SPECIFICATION The specification forms part of the Tender Documents and ultimately part of the Contract Documents. The Australian National Building Specifications Systems (NATSPEC) is designed as a guide specification for building works. Most house building is performed using a standard Home Building Specification prepared by the Housing Industry Association or the Master Builders Association of the respective State. These specification documents contain a general building specification, along with an accompanying Schedule or Supplement compiled to cater for the needs and requirements of the individual proprietors for their specific house. Items such as the following are spelt out in detail: • Disposal of excavated materials • Trees and other items to be protected • Extent of drainage work • Extent and finish to concrete • Type and colour of bricks • Type of floor sheeting, internal linings and ceilings • Manufacture and type of door and window frames and sashes • External and internal joinery designs, door hardware and furniture • Sizes and details of internal fixing timbers • Glazing types • Extent of cupboards and wardrobes etc • Roof sheeting material and sarking / sisalation • Make and type of plumbing fixtures and fittings • Extent of electrical work and type of switches and fittings throughout • Extent of, type and quality of wall and floor tiling • Other floor covering and finishes • Painting and colour selection • Prime cost items (P.C.I.s) • Items to be supplied by the proprietor • Details of other miscellaneous items to be supplied by the builder or the proprietor This list is a cross section only. It includes the type of information expected to be detailed in a schedule or supplement to a standard builders/proprietors specification document and is not a comprehensive listing. A current HIA or MBA specification complete with schedule and/or supplement should be accessed by each learner for inspection and perusal. Copies of these documents should be available in the library or from your instructor.


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PLAN INTERPRETATION AND SPECIFICATIONS Self Check - Work sheet 1

1. What are drawings used for in the building industry?

2. What are pictorial drawings and why are they used?

3. Name two types of pictorial drawing?

4. What is an orthographic drawing?

5. State the appropriate scales used to create working drawings in the building industry for the following views: Site plans Floor plans Elevations Sections

6. Name the five most commonly used detail types for residential drawings.

7. Name the key users of drawings?

8. State the basic information found in a plan title block for a residential building


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9. What is the purpose of a specification?

10. How are the contents of a specification arranged to allow for easy use and reference?

11. The name of the view shown on the following page is the

12. In the kitchen area, the abbreviation ‘o’ or ‘w/o’ identifies the position of the

13. The abbreviation ‘DP’ identifies the position and number of

14. The number of down pipes shown is

15. The garden tap is positioned outside the

16. The abbreviation ‘HWS’ stands for

17. The internal dimensions of the rumpus room are

18. The abbreviation ‘m.h.’ in the garage is to identify the position of the in the garage.

19. The abbreviation ‘o/a’ is referring to the size of the entry door frame.


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20. The provision of external ducting to the range hood is located outside the

21. The width of the window to the dining room area is

22. The name of the view shown on the following page is the

23. The boundary formed by survey pegs C and D is at the _____________ side of the block

24. The abbreviation R.L. stands for

25. The Council building line is set _ in from the street alignment.

26. The total area of the building block is

27. The total number of trees to be removed is

28. The length of the West side boundary is

29. The reduced level at the Datum position is

30. The approximate fall along the east side boundary is

31. There are new trees to be planted on the block.


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Practical Assignment - 1 NOTE: You only have to complete five (5) of the items listed below.

1. Sketch and label 5 types of support members/structures for domestic, commercial or industrial buildings. e.g. concrete strip footings

2. Select symbols and abbreviations Reproduce six (6) symbols or abbreviations you have found on a plan drawing. State and describe what they relate to.

3. Select and describe views on plan drawings Write the names of six (5) views that are found on plan drawings and state the purpose of each view.

Complete the assignment on the following pages provided.

When completing items above that reference a plan drawing, you may use any plan drawing or one that has been handed to you. It is expected that you have read the relevant pages of reading in the Basic Building and Construction Skills text book or class notes provided.

This assignment should be checked by your employer/supervisor and signed together with the activity checklist.


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1.Sketch and label 5 types of support members/structures for domestic, commercial or industrial buildings. e.g. concrete strip footings Name 1. ________________

2. ________________

3. _________________

4. _________________

5. _________________

2. Select symbols and abbreviations Reproduce six (6) symbols or abbreviations you have found on a plan drawing. State and describe what they relate to. Use the back if required.

