COVER PAGE - Amazon S3 · COVER PAGE i. project name Planting for the Future: Financially...

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COVERPAGE

i.projectname

PlantingfortheFuture:Financiallysustainableagroforestrysystemsandpaymentsforecosystemservices

ii.projectlocation(country,sub‐nationaljurisdiction(s))

CurrentInstances:LoretoandUcayali,Peru

WiderGeographicalAreaforProgrammaticApproachexpansion–multipleprovincesinPeru

iii.ProjectProponent(organizationandcontactnamewithemailaddressandphonenumber)

Proponent:PlantyourFuture

ContactPerson:JennyHenman

Email:[email protected]

Tel:07828608711

iv.Auditor(organizationandcontactnamewithemailaddressandphonenumber)

Auditor:RainforestAlliance

ContactPerson:CampbellMoore

Email:[email protected]

Tel:+1 202.903.0717

v.projectstartdate,GHGaccountingperiodandlifetime

January16,2012

Theprojectlifetimeis30years,andtheGHGaccountingperiod,aswellasbiodiversityandcommunitybenefitsassessmentperiodarethesame.

vi.whetherthedocumentrelatestoafullvalidationoragapvalidation

Fullvalidation

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vii.historyofCCBStatus,whereappropriate,includingissuancedate(s)ofearlierValidation/VerificationStatementsetc.

FirstValidation

viii.theeditionoftheCCBStandardsbeingusedforthisvalidation

3rdEdition

ix.abriefsummaryoftheproject’sexpectedclimate,communityandbiodiversitybenefits

Deforestationof7.9millionhectareswasrecordedinthePeruvianAmazonfrom2000‐2009(MINAM,20111).Thishascausedsubstantialbiodiversityloss,contributedtoclimatechange,andperpetuatedpovertyamongstlocalcommunities.UnsustainablesmallholderagricultureandranchingaretheprincipledriversofdeforestationanddegradationintheAmazonbasinofPeru.PlantingfortheFutureaimstorelievesmallholdersoftheirrelianceontheseactivitiesbyimplementingamarket‐orientatedagroforestrymodelfollowingaprogrammaticapproach.

Allourprojectactivitiescometogethertotryandachieveonoverallprojectimpact,whichbringspositiveclimate,communityandbiodiversitybenefits,whichissummarizedinourprojectvision:

WewillempowersmallholderfarmersinPerutotransitionfromunsustainableagriculturetomarket‐orientedagroforestrysystems.Usingascalableapproach,theprojectwillusecarbonfinancetofacilitatefarmersinestablishingclimate‐smartfarmsthatusenativespeciestoprovidediverseincomestreamsfromsaleofgourmetproduceandcertifiedtimbertrees.

Wewillcreateascalablemodelforsustainableagriculture,whichwillreducedeforestationandwhichwillbeadoptedatalandscapescaleinthePeruvianAmazon.Farmers’technicalandbusinesscapacitywillbeenhanced,theywillgainaccesstoformalmarketsfornativefruitandtimber,andtheirincomeswillbeincreasedanddiversified.Asaresult,thelivelihoodsoffarmingfamilieswillbeenhancedandpovertyreduced.

TheprojectdesignisapplicabletolandowningsmallholderfarmersacrossPeruwhohaveinthepastreliedon‘slashandburn’shiftingcultivationagricultureorranchingthatresultedinunproductiveagriculturallandsanddegradedpastures.Theprojectwillprovideseedlingsandtrainingtofarmerstoreforesttheirfarms,convertingthemfromlowproductivitymigratoryagriculturewheretheyhavetorotatefarmedareastomarket‐orientatedagroforestrysystems.Fromthetotal25.2haofinitialProjectinstancesinLoretoandUcayali,weanticipategeneratingalong‐termaverageemissionreductionsof9147.24tCO2etCO2eemissionsreductionsover30years(priortoanyriskbufferdeductions).

1MINAM(MinisteriodelAmbientedePerú).2011.ElPerúdelosBosques.Retrievedfromhttp://sinia.minam.gob.pe/index.php?accion=verElemento&idElementoInformacion=1218

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Thesystemsaredesignedtogeneratemultiplerevenuestreamstoensurethattheywillsupportlivelihoodsforfarmfamilies;theintegratednatureofthesystemsiscriticaltoprovidingadequatefinancialincentivesforfarmerstoadoptagroforestry.CoreelementsofPlantingfortheFuture’sstrategyareasupporttofarmerstoestablishtradeassociations,andabusinessplanandmarketingstrategytocommercializenative,high‐valuetropicalfruitsthattheprojectwillre‐introducetofarms.Carboncreditswillprovidefarmerswithasourceofrevenuetomaintaintheirfruitandtimbertreesinthemediumterm.Combined,therevenuefromproducesalesandcarboncreditsshouldallowfarmerstorealizethevalueofthesaleofmaturetimber.

Localpeoplewillbenefitnotonlyfromenhancedlivelihoods,butalsobylearningaboutnurserymanagement,treeplantingandmaintenance,andsilviculture;traininginbusinessadministrationandaccounting;andtradeassociationswithstrongandtransparentgovernance.

ThePeruvianAmazonisoneofthemostbiodiverseregionsintheworld,renownedforitsabundanceofrareanimal,birdandplantlifeanddesignatedasHighConservationValueForestforitshighlevelsofendemicandrarefaunaandflora.TheProjectZoneishometojaguars,pinkdolphinsandencompassesthespecies‐richAllpahuayoMishanaNationalReserve,hometothecriticallyendangeredIquitosGnatcatcher(Polioptilaclementsi).PlantingfortheFuturewillgivesmallholdersanalternativetoclearing‘virgin’rainforest.Theagroforestrysystemsestablishedintheprojectwillrestoredegradedland,therebyincreasingforestcover,expandinghabitatfortheserarespecies,andpromotingecosystemconnectivitybycreatingwildlifecorridorsbetweenrainforestareasandnationalparks.

x.whichoptionalGoldLevelcriteriaarebeingusedandabriefdescriptionoftheattributesthatenabletheprojecttoqualifyforeachrelevantGoldLevel

GL1.ClimateChangeAdaptationBenefits

Theprojectareawillbesubjectedtothenegativeimpactsofclimatechange,andthesewillbeworsenedfurtherbyincreasingenvironmentaldegradationanddeforestation.Theprojectactivitiesbuildthesmallholderfarmersresiliencetoclimatechange.

GL2.ExceptionalCommunityBenefits

Projectbeneficiariesaresmallholderfarmers,whoaredefinedaslandholdersthatarenotstructurallydependentonpermanenthiredlabour,managetheirlandmainlywiththeirownandtheirfamily’slabourforce,andwhoseprimaryincomecomesfromtheirlandmanagementactivities.Theprojectgeneratesshort‐termandlong‐termnetpositivewell‐beingbenefitsforsmallholders,includingvulnerablegroupincludingwomen.Theprojectplacesastrongfocusonparticipationofthesmallholderfarmersinallelementsofprojectplanning,designandimplementation,andinbuildingtheircapacity.

GL3.ExceptionalBiodiversityBenefits

TheProjectZoneincludesasiteofhighbiodiversityconservationpriorityEndangeredspecies;thereisthepresenceoftheIquitosgnatcatcher(Polioptilaclementsi),theblack‐facedspider

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monkey(Ateleschamek),thePeruvianwoollymonkey(Lagothrixcana),andtheGiantBrazilianOtter(Pteronurabrasiliensis).Byimplementingagroforestrysystems,PlantingfortheFuturewillhelpsmallholderfarmersriseoutofpovertyandnothavetorelyondegradingtheforestthroughslash‐and‐burnforestrypractices.Wewillcreatenativespeciesforest,increasehabitatfortheprimateandavianspeciesandenhancingecosystemservicesintheProjectZone.

xi.dateofcompletionofthisversionofthePDD,andversionnumber,asappropriate

June24th2014

xii.expectedscheduleforverification,ifknown.

Anticipatedfirstverification–August2016

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PLANTINGFORTHEFUTURE:FINANCIALLYSUSTAINABLEAGROFORESTRYSYSTEMSANDPAYMENTSFORECOSYSTEMSERVICESPROJECTDOCUMENTATIONSUBMITTEDFORVALIDATIONTOTHECLIMATE,COMMUNITYANDBIODIVERSITYSTANDARDSTHIRDEDITION

JUNE2014

www.plantyourfuture.org.uk

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TABLEOFCONTENTS

CoverPage...............................................................................................................................................1G1.ProjectGoals,DesignandLong‐termViability................................................................................8ProjectDesignandBoundaries..............................................................................................................................20RiskManagementandLong‐termViability......................................................................................................41Programmaticapproach...........................................................................................................................................43

G2.Without‐projectLandUseScenarioandAdditionality.............................................................46G3.StakeholderEngagement.....................................................................................................................50Accesstoinformation.................................................................................................................................................50Consultation...................................................................................................................................................................54Participationindecision‐makingandimplementation...............................................................................55Anti‐discrimination.....................................................................................................................................................55FeedbackandGrievanceRedressProcedure...................................................................................................56WorkerRelations.........................................................................................................................................................56

G4.ManagementCapacity...........................................................................................................................59G5.LegalStatusandPropertyRights......................................................................................................63Respectforrightstolands,territoriesandresources,andFree,PriorandInformedConsent..63Legalstatus.....................................................................................................................................................................65

ClimateSection.....................................................................................................................................68ClimateSectionWaiver................................................................................................................................68GL1.ClimateChangeAdaptationBenefits.............................................................................................68

CommunitySection.............................................................................................................................72CM1.Without‐projectCommunityScenario.........................................................................................72CM2.NetPositiveCommunityImpacts...................................................................................................73CM3.OtherStakeholderImpacts..............................................................................................................78CM4.CommunityImpactMonitoring......................................................................................................79MonitoringIndicators..................................................................................................................................79GL2.ExceptionalCommunityBenefits....................................................................................................86

BiodiversitySection...........................................................................................................................91B1.BiodiversityWithout‐projectScenario...........................................................................................91B2.NetPositiveBiodiversityImpacts...................................................................................................104B3.OffsiteBiodiversityImpacts.............................................................................................................106B4.BiodiversityImpactMonitoring......................................................................................................106GL3.ExceptionalBiodiversityBenefits................................................................................................111

SelectReferences.............................................................................................................................114

Appendix1.CombinedtooltoidentifythebaselinescenarioanddemonstrateadditionalityinA/RCDMprojectactivities(version01)..................................................117

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Applicabilityconditions.............................................................................................................................117Step0:PreliminaryscreeningbasedonthestatingdateoftheA/Rprojectactivity..........117BaselinescenarioASHIFTINGCULTIVATION‘SLASHANDBURN’AGRICULTURE................117ScenarioA,Step1.Identificationofalternativelandusescenariostotheproposedprojectactivity...........................................................................................................................................................................117ScenarioA,Step2.BarrierAnalysis..................................................................................................................122ScenarioA,Step4:Commonpracticeanalysis.............................................................................................124

BaselinescenarioBdegradedpasture.................................................................................................125ScenarioB,Step1:Identificationofalternativelandusescenariostotheproposedprojectactivity...........................................................................................................................................................................125

ScenarioB,Step2:BarrierAnalysis......................................................................................................128ScenarioB,Step4.Commonpracticeanalysis..............................................................................................130

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GENERALSECTION

G1.PROJECTGOALS,DESIGNANDLONG‐TERMVIABILITY

G1.1IdentifytheprimaryProjectProponentwhichisresponsiblefortheproject’sdesignandimplementationandprovidecontactdetails.

TheprimaryProjectProponentisPlantyourFuture,acharityregisteredinEnglandandWales(No.1134720).

PlantyourFutureworksinPeruwithitsaffiliateorganisationAsociaciónCivilPlantatuFuturo(RUC20556440639).

UKContactPoint:

JennyHenman,ChairmanandFounder.

[email protected],orat:

33aWadesonStreet LondonE29DR UnitedKingdom

PeruContactPoint:

MichaelSoulsby,[email protected]:

Av.DosdeMayo534,oficina408 Miraflores,Lima Peru

G1.2Definetheproject’sclimate,communityandbiodiversityobjectives.

Deforestationof7.9millionhectareswasrecordedinthePeruvianAmazonfrom2000‐2009(MINAM,20112).Thishascausedsubstantialbiodiversityloss,contributedtoclimatechange,andperpetuatedpovertyamongstlocalcommunities.UnsustainablesmallholderagricultureandranchingaretheprincipledriversofdeforestationanddegradationintheAmazonbasinofPeru.PlantingfortheFutureaimstorelievesmallholdersoftheirrelianceontheseactivitiesbyimplementingamarket‐orientatedagroforestrymodelfollowingaprogrammaticapproach.

2MINAM(MinisteriodelAmbientedePerú).2011.ElPerúdelosBosques.Retrievedfromhttp://sinia.minam.gob.pe/index.php?accion=verElemento&idElementoInformacion=1218

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Allourprojectactivitiescometogethertotryandachieveonoverallprojectimpact,whichbringspositiveclimate,communityandbiodiversitybenefits,whichissummarizedinourprojectvision:

ProjectVision

WewillempowersmallholderfarmersinPerutotransitionfromunsustainableagriculturetomarket‐orientedagroforestrysystems.Usingascalableapproach,theprojectwillusecarbonfinancetofacilitatefarmersinestablishingclimate‐smartfarmsthatusenativespeciestoprovidediverseincomestreamsfromsaleof

gourmetproduceandcertifiedtimbertrees.

Wewillcreateascalablemodelforsustainableagriculture,whichwillreducedeforestationandwhichwillbeadoptedatalandscapescaleinthePeruvianAmazon.Farmers’technicalandbusinesscapacitywillbeenhanced,theywillgainaccesstoformalmarketsfornativefruitandtimber,andtheirincomeswillbeincreasedanddiversified.Asaresult,thelivelihoodsoffarmingfamilieswillbeenhancedandpovertyreduced.

TheprojectdesignisapplicabletolandowningsmallholderfarmersacrossPeruwhohaveinthepastreliedon‘slashandburn’shiftingcultivationagricultureorranchingthatresultedinunproductiveagriculturallandsanddegradedpastures.Theprojectwillprovideseedlingsandtrainingtofarmerstoreforesttheirfarms,convertingthemfromlowproductivitymigratoryagriculturewheretheyhavetorotatefarmedareastomarket‐orientatedagroforestrysystems.Fromthetotal25.2haofinitialProjectinstancesinLoretoandUcayali,weanticipategeneratingalong‐termaverageemissionreductionsof9147.24tCO2etCO2eemissionsreductionsover30years(priortoanyriskbufferdeductions).

Thesystemsaredesignedtogeneratemultiplerevenuestreamstoensurethattheywillsupportlivelihoodsforfarmfamilies;theintegratednatureofthesystemsiscriticaltoprovidingadequatefinancialincentivesforfarmerstoadoptagroforestry.CoreelementsofPlantingfortheFuture’sstrategyareasupporttofarmerstoestablishtradeassociations,andabusinessplanandmarketingstrategytocommercializenative,high‐valuetropicalfruitsthattheprojectwillre‐introducetofarms.Carboncreditswillprovidefarmerswithasourceofrevenuetomaintaintheirfruitandtimbertreesinthemediumterm.Combined,therevenuefromproducesalesandcarboncreditsshouldallowfarmerstorealizethevalueofthesaleofmaturetimber.

Localpeoplewillbenefitnotonlyfromenhancedlivelihoods,butalsobylearningaboutnurserymanagement,treeplantingandmaintenance,andsilviculture;traininginbusinessadministrationandaccounting;andtradeassociationswithstrongandtransparentgovernance.

