Cow Calf Herd Health · • Working cattle costs money, risks injury, causes cattle to decrease...
Transcript of Cow Calf Herd Health · • Working cattle costs money, risks injury, causes cattle to decrease...
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Cow Calf Herd Health
Christine B. Navarre, DVM,MS, DACVIMExtension Veterinarian
Professor, School of Animal SciencesLouisiana State University Agricultural Center
Baton Rouge, LA [email protected]
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Introduction
• Principles will be discussed– Principles are the same
• Dairy• Sheep• Goats• Camelids
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Herd Health Programs
• A vaccination program is not a herd health program– Don’t try to vaccinate you way out of a disease
problem
• Good management = good health– Attack from multiple points– Ex. Sandhills calving system
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Herd Health
• Herd Health Problems Not diseases– MANAGEMENT!
• Nutrition– Penny Wise, Pound Foolish
• Breeding management
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Prevention is always cheaper than treatment
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Tip of the Iceberg• Most diseases (infectious
and non-infectious)– Ratio of clinical to
subclinical• 1:5 to 1:20• So cost of subclinical
greater than clinical– Parasites perfect example
• Because most diseases are subclinical, the occurrence of clinical cases usually indicates some type of management/husbandry stress
Clinical
Subclinical
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Take Stock
• Records– “The faintest pencil is stronger than the strongest
mind”• Evaluate at least annually
– Management changes– New information
• Personalizing is most cost effective – Don’t use cookbook internet program– Producers should hire a health consultant
• Consider providing services beyond traditional medicine and surgery
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Herd Health: The Numbers
• Economic figures available– Often averages– From other regions– Different herd sizes
• Economic return vs. risk management– Implant/deworm vs. vaccinate/single use needles
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Herd Health Calendar• Should be tailored to the operation• For example -in Louisiana (Subtropical)
– Start with parasite control unless disease issues on farm
– Then add vaccinations– Work in castration/dehorning/implanting,
palpation, fly control
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Herd Health Calendar
• Some things may not fit– Anaplasmosis vaccine should be given in the
spring– Fluke treatment in fall
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Efficiency
• Timing is critical– If you are going to spend the money, use the product
at the best time• Deworming• Vaccination
• Working cattle costs money, risks injury, causes cattle to decrease feed intake for period after processing– Low stress– Disposition
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Herd Health Programs
• Much easier to develop for herds with controlled breeding season
• Controlled breeding season offers marketing advantages
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6 Parts of a Herd Health Program
• Nutrition• Parasite Control• Biosecurity• Vaccinations• Genetics• Decrease stress
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Nutrition
• If nutrition is optimized, health and production will be also– If it is not optimized, diseases and production losses WILL
be a problem• Poor nutrition (protein, energy, vitamins, minerals) depresses
immunity to diseases• Poor nutrition interferes with response to vaccination
– Do not attempt to chase a disease problem if nutrition is poor
• May find, eliminate, and vaccinate for a disease, but another will take its place
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Animal Nutrition Requirements
• Depends on:– Stage of life – Breed– Genetic potential– Desired output– Cow condition– Pregnancy status– Economics!