1. ___________________________________

2. ___________________________________

3. ___________________________________

4. ___________________________________

5. ___________________________________

6. ___________________________________

3. Select and describe views on plan drawings Write the names of six (5) views that are found on plan drawings and state the purpose of each view.

1. ___________________________________

2. ___________________________________

3. ___________________________________

4. ___________________________________

5. ___________________________________


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Practical Assignment – 2 SCALING When a set of plans are drawn it is usually impossible to show objects full size, therefore the building, structure or location must be proportionately reduced sufficiently to fit on convenient size drawing paper. This reduction is called scaling down and is shown on the plan as being 1:100 or whichever scaled down reduction the architect or designer has chosen.

A general rule or widely accepted practice is that any figured dimension on a plan takes precedence over any 'scaling off'. However dimensions are often omitted or unknown and it is then that scaling such measurements must be done and read accurately.

NOTE: 'Scaling off' is the practice of measuring a dimension on a plan with a scale rule and accepting the distance found as true if no dimension is displayed.

During plan printing the paper may stretch or even shrink thus making accurate scaling difficult and inaccurate. Measurements should be checked against known dimensions to determine the accuracy of the drawing.

Scales commonly used in the building industry are:

• Floor plans 1:100 • Elevations 1:100 • Sections 1:100 • Block/site plans 1:200, 1:500 • details 1:20, 1:10, 1:5. Again it must be stressed that figured dimensions should take precedence over scaling. It must also be pointed out that not all plans, details, etc. have every dimension stated, nor in fact are the dimensions stated always applicable or correct. Therefore the student or builder is expected to check dimensions and then if found deficient it may be necessary to scale the drawing to determine the most accurate dimension.


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USING A SCALE RULE Most scale rules have 1 mm increments. At a scale of 1:1, this becomes an actual dimension. If the drawing is scaled down, say 1:5, then each increment will represent 5 mm. That is a measurement of 75 mm is read as 15 mm on the scale rule. By using the appropriate scale, it is possible to read the 75 mm directly from the rule. See the adjacent drawing. Understanding the various increments on a scale rule is essential for accurate measuring. Above all else, care must be taken to use the correct scale as noted on the drawing.

STUDENT SCALING EXERCISE A series of scaling exercises have been designed to acquaint the student with the use of a scale rule. Probably the simplest way of using a scale rule is to measure a dimension line on a floor plan. These lines (extension lines) are bounded by a line at right angles to the main dimension line and these divisions of the dimension line by the 'cross' lines make measuring possible. Sometimes dimension lines appear in different forms as not all plans are drawn by architects or draftspersons. Consequently the plan reader could be confronted with many variations. Example of Dimension Lines The principle remains the same, careful positioning of the scale rule and using the correct scale. Sometimes measurements fall between scale rule increments, making it especially difficult when using smaller scales, e.g. 1:50 and smaller. A technique called approximation or estimating has to be adopted to determine measurements in this case. A rule of thumb would be estimating to 25% of the scale rule increment, yet keeping measurement in whole measurement in whole millimetres. Example Scaling Exercise Although architects and draftspersons endeavour to include as much detail, dimensioning and information as possible on a plan, there often arises the necessity to scale details of other parts of the plan.


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The plan reader may have to determine or interpret size or even dimensions, height/depth etc., because of some anomaly.

This anomaly can be due to: • Shrinkage or expansion of the plan during printing process • A badly formed figured dimension. • Lack of dimension or sectional size because of referral to some code, e.g. all timber sizes as per S.A.A. 1 68s1979 timber framing code. • Omission of dimension etc. due to an oversight by the architect It must be remembered that the plan reader has to locate, interpret and act upon the information given on a plan. If not in the constructional sense, then perhaps during estimating, quantity take off or directing others to manufacture components, e.g. cupboards.

The following scaling exercise has been designed for the student to measure a component or object in the nominated scale.

Each component or object has a series of numbers within a circle.

Each circle is adjacent to a line which is to be measured and the answer marked in pencil along the line attached to that circle. See the example below.