ThePeruvianAmazonisoneofthemostbiodiverseregionsintheworld,renownedforitsabundanceofrareanimal,birdandplantlifeanddesignatedasHighConservationValueForestforitshighlevelsofendemicandrarefaunaandflora.TheProjectZoneishometojaguars,pink

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dolphinsandencompassesthespecies‐richAllpahuayoMishanaNationalReserve,hometothecriticallyendangeredIquitosGnatcatcher(Polioptilaclementsi).PlantingfortheFuturewillgivesmallholdersanalternativetoclearing‘virgin’rainforest.Theagroforestrysystemsestablishedintheprojectwillrestoredegradedland,therebyincreasingforestcover,expandinghabitatfortheserarespecies,andpromotingecosystemconnectivitybycreatingwildlifecorridorsbetweenrainforestareasandnationalparks.

G1.3Providethelocation(country,sub‐nationaljurisdictions(s))andabriefoverviewofthebasicphysicalandsocialparametersoftheproject.

InthisdocumentwepresenttwoinitialprojectinstancesforPlantingfortheFuture’sprogrammaticapproach–oneinLoretoregion,MaynasprovinceandtheotherinUcayaliregion,CoronelPortilloprovince.BotharelocatedinthePeruvianAmazon(seeFigure1).

Figure1.OverviewoflocationofcurrentprojectareaswithinPeru

LORETOINSTANCE

TheLoretoinstanceiscomprisedof19.64hectaresofnon‐contiguouslandsouthofthecityofIquitos,intheeconomiccorridorclosetoboththeIquitos/NautaHighway(betweenkm14and33)andtheAllpahuayoMishanaNationalReserve.TheProjectAreasarelocatedinthecommunitiesofPaloSeco,Moralillo,Varillaland13deFebrerointheDistrictofSanJuanBautistainMaynasProvince,LoretoRegion.

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Landuse

Theprojectareaisdeforested/degradedlandwhichhasbeenclearedforagriculturalcroppingusingslash‐and‐burn.Cropswhichdominateintheseareasarebanana,yuccaandmaize.

Climate

Theclimateishotandwet.Averageannualtemperaturesrangefrom25to27oC,andrelativehumidityfrom78to96%.ThewettestmonthsfallbetweenOctoberandMay,withameanannualprecipitationof3000mm(IIAP,20013).

Relief,hydrologyandsoils

ThetopographyacrosstheLoreto1stinstancecanbedescribedasgenerallyflatwithterracesnearthecityofIquitos.Thesoilsoftheterrafirmaarecharacterizedbyredandyellowclays,andadistinctiveswathofwhitesand.Uplandsoilsareacidicandoflowfertilityincontrasttothesoilsofthefloodplainswhicharemorefertile.Theoldestgeologicalsequencesarepre‐Andean,thelegacyofadiscontinuoussequenceofcontinentalandmarinedeposits.FoldinginthePleistocenebroughttothesurfacetheseoldsedimentarylayerswhichexplainthedistinctivebandofwhitesand.(ParedesArcetal,19984).Thewiderregionisdelimitedbyanetworkofrivers,namelytheRiversNanay,ItayaandAmazon.

Ecosystem

TheLoretoinstanceislocatedwithintwoGlobalEcoregions,asdefinedbyWWF.Thesearethe‘NapoMoistForests’andthe‘AmazonRiverandFloodedForests’.TheGlobalEcoregionsisascience‐basedglobalrankingoftheEarth'smostbiologicallyoutstandingterrestrial,freshwaterandmarinehabitats(WWF,2013).Thenaturalvegetationoftheregionisrainforest;whichishighlyvariableintermsofspeciescomposition,varyingwithinsmalldistancesdependingongeology,soiltypeandtopography.Intheareaincludessectionsofwhitesandgeologyuponwhichadistinctiverainforesttypecalledvarillalisfound,characterisedbythintreesandanunusuallyhighspeciesdiversity,includingmanyendemics.TheAllpuayoMishanaNationalReserve,adjacenttotheLoretoInstance,hasbeendesignatedinanareawhichisprincipallyvarillal.Ontheclayeyuplandsthelargestnumberofvaluabletimberspeciesgrow56.

3InstitutodeInvestigacionesdelaAmazoniaPeruana(IIAP)(2001)ZonificacionEcologicaEconomicadelAreadeInfluenciadelaCarreteraIquitosNauta,DocumentoMimeografiado,Iquitos.

4ParedesArc,G,Kauffman,S,Kalliola,R.(1998)SuelosAluvialesRecientesdelaZoneIquitos‐Nauta,p231‐250In:GeologíayDesarrolloAmazónico:EstudioIntegradoenlaZonadeIquitos.Kalliola,R.andFloresPaitan,S.(eds).InstitutoInvestigacionesdelaAmazoniaPeruana,Iquitos,Perú,pp.369–387.(InSpanish).

5InstitutodeInvestigacionesdelaAmazoniaPeruana(IIAP)(2001)ZonificacionEcologicaEconomicadelAreadeInfluenciadelaCarreteraIquitosNauta,DocumentoMimeografiado,Iquitos.

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Vegetation

Withintheproductiveagriculturalareascommoncropsincludebanana,manioc(yucca),corn,pineapple,heartofpalmandsugarcane.Theareaoftheprojectinstancesthemselvesareeitherinproductiveagricultureorareinfallow.Commonspeciesfoundinthefallowsincludecommonearlystagesuccessionaltreespeciessuchastopa(Ochromapyramidale),pashaco(Schizolobiumexcelsum),Shimbillo(Ingaspp),Rifari(Miconiaspp)andAtadijo(Tremamicrantha).

Biodiversity

TheforestsoftheWesternArcoftheAmazonRainforest,whichincludeLoretoareamongsttherichestintheworld,bothintermsofbiologicaldiversityandnaturalresources(WWF,2013).TheLoretoprojectinstancefallswithintwoecoregions,asdescribedbyWWF–namelyNapoMoistForestandAmazonRiverandFloodedForests.Theamazingdiversityoftheregionstemsfromthehighandrelativelyseasonalrainfallinpartsoftheecoregion.Thecomplextopographyandsoilsandvastriversystemscreateadynamicmosaicofhabitats.Thisleadstoanamazinggrowthoffloraandendemism.Morethan310treespecieshavebeenfoundtoexistinaonehectareareaintheNapoMoistForests.Theareaisinternationallycelebratedasbeingamongthemostspecies‐richforestsknownonourplanetbutisthreatenedbyacceleratingdeforestation.

TheLoreto1stinstanceislocatedinaregionofHighConservationValueForestwithhighlevelsofendemismandendangeredspecies.Theprojectzoneincludesthespecies‐richAllpahuayoMishanaNationalReservewhichishometoIquitosGnatcatcher(PolioptilaClementsi),classifiedas‘criticallyendangered’bytheIUCNRedList.AcrosstheregionhabitatlossanddeforestationfromunsustainableagriculturalexpansionbysmallholderfarmersthreatensotherendangeredspeciessuchastheWhiteBelliedSpiderMonkey(Atelesbelzebuth),theBlackFacedSpiderMonkey(AtelesChamek),andtheGiantBrazilianOtter(Pteronurabrasiliensis)–alloftheseareclassifiedasendangeredontheIUCNRedList7.Onthedeforestedagriculturallandsbiodiversityhasdramaticallydiminished.(IIAP,2013)

SocialOverview

TheProjectZoneinLoretoencompassesforestpartsoftheIquitosvárzeaecoregionandtheNapomoist forest ecoregion (Sears, 2014a8, Sears, Marín and Schipper, 20149). Both are parts of the6FloresPaitan,S,GomezRomero,E,Kalliola,R.(1998)CaracteristicasGeneralesdelazonedeIquitos,p17‐31In:GeologíayDesarrolloAmazónico:EstudioIntegradoenlaZonadeIquitos.Kalliola,R.andFloresPaitan,S.(eds).InstitutoInvestigacionesdelaAmazoniaPeruana,Iquitos,Perú,pp.369–387.

7http://www.iucnredlist.org/Accessed31stJan2014

8Sears,R.2014a.SeasonallyfloodedriverbasinsofBrazil,PeruandBolivia.WorldWildlifeFundInternational.Retrievedfromhttp://worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/nt0128

9Sears,R.,Marín,C.,&Schipper,J.2014.EasternSouthAmerica:SouthernColombia,easternVenezuela,andnorthernPeru.WorldWildlifeFundInternational.Retrievedfromhttp://worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/nt0142

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Amazonfloristicprovince,anareaofextremediversityandendemisminspeciesofbothfloraandfauna (Sears, Marín, and Schipper, 201410). This Project Zone includes floodable forests thatprovide varied, heterogeneoushabitats. Loreto’s population is extremelypoor and challengedbypressuresonnaturalresourcesthathaveresultedinextremeenvironmentaldegradationincludingcontaminationofbodiesofwater fromurbanactivitiesand lossofsoilnutrientsandbiodiversity(IIAP, 200211). Primary economic activities in this province are small scale agriculture, livestockfarmingandnaturalresourceextractionincludingrubber,wood,animalskinsandoil.

10 ibid

11IIAP.2002.PropuestadeZonificaciónEcológicaEconómicaparaelDesarrolloSostenibledeláreadeinfluenciadelaCarreteraIquitosNautayCaracterizaciónBiofísicadelaReservaNacionalPacaya‐Samiria,DepartamentodeLoreto.ProgramadeOrdenamientoAmbiental.EditadoenCD‐ROM.

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Figure2.MapoftheLoretoinstanceprojectzone

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Figure3.ProjectAreaswithintheLoretoinstance(eachnumberrepresentsadifferentfarm)

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UCAYALIINSTANCE:

TheUcayaliinstanceiscomprisedof5.57hectaresandisfoundoutsideofthecityofPucallpa,andclosetotheCampoVerdereforestationproject.TheCampoVerdereforestationprojecthasbeenimplementedonalargeareaofcontiguousdegradedpasture,ownedbyprivatecompanyBosquesAmazonicos,andwhichhasbeensuccessfullyvalidatedtotheCCBandVCSStandards(Figure4).TheUcayaliinstanceiscomprisedofdegradedpastureaswell,butownedbysmallholderfarmerswhichareneartotheexistingCampoVerdeproject.

Landuse

Theprojectlandswereconvertedfromforestintopasturesintheearly1970s.Thelandhascontinuedaslowproductivitypasturelandssincethattime.Thepressureofcattleontheland,theinherentlowfertilityofAmazoniansoils,theheavyrainandthenaturalundulationofthelandhasledtoitsdegradationovertime.TheinvasivegrassBraquiariadecumbescoupledwithperiodicwildfireshasmeantforestcannotre‐establishnaturally.

Climate

TheclimateoftheUcayaliprojectinstancecanbedescribedastropical,withyearroundhightemperaturesandhighprecipitation.Theannualaverageofhighestandlowesttemperature(period1997‐2003)is31.9°Cand21.8°C,respectively(EstaciónMeterológica,200312).Theaverageannualrainfallis1861.68mm,witharangeof1600‐2500mmannually(SearsandSchipper,201413)andrelativehumidityis84%.(1997‐2003)(EstaciónMeterológica14).Thereis,however,adryseason,fromJunetoSeptember,whenhumidityandprecipitationdropsignificantly.‘Dry’inthiscontextmeansamonthlyaveragerainfallofaround40‐70mm.

ReliefandSoils

Theprojectareaischaracterizedbygentlyundulatingterraces,withlowgradientsofbetween0‐4%.Theheightrangesfrom155to220mabovesealevel.Theprojectareacontainsrelicsmallhillscreatedbyhistoricfluvialaction.Thereliefofthelandsmeanstheyarenotaffectedbyfloodingduringtherainyseason.Thereisgoodtomoderatedrainageacrosstheprojectarea.Thesoilsinthe

12EstaciónMeterológica,UniversidadNacionaldeUcayali,AlmanaquedeUcayali2002‐2003.

13Sears,R.,&Schipper,J.2014.EasternSouthAmerica:CentralPeru.WorldWildlifeFundInternational.Retrievedfromhttp://worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/nt0174

14EstaciónMeterológica,UniversidadNacionaldeUcayali,AlmanaquedeUcayali2002‐2003.

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projectareaclassifiedusingthepHscalerangefromextremelytostronglyacidic(pHaround3.5).Thesoilsdisplayanaveragebulkdensityof1.13g/cm3andaloworganiccontent,averaging0.86%carboninthetoptencentimetres.

Biodiversity

Theclearingofnativeforestcover,overgrazingandfrequentfireshasledtodegradation,lossofbiodiversityandsoilimpoverishmentofthelandintheUcayaliinstance.Forestremovalandconsequenthabitatdestructionhasaffectedmostspeciesoffauna,whichgenerallyliveinlowdensitiesintheforestsoftheregion.BirdssuchGuacamayo(Araspp.),Perdiz(Tinamusspp.),Pihuicho(Brotogerisspp),Toucan(Rhamphastosspp)arenotabletoliveinapasturehabitat.

Becauseofthisdegradation,theprojectareadoesnotrepresentapermanenthabitatfornativespeciesoffauna,buttheremnantprimaryforestsandmaturesecondaryforestsneartheprojectareacontinuetoprovidehabitattoarangeofspecies.

Accordingtoastudyofthebiodiversityintheforestareasintheprojectzone,neartheprojectinstances,thereare62vertebratespecies;themostcommonspeciesareCarachupa(Dasypusnovemcinctus),Majaz(Agoutipaca)andSachacuy(Proechimysspp.)(AIDER,200615).Theplannedreforestationactivitieswillcontributetoprovidingbiologicalcorridorsbetweenthevariousforestecosystemsintheregiontherebyexpandingspecieshabitatandincreasinggeneticdiversity.

Ecosystem

TheUcayaliinstanceislocatedintheSubtropicalAmazonbio‐geographicprovinceandthenativeforestcoverisclassifiedaspre‐mountaintropicalhumidforestintransitiontotropicalhumidforest.16

Vegetation

IntheUcayaliinstance,thedominantvegetationofthedegradedpasturesistheinvasivegrassBraquiariadecumbeswithafewshrubs,isolatedtreesorclumpsoftrees.Thisgrassspeciesisalsoassociatedwithhardstemgrass(8.8%ofcover)andCashaucshagrass(Imperatabrasiliensis)(7.8%).Thesegrassesareinvasiveandhaveahighfuelload,leadingtoregularfiresthatthenpreventnaturalregenerationinthepastureareas.

SocialOverview

15AIDER.2006.Diagnosticobiofisico,zonificacionycaracterizaciondeflorayfaunadelareadetrabajo.

16 According to the life zones classification developed by Holdridge (1947). Holdridge,L.R.1947.Determinationofworldplantformationsfromsimpleclimaticdata.Science,105:367‐368.

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AsintheLoretoProjectAreas,CommunityGroupsareverypoorandrelyalmostentirelyonsmall‐scaleagricultureandranching.

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Figure4.LocationofthefirstUcayaliinstance

Figure5.ProjectAreaswithintheUcayaliinstance.

(CampoVerdeisaCCBStandards‐validatedprojectofreforestationondegradedpasturelandandisshowninthemapfororientationpurposes)

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PROJECTDESIGNANDBOUNDARIESG1.4DefinetheboundariesoftheProjectAreawhereprojectactivitiesaimtogeneratenet

climatebenefitsandtheProjectZonewhereprojectactivitiesareimplemented.

IntheLoretoInstancethereisaprojectareaof19.64hectares,showninFigure3,andintheUcayaliInstancethereisaprojectareaof5.57hectares,showninFigure5.TheUTMcoordinatesoftheseprojectareasareshowninTable1.Eachinstancealsohasadefinedprojectzone,whichisalargerareas,encompassingtheprojectareaitselfbutalsoasurroundingareainwhichprojectactivitiesthatdirectlyaffectlandandassociatedresources,includingactivitiessuchasthoserelatedtoprovisionofalternativelivelihoodsandcommunitydevelopment,areimplemented.FigurexandxbelowshowtherespectiveprojectzonesfortheLoretoandUcayaliinstances.

