John Smith Nathaniel BaconJoint-Stock CompaniesJamestownPowhatanHeadright SystemIndentured ServantRoyal Colony

Joint Stock CompanyRich people pooling

their money, hopefully for a profit

Got a Charter from the King – 80/20 split of $$.

1606 – James I grants charter to Virginia Company

Gold, gold gold!!!Colonists refused to work

(rich people)After 8 months only 38 of

150 original colonists were alive.

John Smith – “No work, no eat.”

Powhatan indians provide food but are alarmed by new colonists arriving…sabotage.

“Starving Time”Colony implemented

strict laws for anyone neglecting work. Included flogging (beating) and hanging.

Under these laws Jamestown became successful

New cash crop: Tobacco

Late 1620’s 1.5 million pounds of tobacco were exported to Europe.

Headright System: Pay your own way to colonies or someone else’s…50 acres per person.

Indentured Servants: Someone pays your way to colonies…you work for them for a period of time (4-7 years)…Usually from lower class in England.

1619 – 1st Africans (about 20) brought over by Dutch.

Treated as indentured servants. (Received land and freedom after a period of time).

Several decades before they would be used as slaves.

Forbidden to intermarry among the Indians.

Considered them “savage.”

Jamestown leaders demanded corn and labor from Indians because of Powhatan violence during “Starving Time.”

Pocahontas/John Rolfe marry 1614…half hearted peace.

Colonists continued to take more land.

Powhatan attack kill 340 colonists.

James I makes Virginia a “Royal Colony” (Under direct control of King).

1644 – 10,000+ English in Virginia…Powhatan population continued to fall.

1660’s – Poor settlers felt oppressed by Governor William Berkeley.

High taxes…$ used by rich.

Wanted forts as protection from Indians.

1675 – Fighting between Doeg tribe and colonists.

Governor refused to pay for a war benefitting poor settlers.

Nathaniel Bacon – Raised an army to fight Indians .

Berkeley said Bacon’s army was “illegal.”

1676 – Bacon marches on Jamestown to confront governor about taxation.

Berkeley fled, Bacon dies, Berkeley returns.

Growing power of former indentured servants.

Puritans did not immigrate for profit, they immigrated to create a model new society. John Winthrop (1st Governor) referred to it as a

“City upon a Hill.”

1530’s: Henry VIII breaks with Catholic Church.

Elizabeth I formed Anglican Church

Some felt it had kept too much Catholic ritual

Wanted to “purify” Anglican Church

Some Puritans formed independent congregations – “Separatists” (Pilgrims)

1620: Founded Plymouth Colony (2nd permanent English settlement)

Pilgrims were trying to get to Virginia but landed in Massachusetts

Made their charter invalid

Afraid non-Pilgrims would challenge their authority

Before leaving ship 41 men signed Mayflower Compact

Pledged allegiance to King

Joint Stock CompanyJohn Winthrop transfers

company’s HQ to N. England (authority for independent gov’t)

1630: Massachusetts Bay Colony (Boston)

1630-31: 1,000 people immigrate to MBC and it eventually absorbs Plymouth Colony

Winthrop’s visionNot a democracyBut did extend voting

rights to male members of Puritan church

“Freemen” voted for members of the General Court

General Court chose the governor.

Civic leaders felt like they were God’s “elect”

Duty to carry out God’s will

Drunkenness, swearing, theft and idleness were considered crimes

Immigrated as families“It takes a village…” –

Families looked out for each other

Children could be removed from homes that were not raising them “properly”

Roger Williams – Extreme Separatist

Settlers had no right to take Indian lands unless purchased

Gov’t officials had no right to punish for religious beliefs

General Court wanted him sent back to England

Williams flees and purchases land from Narragansett tribe

Sets up Providence Colony (later Rhode Island)

Guarantees separation of church and state and religious freedom

People don’t need ministers to interpret Bible

1638: Banished from Massachusetts

Family and followers flee to Rhode Island

Indians: No one owned the land

Europeans: Treaties are one time deal in which Indians permanently sold their land to new owners

Pequots: Powerful tribe in CT river valley

1637: Whites with Narragansett tribe attack Pequot village on Mystic River

Set fire to homes and shot fleeing Pequots

Pequots vitually annihilated…uneasy peace for 40 years

Only hope for Indians to resist settlers was for all tribes to UNITE

Metacom (King Phillip to whites) unites Indians and stages guerilla warfare against while frontier settlements