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Example Student Scaling Exercise

STUDENT SCALING EXERCISE Measure the numbered distances in the nominated scale, then write the measurement in where indicated.

1 18 2 19 3 20 4 21 5 22 6 23 7 24 8 25 9 26 10 27 11 28 12 29 13 30 14 31 15 32 16 33 17 34


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Practical Assignment 3 Complete the JSA at the end of this Learning Resource. Your task is to go on site and assess service both above and below ground, location for sheds containers and machinery as well as fences bollards traffic cones, entry to and from the site and environmental considerations for all waste materials. You may make a list of the hazards you may come across below as a team or individually. The JSA is to be completed individually. ________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________


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Self Check Questions - 2 The J & R SMITH plan drawing forms part of this assignment and is a typical drawing of a small house. By investigating the plan and reading the detail of the drawings, answer the following questions by circling the appropriate number. When completed, transfer your responses to the rear page of this document. You are expected to achieve 30 out of a possible 32 correct answers for competency.

Question 1 State the main materials that describe the type of building construction.

a. Solid brick b. Timber framed C. Cavity brick D. Brick veneer

Question 2 The thickness of the timber frame is:

a. 100 b. 90 c. 75 d. 70

Question 3 The material used in the windows is:

a. Aluminium b. Timber c. Steel d. Silky Oak Question 4 The base structure can be describes as:

a. Pier and column B. Timber framed C. Slab-on-ground D. High set

Question 5 The building faces:

a. North b. South c. East d. West

Question 6 The thickness of the main flooring material is: a 75 b.100 c. 150 d. 200


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Question 7 The hot water unit is located in:

A. The carport B. The kitchen C. Placed outside D. The laundry

Question 8 The broom cupboard is located near the:

A. Laundry B. Bathroom C. Bed room 2 D. Kitchen

Question 9 The shape of the roof is called

a. Dutch gable b. Gable roof c. Hip roof d. Tiled roof

Question 10 The size of the front door is:

a. 2040 x 820 b. 2040 x 770 c. 2040 x 870 d. 2040 x 720 Question 11 The height of the ceiling is located on the: a. Plan view b. Elevation c. Full height section d. Section

Question 12 The height of the garage is found on the: a. Plan view b. Elevation c. Section d. Site plan

Question 13 The size of the rafters to the main building are:

a.100x38 b.100x50 c.125x38 d.125x75


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Question 14 Concrete strength is measured in Mpa. What is the minimum strength of the concrete to the footings: a. 20 Mpa b. 75 Mpa c. 25 MPa d. 35 MPa

Question 15 The rainwater is to discharge to: a. The council sewer b. The storm water drain c. The ground surface d. The street

Question 16 The eaves width is: a. 225 b. 1500 c. 3280 d. 600

Question 17 The distance to the front of the building is:

a. 6000 to the eaves b. 1500 from the side boundary c. Not stated. d. Stated by the inspector

Question 18 The area of the site is: a. 558 square metres b. 113 square metre c. 795.8 m² d. Not stated

Question 19 The roof material for the house is: a. Trimbeck steel roof b. Colour bond steel roof c. Terra cotta tiles d. Concrete tiles


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Question 20 The dimensions of the bedroom 3 are: a. 2700 x 2025 b. 3000 x 2700 c. 3300 x 2700 d. 3000 x 3750 e. 2870 x 2900

Question 21 The size of the bathroom window is: a. 900 x 1200 b. 2500 x 225 c. 2040 x 770 d. 1200 x 1500 e. 900 x 900

Question 22 State the direction that the laundry door faces. a. North b. South c. East d. West Question 23 State the depth of the linen cupboard. a. 450 b. 1050 c. 75 d. 900 e. not marked Question 24 The shower tray is: a. a tiled floor b. a pressed steel tray c. a poly marble tray d. a stainless steel tray Question 25 The location of the house is measured to the: a. External walls b. Roof c. Garage d. Eaves


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Question 26 The majority of information for constructing the building is displayed on the:

a. Site plan b. Floor plan c. Elevations d. Section view

Question 27 The spacing of the wall ties is displayed on the:

a. An elevation b. Plan view c. Section A - A d. Full height section e. Floor Plan