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Nutrition
• Energy, protein, vitamins, mineral, water – Follow NRC Requirements– Changes depending on stage of production
• Impacts – Production– Immunity– Carcass characteristics
• Immune function, growth and fertility are depressed before clinical signs are evident
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Beef Cattle
• Beef cattle producers are really grass farmers!• Economical beef production is based on
economical feeding• Need to minimize swings in body condition• Resource
– Beef Cow Supplementation Decision Guide
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Reproductive Efficiency-Beef Cattle
• BCS at calving is most critical to re-breeding performance, not BCS at breeding– BCS measures fat deposits– BW too much variability– Don’t make excuses for Brahman’s
• Yes, they lay down fat differently• If BCS at calving was low at calving in cows that don’t
re-breed, then cull open and/or increase nutrition
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aUsing the
Pregnancy Analytics App
aTo Add Value To
Pregnancy Diagnosis
Bob L. Larson, DVM, PhDCollege of Veterinary MedicineKansas State University
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Reproduction: What are the constraints?• 60-70% likelihood of a cow becoming
pregnant and maintaining that pregnancy to mid-gestation each time it has a fertile ovulation and is mated by a fertile bull (BonDurant, Theriogenology 2007)
Most lost very early and the cow cycles again when expected (21 days later)
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• Percent of cows exposed to bulls that are pregnant
Able to identify serious reproductive failureNot helpful to diagnose cause of failure
Pregnancy Information Analysis
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• Percent pregnant• Pregnancy percentage depicted by 21-day intervals• Percent of available to be bred each 21-day interval• Pregnancy percentage by 21-d interval and other categories
Pregnancy Information Analysis
Examples: Body Condition Score, Age, Breed/Description
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Comparing 50th Percentile to 66th Percentile
250-350 250 $175.00300 350-450 350 $160.004/1 450-550 450 $145.00
11/1 550-650 550 $130.002.2 650-750 650 $115.00
$15.00 750-850 750 $100.00$145.00 850-950 850 $85.00
% Pregnant Current
% of open cows
becoming pregnant
Weight at Weaning
Total of Value of Calves Desired
% of open cows
becoming pregnant
Total of Value of Calves
1st 21 days 30% 30% 524 $68,356 63% 63% $143,547 $145.002nd 21 days 30% 43% 478 $62,327 19% 51% $39,474 $145.003rd 21 days 23% 58% 431 $47,627 9% 50% $18,636 $160.004th 21 days 9% 53% 385 $16,641 3.5% 39% $6,471 $160.005th 21 days 0% 339 0% $175.006th 21 days 0% 293 0% $175.007th 21 days 0% 247 0% #N/AOpen 8% 5.5%
Start of calving (mm/dd)Weaning date (mm/dd)ADG (birth to weaning)
KSU College of Veterinary Medicine - Production MedicineValue of Improving Pregnancy Distribution
Price slide ($/cwt)Price ($/cwt) - 500 lb. steers
Herd size (# cows exposed to bulls)
Desired scenario results in 8.9% more weaning weight
Desired scenario results in 6.8% more weaned calf value
473434
Desired scenario (avg. weaning wt.)Current scenario (avg. weaning wt.)
Value of moving to desired calving distribution (per calf)
$194,950$208,129$13,179$43.93
Current scenario ($ value of weaned calves)Desired scenario ($ value of weaned calves)Value of moving to desired calving distribution (ranch)
0%20%40%60%80%
1st 21days
2nd21
days
3rd21
days
4th21
days
5th21
days
6th21
days
7th21
days
Open
Current Histogram
0%20%40%60%80%
1st 21days
2nd21
days
3rd21
days
4th21
days
5th21
days
6th21
days
7th21
days
Open
Desired Histogram
50th
Percentile66th
Percentile
8.9% more weaning weight
6.8% more weaned calf value$13,179
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Maximizing Calf Survivability
• Crucial to economic success of beef producers• Starts months before calf is born• Proper nutrition and environment will
minimize problems• “never let a calf have a bad day”
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Nutrition and Calf Numbers and Health (Growth!)
• Poor nutrition in late gestation=few lighter calves at weaning/slaughter next fall and years to come– Increased dystocia=increase stillbirths/weak calves=more
sick calves=more deaths/poor growth– Increased FPT due to quality of colostrum=sick
calves=death/poor growth– Decreased calf birth weight=less fat=cold/sickness
=death/poor growth – Sick calves = more FPT=sick calves=death/poor growth– Poor vaccine responses– Poor fertility=less calves in two years– Replacement heifer fertility=less calves for years
• Years to come?