Intermsofthepotentialareawhereactivitiescanbereplicatedinthefutureusingaprogrammaticapproach,theProjectZonealsoincludesallpotentialProjectAreas(i.e.allpotentialnewlandareasinwhichprojectactivitiesthataimtogeneratenetclimatebenefitsmaybeimplementedinthefutureaftertheinitialvalidation).InthiscaseofthisprojectthisreferstoallareasthatfallwithinthedefinedGeographicalAreadelineatedintheVCSPDandshowinFigure15.However,itshouldbenotedthatnewinstancesmustalsodemonstratetheycomplywiththeeligibilitycriteriaonapplicationtojointhePlantingfortheFutureprogrammaticprojectframework.

Table1:UTMCoordinatesofProjectAreaLocations

latitude‐min(south) latitudemax(north longitudemin(west) longitudemax(east)

Ucayali ‐9.08 ‐8.06 ‐75.26 ‐74.33

Loreto ‐4.5 ‐3.4 ‐73.8 ‐72.88

G1.5ExplaintheprocessofstakeholderidentificationandanalysisusedtoidentifyCommunities,CommunityGroupsandOtherStakeholders.

LoretoInstance:PlantyourFuture,andaffiliatePlantatuFuturo,hasbeenworkingintheprojectzoneoftheLoretoInstancesince2010.PlantyourFuturehasworkedtoimplementtheLoretoInstancewithpartnerProNaturaleza,aPeruvianNGOwithanofficeinIquitosandaregionalLoretoprogramme,foundedin1984.IntheprojectinceptionphasefortheLoretoInstanceweworkedincollaborationwithregionalfarmerscooperative,COPASIMOLwithofficesinIquitosandmembersacrosstheprojectzone.PlantyourFutureworkedwithanexpertlocalagronomisttodoaninitialassessmentintheprojectzoneandmakerecommendationsonhowtoidentifyandselectsmallholderprojectparticipants(Communities).

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Throughthesepartnerships,studies17andpublishedliterature,aswellasourownexistingknowledgeofactors,wewereabletoidentifyCommunities,CommunityGroupsandOtherStakeholders.OnOctober17thand18thPlantyourFutureheldmeetingsatProNaturalezaofficesinIquitos,withparticipationfromCOPASIMOL,PlantyourFutureandProNaturalezastaffwherewewereabletomakeapreliminarylistofCommunityGroupsandOtherStakeholders,andwellasdiscusscriteriatoselectdirectprojectparticipants(Communities).Thiswasstakeholderidentificationprocesswascomplementedbyinitialconsultationswithkeystakeholders.

Inadditionthesocio‐economicassessmentcarriedoutbyMateofurtherconsolidatedtheanalysisofCommunities,CommunityGroupsandOtherStakeholdersboththroughdirectinterviewsandmeetings,andareviewofregionallyspecificliterature.Aspartofhersocio‐economicassessmentMateoconductedsurveys,interviews,meetingsandaworkshopspecificallywithfarmersincommunitiesneartoIquitosandaroundtheIquitos/Nautahighway(Varillal,Moralillo,NuevoMilagros,PaloSecoand13deFebrero).ThefarmersinterviewedandsurveyedwerethosewhohadbeenidentifiedbyPlantyourFutureandProNaturalezaforparticipationintheproject.

UCAYALIINSTANCE:WecollaborationwithBosqueAmazonicosandreliedontheCampoVerdeCCBandVCSprojectdocumentationandandfieldvisitstoidentifyCommunities,CommunityGroupsandOtherStakeholdersintheUcayaliProjectZone.

G1.6ListallCommunities,CommunityGroupsandOtherStakeholdersidentifiedusingtheprocessexplainedinG1.5.

TheprojectPlantingfortheFuturewillworkwithsmallholderfarmersastheCommunity.Theprojectshassetoutcriteria(seesectionG1.14)whichmustbemetforsmallholderfarmerstoparticipateinthisprogrammaticproject.ProjectAreaswillalwaysbeundertheownershipofasmallholderhousehold,assobenefitsfromtheprojectwillprimarilybegeneratedatthehouseholdlevelwhichtranscendsotherCommunityGroupsasthehouseholdparticipantsarecomprisedofmen,women,youthandcanbeheadedbymenorwomen,singleormarried,withorwithoutchildren.

LORETOINSTANCE

Community:

Wehaveidentified18smallholderfarmingfamiliesthatwewillworkwithdirectlyintheLoretoInstance.Weareworkingwithsmallholderfarmerswhomeetthecriteriasetbytheproject,asdefinedbyourprogrammaticapproachinaccordancewithVCSmethodologyrequirements.Thesmallholderfarmersweareworkingwithhavelandtitle.Theydirectlyderiveanincomefromagriculturalandforestryproducegeneratedontheirland.Theyarethesolebeneficiariesofincomesfromsaleofproduceorassetsfromtheirland.Weselectedsmallholderfarmersfrom4

17 Studies done for the Reserva Nacional Allpahuayo Mishana (INRENA, 2005 and IIAP, 2004) were

useful in our analysis of the Communities, Community Groups and Other Stakeholders of Plant your Future’s project in the Loreto region. 17

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differentvillages.These4villagesarecalledPaloSeco,13deFebrero,MoralilloandVarillal.Thesevillageswereselectedbasedonbaselineland‐useconditions,accessibilitytoIquitos,interestintheprojectandexistingcontactsfromprojectpartners.

Therearearound42,000peoplelivingbetweenthecityofIquitosandthetownofNauta(excludingthepopulationofthosecities)with7%annualpopulationgrowth,distributedinapproximately200villages(Tello,200118).AllthevillagesthatareinourProjectAreacanbecharacterisedbypopulationsofsmallholderfarmerswhoare“mestizo”,andwhoworklandwhichisprivatelyowned(mainlybythesmallholderinhabitantthemselves)andwhicharedividedintoamosaicofsmallparcels.Smallholdersbelongtoaspecificcommunities,whichusuallyhasanucleusofhomesandareengagedinsubsistenceleveltradewiththecityofIquitos.

Itwasdeterminedbyasocio‐economicanalysisthatparticipantsintheprojectownanaverage13.5haeach,oftenincludingamixtureofdegradedagriculturallandandvirginforest(Mateo,2013b19).Thisisagreatdealmorelandthanthatwhichwillbeincludedinthe“projectarea”itself.Theprojectareaitselfisasub‐areaoftheiroveralllandholdingwhichhasbeendeforestedanddegradedinthepastbyslashandburnagriculture.Eachsmallholderlimitshisorherfarmingactivitiestotheirplot.

CommunalworkhasbecomelesscommoninvillagesnearerIquitosandtheIquitos/Nautahighway.Traditionallyfarmerswouldcarryout‘mingas’wheretheycarriedoutworktogethertoassisteachotherwithagriculturalworkorvillagelevelprojects.Ata‘minga’remunerationismainlythroughtheprovisionoffoodinreturnforlabour.Invillagesnearerthehighwaymanuallabourisnowmorecommonlyrewardedwithaday‐salarypaidincash.

Allrespondentstotheproject’ssocioeconomicsurveywereover40yearsofageandthemajority(71%)hadbeeneducatedataprimaryschoollevel.Theaveragefamilysizeamongbeneficiarieswas2‐3people.About89%ofpeopleintheregionoftheprojectarein‐migrantstotheareafromIquitosorneighbouringregions(INRENA,200520),indicatingalongtraditionof“Amazonian”culture–peoplewhoknowandliveoffoftheforest–intheProjectZone.

18Tello,H.2001.ValoracióneconómicadeladiversidadbiológicaeneláreadeinfluenciadelaCarreteraIquitos–Nauta.EnValoraciónEconómicadelaDiversidadBiológicayServiciosAmbientalesenelPerú,INRENA,IRG/Biofor,USAID.Peru.474pp.

19Mateo,S.2013b.Plantandoparaelfuturo:Análisissocioeconómicoyconsultaaactoresclaveenelámbitodelproyecto.PlantyourFutureandProNaturaleza.

20INRENA.2005.PlanMaestrodelaReservaNacionalAllpahuayoMishana2006‐2010.MinisteriodeAgricultura,Perú.150pp.Retrievedfromhttp://www.sernanp.gob.pe/sernanp/archivos/biblioteca/publicaciones/RN_ALLPAHUAYOMISHANA/PlanMaestro_2006‐2010_Allpahuayo%20Mishana.pdf

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Thesurveyshowedthatthebeneficiariesoftheprojectareallsubsistencefarmers.AgriculturalproductsalesareexclusivelyfortheIquitosmarket.Tradethereishighlyvariabledependingontheseason.Smallholderfarmerssellinformallyinthemarket,andnotviaformalcontracts,makingitdifficulttoplanaheadorbeconfidentonpricing.Itproveddifficultforfarmerstoestimatetheirincome,butthosewhocouldofferedarangeof300‐800soles(PEN)permonth–enoughtocovertheirbasicneeds,butnotenoughtomakemajorinvestments.Besidesfarming,halfofthefarmersearnwagesfromsmall‐scale,localactivities:fishfarms,smallstores,raisingpigs,caretakinglandforothersandgenerallabour.

CommunityGroups:PlantingfortheFutureisworkingwithsmallholderfarmersatthehouseholdlevel.ThehouseholdtranscendsacrossCommunityGroups,andassuchincludessub‐groupsofcommunities.InthecaseofthisprojectCommunityGroupsincludewomen,youth,evangelicalChristiansandshopowners.Therearenoindigenouspeople’slivingintheLoretoProjectAreaformingpartofCommunityGroups.

OtherStakeholders:TheprojecthasdonewideconsultationinthePeruvianAmazononourproject,including,butnotlimitedtowithregionalgovernmentandothernon‐governmentalandresearchorganizations.Thesehavebeenonaformalandinformallevel.

Table2Listofparticipantsatconsultativeworkshop,November2012,Iquitos,Peru

Name Organisation Organisation(FullName)

MelchorAguilarRojas GRDS GerenciaRegionaldeDesarrolloSocial‐Gobierno

LourdesBocanegraTorres OTAE‐GRL OrganoTécnicodeAdministraciónEspecial‐

LuisCamposBaca IIAP InstitutodeInvestigacióndelaAmazoniaPeruana

FlordeMBardalesMorí DIREPRO DirecciónRegionaldelaProducción‐Gobierno

CarlosUshiñahua DRA‐L DirecciónRegionaldeAgriculturadeLoreto

ZoilaPereaDeArévalo DIRESA‐DESA DirecciónRegionaldeSalud‐DirecciónEjecutivade

CharlineBandry LATITUDSUR LatitudSur

FelicianoRodríguez DRA‐L DirecciónRegionaldeAgriculturadeLoreto

BrunoPaino ICRAF CentroMundialdeAgroforestería

JhonatanCaroTuesta WCS WildlifeConservationSociety

NataliaFreitasGómez DAR DerechoAmbientalyRecursosNaturales‐Gobierno

JorgeRaulLópezGarcía GOREL GobiernoRegionaldeLoreto

MoisésDavidBendayan DRAL‐PROCREA DirecciónRegionaldeAgriculturaLoreto‐

ElisaEdithChotaTorres PRMRFFS ProgramaRegionaldeManejodeRecursos

LizCristinaLópezMuñoz PRMRFFS ProgramaRegionaldeManejodeRecursos

JamesManuelVásquez OTAE‐GOREL OrganoTécnicodeAdministraciónEspecial‐

GladysArnedaSaldaña OPIPP‐GOREL OrganismoPublicoInfraestructuraparala

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MarcoAntonioValcárcel OPIPP‐GOREL OrganismoPublicoInfraestructuraparala

EmilioVillarCastro D.R.AGRICULTURA DirecciónRegionaldeAgriculturaLoreto

FlorHidalgoPanduro GR.RR.NN.YG GerenciaRegionaldeRecursosNaturalesyGestión

ChristianPérez GORELORETO‐DAR DerechoAmbientalyRecursosNaturales‐Gobierno

JorgeGómezNoriega PRONATURALEZA FundaciónPeruanaparalaConservacióndela

RicardoMontesVásquez COMITÉ ComitédeProductoresCOPASIMOL

JulioÁngelPérezPérez INVERSIONESTRES InversionesTresHermanos

GuillermoGorbitzDupuy IICA InstitutoInteramericanodeCooperaciónparala

HenkLette IICAPMFS InstitutoInteramericanodeCooperaciónparala

GabyRiveraCampos IICAPMFS InstitutoInteramericanodeCooperaciónparala

JulioWagnerVásquez PRONATURALEZA FundaciónPeruanaparalaConservacióndela

LuisFelipeVela PRONATURALEZA FundaciónPeruanaparalaConservacióndela

Wehavealsodonewideconsultationatthenationallevel.TheInter‐AmericanInstituteforCooperationonAgriculture(IICA)hostedaworkshoponNovember15th2013attheirofficesinLaMolina,LimawhereotherStakeholderswereinvitedtoattendtohearabouttheprojectandmethodologiesappliedandgivetheirfeedback.SeeTable3forlistofparticipants.Thismeetingwasrelevantforthewholeproject,inbothLoretoandUcayali,andthebroaderGeographicalAreaforexpansion.

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Table3ParticipantsatLimaConsultativeWorkshop

Name Organisation

RuthSandraRomeroPaucar UNALM

MariaAnaCisnerosMaravi Perubosque/Untecs

EdwardMitchard PlantYourFuture/UniversityofEdinburgh

JavierPerlaÁlvarez LIBELULA

DavidLicapaTacuri UniversidadNacionalUNTECS

VerónicaValcárcel MFS‐IICA

GilbertoDomínguezT UNALM‐FCF

CelestinaCreyFlores INIA

SandraRoncalGarcía MINAM

NadyaVillavicencio IICA‐MFS

KennethPeraltaNario MINAM‐DGCEDRN

HernandoRiveraL IICA

ManuelMavila IICA

HenkLette IICA‐PMFS

GuillermoGorbitz IICA‐PMFS

CelsoAlexisNaviaCuba ECOTIERRA

ErlyCamizánMorán ECOTIERRA

JorgeTorres BAM

DavidLlanosDulanto RainforestAlliance

ValentinaRobiglin ICRAF

BrunoPaino ICRAF

AnaTeresaRuiz ProNaturaleza

LuisFelipeVela ProNaturaleza

CarlosSanchesDíaz AIDER

UCAYALIINSTANCE

Community:The5smallholderfarminghouseholdswhocomprisetheProjectAreaintheUcayaliInstancearehomogenousenoughtobeconsideredone“community”,althoughareinfactlocatedinseveralvillagesneartheCampoVerdeplantation.Thesearesmall‐scalecattleranchersand

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farmers.Theyaremestizo,andhavetitletotheirland.AsintheLoretoInstancetheland‐usewithintheiroverallsmallholdingmaybemixed,howevertheProjectAreaitselfspecificallycomplieswiththedegradedpasturebaselinecriteria.These5smallholdingfamiliesarethesolebeneficiariesofincomesderivedfromtheirrespectivepartsoftheProjectArea.

SocioeconomicsurveysofvillagesintheProjectZone21completedbytheneighboringCampoVerdereforestationcarbonproject22foundthefollowing:

Thehighestlevelofeducationobtainedbythemajorityofadultsisprimaryschool. Only54%oftheresidentsofthesevillageswerefromUcayaliregion,only26%werefrom

theCampoVerdearea(thesameareaofUcayaliwherePlantingfortheFutureactivitiestakeplace),indicatingahighdegreeofmigration.

Agricultureistheprimaryoccupation.Themajorityoffarmersgrowrice,yuccaandcorn;lessfrequentlytheyalsogrowcitrus,pepperandbananas.50%ofproductsareconsumedbythefarmersandtheirfamilies,while44%goestothemarket.

Oneoutofeverythreefamilieshassomecattle.Otheractivitiesusedtocomplementfarming,allataverysmall‐scale,includebeekeeping,housekeeping,business,laboringforothers,forestry,fishing,carpentryandservingasachauffeur.