Question 28 The direction that the house faces is displayed on the: a. Floor plan b. Elevations c. Site plan d. Section views

Question 29 The correct description of the location of the building is displayed on the:

a. Floor plan b. Site plan c. Elevations d. Section views

Question 30 The height of the floor of the building in relation to the allotment is displayed on the:

a. Site plan b. Floor plan c. Elevations d. Section views AA

Question 31 Termite protection is stated on the:

a. Plan view b. Notes c. Footing plan d. Section A – A e. Specifications


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Job Site Safety Procedure includes:

Safety measures 1. Keep a well-stocked, up-to-date first aid kit in an accessible area. 2. Always wear appropriate protective gear.

Train workers thoroughly Your site is a workplace and you are responsible for the health and safety of workers and visitors. Inexperienced workers are much more likely to be injured in job site accidents. You can prevent injuries in many ways:

• Supervise inexperienced workers at all times. • Make sure your workers are thoroughly trained in equipment operation and safety. • Keep all equipment in good repair. • Warn workers of potential hazards and insist they use equipment safely. • Only allow a worker to perform a task when you are confident they can handle it. • Keep visitors well away from operating machinery such as grinders and wet saws and warn

them of potential hazards.

Protect children from accidents Children account for one in seven job site related fatalities and children under the age of sixteen account for one in four job site related deaths. You can protect children from harm in many ways:

• Warn children of the hazards and make them aware of safety issues. • Always remove keys or power from machinery. • Make sure that equipment storage areas are securely locked and inaccessible. • Don’t leave tools unattended.

Draw up an emergency plan An emergency plan is vital. Some suggestions include:

• Ensure easy access to a suitable and well-stocked first aid kit. • Make sure at least one person on the job site is trained in first aid. • Keep emergency numbers and correct

addresses next to the telephone. • Plan routes to the nearest hospital. • Regularly talk through your emergency

plan with other workers.

Where to get help Your doctor

• In an emergency, always call triple zero (000) For an ambulance

Remember Ensure that everyone working on the job is thoroughly familiar with operating procedures and safety requirements for all tools and machinery they use.

Safety Messages and Signs Manufacturers put important safety messages on each piece of equipment and in the operator's manual. It is critical to read, understand and follow all safety messages.

Many safety messages use the words Caution, Warning and Danger to get your attention. Following are safety messages and their meanings. Each of these signs will have a written message, and perhaps a picture, about an unsafe condition. Below the well known stop bat traffic controller. Who should be used on large sites where deliveries of many truckloads of tiles and materials may occur.


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CAUTION means you need to be careful. Follow the directions on the sign or you could get hurt.

WARNING is more serious and means you need to follow the directions on the sign or you could be badly hurt or killed.

In residential construction, large vehicles on small lots present special hazards for workers and home owners, especially during remodelling or making additions. A ground guide should help move big vehicles that have limited views. A sign warning of a laser in use is required when using a tiler’s laser!

Environmental Hazards Objectives

1. Identify environmental hazards. 2. Recognize treatment and first aid for exposure to environmental hazards.

All workers in Australia are committed observing and practicing environmental management in all aspects of their job and in undertaking activities in compliance with all statutory legislation and other legal requirements.

This environmental accident was caused by a tiler washing his epoxy grout bucket out and pouring it into the drain that ran directly to the local creek


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Environmental protection on the building site Environmental protection begins at the building site with the air workers have to breathe. They should be protected from any fumes from construction machinery, as well as fumes from building waste or materials such as glues, waterproofing and epoxy materials which need to be carefully separated and properly recycled or disposed of when the job is complete, the soil should be treated as a valuable asset and left unpolluted.

Sun Exposure Prolonged exposure to sunlight causes skin cancer, cataracts and other serious illnesses. • Choose a sunscreen that is marked broad-spectrum. This will protect you from both UVA and

UVB rays. Ensure the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) is at least 15 preferably 30+ • Wear a hat or sun visor, sunglasses, and lightweight long-sleeve shirts and pants on sunny

days to help control body temperature and block the sun.