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BCS (Nutrition) Will Affect:
• Conception / Pregnancy Rate• Date of Conception• Level of Dystocia• Calf Health and Vigor• Preweaning Calf Performance• Postweaning Calf Performance
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BCS at Calving
• 2 year study-Oregon– BCS 6 vs 4– BCS 6
• Less dystocia despite higher birth weights• Heavier weaning weights• Weaned 11% more calves• Fall preg rate of 91% vs 79%• Higher net annual return despite higher feed costs
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Fetal Programming(Developmental Programming)
• The concept that a maternal stimulus or insult at a critical period in fetal development has long term impacts on offspring
• Humans– Malnurishment in first half of pregnancy
• Offspring have increased incidence of diabetes, obesity, CV disease
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Fetal Programming-Cattle• Nutritional stress-mainly protein
– 2nd and 3rd trimesters• No impact on birth weight
– Lambs-change in limb and body length
• Growth (48 lb at weaning)• Marbling (most dramatic effect)• Reproduction in female offspring
– Altered hormone secretion?
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Fetal Programming-Cattle
• Nutritional stress-mainly protein– 1st and 2nd trimesters
• Organ development and vascularization/placental development
– Reduced caruncular and cotyledonary weights– Reduced fetal weights– Fewer glomeruli– Respiratory disease increased
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Fetal Programming-Cattle
• 1st and 2nd trimesters– Reduced number skeletal muscle fibers and intramuscular
adipocytes• Vulnerable because low priority compared to heart, brain and
others
– Decreased ADG, gain:feed, total gain, final wt.– Insulin resistance at end of feeding period– Tenderness– Number of oocytes available for life– Testicular development
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Herd Health Programs: Parasite Control
– Increase weaning weights – Increase milk production – Improved conception rates– Parasites are immunosuppressive
• Vaccine response
• Parasites can be deadly
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Parasite Control
It’s a new day!
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Herd Health Programs: Biosecurity
• Prevention is always cheaper than treatment• “Most disease is bought and paid for”
– Do not attempt to chase a disease problem if you are not going to prevent it from coming back in
• Waste of time and money
• A good biosecurity program will protect a herd from diseases in which there is no good vaccine and/or expensive vaccine
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Biosecurity Protocols
• Challenging and take time to develop• BUT
– Cheapest and most effective means of disease control
– No disease prevention program will work without biosecurity
• Different levels of biosecurity and therefore risk with different management/business models
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Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University 2006
Routes of Transmission
• Apply to all infectious agents• Animal must be exposed to
develop disease• Understand different routes of transmission =
Gain control• Risk areas must be identified
– Design protocols to minimize exposure– Prioritize
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Biosecurity: How do diseases get in?
• Purchased cattle or returning cattle– Diseased, carriers, incubating
• Other animals, pests, wildlife– Cats, dogs, feral hogs, deer, rodents, birds, insects
• People– Boots, clothing, hands, breathing
• Inanimate objects– Trucks, equipment
• Contaminated feed and water
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Bottom Line Biosecurity• Does not have to be complicated
– Not always need for shower in/out, closed facilities• Testing of purchased animals• Quarantine new arrivals, sick, returning from show• No fenceline contact with neighbors• Raise your own recips
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Vaccination Programs
• There is no generic/cookbook program!• To give you one would be malpractice
– Would have to cover all known diseases and be safe
• Would cost you a fortune• Would not necessarily be the most effective
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Vaccine Basics
• Vaccinate-to administer a vaccine• Immunize-producing a detectable immune
response through vaccination– Does not imply protection
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USDA Vaccine Labeling • History
– 4 tiers of effectiveness• for the prevention of infection• for the prevention of disease• as an aid in the prevention of disease• As an aid in the control/reduction of disease
• Now a single statement– “This product has been shown to be effective for the vaccination
of healthy animals X weeks of age or older against….– The rigor with which the USDA evaluates efficacy data for
statistical and clinical meaningfulness has not changed
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USDA Vaccine Labeling • “to ensure that all veterinary biologics produced in, or imported into, the
United States are not worthless, contaminated, dangerous, or harmful. Federal law prohibits the shipment of veterinary biologics unless these are manufactured in compliance with regulations contained in Title 9 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Parts 101 to 118. Veterinary biologics for commercial use must be produced at a USDA-approved establishment, and be demonstrated to be pure, safe, potent, and efficacious.