Whites forced to retreat to Boston

War ended in failure for Indians

Metacom beheaded and drawn and quartered

Natives ceased to pose any major threat in N. England

June-September 1692By end 150 people jailed,

24 innocent people hanged

Started by 2 girls who had been entertained by Tituba (slave from Barbados)

When questioned, Tituba claimed there were other witches in Salem which started hysteria

• William Penn• New Netherland

• Proprietor• Quakers

1609 – Henry Hudson (Englishman employed by Dutch) sails up what is now Hudson River

1621 – Dutch give Dutch West India Co. permission to colonize New Netherland

1625 – New Amsterdam (NYC) founded

1655 – Take over New Sweden to expand fur trade

Dutch opened doors of New Netherland to attract colonists

1660’s: 20% of population was African

Better relations with Indians (more interested in trading with them than conquering)

Iroquois tribe controlled much of land

New Netherland formed a “wedge” between English colonies to north and south

1664: Charles II grants James to drive out Dutch

Dutch issue a call to arms which is mostly ignored

Dutch surrender peacefully

Renamed colony “New York”

Quakers: God’s “inner light” burned inside of everyone

Church without formal ministers

William Penn: Founded Pennsylvania without an aristocracy

All adult males…50 acres/right to vote

Philadelphia “City of Brotherly Love”

Penn provides a court composed of whites and Indians

Saw that both sides got treated fairly

Indians respected Penn50 years without conflict

between settlers/Indians

Colony was initially opened to Quakers but Penn began to recruit other Europeans

Large number of Germans who brought craft techniques and farming skills

Penn never profited as the proprietor and died in poverty in 1718

1632: Lord Baltimore founds Maryland (religious tolerance)

1663: Charles II grants land between Virginia and Spanish Florida to group of supporters (N & S Carolina)

1732: James Oglethorpe founds debtors colony. Names after King George II (Georgia)

•Mercantilism•Parliament•Navigation Acts•Dominion of New England•Sir Edmond Andros•Glorious Revolution•Salutary Neglect

National self sufficiency by acquiring the most gold and silver

Balance of trade: Export more than import = more gold coming in

Looking to colonies as a source of resources

Colonists begin shipping goods to countries other than England

Meant extra $$ for colonists/loss of $$ for England

All colonial goods must pass through England

Jobs for English dockworkers/jobs for Colonial shipbuilders

1684: Charles II revokes Mass. Charter and makes them a royal colony (under control of King)

Charles was angry because Puritan Mass felt that they didn’t have to obey Parliament

1685: James II succeeds Charles, places Northern colonies (Maine to New Jersey) under one ruler in Boston (D of NE)

Sir Edmond Andros: harsh, questioned Puritan religion, restricted assemblies and levied taxes

Colonists send Increase Mather to lobby for old charter

James II: Catholic who ruled with little regard for Protestant leaning Parliament

1688: Has a son, Parliament worried about possible line of Catholic kings

Parliament offers throne to William of Orange (Protestant)

James II flees the country

After learning of this colonists overthrow Andros

Dominion of New England dissolved, Mass charter restored

King appoints Mass governor

More religious toleration, Puritans could no longer persecute Anglicans/Quakers

England strengthens Nav. Acts – moves trials to English courts (less biased)

Board of Trade – Monitored Colonial trade

Relaxation of policies in return for economic loyalty (send only goods to England)

Governor appointed by King created Advisory Council, Local Assembly, appoint/dismiss judges

Colonial Assembly paid governor’s salary – not as powerful as thought

Large influence over governor and decisions he made

Key Terms•Cash Crop•Slave

•Triangular Trade•Middle Passage•Stono Rebellion

Cash Crop: Crop grown for sale rather than individual use

Plantations instead of towns

Long deep rivers allowed for shipping

Mostly rural and self-sufficient (produced everything they needed on the plantation

Germans settled in MD, VA & SC

Scots-Irish in NCSmall number of

planters controlled most of economy

Southern economy was good because of booming tobacco industry

2nd class citizensFew legal/social rights

(could not vote)Bowed to husband’s willTaught only basics of

reading/writing/mathResponsible for taking

care of household duties/children

Only 10% survived term of service

Life did not improve very much after term of service

Numbers of IS’s coming to America declined at end of 1600’s

Gave rise to slavery

Worked for life = better investment

Most whites thought slaves were inferior because of their skin color

Better suited to hot climate than European

1690: 13,000 slaves1750: 200,000 slaves

Triangular Trade: 3 way trading process

New England-Africa: Rum, etc to be traded for slaves

Africa-West Indies: Slaves for sugar/molasses

West Indies-New England: Sugar/molasses distilled into rum

Part of trip that brought Africans to America

Many (up to 20%) died from disease and harsh treatment of slavers, some committed suicide