Monthlyincomefromtheaverage8haplotislowerthaninLoreto,at371soles. AsopposedtotheLoretoinstance,peoplefromthiscommunityhavehadpositive

experiencesalreadywithreforestation:manyareemployedinsomecapacityintheCampoVerdereforestationcarbonproject.

73%ofrespondentsintheCampoVerdereforestationcarbonprojectsurveys(conductedwithsmallholdercommunitiesaroundtheCampoVerdearea)werestillintheprocessofgettingtitletotheirland,suggestingthatnotallwillbeeligibletoparticipateinPlantingfortheFuture.However,thecommunityitselfalreadydefinedintheinitialUcayaliInstancedohavelandtitle,andfuturefamiliestoparticipatewillhavebehouseholdswhohavelandtitle.

CommunityGroups:PlantingfortheFutureisworkingwithsmallholderfarmersatthehouseholdlevel.ThehouseholdtranscendsacrossCommunityGroups,andassuchincludessub‐groupsofcommunities.InthecaseofthisprojectCommunityGroupsincludewomen,youth,evangelicalChristiansandshopowners.Therearenoindigenouspeople’slivingintheUcayaliProjectAreaformingpartofCommunityGroups.

Otherstakeholders:SFM,SFM‐BAMSAC,AIDERarelocalenvironmentalandforestryorganizationsthatoperatetheadjacent,carbon‐financedCampoVerdereforestationproject.Plant

21 surveys conducted in the following villages: AguaBlanca, Agua Dulce,Manco Cápac, Pimental,Pimientacocha,SantaTeresitadeAguaBlanca,andTierraRoja/NuevoAmanacer

22 See the CCB Standards project design document for Reforestation with Native CommercialSpecies on Degraded Lands for Timber and Carbon Purposes in Campo Verde, Ucayali – Peru,AnnexE,availableathttp://www.climate‐standards.org/2008/11/25/reforestation‐with‐native‐commercial‐species‐on‐degraded‐lands‐for‐timber‐and‐carbon‐purposes‐in‐campo‐verde‐ucayali‐peru/

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yourFuturehasasignedagreementforinformationsharingwiththisproject.ThereisnoconflictorredundancybetweenPlantingfortheFutureandCampoVerde,asthelatterprojectisdesignedtodealexclusivelywithoneprivately‐ownedplotanddoesn’tworkwithsmallholderownedland.Table3showstheconsultationthatoccurredontheprojectatthenationallevelwithotherstakeholders.

G1.7ProvideamapidentifyingthelocationofCommunitiesandtheboundariesoftheProjectArea(s),oftheProjectZone,includinganyHighConservationValueareas(identifiedinCM1andB1),andofadditionalareasthatarepredictedtobeimpactedbyprojectactivitiesidentifiedinCL3,CM3andB3.

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Figure6North‐EastPeruvianAmazonshowingUcayaliandLoretoProjectZones,NationalReservesandPrivateReserves

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Figure7.LocationofCommunities,HighConservationValueAreasandotherareasthatwillbeimpactedbyprojectactivitiesinLoreto

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Figure8.LocationofCommunities,HighConservationValueAreasandotherareasthatwillbeimpactedbyprojectactivitiesinUcayali(seeFigure5forlocationofCommunities)

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Figure9:HighConservationValueslocationsinrelationtoPlantingfortheFutureGeographicalArea(wherefutureactivitiescanbescaledto)

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HighConservationValue PlantingfortheFuture’sImpact

HCV1Areascontainingglobally,regionallyornationallysignificantconcentrationsofbiodiversityvalues

TheLoretoProjectZoneincludespartsoftheKeyBiodiversityAreaandImportantBirdAreaCuencaRíoNanay.ClassificationofthisKBAandIBAisbasedonthepresenceofsignificantpopulationsofgloballythreatenedspecies,significantpopulationsofendemicspeciesknownonlytobefoundinalimitedarea,significantpopulationsofspeciesknownonlytobefoundinaparticularbiomeand/orsignificantregional/sub‐regionalpopulationsoftriggerspecies.ThetriggerspeciesinthiscaseistheIquitosgnatcatcher(Polioptilaclementsi),thepresenceofwhichhasalsoearnedtheCuencaRíoNanaytheclassificationofanAllianceforZeroExtinction(AZE)site.

TheUcayaliProjectZoneincludesthefollowingendangeredspecies:black‐facedspidermonkey(Ateleschamek)23,Peruvianwoollymonkey(Lagothrixcana)24,andGiantBrazilianOtter(Pteronurabrasiliensis)25.

HCV2Globally,regionallyornationallysignificantlargelandscape‐levelareaswhereviablepopulationsofmostifnotallnaturallyoccurringspeciesexistinnaturalpatternsofdistributionandabundance.

TheareaoftheProjectZonescurrentlyhasahighproportionofprimaryforest.

TheLoretoProjectZoneisclassifiedbyGlobalForestWatchas“intactforestlandscape”26.Theregionarounditincludesthefollowingprotectedareas:

ReservaNacionalAllpahuayo‐Mishana

23Wallace,R.B.,Mittermeier,R.A.,Cornejo,F.&Boubli,J.‐P.2008.Ateleschamek.In:IUCN2013.IUCNRedList

ofThreatenedSpecies.Version2013.2.Retrievedfromhttp://www.iucnredlist.org/details/41547/0

24Boubli,J.‐P.,DiFiore,A.,Rylands,A.B.&Wallace,R.B.2008.Lagothrixcana.In:IUCN2013.IUCNRedListof

ThreatenedSpecies.Version2013.2.Retrievedathttp://www.iucnredlist.org/details/39925/0

25Duplaix,N.,Waldemarin,H.F.,Groenedijk,J.,Evangelista,E.,Munis,M.,Valesco,M.&Botello,J.C.2008.Pteronurabrasiliensis.In:IUCN2013.IUCNRedListofThreatenedSpecies.Version2013.2.Retrievedfromhttp://www.iucnredlist.org/details/18711/0

26WorldResourcesInstitute.2014.GlobalForestWatch.Retrievedfrom

http://www.globalforestwatch.org/

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ReservaNacionalPacaya‐Samiria AreadeConservaciónRegionalComunalTamishiyacu‐Tahuayo

AreadeConservaciónRegionalAltoNanayPintuyacuChambira

AreadeConservaciónPrivadaHermanDantas

AreadeConservaciónPrivadaAmazonNaturalPark

TheareaaroundtheUcayaliProjectZonesincludestheCampoVerdereforestationcarbonprojectandthreeProtectedNaturalAreasofthenationalsystemofprotectednaturalareas(SINANPE).Thesearelocatedafewkilometresaway.

HCV3Rare,threatened,orendangeredecosystems,habitatsorrefugia.

TheLoretoProjectZoneincludessectionsofwhitesandgeologyuponwhichadistinctivevarillalrainforestisfound.Varillalischaracterisedbythintreesandanunusuallyhighspeciesdiversity,includingmanyendemics.Inaddition,theLoretoProjectZoneincludesthefloodedforestscalledvárzea.

ThedevelopmentanddensepopulationofthecityofIquitosandareasalongtheIquitos/Nautahighwaythreatensbothhabitatdiversityandtherainforestecosystemitself.

Clearingduetosubsistencefarming,fireandillegalhuntingthreatenstheecosystemoftheUcayaliProjectZone.

Projectactivitiesareplayingkeyroleinreversingtheintensificationofsmall‐scaleagricultureandcattleranching,reducingthethreatofthesedriversofdeforestation.

HCV4Basicecosystemservicesincriticalsituations,includingprotectionofwatercatchmentsandcontroloferosionofvulnerablesoilsandslopes.

Theprojectwillpositivelyimpactthefollowingecosystemservices,whichareallincriticalsituationsgiventhehighrateofdeforestationthreateningtheProjectZonesandthelikelyimpactsofclimatechangeintheregion:

FloodregulationWater

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purification

ClimateregulationDiseaseregulation

GeneticresourcesSoilformation

NutrientcyclingPrimaryproduction

HCV5Sitesandresourcesfundamentalforsatisfyingthebasicnecessitiesoflocalcommunitiesorindigenouspeoples(forlivelihoods,health,nutrition,water,etc.),identifiedthroughengagementwiththesecommunitiesorindigenouspeoples.

InbothProjectZones,thelocalcommunitiesaresmallholdersubsistencefarmers.Theyliveoffoftheirlandoutofnecessity,becausetheydonothavethefinancialortechnicalcapacitytodootherwise.Cropsthataremorethanwhatthefamiliesneedfortheirownconsumptionaresoldlocallytogenerateincometomeetotherbasicneeds.Theprojectactivitieswillenablesmallholderstoenhancetheirlivelihoodswhileconservingtheirresourcesforthefuture.

Localpeoplearealsopermittedtohuntontheirownland(fornon‐commercialpurposes),andsoareprovidedwithessentialanimalprotein.

TheProjectZonesalsoprovidewaterforlocalcommunities.

HCV6Sites,resources,habitatsandlandscapesofglobalornationalcultural,archaeologicalorhistoricalsignificance,and/orofcriticalcultural,ecological,economicorreligious/sacredimportanceforthetraditionalculturesoflocalcommunitiesorindigenouspeoples,identifiedthroughengagementwiththeselocalcommunitiesorindigenouspeoples.

DespitethelargeproportionofsmallholdersineachProjectZonethathavemigratedtotheregiononlyrecently,themajoritycomefromotherforest‐dependentAmazonregions.Theircultureisoneofrelianceonnaturalresources.HCV6isnotidentifiedaspresentintheprojectareas.

G1.8Brieflydescribeeachprojectactivityandtheexpectedoutputs,outcomesandimpactsoftheactivitiesidentifyingthecausalrelationshipsthatexplainhowtheactivitieswillachievetheproject’spredictedclimate,communityandbiodiversitybenefits.

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Wewillworkaround3focalissuesandassociatedprojectactivities:

1. Sustainableagriculture:Wewillbuildasustainableagroforestrymodelforsmallholder

farmers.Themodelisdesignedtorestoredeforestedlandswithnativecropsandtrees.Speciesandmaintenanceareselectedsoastoensureresiliencytonaturalvulnerabilities(changingclimate,pests,etc.)andtoensurethatfarmerlivelihoodsareimprovedfrommultiplerevenuestreams.

2. Accesstoformalmarketsforsmallholderfarmers:Strengthenthesocialstructure

betweenfarmers,enhancingtheircapacitytoprofitfromnaturalresource‐basedenterprises.Smallholderswillsuccessfullygoverntheirowntradeassociations;theseassociationswillenablecommunitiestoworktogetherinunifiedstructureswithcapacitytoengageintheformalmarketthroughbusinesscontracts,andmanagethesupplyofAmazonianfruit,andaddvaluetotheirsupplychain.

3. Biodiversityconservation:Deforestationanddegradationoftherainforestfromsmallholderagriculturewillbereduced,andforestcoverincreased,improvingbiodiversityconservationintheAmazon.

Wehavedevelopedan“agroforestry”modelthatwillrestorevaluetodegraded,unproductiveagriculturallandsthroughmarket‐orientatedagroforestrysystems,therebyreducingdeforestationpressure.Atthecoreofourmodelistheimportanceofdiversifyingfarmerincomesthroughsaleofproduceintheshortandmediumterm,timberinthemediumtolong‐term,andcomplimentedbypaymentsforecosystemservices(namelycarbon).Ourmodelhasbeendevelopedfromover10yearsresearchinthePeruvianAmazonbyPlantyourFuture,anditiscenteredontheunderstandingthattheonlywaytoreallyimprovelivelihoodsistoconnectfarmerswiththemarket.Thiswillalsobringpositivebenefitsfortheclimateandbiodiversity,butwithoutaddressesthecentrallivelihoodissueforsmallholdersthesecannotbeachieved.OurkeyprojectactivityforPlantingfortheFutureisimplementingtheseagroforestrysystemsondegradinglands,andbuildingfarmerscapacitytomaintainandmanagethem.

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Figure10.ThePlantingfortheFuturemodel

Key‘innovativeelements’ofthemodelarethesaleofshorttermcropsaimedathighvalue‘gourmet’marketsandthesaleofcarbonoffsets.Providingfarmersarevenueintheshortandmediumtermisthekeyelementthathasbeenmissingtodate,andwhichhaspreventedtheadoptionofagroforestryamongstmostfarmers.

Wehaveidentifiedplantingchillipepperswithintheagroforestrysystemsasoneoptionforhighvalueshort‐termcrop(Capsicumchinense).ThesegrowwellasanativecropofthePeruvianAmazonandareanestablishedcondimentwithagrowingmarket.ThiswillbepartoftheprojectactivityintheLoretoandUcayaliinstances.

Wewillfacilitatetheformationofatradeassociationforfarmers,workwiththemtodevelopasupplychain,andsupportmarketingofchilli,andotherhighvalueAmazonianfruits,tolocalbusinessesinIquitosaswellastohighend“gastro‐chefs”andmarketsinLima.

Carbonfinancewillcomplementincomefromshort‐termcrops,enablingfarmerstomaintaintheirtreesinthemediumterm.Tothisend,wehavedevelopedaprogrammaticframeworkthatwillbeverifiedundertheVerifiedCarbonStandardandtheClimate,CommunityandBiodiversityStandard.(seesection2)Inthelongterm,farmerswillrealizealargepayoffwhentheirtimbertreeshavematured.

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Forthemodeltoworkproperlyallelementsofthemodelneedtobefunctioningtoensurefarmersgettherevenuestheyneedtopositivelyincentivizethemtoadoptandcontinueagroforestry,andimprovetheirlivelihoods.

Acomprehensivemonitoringsystemwillenabletheprojecttokeeptrackofprojectoutputs,outcomesandimpacts.

Expectedoutputs,outcomesandimpactsfromprojectactivities:

Theover‐archingimpactistoachievetheprojectvisionasdescribedinsectionG1.2;willseePeruviansmallholderstransitionfromunsustainableagriculturetomarket‐orientedagroforestrysystems.WeaimtoachievelargescaleuptakeofthePlantyourFuturemodelbysmallholderfarmersinLoretoandUcayali,andacrossthebroadergeographicalareaforexpansion.Theimpactofourmodelwillbethatincomegeneratingsustainableagroforestrywillhavereplacedlow‐valuesubsistenceagricultureanddegradedpasturesforsmallholderfarmers.ProjectbeneficiariesinLoretoandUcayaliwillbeearningincomefromsaleofchillipeppers,Amazonianfruitsandcarbonoffsetsalesfromtheirsmallholdings.Smallholderswillbesuccessfullygoverningtheirowntradeassociations.TheseassociationswillenablecommunitiestoworktogetherinunifiedstructureswithcapacitytoengageinbusinesscontractsandmanagethesupplyofAmazonianfruit.Thetradeassociationswillrunachillipepperbusinessthatsellspeppersintodomesticandinternational,gourmetmarkets.TheywillexpandovertimetosellotherAmazonianfruitsharvestedfromthefruittreessuchascopoazuandguanabana.Ourmodelwillinspire,andenable,othersmallholderfarmerswithdegradedlandstojoininprojectactivities,reducingdeforestationpressureonthelandscapescale.Inaddition,wewillhavedevelopedadetailedbusinesscasetoattracttheflowofprivatecapitaltoallowthemodeltobescaledup,modellingreturnsandestablishinganinvestmentvehicle.TheagroforestrysystemswillgeneratecarbonoffsetscertifiedbyundertheVCSandtheCCBStandardsandsoldtohigh‐endbuyswhorecognizenotonlythecarbonmitigationvaluebutalsotheexceptionalcommunityandbiodiversitybenefitsoftheproject.

Thethreeproblemflowdiagramsshowthetheoryofchangeforthethreefocalissueslookingatthecurrentproblem,projectopportunityaswellasdirectthreats.Addressingthesethreefocalissueswillbecriticaltoachievingtheoverallprojectvision.Climate,CommunityandBiodiversitybenefitsarerelevanttoallfocalissues.