Treating Cuts and Burns Minor cuts &burns can be treated on the job site. Seek medical attention if: • Cuts are severely bleeding, more than one-half inch long and one-quarter inch deep, or the

result of a puncture wound. • Burn area covers more than one-fifth of the body with blisters, blisters occur on the hands,

feet, face or genitalia, or if the skin is blackened or charred. Treating Cuts • Clean the area thoroughly. • Remove any debris that may be in the wound. • Apply pressure to the wound using gauze or a clean, absorbent cloth until the bleeding

stops. If blood seeps through the cloth, do not remove it, continue adding more gauze or cloth over the previous one.

• Apply an antibiotic ointment and cover with a bandage or clean gauze. • Allow wound to heal and keep dirt from creating infection by changing the bandage or

gauze frequently. • If a limb has been amputated, elevate while applying direct pressure and call 000.

Treating Burns • Cool the burn by placing it under cool running water or in a container of cool water for at

least 15 minutes. • Cover the area with gauze or a clean cloth. • Allow burn to heal and keep dirt from creating infection by changing the gauze frequently. • If blisters occur, do not break them. Cover with gauze and allow them to break on their own.

First Aid Kit Contents The following is a list of minimum requirements for workplace first aid kit.

• absorbent compress • adhesive bandages • adhesive tape • individual-use antiseptic applications • individual-use burn treatment applications • latex-free medical exam gloves

sterile pads • triangular bandage

Clean Up All too often construction sites are left in a mess and are very dangerous to work around. There are some simple things that can help decrease the amount of injuries and in turn keep the site cleaner and safer for those working around it. Here are some guidelines in keeping your construction site clean and safe during a home remodel


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Construction sites that are not kept clean are the frequent cause of workplace incidents and work injuries. Often these types of incidents can be easily be prevented just by cleaning up the construction site. A clean site make jobs more efficient and safe.

Scraps and off cuts that come from construction come in all shapes and sizes, so it can be a hassle to clean up. Also as workers are busily working packaging gets removed and then just thrown on the ground. This creates tripping and slipping hazards. If the ground is covered then it also makes other potential problems hard to see. When the site is not cleaned up, no one cares about leaving garbage where it drops. This is extremely dangerous! Just by carefully making sure that the job site is clean is one of the easiest ways to improve the safety of the workers during the job. When the workplace isn't continually kept clean then this creates incidents waiting to happen. It is easy to keep a construction site clean during. The problem is that far too often workers are careless about the mess that is made. Cleaning up on the job means cleaning up scrap material, trash and debris and putting it in the appropriate containers, and making sure the containers are emptied regularly. Also proper storage of materials and equipment will help to make a clean and safe work site. All waste should be recycled where possible. Here are some other key things you can do to help keep your construction site clean and safe during the life of the job: • Don't handle materials multiple times. Have one person take it and throw it out to ensure

others aren't dropping pieces as they walk.

• Minimize how far workers have to take the materials to where they are being used.

• Make sure that materials can easily pass to where they need to go. Keep all walkways and paths clear.

• Clean all equipment during the day and especially at the end of the day to ensure the next

day will start clean and safe and ready for work.

Don’t Forget complete the JSA

Student Name : Student Signature:

Project : Trainers Name:

Location : Date : Accepted : Yes ! No !

Procedure - List of steps in doing a Job on a site.

Possible Hazards – What things can happen or go wrong, also what hidden dangers are there on this Job Site? Risk Safety Control – How can I stop or minimize these

things happening or going wrong or injuries occurring? Risk

Signature Trainer / Site Leader_____________________________________ Signature Building Supervisor___________________________________

Job Safety Analysis – 1 Copy to be handed in for each unit


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Consequence

Likelihood 1 2 3 4 5

Insignificant Minor Moderate Major Catastrophic

A (Almost Certain) 11 16 20 23 25

B (Likely) 7 12 17 21 24

C (Possible ) 4 8 13 18 22

D (Unlikely) 2 5 9 14 19

E (Rare) 1 3 6 10 15

Low Medium High Extreme

Job Safety Analysis – Risk Matrix

CPCCCM2001A Read and Interpret Plans and Specifications LR - … · 2015-11-14 · 2.1.Title panel...

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