Tight vs loose packing

80-90% of slaves were field workers (worked under the direction of a foreman on plantations)

10-20% were house servants (cooked/cleaned/raised owner’s children)

Kept alive African culture and traditions

Song/dance and story telling

Many slave families were broke apart because they were sold

1739: Stono Rebellion – 20 slaves with guns killed several planter families

By afternoon they were surrounded by militia several were killed, others executed as a message to other slaves

Still many slaves attempted escape

• Enlightenment• Benjamin Franklin• Jonathan Edwards• Great Awakening

Mercantilism: Colonies exist to help mother country amass wealth

1650-1750: Colonial economy grew 2x as fast as England’s

Most growth in New England & Middle Colonies

Most farms in North produced more than 1 crop

Farming/fishing/lumber1760: Colonies producing

1/3 of English ships and producing more iron than England

1750’s: Merchants one of most powerful groups in the North

More ports in NorthGrid design for

Philadelphia 1st since Roman Empire

Large #’s of people living close together

Firewood/clean water hard to find

Germans & Scots-Irish were largest non-English speaking immigrant groups

Fleeing economic distress & religious freedom

Did not always get along with English speaking colonists

Corn/wheat did not require slaves

Slavery still existed in New England & Middle Colonies

Slaves in North enjoyed greater legal rights

Racial prejudice still existed in the North

Extensive work responsibilities/Few legal rights

Puritan doctrine dictated wives obey their husbands

Only single women/widows could operate businesses

Women could not keep $ earned outside the home

Started the Scientific Revolution

World is not governed by chance but fixed mathematical laws

Emergence of Physical Sciences

People began to question their governments

World renowned scientist

Owned several printing companies

Enlightened thinkerColonial diplomat to

England and formed an alliance with French during the Revolution

Emotion over Rational thought

As wealth grew, church attendance suffered

Puritans feared loss of culture

Jonathan Edwards began to preach about hell and damnation…idea was to scare people back in to church

Caused people to question authority

Built many churches in the South that became social meeting places

Emphasized the individual

Helped question British authority and Anglican church in the colonies

•New France•George Washington•French & Indian War

•William Pitt•Pontiac

•Proclamation of 1763•George Grenville

•Sugar Act

France and Britain competed for control of Ohio Valley

Colonists favored Britain (Mother country/wanted to expand westward)

1608: Quebec founded1682: Sieur de la Salle

claimed entire Mississippi Valley for France (Louisiana)

Fur trade led to better relations w/Indians (military alliances)

Tribes allied with French to help defeat their other Indian enemies

1754: French build Fort Duquesne (Pittsburgh)

British had already claimed that land so VA governor sent militia to boot out French

Militia was led by George Washington

Washington defeated/French and Indian War begins

British ambushed by French on their way to attack Fort Duquesne

Many British soldiers ran away causing Colonials to question the ability of British army

French were very successful from 1755-56

William Pitt: Energetic, self-confident politician

Under Pitt, British begin winning battles/Powerful Iroquois begin to support them

1759: British attack Quebec at night

Catch French commander, the Marquis de Montcalm by surprise

Win a short but deadly battle which leads Britain to victory in war

1763: Treaty of Paris ends war/Britain claims all of N. America east of Mississippi River

1763: Pontiac realizes that the French loss was a loss for Indians

Led by Pontiac Indians capture 8 British forts

Smallpox infected blanket given during peace negotiations

1765: Indians weakened by disease and war ask for peace

No settlement west of Appalachian mountains

Colonists did it anywayColonists felt that

Britain did not care about their needs

1761: Writs of Assistance – allowed British to search any Colonial home or ship

Enraged Colonists (particularly in Massachusetts)

10,000 British troops stationed in Colonies

Colonists viewed as a standing army that might turn against them

Keeping troops in Colonies was expensive, doubling Britain’s national debt

George Grenville: Prime Minister of Britain

1764: Sugar ActHalves the tax on foreign

made molassesTaxes on certain importsMoved smuggling cases

to British courts instead of Colonial courts (British less sympathetic)