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Figure11.Sustainableagricultureproblemflow

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Figure12.Marketaccessproblemflow

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Figure13.Biodiversityproblemflow

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G1.9Definetheprojectstartdateandlifetime,andGHGaccountingperiodandbiodiversityandcommunitybenefitsassessmentperiodifrelevant,andexplainandjustifyanydifferencesbetweenthem.Defineanimplementationschedule,indicatingkeydatesandmilestonesintheproject’sdevelopment.

Projectstartdate:January16,2012–thedaythefirsttreeswereplanted,locatedintheLoretoInstance.

Theprojectlifetimeis30years,andtheGHGaccountingperiod,aswellasbiodiversityandcommunitybenefitsassessmentperiodarethesame.Itisanticipatedprojectbenefitsfrocommunityandbiodiversitywillextendbeyond30years,buttheprojectlifetimeisonly30yearsasthisisthelengthoflegalagreementswithfarmers.

Figure14ImplementationSchedule

RISKMANAGEMENTANDLONG‐TERMVIABILITYG1.10Identifylikelynaturalandhuman‐inducedriskstotheexpectedclimate,community

andbiodiversitybenefitsduringtheprojectlifetimeandoutlinemeasuresneededandtakentomitigatetheserisks.

Climate:Forrisksassociatedwiththeclimatechangemitigationelementofthisproject,seethecompletedVCSAFOLUNon‐PermanenceRiskTool,version3.2.

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Community:Basedonthefarmers’cultureofshorttimeframesandmanyimmediateneeds,thereisariskthatthefarmerswillbecomedisillusionedwiththeprojectiftheyfailtoseeresultsandpositiveincentivesfromthereforestation/agroforestryactivities.ThiswouldleadtothemsellinglandorsimplycuttingdownorneglectingthetreesplantedforPlantingfortheFuture,andbreakingthelegalagreementsinplacefortheircommitmenttotheproject.IntheLoretoProjectAreas,wheretherehavebeenanumberoffailedreforestation/agroforestryprojectsinthepast,thisisariskthatneedstobemitigatedbyconstantsupport.Theproject’stechnician,basedinIquitos,spendsseveraldaysaweekfarmersandprovidingthemwithresources,technicalsupportandsupervision.TheUcayaliparticipantshavebeeninspiredbythesuccessoftheCampoVerdereforestationcarbonproject,butPlantyourFuturewillworktoensurethattheparticipantsinPlantingfortheFuturedonotbecomediscouragedifsomethinggoeswrongintheCampoVerdeproject.WewillfollowasimilarmodeltoLoretowithon‐goingtechnicalsupportandvisitsfromextensionworkers/projecttechnicians.Thecarefulplanningofshort,mediumandlongtermcrops,aswellasfinancialsupportforweedingandpestcontrolbytheprojectintheearlyyearsoftheprojectaimstomitigatetheriskoffarmersleavingtheproject.

PlantyourFuturehasensuredthatfarmersonlyuseasmallportionoftheirtotallandholdingforagroforestry.Furthermore,farmersparticipatedintheplantingplandevelopment.Thisensuresthattheyareknowledgeableaboutandconfidentinthecropsthattheyaregrowing.Thecoreelementoftheprojectisrestoringdegradedlandsandintroducingandbuildingfarmerscapacitytoimplementanewmodelforagriculturewhichreplacestheoldsystemofmigratoryagriculture.Theaimoftheprojectisthatsmallholderfarmersseethepositiveincentivesfromagroforestryandwithtimeadoptthismorebroadlyontheirland.

Climatechangewilllikelyleadtoincreasedtemperaturesandchangingrainpatterns,ifnotoverthetimeframeofthisproject,thendefinitelyoverthelongerterm.PlantingfortheFuturehastakenthisintoconsiderationinspeciesselection.Wewillprovideinformationandtechnicalsupporttofarmersforthedurationoftheproject,educatingthemtobeabletocarefullyconsidertheimpactsthatclimatechangemighthaveinthefuture.

Biodiversity:

Theprojectisonlyworkingwithnativespeciesandisrestoringdegradedareastothenativeecosystemtypewhichisforest.Weareusingnaturalpestcontrolanddiseasecontrolmeasureswhereverpossible.

G1.11Describethemeasuresneededandtakentomaintainandenhancetheclimate,communityandbiodiversitybenefitsbeyondtheprojectlifetime.

ThePlantingfortheFutureprogrammeissetuptodemonstratethathigherreturnscanbegeneratedfromagroforestrythanfromsubsistenceagricultureandraisingcattle.Overthe30‐yearlifeoftheproject,itisintendedthatfarmercapacity,socialcapital,technicalknow‐how,businessknow‐how,knowledgeandconnectionsareestablishedsothatthemodelcansustainitselfintothefutureandwillbereplicatedbyfarmersastheirpreferredlandusechoice.Theprojectaimstocreateaparadigmshiftinthetypeofagriculturethatfarmersuse,andthatbytheendoftheprojectfarmerswillrealisethistypeoflanduse(agroforestry/sustainableforestry)improvestheir

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livelihoods,sowillbeadoptedoverandabovethebaselineagriculturetype(slashandburn/ranching)

G1.12Demonstratethatfinancialmechanismsadopted,includingactualandprojectedrevenuesfromGHGemissionsreductionsorremovalsandothersources,provideanadequateactualandprojectedflowoffundsforprojectimplementationandtoachievetheproject’sclimate,communityandbiodiversitybenefits.

Theprojectisraisingfundsfromphilanthropicandinvestmentsourcestofundtheinitialimplementationactivities–i.e.sitepreparation,nurserydevelopmentandplantingoftrees.Wehavebudgetedtoprovideon‐goingfinancialandtechnicalsupportforthefirstthreeyearsfollowingtheinstallationoftheagroforestrysystems.WhileVCU’swillnotbegenerateduntilverificationtheprojectanticipatessellingaproportionofcarboncreditsex‐ante,followingvalidation.Thiswillprovideanimportantrevenuestreamtosupportthemaintenanceoftheagroforestrysystemsinthecriticalearlyyears.Revenuesfromcarbonbenefitswillalsobesharedwithsmallholderfarmersparticipatingintheprojectdirectly,fromyear3.

Theprojecthasidentifieditisessentialthatintheneartermwehelpfarmerstogenerateashort‐termincomethroughtheplantingofahighvalueshorttermcropwithintheagroforestrysystems.IntheLoretoandUcayaliInstancesweareimplementingaprogrammetoproducechilli’s(capsicum)intheseareasbetweentheyoungtrees.Thiswouldmeanthefarmersaremaximisingtheirenergies,byusingthelandwhichtheyaremaintaining,andarealreadyweeding(aroundandbetweentheyoungtrees)togrowsomethingthatwillgeneratethemastrongreturn.Basedonanassessmentofmarketconditionandnaturalgrowingconditionswebelievedevelopingachillipepperbusinesswouldofferthestrongestpotentialforincreasingtheirincomes.

Startingachillipepperproductionprogramme(incombinationwithotherhighervalueshorttermcropssuchascoconaandpapaya)isimportant,givingthefarmersafocusedactivitytokeepthemmotivatedintheshorttermwithintheagroforestrysystemsandwithanincometoenablethemtomaintaintheothertreesinthesystemsfortheirlonger‐termincome.

PROGRAMMATICAPPROACH

Theprojectisstructuredtostartwithaninitialsmallgroupofsmallholderfarmers,scalingupovertimeasothersseethemodelprovenandbecomeinterestedinjoining.GiventhesignificantproportionofthemillionsofhectaresofdeforestedlandinPeruthatisownedbysmallholders,webelievethiswillprovideacriticalframeworktotacklethereforestationofdeforestedlandsatalandscapelevel.

G1.13SpecifytheProjectArea(s)andCommunitiesthatmaybeincludedundertheprogrammaticapproach,andidentifyanynewProjectArea(s)andCommunitiesthathavebeenincludedintheprojectsincethelastvalidationorverificationagainsttheCCBStandards.

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SeeFigure2‐Figure5forthelocationofcurrentProjectAreasandG1.7forlocationanddescriptionofcurrentCommunities.

Increatingamodelthatistrulyscalable,itisourintentionthat,inthefuture,PlantingfortheFuturecouldexpandtonewareas,includeinstancesmanageddirectlybyPlantyourFutureaswellasorganizationsotherthanPlantyourFuturewithinPeruthatmeettheeligibilitycriteriadescribedinG1.14.Figure15illustratesthepotentialareaforPlantingfortheFutureactivitiestobescaledtoatthenationallevel.ItisnotpossibleatthepresenttimetodeterminewherefutureProjectAreasmayoccur,soweplantosubmitdocumentationofnewProjectZonesasnewProjectAreasareaddedoutsideofthecurrentZones.

Figure15.Geographicarea(blue)wherepotentialPlantingfortheFutureactivitiescouldoccur,pendingcompliancewiththecriteriainG1.14.

G1.14SpecifytheeligibilitycriteriaandprocessforprojectexpansionundertheprogrammaticapproachanddemonstratethatthesehavebeenmetforanynewProject

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AreasandCommunitiesthathavebeenincludedintheprojectsincethelastvalidationorverificationagainsttheCCBStandards.

Projectactivitiesmustmeetthefollowingeligibilitycriteria:

BelocatedintheRepublicofPeruwithinGeographicalareashowinFigure15 Occuronlandbelongingtoa‘smallholder”farmer’.A‘smallholderfarmer’isdefinedforthe

purposesofthisgroupedprojectdescriptionasalandholderthatisnotstructurallydependentonpermanenthiredlabour,managestheirlandmainlywiththeirownandtheirfamily’slabourforce,andwhoseprimaryincomecomesfromtheirlandmanagementactivities27.

o Ownershipoflandbythesmallholdermustbedemonstratedbycleartitleandrelevantdocumentation.Inexceptionalcasesthesmallholdercanholdpossessiontitleoverthelandonly,butbeintheadvancedstagesofandcommittedtoobtainingcompletetitle.Thecompletetitlemustbeobtainablebeforeverification.

ItmustbedemonstrablethatthelandwasnotclearedofnativevegetationinordertocreateGHGcredits

Itmustbedemonstrablethatthelandwasclearofnativeecosystemspriortothestartdateofthisprogrammaticapproach,January16th,2012.

Thesmallholderwantstorestoretheirlandtoforestandputitintosustainablemanagement

Thelandowneriswillingandabletosignanagreementwhichcommitshimtotransfertherightsforthecarbontotheprojectproponentandmaintainthetreeswhichhavebeenplantedaspartoftheprojectforaminimumof30yearsinaccordancewithanagreedmanagementplan.

Thelandowneriswillingtoallowaccesstohislandforinspectionandmonitoringofcarbonstocks,communityimpactsandbiodiversity

Itmustbedemonstrablethatthelandtobeincludedinnewprojectinstancesmeetsoneofthetwobaselinecriteria,namely:

o Shiftingcultivation(‘slashandburn’)agriculture,wherebythelandmusthavebeenburnttopreparethelandforagricultureatleastoncewithintheten‐yearperiodJanuary15,2002‐January16,2012;or

o Degradedpasture,wherebylandsmusthavebeenclearedoftheirnativeecosystemssinceJanuary15,2002.

ForalllandsincludedinthecurrentProjectAreas(LoretoandUcayaliInstances),thesecriteriahavebeenmetthroughtheuseofsocialsurveys,satelliteimagery,legalduediligenceandcontractswithlandowners.

G1.15Establishscalabilitylimits,ifapplicable,anddescribemeasuresneededandtakentoaddressanyriskstoclimate,communityandbiodiversitybenefitsiftheprojectexpandsbeyondthoselimits.

27DefinitiontakenfromthePlanVivoStandard

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TheprojectcanonlybescaledwithintheGeographicalAreaifitmeetstheeligibilitycriteria.Theprojectaimstoscaleuptothelandscapeleveltoachievemaximumclimate,communityandbiodiversitybenefits.Giventhatweuseconservativeestimatesforcarbonsequestration,wedonotbelievethereisariskthatcarbonsequestrationwillbeoverestimatedasProjectAreasareadded.TheprogrammaticapproachisemployedexplicitlysothatPlantingfortheFuturecanbuilditseconomicandmanagerialcapacity,aswellasthatofparticipatingfarmers,astheprojectactivitiesarereplicated.Becauseofthesmall‐scaleofindividualreforestationactivitiesandthatitwillonlyoccuronapercentageofasmallholderlandholding(generallyunder50%)wedonotanticipateundueburdenonagivensmallholderfamily,butwewillmonitorthisastheprojectisimplementedandtakeactionsasnecessarytocompensatefororeliminatepotentialissues.

G2.WITHOUT‐PROJECTLANDUSESCENARIOANDADDITIONALITY

G2.1Describethemostlikelyland‐usescenariowithintheProjectZoneintheabsenceoftheproject,describingtherangeofpotentialland‐usescenariosandtheassociateddriversoflandusechangesandjustifyingwhytheland‐usescenarioselectedismostlikely.ItisallowablefordifferentlocationswithintheProjectZonetohavedifferentwithout‐projectlandusescenarios.

Thewithout‐projectlandusescenario(hereafterreferredtoasbaselinescenario)ofPlantingfortheFutureisdefinedthroughtheapplicationoftheCleanDevelopmentMechanism’sCombinedToolToIdentifyTheBaselineScenarioandDemonstrateAdditionalityinA/RCDMProjectActivities,version1(seeAppendix1.CombinedtooltoidentifythebaselinescenarioanddemonstrateadditionalityinA/RCDMprojectactivities(version01).Twostratahavebeenidentifiedforthebaselinescenario,sotheprocedureisappliedtwice.

BASELINESCENARIOA.SHIFTINGCULTIVATION‘SLASHANDBURN’AGRICULTURE

Theslashandburnagriculturebaselinerepresentslandthathasbeenclearedoftropicalforestandburnttomakewayforagriculture.Thelandisthencultivatedforafewyearsuntilitisdepletedofnutrients.Thefarmerthenmovesontoanewareaoflandtocultivate,leavingthepreviouslycultivatedareafallow.Followingtheareabeinglefttofallow,thefarmerwillreturntothelandtore‐clearandburn,allowingthesoilstogainnutrientsandthelandtobere‐cultivated.

Underthisbaselinescenario,whichappliesinthecurrentLoretoProjectAreas,thelandownedbyfarmersundergoesaconstantcycleofclearingforagriculture,beingfarmedfor2‐3years(chacra),thenleftasfallow(purma)foranumberofyearsbeforebeingclearedagain.Mostfarmers’landisthereforeamosaicofagricultureandwoodedfallowinvariousstagesofrecovery.

Ourbaselinescenarioassumesthatthisland,withouttheproject,wouldremaininthesamecycleofclearingandlow‐valuegrowth.Weassumethatthetimebetweenclearingeventswillbethesameinthefutureasintherecentpast,andcalculatethemeancarbonstockthroughtimeusingasetoffieldplotslocatedinagricultureandvariousagesofregrowth.

Determinationoftimebetweenclearingevents

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Ananalysiswasperformedusingsatelliteimageryinordertoconfirmthattheprojectareawassubjecttorepeatedclearingsandtoattempttoestimatetheaveragetimebetweenclearingevents.ThisanalysiswasconductedusingLandsatimagerydownloadedfromtheUnitedStatesGeographicalSurveyandanalysedbyEdwardMitchardfromtheUniversityofEdinburgh.

TheLandsatarchivefrom1992(20yearspriortotheprojectstartdate)wasqueried,searchingforsceneswithlessthan10%cloudcoverovertheprojectarea.Onlyscenescapturedinthedryseasonwereconsidered,asonlyinthedryseasoncanintactforest,degradedforest/fallow,andagriculturallandbeconfidentlydistinguished.Fivecloud‐freedry‐seasonLandsatsceneswerefound,from1995,1999,2005,2009and2011.