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Vaccine Basics
• Vaccine Failures– Colostral immunity interference?– Improper vaccine handling– Improper booster administration– Incubating disease already– Too stressed to respond– Immunity not strong enough to prevent/mitigate
disease
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Vaccine Basics
• Prevention vs. decrease incidence/severity• Vaccine immunity can be overwhelmed
– Must be combined with sanitation/biosecurity
• Work best in healthy animals– Good nutrition, parasite control=healthy cattle= can
respond– Cattle in poor body condition, mineral deficiencies,
infected with other diseases= cannot respond
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Vaccine Basics
• Single use needles– Anaplasmosis, etc.
• Meat and milk quality assurance– Proper site, needle selection– Select low dose, SQ– Abide by withdrawal times on label
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Herd Health Programs: Genetics
• Research being conducted looking into the genetics of health– Selecting animals that are more resistant to
disease• Respiratory disease• Parasites
– FAMACHA
• Stay tuned!
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Genetic Selection for Disease Resistance
• Economic simulation of the relative economic value of selection (Allison Van Eenennaam)– Selection to avoid BRD
• Should be weighed – 7x more heavily than weaning weight, post-weaning ADG and
feed intake– 2-3x more heavily than marbling and yield grade
• American Angus Association– Foot Scoring EPDs
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Immune Function Testing(Bonnie Mallard)
• High Immune Responders – 25% Heritability
• Categorize animals as high, average or low immune responders
– SEMEX (Canada)• Tested sires and labeled high responders with the
“Immunity+” status• Tradeoffs of other traits?
– Immunity+ bulls on average have higher genetic merit for all other major traits than the rest of the bulls
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Immune Function Testing
• High immune responders– Decrease in diseases (mastitis, metritis, ketosis,
etc.)– Better hoof health – Faster growth reate– Improved colostrum quality– Improved vaccine response– Correlates positively with reproductive traits and
longevity
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Epigenetics• The study of heritable changes in gene expression
or cellular phenotype caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence – Functionally relevant modifications to the genome that
do not involve a change in the nucleotide sequence• Examples-DNA methylation and histone modification, both of
which serve to regulate gene expression without altering the underlying DNA sequence
• These mechanisms can enable the effects of parents' experiences to be passed down to subsequent generations
– Adverse long-term effects reflect a mismatch between fetal environmental conditions and the conditions that the individual will confront later in life
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Epigenetics
• “Thrifty genotype” hypothesis– Thrifty genes selected during hunter-gatherer periods (food is
scarce), increase capacity to store fat, increasing risk of insulin resistance later when food is abundant
• Good– Selection of brood cows for a particular environment
• Bad– Calves born to cows in good environment expected to perform in
hostile environment– Calves born to cows in hostile environment expected to grow and
perform when given good nutrients
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Herd Health Programs: Decreasing Stress
“Cowboy Down”
• Stress depresses immunity• Stress impacts production• Stress impacts product quality
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BQA• 2 major components
– Safety• Proper pharmaceutical,
pesticide and feed use• Observation of
withdrawal times• No broken needles,
buckshot, etc.– Quality
• Injections limited, only in neck, SQ, low volume, etc.
• Limit bruising• Limit stress
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Stress
• Stress impacts healthHealth impacts need for treatmentNeed for treatment impacts risk of a residue or defect
Impacts safety
• Stress impacts profitabilityStress impacts growthStress impacts quality grade
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Stressors
• (Nutrition, Parasites, Disease)• Weaning • Commingling• Transport• Heat• Castration• Dehorning• Poor cattle handling• ETC.