Trainingareascorrespondingtoareasofknownlandcovertypewereidentifiedindividuallyforeveryimage.Theseincludedintactforest,youngfallow,agriculture/grassland,baregroundandwaterbodies.Atleast20polygonswereidentifiedforeachclass,asrecommendedinGOFC‐GOLD(200928).Notallsitesusedastrainingdatahadbeenvisited,withinsomecasesthesesitesweredefinedusinghyperspatialimagery(e.g.IKONOSscenesfrom2002and2010madeavailabletotheprojectthroughagrantfromtheGeoEyeFoundation)andexpertknowledge.SupervisedclassificationwasthenperformedusingaNeuralNetworkapproach,withuser’sclassificationaccuraciesbetterthan95%inallcases(mean98.5%).Afullreportthatgivesmoredetailsontheclassificationapproachisavailableonrequest.

Asimpleturnoveranalysiswasusedtoconfirmthatallagriculturalplotswerefoundinareasthatwereinthisshiftingcultivationcycle.Wetookallfiveclassifications(1995‐2011)andmappedallareasthathadchangedfromforesttonon‐forestatleastonce,inadditiontothoseareasthatwerealwaysnon‐forestoralwaysforest.TheresultisshowninFigure16

28GOFC‐GOLD.2009.Reducinggreenhousegasemissionsfromdeforestationanddegradationindevelopingcountries:asourcebookofmethodsandproceduresformonitoring,measuringandreporting.Alberta,Canada:GOFC‐GOLDReportversionCOP14‐2,49.Retrievedfromhttp://www.gofc‐gold.uni‐jena.de/redd/sourcebook/Sourcebook_Version_July_2009_cop14‐2.pdf

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Figure16.LanduseintheLoretoProjectAreasbetween1995and2011

Wefoundthatalllandconsideredfortheprojectwasinthe‘shiftingforest/non‐forest’class,andthusalllandwasdeemedtobequalifiedunderthisbaselinescenario.Asafurthercheck,wealsoindividuallyexamined0.8mresolutionIKONOSdatafrom2002and2010forallparcelswhereitwasavailabletoconfirmthattheprojectparcelswithinthelandofeachfarmerdidnotoverlapwithanyundisturbedforestareasandconfirmedthattheywereonareasusedforagricultureorinearlystagesoffallowinbothdates.

Weplacedfieldplotsinarangeoffallowagestrata,butneededtoestablishtheaveragetimebetweenclearingeventsinordertocalculatethemeancarbonstorageoflandinthefallowcycle.Timebetweenclearingisknowntovaryconsiderably,fromaslittleas2yearstoasmuchas15years.Duetothelongtimescalesandpoorsamplesizesinvolvedinestablishingmeanfallowtimefrominterviewswithfarmers,resultsfromsuchsurveysareverylikelytobeincorrectorbiased.Wethereforedecidedtousethesatelliteanalysisforthiscalculation.Thoughithasitsowninaccuracies,satelliteanalysisbenefitsfromaverylargesamplesize(millionsofpixels)andanunbiasedandconsistentpictureoftherecentpast.WecalculatedthenumberofyearsbetweenclearingeventsforareasofforestintheLoretoregionthathadbeenclearedatleasttwiceduring1995‐2011(thelongestrangeavailablefromsatellitedata).Asannualdataisnotavailable,thereislimitedtemporalresolutioninthisanalysis:theminimumtimebetweenclearingvisibleistheshortesttimespanbetweenthreeimages,whichwassixyears(forlandthatwasnon‐forestin2005,fallowin2009andnon‐forestagainin2011),andthemaximumtimespanwas16years(non‐forestin1995,forestatsomepointinbetween,andnon‐forestagainin2011).However,we

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believemostlandisclearedbetweentheseextremes,sothisrepresentsareasonabledatasetforcalculatingthemeantimebetweenclearingevents.

Theresultwasameantimebetweenclearingeventsof8.97yearsfortheprojectarea,basedonadatasetof1,156haoflandthatwasclearedatleasttwice.TheresultsareshowninFigure17

Figure17.TimebetweenclearingeventsintheLoretoprojectregion(mean=8.97years)

BASELINESCENARIOB.DEGRADEDPASTURES

Thedegradedpasturebaselinerepresentslandthathasbeenclearedoftropicalforestandburnttomakewayforcattlegrazingandsomesubsistenceagriculture.

Underthisbaselinescenario,whichappliesinthecurrentUcayaliProjectAreas,thelandownedbyfarmersiscontinuouslydegradedbycattlegrazingandfrequentfires.Thelandiscoveredbygrassandshrubs.ItisdominatedbythegrassBraquiariadecumbes,whichgrowsquickly,isdifficulttocontrol,andpreventsthegrowthofnativevegetation(FausdaSilvaDias,daCostaAguiarAlves,deSouzaDias,200429).

ThebaselineconditionsforthedegradedpasturesassessedandvalidatedaspartoftheadjacentCampoVerdeVCS/CCBcarbonprojectcanbeextrapolatedfortheUcayaliinstancesinPlantingfortheFuture.Thepastureshaveexperiencedthesamepastland‐use.TheVCSPDforthatproject30describestheareaasfollows:

Fieldmeasurementsplaced110plotsrandomlythroughoutthe[CampoVerde]projectareafoundnosaplings(trees>1.3mheight,lessthan5cmDBH).

29FausdaSilva,G.,daCostaAguiarAlves,P.L.,anddeSouzaDias,T.C.2004.Piracicaba,Brazil:Sci.Agric.,v.61,n.6,p.579‐583.Retrievedfromhttp://www.scielo.br/pdf/sa/v61n6/a03v61n6.pdf

30 Available at http://www.climate‐standards.org/2008/11/25/reforestation‐with‐native‐commercial‐species‐on‐degraded‐lands‐for‐timber‐and‐carbon‐purposes‐in‐campo‐verde‐ucayali‐peru/

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Time between forest clearing events

(years)

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BasedonfieldmeasurementsfromtheCampoVerdeproject,thesoilsintheprojectareacontainverylowlevelsofcarbon(average0.86%intoptencm).Themaximumlossofsoilcarbonfromploughingwouldbe40%ofsoilcarbonor24,000tCO2e.(740ha*33tCO2e/ha=24,420tCO2e).Currentvegetationcoverisdominatedbyanaverageof2tCha‐1ofgrassthatisgrazedandburnedovertime,thusorganicinputsintothesoilareminimal.Thetreesplantedduringtheprojectwillsupplysignificantlylargeamountsoforganicinputsintothesoil.Thus,evenifminimalamountsofsoilcarbonarelostinitially,thissoilcarbonlosswillberegainedquickly.

Litterlevelsfromthedominantgrassvegetationcanbeassumedtobeatasteadystateordecreasingduetodegradationintheabsenceoftheproject.Intheproject,theamountofleaflitterwillincreasesignificantlywithinthefirstyearoftheproject.Theverylimitednumberofexistingtreesproducesonlyminimalamountsofdeadwoodthatwilleitherdecreasemoreorincreaselessthantheprojectactivity.Soilcarbonlevelsareverylow(Lessthan1%).Soilcarbonlevelsweremeasuredintheprojectareaandanadjoiningforestareaandwerefoundtonotbesignificantlydifferent.Therefore,soilcarboncanbeexpectedtoincreaselessinthebaselinethanintheprojectscenario.

Soildrainagedisturbancesareinsignificant.

G2.2Documentthatprojectbenefitsincludingclimate,communityandbiodiversitybenefitswouldnothaveoccurredintheabsenceoftheproject,explaininghowexistinglaws,regulationsandgovernancearrangements,orlackoflawsandregulationsandtheirenforcement,wouldlikelyaffectlanduseandjustifyingthatthebenefitsbeingclaimedbytheprojectaretruly‘additional’andwouldnothaveoccurredwithouttheproject.Identifyanydistinctclimate,communityandbiodiversitybenefitsintendedforuseasoffsetsandspecifyhowadditionalityisestablishedforeachofthesebenefits.

PleaserefertoAppendix1.CombinedtooltoidentifythebaselinescenarioanddemonstrateadditionalityinA/RCDMprojectactivities(version01).ThistooliscomparabletotheToolfortheDemonstrationandAssessmentofAdditionalityinVCSAgriculture,ForestryandOtherLandUse(AFOLU)ProjectActivities,whichisspecifiedinfootnote34totheCCBStandardsThirdEditionasamethodforjustifyingtheadditionalityoftheproject’sclimate,communityandbiodiversitybenefits.Appendix1.

G3.STAKEHOLDERENGAGEMENT

ACCESSTOINFORMATION

G3.1DescribehowfullprojectdocumentationhasbeenmadeaccessibletoCommunitiesandOtherStakeholders,howsummaryprojectdocumentation(includinghowtoaccessfulldocumentation)hasbeenactivelydisseminatedtoCommunitiesinrelevantlocalorregionallanguages,andhowwidelypublicizedinformationmeetingshavebeenheldwithCommunitiesandOtherStakeholders.

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Extensiveconsultations,formalandinformal,havebeentakenwithCommunitiesandOtherStakeholders.InadditiontothemeetingsreferencedinTable2andTable3PlantyourFuturehasbeenincontactwithtechnicalexperts,localNGOs,andcompaniesassociatedwithreforestationprojectsintheregion.Table4andTable5belowlistotherkeyconsultativeevents.

TheworkshopofOctober23rd2012includesparticipantsfromtheregionalgovernmentofLoreto(GOREL),TheResearchInstituteofthePeruvianAmazon(IIAP),LatitudSur,RegionalAgriculturalDepartment,OTAE,COPASIMOL,WCS,ICRAFandInverionesTresHermanos.

Table4.ConsultativemeetingsregardingtheLoretoProjectZone

Date(s) Event Conductedbywhom

Participants Subjectsaddressed

On‐goingfrom2011until2014

Onetooneconsultationswithsmallholdersandinformalvisitstofarms

PlantyourFutureProNaturaleza

CommunitiesandOtherStakeholders

Sustainableagriculture,agroforestry,carboncredits.

22October2012 Workshopwithfarmersandsmall‐scaleproducersinMoralilloandVarillal

PlantyourFuture,

ProNaturaleza


Agroforestrysystemdesign,carboncertificationandcredits

23October2012 WorkshopwithrepresentativesoftheMesaREDDLoretoandtechniciansoftheregion

PlantyourFuturetechnicalteam

OtherStakeholders

PlantyourFuturemodelforsustainableagriculture,carboncertificationandcredits

6‐20December2012

Farmersurvey PlantyourFuture,

consultantSaraMateo

Communities Establishcurrentlanduse

16December2012

Workshop1withfarmers

PlantyourFuture,

consultantSaraMateo

Communities Projectconcept

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January2013 Workshop2withfarmers

PlantyourFuture,

consultantSaraMateo

Communities Parceldesignandspeciesselection

April2013 Consultationonprojectdesignandcarbonagreements

PlantyourFuture,ProNaturaleza

Communities SigningofLOI

July12th Consultationonlegalagreementtext

PlantyourFuture,MariaRondon(legalconsultant),ProNaturaleza,IICA

Communities

July13th Legalconsultationondraftproject/carbonagreementsincludingbenefitsharingoncarbonrevenues

PlantyourFuture,ProNaturaleza,MariaRondon(legalconsultant),IICA

Communities ConsultationonLegalAgreements

November2013 Legalconsultationondraftproject/carbonagreementsincludingbenefitsharingoncarbonrevenues

PlantyourFuture,ProNaturaleza,PlantatuFuturo

Communities,OtherStakeholders,Notary

ConsultationonLegalAgreements

Table5.ConsultativemeetingsregardingtheUcayaliProjectZone

Date Event Conductedbywhom

Participants Subjectsaddressed

October2013 Initialconsultativediscussionswith

Bosque Communities Sustainableagriculture,

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villagessurroundingCampoVerdeplantationaboutprojectconcept.Fieldvisits.

Amazonicos agroforestry,carboncredits.

November2013 Workshopwithfarmersandsmall‐scaleproducers

PlantyourFuture/BosquesAmazonicos


Projectconcept

January2014 Sitevisitsandone‐to‐onediscussions

BosquesAmazonicos

Communities Projecteligibilitycriteria

June2014 Consultationonprojectdesignandcarbonagreements

PlantyourFuture/BosquesAmazonicos

Communities ConsultationonLegalAgreementsandbenefitsharing

G3.2Explainhowrelevantandadequateinformationaboutpotentialcosts,risksand

benefitstoCommunitieshasbeenprovidedtotheminaformtheyunderstandandinatimelymannerpriortoanydecisiontheymaybeaskedtomakewithrespecttoparticipationintheproject.

InformationwasprovidedtothesmallholderfarmersviaPowerPointpresentations,formaldiscussions,informalgroupdiscussions,individualdiscussionsandviapamphlets.Thesedescribedthepotentialcosts,risksandbenefitsforsmallholderparticipatingintheproject.Thesewereprovidedpriortothesigningofanylegalagreements.

G3.3Describethemeasurestaken,andcommunicationsmethodsused,toexplaintoCommunitiesandOtherStakeholderstheprocessforvalidationand/orverificationagainsttheCCBStandardsbyanindependentAuditor,providingthemwithtimelyinformationabouttheAuditor’ssitevisitbeforethesitevisitoccursandfacilitatingdirectandindependentcommunicationbetweenthemortheirrepresentativesandtheAuditor.

CommunitiesandStakeholdershavebeenmadeawareoftheprojectsintensiontobecertifiedagainsttheCCBStandardsinceconsultationsstartedinrelationtotheprojectinNovember2012.InitiallythisinvolvedexplainingtheCCBStandardanditsvalueandimportancetotheproject.FurthercapacitybuildingwasdonesubsequentlywithCommunitiesandOtherStakeholderstoexplaintheCCBcriteria,anddesigntheprojectinaccordancewithitscriteria.

CommunitiesandOtherStakeholderswillbenotifiedbyprojectpersonnelviaemailandinpersonduringJuly2014oftheauditor’ssitevisit.TheprojectwillcomplywiththeauditorsrequestintermsoffacilitatingindependentcommunicationbetweenCommunitiesandOtherStakeholdersduringtheaudit.

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CONSULTATION

G3.4DescribehowCommunitiesincludingalltheCommunityGroupsandOtherStakeholdershaveinfluencedprojectdesignandimplementationthroughEffectiveConsultation,particularlywithaviewtooptimizingCommunityandOtherStakeholderbenefits,respectinglocalcustoms,valuesandinstitutionsandmaintaininghighconservationvalues.Projectproponentsmustdocumentconsultationsandindicateifandhowtheprojectdesignandimplementationhasbeenrevisedbasedonsuchinput.AplanmustbedevelopedandimplementedtocontinuecommunicationandconsultationbetweentheprojectproponentsandCommunities,includingalltheCommunityGroups,andOtherStakeholdersabouttheprojectanditsimpactstofacilitateadaptivemanagementthroughoutthelifeoftheproject.

PlantyourFuture,inconjunctionwithpartners,hascarriedoutanextensiveconsultationandcapacitybuildingprocesswiththesmallholderfarmersinrelationtothedesignoftheproject,participationintheprojectactivitiesandlegalagreementsinrelationtosmallholderfarmersparticipationintheprojectandcommitmentsfromboththemandPlantyourFuture.SeeTable2,Table3,Table4andTable5forthedetailsofconsultationsthathavebeencarriedout.Consultationwillcontinueinthefuture.Thereison‐goingconsultationbetweenPlantyourFutureandCommunitiesthroughregularfarmvisitingandone‐on‐onediscussions.WewillalsoconveneanannualgeneralmeetingforCommunitiesofeachprojectinstance,aswellason‐goingmeetingsconvenedwithCommunityGroupsandOtherStakeholders.

ConsultationwithCommunityGroups

Theconceptofcarbonrights,carbonoffsetsandcarbonmarketswasnoveltofarmers,andfarmershadlimitedknowledgeofhowcarboncertificationandcommercialisationworks.PlantyourFuturehasdevelopedaseriesoftrainingworkshopsandtakehomematerialstoexplaintheseconceptstofarmers.Farmershavehadtheopportunitytoparticipateinarangeoflargegroup,smallgroupsandindividualworkshopsandmeetingstodiscusstheissueofthecarbonrights.Participationbyfarmersintheschemeisentirelyvoluntary,andtheprogrammehasbeendesignedwithfarmerdecisionmakingatthecentreoftheprojectsinceitsinception.Thelegalagreementhasalsoundergoneanextensivereviewprocessfrompartnersanddonors,includingarevisionsprocessbyathirdpartyPeruvianlegalinstitutiontoensureequityandclarityforthesmallholderswasbeinggiven.ThirdpartyrepresentativehavebeenpresentatallplenaryworkshopstowitnesstransparentinformationexchangebetweenfarmersandPlantatuFuturorepresentativese.g.representativesfromProNaturalezaandfromthedonororganisationInstitutoInteramericanodeCooperaciónporlaAgricultura(IICA).

ConsultationwithOtherStakeholders

WiderconsultationhasoccurredinrelationtotheprojecthasoccurredatthelocalandnationallevelinPeruandinternationally.PlantyourFuture,incollaborationwithProNaturalezaandIICA,organisedaworkshopinIquitosforrepresentativesfromregionalgovernmentandlocalresearchinstitutionsandNGO’s.

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PlantyourFuturehasalsosocialisedtheprojectinavarietyofsettingsinEnglandandsoughtfeedbackincludingthroughpresentationsatOxfordUniversity,LSEandtheAnglo‐PeruvianSocietyinLondon.

G3.5DemonstratethatallconsultationsandparticipatoryprocesseshavebeenundertakendirectlywithCommunitiesandOtherStakeholdersorthroughtheirlegitimaterepresentatives,ensuringadequatelevelsofinformationsharingwiththemembersofthegroups.

AllconsultationswereundertakendirectlywithCommunitygroups–whichinthecaseofthisprojectaresmallholderprojectsparticipatingintheproject.Avarietyoftechniqueshasbeentakentoensurefullparticipation–varyingconsultationfrommeetingswithallfarmerspresent,tovillagemeetingsandalsoindividualmeetingsheldatsmallholdershomesorontheirfarm.ForregionallevelconsultationwithOtherStakeholdersinitiationswereissuedtoaconsultationtolegitimaterepresentatives.ConsultationswerealsomadeatanindividuallevelwithOtherStakeholdergroups,aspartoftheparticipatorydesignoftheproject.

PARTICIPATIONINDECISION‐MAKINGANDIMPLEMENTATION

G3.6Describethemeasuresneededandtakentoenableeffectiveparticipation,asappropriate,ofallCommunities,includingalltheCommunityGroups,thatwantandneedtobeinvolvedinprojectdesign,implementation,monitoringandevaluationthroughouttheprojectlifetime,anddescribehowtheyhavebeenimplementedinaculturallyappropriateandgendersensitivemanner.

Theprojectisbeingimplementeddirectlywithsmallholderfarmersonlandwhichtheyowninaculturallysensitiveandgendersensitivemanner.Implementationofprojectactivitiesareledbytechniciansfromtheregionwhohaveexperienceworkingwithsmallholderfarmers.Participationintheprojectisvoluntary,andfarmerswereselectedwhometpre‐definedprojectcriteria.Allsmallholderfarmerswereinvitedtoattendplenaryconsultationevents,andweregivenadvancenoticeofthedatesofmeetings,andwereprovidefundstocovertheirtransportationcoststotheplenaryconsultationtoensureparticipationwasnotrestrictedbyfinancialmeans.Inthiswaysmallholderfarmershavedirectlyparticipatedinprojectdesign–namelyselectingtheareaoftheirfarmforinclusionintheprojectandthroughconsultationonwhichspeciestoplant.Theyareresponsiblefortheimplementationofreforestationactivitiesandon‐goingmaintenance.Thishasbeenimplementedthroughon‐goingfarmvisitsfromPlantyourFuturestaff,includingregularvisitsfromourlocaltechnicianswhotheyseeonaregularbasis.Communitiesarecriticaltoprojectmonitoringandevaluationandaprogrammeofmonitoringisimplementedonanon‐goingbasisbyCommunities.

ANTI‐DISCRIMINATION

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G3.7Describethemeasuresneededandtakentoensurethattheprojectproponentandallotherentitiesinvolvedinprojectdesignandimplementationarenotinvolvedinorcomplicitinanyformofdiscriminationorsexualharassmentwithrespecttotheproject.

PlantyourFutureandPlantatuFuturoshareapolicyofzerotolerancetoanyformofharassmentordiscriminationbyortowardallstaff,personnel,trusteesandpartners.See¡Error!Noseencuentraelorigendelareferencia.

FEEDBACKANDGRIEVANCEREDRESSPROCEDURE

G3.8DemonstratethatacleargrievanceredressprocedurehasbeenformalizedtoaddressdisputeswithCommunitiesandOtherStakeholdersthatmayariseduringprojectplanning,implementationandevaluationwithrespectbutnotlimitedto,Free,PriorandInformedConsent,rightstolands,territoriesandresources,benefitsharing,andparticipation.

Theprojecthasacleargrievanceandre‐dressprocessinplace,whichhasbeenratifiedbythePlantyourFutureBoardoftrustees,anddisseminatedtostaff,CommunitiesandOtherStakeholders.

Theprojectshallincludeaprocessforreceiving,hearing,respondingtoandattemptingtoresolveGrievanceswithinareasonabletimeperiod.TheFeedbackandGrievanceRedressProcedureshalltakeintoaccounttraditionalmethodsthatCommunitiesandOtherStakeholdersusetoresolveconflicts.

TheFeedbackandGrievanceRedressPolicyincludesaprocessforreceiving,hearingandrespondingtoGrievances,takingintoaccounttraditionalmethodsthatareappropriateforCommunitiesandOtherStakeholders.Thisisdetailedinthepolicy.Availableonrequestataudit.

WORKERRELATIONS

G3.9Describemeasuresneededandtakentoprovideorientationandtrainingfortheproject’sworkersandrelevantpeoplefromtheCommunitieswithanobjectiveofbuildinglocallyusefulskillsandknowledgetoincreaselocalparticipationinprojectimplementation.ThesecapacitybuildingeffortsshouldtargetawiderangeofpeopleintheCommunities,withspecialattentiontowomenandvulnerableand/ormarginalizedpeople.Identifyhowtrainingispassedontonewworkerswhenthereisstaffturnover,sothatlocalcapacitywillnotbelost.

PlantyourFuturehasasmallstaff.Projectbeneficiaries,whoworkontheprojectareselectedbasedontheeligibilitycriteriadescribedinSectionG1.14andaresmallholderfarmers.Inaccordancewiththeanti‐discriminationpolicyrecruititnotbiasedtogender,raceetc.Capacitybuildingisprovidedtoprojectbeneficiariesthroughtrainingworkshopsatallstagesofprojectimplementation,aswellashandsontrainingandguidanceonthefarmprovidedbyPlantyourFuturetechnicians.Existingfarmersintheprogrammeplayanimportantroleintrainingnewfarmersintheschemethroughvisitstoexistingagroforestrysystemsandfarmertofarmertrainingonthefarmandinthenursery.

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G3.10DemonstratethatpeoplefromtheCommunitiesaregivenanequalopportunitytofillallworkpositions(includingmanagement)ifthejobrequirementsaremet.Explainhowworkersareselectedforpositionsandwhererelevant,describethemeasuresneededandtakentoensureCommunitymembers,includingwomenandvulnerableand/ormarginalizedpeople,aregivenafairchancetofillpositionsforwhichtheycanbetrained.

PlantyourFutureandPlantatuFuturoaresmallorganizationswithfewemployees.Communitiesaregivenanequalopportunitytofillallworkpositions,includingmanagement,ifthejobrequirementsaremet.TheprojecthashiredextensionworkersfromtheCommunitieswhereverpossible.

G3.11Submitalistofallrelevantlawsandregulationscoveringworker’srightsinthehostcountry.Describemeasuresneededandtakentoinformworkersabouttheirrights.Provideassurancethattheprojectmeetsorexceedsallapplicablelawsand/orregulationscoveringworkerrightsand,whererelevant,demonstratehowcomplianceisachieved.

PlantyourFutureandPlantatuFuturocomplywithallrelevantlawsandregulationscoveringworker’srightsthatapplytotheproject,whichincludethefollowing:

UnitedNations:o UniversalDeclarationofHumanRightso InternationalCovenantonEconomic,SocialandCulturalRightso ConventionontheEliminationofAllFormsofDiscriminationagainstWomen

OrganizationofAmericanStates:AmericanConventiononHumanRights InternationalLabourOrganization:PenalSanctions(IndigenousWorkers)Convention(no.

65) ConstituciónPolíticadelPerú CódigoCivil(Ley23403) LeydeSeguridadySaludenelTrabajo(Ley29783) LeydeProductividadyCompetitividadLaboralysuReglamento(DercretoLegislativo728) LeydeIgualidaddeOportunidades(Ley28983) CódigoPenal(DecretoLegislativo635) DécimoPrimeraPolíticadelAcuerdoNacional

PlantyourFutureeducatesallofthoseemployedinPlantingfortheFutureactivitiesoftheirrightsandobligationsatthetimeofcontractsigning.Payisestablishedaccordingtothelevelofskillrequiredbythepositionandcompensationisincompliancewiththestandardsestablishedbylaw.

G3.12Comprehensivelyassesssituationsandoccupationsthatmightarisethroughtheimplementationoftheprojectandposeasubstantialrisktoworkersafety.Describemeasuresneededandtakentoinformworkersofrisksandtoexplainhowtominimizesuchrisks.Whereworkersafetycannotbeguaranteed,projectproponentsmustshow

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howtherisksareminimizedusingbestworkpracticesinlinewiththecultureandcustomarypracticesofthecommunities.

Riskscenarios

SafetyisaprimaryconcernforPlantyourFuture.Allproducersareeducatedaboutthefollowingriskscenarios.

Currentrisks:

Pesticideandinsecticideuse Bitesorstingsofsnakes,spidersorpoisonousinsects,whichcouldhappenwhenproducers

areworkingonagroforestryactivitiessuchasweeding,pruning,fertilizing,etc. Injuryduetomacheteuseforweeding Injuryduetouseofpruningtools Vehicularaccident(PlantyourFuturestaffonly):PlantyourFuturehasprovideda

motorcycleandhelmettoenableprojectstafftogetaroundtoalloftheproducers.Thisisposestheriskofaccidentduetobadroadconditions,baddriversontheroadaround,andpossiblevehiclefailure.

Contractionofmalaria,dengueandyellowfever,allofwhicharepresentintheProjectZone.31

Poisoningcausedbytheapplicationofinsecticide,herbicideorotherchemicalsthataffecttheproducer

Poisoningfromingestionofspoiledfood

Futurerisks:

Alloftheabove Injuryduetofallsandotherthingsassociatedwithtreemaintenance Injuriesassociatedwithtimberharvest

Preventativemeasures

Beforecarbonstockmeasurements,producersandtechnicalstaffareaskedtoreadProcedimientoEstándardeOperacionesManualdeInstruccionesparaSeguridadenCampoDurantelasMedicionesdeCarbonoTerrestre(StandardOperatingProcedure,FieldSafteyInstructionManualDuringLand‐BasedCarbonMeasurments,availableuponauditorrequest).Thismanualsuggeststhefollowingpreventativemeasuresforfieldmeasuringandmonitoringteams;theyarealsorecommendedwhereappropriatetoproducersasbestpractice.

Allfieldteamsarerequiredtohaveaminimumoftwopeople Foreachdayinthefield,theteamsmustgivespecificinformationaboutwheretheywillbe

andforhowlongtoapointofcontactdesignatedbyPlantyourFuture

31Asprojectparticipantsareworkingtheirownland,theprojectactivitiesdonotrepresentgreaterexposureriskthantheywouldotherwisehave.

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Thenearestmedicalcentremustbeidentifiedbasedonwherethefieldteamwillbeworkingthatday

Havepersonalandinstitutionalinsuranceandidentificationcardsatalltimes Eachteamshouldhaveatleastonechargedtelephone Eachteamshouldhaveafirstaidkitthatincludesantiveninforareaswherethereareknown

tobepoisonoussnakes Wearclothingandfootwearappropriatetotheconditionsthatwillmostlikelybe

encountered,e.g.fieldbootsandlegprotectorsinareaswherethereareknowntobepoisonoussnakes

Beforegoingtothefield,verifyrulesabouthunting(whichchangefromlocationtolocation;whilethereisnohuntingpermittedintheProjectZones,itispossiblethatthelandownermightbehuntingforhisorherownconsumption)

Takecareinoperatingmotorvehicles.

Theprojectistakingpesticideandinsecticideuseveryseriously.Whilefarmersarefamiliarwithandaskforpesticidesthatcanhaveseriousnegativesideeffects,theprojectrecognizestheneedtouseintegratedpestmanagement.StaffandfarmersareworkingwithBosquesAmazonicostopilotorganicmethods.

Astheprojectprogresses,producersandotherprojectstaffwillbetrainedinproceduresforsafelyharvestingagriculturalproduceandtimber.

G4.MANAGEMENTCAPACITY

G4.1Describetheproject’sgovernancestructures,androlesandresponsibilitiesofalltheentitiesinvolvedinprojectdesignandimplementation.Forprojectsusingaprogrammaticapproach,identifyanynewentitiesincludedintheprojectsincethelastvalidationorverificationagainsttheCCBStandards.

PlantyourFuturehasdevelopedthePlantingfortheFutureprogrammaticapproach.PlantyourFutureisresponsibleforthecarbonvalidationandverificationoftheprojectaswellastheoverallmanagementoftheproject,andisresponsiblefortheimplementationandmonitoringofprojectactivitiesintheprojectinstancesdescribedinthisprojectdocumentation.PlantyourFutureisgovernedbyaTrustdeedwhichwasapprovedbytheCharityCommissionofEnglandandWales.WecurrentlyhasaBoardofTrusteesof7people,andmakeanannualaccount/turnoversubmissiontotheCharityCommissionalongwithanannualreport.

AssociaciónCivilPlantatuFuturoistheNGOregisteredinPeruwiththesamemissionasPlantyourFuture.PlantatuFuturowillownthecarboncreditsfromtheproject.Itwillberesponsibleforthedistributionofcarbonrevenuestofarmers.

FundaciónPeruanaParaLaConservaciondelaNaturaleza(ProNaturaleza)isaPeruvianconservationNGOestablishedin1984withofficesacrossPeruincludinginthecityofIquitosatacloseproximitytotheLoretoProjectZone.ProNaturalezahasbeenresponsibleforthetechnicalsupervisionoftheinstallationofthe20.2hectaresofagroforestrysystemsinLoreto.Theirroles

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haveincludedthesettingupofnurseries,procurementofseedlingsandplantingoutinthefieldduring2012and2013.

BosquesAmazonicos(BAM)isaPeruvianprivatecompanyestablishedin2004workinginreforestationandforestconservationintheAmazonprovincesofPeru.TogetherwithSustainableForestManagementLtd.(SFM),itcreatedthejointventurecompanySFM‐BAMtofinancetheneighbouringCampoVerdereforestationcarbonproject.BAM’sroleisassistingwithtechnicalsupervisionfortheinstallationoftheagroforestrysystems,andprovidingthebaselineinformationforthedegradedpasturebaseline.

InstitutoInteramericanodeCooperaciónporlaAgricultura(IICA)istheorganizationthatprovidedfundingforthewritingoftheVCSPD,15hectaresofthePlantingfortheFuture’sinitialinstanceinLoreto,andthevalidationoftheprojectagainsttheVCSandCCBStandards.