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BQA Guidelines for Care and Handling
• www.BQA.org• Castration prior to 90 days or less than 500lbs.• Dehorn during horn bud stage or at first
opportunity
• Consider local anesthetic/meloxicam• BCS 2 or less unacceptable
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Low Stress Cattle Handling
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Low Stress Cattle Handling: Why?• Immune system management
– Cattle that are stressed from handling will not respond well to vaccines, will not breed as well
• Prevent injury– Top 10 most dangerous jobs
• Farmers, ranchers, and other agricultural managers• Environmental Benefits
– Control of animal distribution over large grazing lands
• Disaster prep
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Facilities• Solid vs. open sides
– Cattle do not like being moved toward a solid sided or closed in area, as they do not perceive a way out
– If it is necessary or desirable to use closed sided processing areas then the design must be large enough for cattle to go past where they need to come back to without putting too much pressure on the cattle
– Solid side alleyways require catwalk-key word is walk• Don’t stand in place above cattle-makes them look up which makes
them stop• Hard on knees getting up and down
• Curved vs. straight (Tub vs. Bud Box)– Bud box is simple, easy to build and cost effective– Requires knowledge of cattle behavior and how to use it
• Cattle want to return to where they have been
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Resources
• U Tube – BQA Channel
• Merck Animal Health– Creating Connections series
• www.animalcaretraining.org
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Low Stress Weaning
• Fenceline Weaning– Spend more time eating– Better gains throughout
precon period– Leave on grass if possible– Move pairs to pasture
where calves will be few days before separation
• Cows will show calves where water is
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Preconditioning• Preparing or “conditioning” calves for feedyard
– Better health and performance?• Preconditioning not the only influence
– Genetics– Cow nutrition– Low stress weaning
• What it’s supposed to do– Reduction in respiratory and GI pulls– Decrease death loss– Lower treatment costs– Better performance/lower cost of gain– Improved carcass quality
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Early Weaning• Lactation roughly doubles protein and energy
requirement for cow• Takes 15-20 % less energy to feed cow and early
weaned calf separately vs. calf still on cow– Nursing calf requires 7.5-8 lbs. of feed per pound of
gain– Early weaned on high-energy diet require 3.5-4 lbs. of
feed per pound of gain• Cows nursing spring calves lose 1/10th of BCS every
2 weeks• For every 2.5 days early weaned- gain one day of
grazing for cow
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Environmental stress• Heat stress in beef cattle (North Dakota State)
– The heat index is 75º F or greater for a 72 hour period– The heat index during a 48 hour period is no lower than 79º F– 79º F during the day and no lower than 75º F during the night– The daytime heat index reaches 84º F or higher for two
consecutive days• Cold stress – if wet, have cold stress begins at 50º F for adults
& ~ 70º F for neonates• Adequate shade• Water sources – fresh and clean• Mud – increases energy of maintainace
– 4 - 8 inches of mud = lowers feed intake 4 to 8% / ADG 14% lower – belly deep mud (12+ inches) = 30% lower feed intake
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Heat Stress
• Late gestation heat stress (Holsteins) – Cooled
• Cows – Increased dry matter intake (important for fetal programming)– Higher IgG in colostrum
• Calves– Fewer stillborns– 12 lb heavier birth weight– Calves absorbed more colostrum– 10 lbs per day more milk in first lactation– HIgher longevity in herd
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Be Ready to Respond to Changes/Challenges
• Plan for flexibility– MLV in cows
• Better protection?– New killed may be
equal• Cheaper than killed• Can incorporate MLV pre-
weaning in calves
– Preconditioning• Early weaning if drought
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Cattle Welfare Issues• NUTRITION!
– Formulation and feed bunk space• Heat and cold stress• Housing
– Air quality– Flooring – Bedding– Resting areas
• Noise pollution• Genetic selection• Castration/Dehorning• Handling
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Take Home Message
• Take care of your business• Also do what is right for the industry, or the
previous won’t matter– Animal welfare– Food safety– Health during feeding period– Disposition
• Take the “can’t” word out of your vocabulary
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