G4.2.Documentkeytechnicalskillsrequiredtoimplementtheprojectsuccessfully,includingcommunityengagement,biodiversityassessmentandcarbonmeasurementandmonitoringskills.Documentthemanagementteam’sexpertiseandpriorexperienceimplementinglandmanagementandcarbonprojectsatthescaleofthisproject.Ifrelevantexperienceislacking,theproponentsmusteitherdemonstratehowotherorganizationsarepartneredwithtosupporttheprojectorhavearecruitmentstrategytofillthegaps.

PlantyourFutureisoverseenbyaBoardofTrustee,manyofwhomhavelongstandingmanagementexpertiseandpriorexperienceimplementinglandmanagementandcarbonprojects.SpecificallyJennyHenman,EdwardMitchard,MariaSpink,JuanChangandSandraBrownhaveexperienceworkingonVCSandCCBacrossthetropics.Pleaseseewww.plantyourfuture.org.ukformoredetailedbiographies.AdrianaVidal,whohasadvisedtheprojectandwilljointheBoardofPlantatuFuturoisaPeruvianLawyer,experiencedinPeruinREDD+carbontransactions.MikeSoulsbyworksintheinternationalfruitexportbasedinLima,andhasexperiencemanagingstaff,budgetsandwithcomplexlogistics.

TechnicalSkillsRequired

Description PlantyourFutureandpartnercapacity

TechnicalKnowledgeonAgroforestry

Technicalexpertiseinnurserydevelopmentofnativetreespecies,sitepreparation,pestcontrolandsilvi‐culturalactivitiestomanageagroforestrysystems

PlantyourFuturehashiredJulioVasquezsince2011asthefieldcoordinatorandtechnicianforPlantingfortheFuture.JuliohasadegreeinAgronomoyfromtheNationalUniversityofthePeruvianAmazon(UNAP)and10yearsworkexperienceworkingonsmallholderagricultureinthePeruvianAmazonbeforejoiningtheproject.TheprojectregularlyconsultswithlocalexpertsandinteractwithlocalorganisationssuchastheResearchInstituteofthePeruvianAmazon(IIAP)andpartnerorganisationBosqueAmazonicos.BothoftheseorganisationsareleadersintechnicalaspectsofreforestationandagroforestryinthePeruvianAmazon.

Community Consultation,andparticipatoryproject

ThePlantyourFuturefieldcoordinator,JulioVasquez,isresponsibleforoverseeinginteractionswith

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Engagement developmentandimplementationworkingwithlocalcommunities

Communities.PlantyourFutureworkswillleadfarmerswhoareemployedasextensionworkerswithintheCommunities.WepartneredwithProNaturalezaandCOPASIMOLinitiallytofacilitateintroductionswithinCommunities,andinUcayaliwearepartneringwithBAM.Wealsoworkwithexperiencedsocio‐economicconsultantsfromwellrespectedlocalorganisationsasneeded.(e.g.wehaveworkedwithPeruvianexpertsAldoAcosta,SaraMateoandMariaAngelicaRondonintheprojectdesignphasesfordifferenttypesofconsultation)

BiodiversityAssessment

Assessmentofbiodiversityimpactsoftheproject

TherearemanyorganisationsinthePeruvianAmazonspecialisedinbiodiversityassessments.Wereviewtheliteraturefromotherorganisationsspecialisedinbiodiversityassessmentandwithlocalexpertconsultsasneeded,andpartnerwithlocalorganisations.PlantyourFuturemanagementalsohaveexperiencewithbiodiversityassessment.JennyHenman,EdwardMitchard,SandraBrownandJuanChangOlivashaveappliedexperienceofdesigningandimplementingbiodiversitymonitoringforCCBandotherprojectsinthetropics,includingbutnotlimitedtothoseworkingwithrestorationofsmallholderlandthroughreforestation.

CarbonMeasurementandMonitoringSkills

Preparingcarboncertificationdocuments,andmonitoringcarbon

PlantyourFuturemanagementhasconsiderableexperienceinthisarea.JennyHenman,Chairman,hasover10yearsexperienceworkingincarbonmeasurementandmonitoring,includingnumerousexistingVCSandCCBvalidatedproject.JennyhadhandsonexperienceonthesuccessfulmonitoringoftheVCSCampoVerdeReforestationprojectinPeru.

OtherPlantyourFuturetrusteesalsohaveconsiderableexperience.JuanChanghasbeenaauditorforforestryforTUVSUDandisagloballeaderincarbonquantificationandmeasurementinforests.DrSandraBrownhassuccessfullyledmorethan50projectsonestimatingthecarbondynamicsoftheworld’sforests,particularlytropicalforests.Shehaspublishedmorethan200peer‐reviewedpublicationsinscientificjournalsandbooks.Sheservedasaco‐conveninglead

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authorforchaptersinfiveUNFCCCIPCCReports(andforwhichshereceivedrecognitionfromtheNobelPrizewinningIPCCin2007).

Expertinusingsatellitedatatomapforestcarbonstocks.DrEdwardMitchardisanacademicattheUniversityofEdinburgh,andhaspublishedanumberofpeer‐reviewedscientificpapersinthisarea.

LegalKnowledge Oversightoflegalagreements,benefitsharingmechanismsandcarbonrights

PlantyourFutureissupportedbyinternationallawfirmHoganLovellshttp://www.hoganlovells.comandworkwithlocalcounselasneeded.AdrianaVidal,willbecomeaBoardmemberofPlantatuFuturo,andwhohasprovidedlegaladvicetothecharitysince2013isaPeruvianLawyer.

Accountingandfinance

Managementofprojectfundsandcashflow

PlantyourFuturehasanappointedtreasurer,whoisresponsibleforthecharitiesaccounting.KirstyLaughlinourcurrenttreasurerholdadegreeinMathematicsfromOxfordUniversityandhaspassedtheexamsfortheCharteredFinancialAnalystqualification.InPerufundsaremanagedbyMikeSoulsby,ManagingDirectorofPlantatuFuture,whoholdsadegreeinBusinessAdministrationfromtheUniversityofBath.

G4.3Documentthefinancialhealthoftheimplementingorganization(s).ProvideassurancethattheProjectProponentandanyoftheotherentitiesinvolvedinprojectdesignandimplementationarenotinvolvedinorarenotcomplicitinanyformofcorruptionsuchasbribery,embezzlement,fraud,favouritism,cronyism,nepotism,extortion,andcollusion,anddescribeanymeasuresneededandtakentobeabletoprovidethisassurance.

Table6providesanoverviewofPlantyourFutureturnoverduringthelast3years,asreportedtotheCharityCommissionofEnglandandWales.

Table6PlantyourFutureIncomeandExpenditureOverview**

Year Income Expenditure

2013 £36,263 £44,111

2012 £13,643 £12,591

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2011 £6,343 £7,662

**pleasenotein2012/2013PlantyourFuturewonandmanagedagrantforUS$250,000withPeruvianNGOProNaturaleza.PlantyourFuturewasresponsibleforsupervisingtasksunderthisgrant.FundsweremanagedinPeruandarenotreflectedintheturnoverstatement.32

PlantyourFuturenotdoestolerateanyformofcorruptionsuchasbribery,embezzlement,fraud,favouritism,cronyism,nepotism,extortion,andcollusion.PlantyourFutureisaregisteredcharitywiththeCharityCommissionofEnglandandWales,governedbythelawsofEnglandandWales,withanapprovedTrustDeedwhichsetsouttopreventsuchactivitiesorbehaviour.Similarlythe“Acta”(deed)ofPlantatuFuturoapprovedandregisteredwiththePublicRegistryandgovernedbyPeruvianLawalsosetsouttopreventsuchactivitiesorbehaviour.

G5.LEGALSTATUSANDPROPERTYRIGHTS

RESPECTFORRIGHTSTOLANDS,TERRITORIESANDRESOURCES,ANDFREE,PRIORANDINFORMEDCONSENT

G5.1Describeandmapstatutoryandcustomarytenure/use/access/managementrightstolands,territoriesandresourcesintheProjectZoneincludingindividualandcollectiverightsandincludingoverlappingorconflictingrights.Ifapplicable,describemeasuresneededandtakenbytheprojecttohelptosecurestatutoryrights.DemonstratethatallPropertyRightsarerecognized,respected,andsupported.

Onlyfarmerswhohavefulltitletotheirland(DerechodePropiedad)canparticipateinPlantingfortheFuture.TheywouldbetheonlypeopleintheProjectZoneeligibletoobtainaforestrypermitunderPeruvianLaw,whichisrequiredtobeabletoobtaintherightstoenvironmentalservices.WhilstanumberoffarmersmayhaveanothertypeofrightsoverthesuperficiallandrecognizedunderPeruvianlaw,suchas“possession”or“rightofsuperficial‐landuse”(“Derechodeposesión”or“Derechodeusoyhabitación”)theycannotparticipateinthisprojectuntiltheyobtainfulltitle(DerechodePropiedad),giventhattheirrightsarenotenoughtoobtainaforestrypermitasdescribedabove.

PlantyourFuturehascheckedthatallfarmersparticipatingintheschemewhowillbeincludedinthefirstinstancesinLoretoandUcayalihavefulltitle,includingdocumentationandlistingwiththe‘publicregistry’.

Copiesoftitlesandsignedlegalagreementsareavailableonrequestbytheauditor.

G5.2Demonstratewithdocumentedconsultationsandagreementsthat

32http://www.forestalsostenibleandina.net/Proyectos/nuestro‐proyectos/Plantando‐para‐el‐futuro‐‐sistemas‐agroforestales‐.aspx

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a. theprojectwillnotencroachuninvitedonprivateproperty,communityproperty,orgovernmentproperty,

b. theFree,Prior,andInformedConsenthasbeenobtainedofthosewhosepropertyrightsareaffectedbytheprojectthroughatransparent,agreedprocess.

EveryfarmerparticipatingintheprogrammeinthefirstinstancesinLoretoandUcayalihassignedorwillsignacontractwithPlantatuFuturosettingtheconditionsoftheirparticipationintheprogram,inwhichtheyagreetotransferalloftheirrightsofuseovercarbonemissionreductionsgeneratedbytheforestryplantation/agroforestrysystemstotheCivilAssociationPlantatuFuturo.PlantatuFuturowilltakeresponsibilityforthecertificationofthecarboncredits,aswellastheirsale.Copiesofthiscontractareavailableonrequestbytheauditor.

PlantyourFuture,inconjunctionwithpartners,hascarriedoutanextensiveconsultationandcapacitybuildingprocesswiththesmallholderfarmersinrelationtothelegalagreementstransferringthecarbonrights.Theconceptofcarbonrights,carbonoffsetsandcarbonmarketswasnoveltofarmers,andfarmershadlimitedknowledgeofhowcarboncertificationandcommercialisationworks.PlantyourFuturehasdevelopedaseriesoftrainingworkshopsandtake‐homematerialstoexplaintheseconceptstofarmers.Farmershavehadtheopportunitytoparticipateinarangeoflargegroup,smallgroupsandindividualworkshopsandmeetingstodiscusstheissueofthecarbonrights.Participationbyfarmersintheschemeisentirelyvoluntary,andtheprogrammehasbeendesignedwithfarmerdecision‐makingatthecentreoftheprojectsinceitsinception.Thelegalagreementhasalsoundergoneanextensivereviewprocessfrompartnersanddonors,includingarevisionsprocessbyathirdpartyPeruvianlegalinstitutiontoensureequityandclarityforthesmallholderswasbeinggiven.ThirdpartyrepresentativehavebeenpresentatallplenaryworkshopstowitnesstransparentinformationexchangebetweenfarmersandPlantatuFuturorepresentativese.g.representativesfromProNaturalezaandfromthedonororganisationInstitutoInteramericanodeCooperacionporlaAgricultura(IICA).

G5.3DemonstratethatprojectactivitiesdonotleadtoinvoluntaryremovalorrelocationofPropertyRightsHoldersfromtheirlandsorterritories,anddoesnotforcethemtorelocateactivitiesimportanttotheircultureorlivelihood.Ifanyrelocationofhabitationoractivitiesisundertakenwithinthetermsofanagreement,theprojectproponentsmustdemonstratethattheagreementwasmadewiththeFree,Prior,andInformedConsentofthoseconcernedandincludesprovisionsforjustandfaircompensation.

TheprojectdoesnotleadtoanyremovalorrelocationofPropertyRights,nordoesitforceanyonerelocate.Participationintheprojectispurelyvoluntary,anddirectlyinvolvesworkingwithsmallholderswhoselectaneligibleareaoftheirlandforprojectactivityimplementation.AfullFPICprocesswascarriedout,andcompensationlevelsagreedwithsmallholderfarmerswhowishtojointhePlantingfortheFutureproject.FullFPICwillbecarriedoutwithanyfuturesmallholderfarmerswishingtojointheschemethroughtheprogrammaticapproach.

G5.4Identifyanyillegalactivitiesthatcouldaffecttheproject’sclimate,communityorbiodiversityimpacts(e.g.illegallogging)takingplaceintheProjectZoneanddescribe

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measuresneededandtakentoreducetheseactivitiessothatprojectbenefitsarenotderivedfromillegalactivities.

Commercialhuntingisbannedintheprojectzones,however,huntingforpersonalconsumptionisallowed.This ismostcommonforthefollowingspecies‐Tayassupecari,PecaritajacuandAgoutipaca, all types ofmonkeys andTapirus terrestres. Whilst farmerswill be given training on theconservationof thesespecies tomitigate thisoccuring, it isnotpossible topreventehunting forpersonal consumption, and this could effect the biodiversity benefits of the project. It is alsopossiblethatcommercialhuntingcouldoccurillegally.

It ispossiblethat illegal loggerswilltryandcutdowntreesonsmallholders landastheymature.However,smallholderwillbepatrollingandworkingontheirlandwhichreducesthelikelihoodofthisrisk.

G5.5Identifyanyongoingorunresolvedconflictsordisputesoverrightstolands,territoriesandresourcesandalsoanydisputesthatwereresolvedduringthelasttwentyyearswheresuchrecordsexist,oratleastduringthelasttenyears.Ifapplicable,describemeasuresneededandtakentoresolveconflictsordisputes.Demonstratethatnoactivityisundertakenbytheprojectthatcouldprejudicetheoutcomeofanunresolveddisputerelevanttotheprojectoverlands,territoriesandresourcesintheProjectZone.

Allprojectareasareprivatelyheldandownershipsarenotcontested.Therearenounresolvedconflictsordisputesoverrightstoland.

LEGALSTATUS

G5.6Submitalistofallnationalandlocallawsandregulationsinthehostcountrythatarerelevanttotheprojectactivities.Provideassurancethattheprojectiscomplyingwiththeseand,whererelevant,demonstratehowcomplianceisachieved.

ThekeypartofPeruvianlawthatrelatestorightofuseofenvironmentalservices,andhencecarbonoffsetsthroughreforestation,fallsundertheForestryandWildlifeLaw(FWL),therequirementsofwhicharedetailedbelow.AsaframeworkoftheFWL,theNationalConstitution(LaConstitucionPoliticadelPeru)providesthatnaturalresourcesarepatrimonyofthenation,statingthatbyInstitutionalLawitwouldbedeterminedmechanismsthroughwhichprivateownerscanbegrantedwithnaturalresources’rightsofuse.TheInstitutionalLawfortheSustainableUseofResources(LeyOrgánicaparaelAprovechamientoSostenibledelosRecursosNaturales,LeyNo.26821)statesinArticle4that“thefruitsandproductsofnaturalresources...areownedbytheholdersoftherightofuseofsuchfruitsandproducts”.Thisrightofuseisincludedinanumberoflegalinstruments,dependingonthenaturalresourcetheprivateownerwantstouse.

TheapplicableLawfortheuseofforestryandwildliferesourcesistheForestryandWildlifeLaw(LeyForestalydeFaunaSilvestre)–Law27308.Underthislaw,anditsregulation,forestryplantationslocatedinprivatepropertywhichcontainnaturalresources(i.e.timber‐relatedandnon‐timber‐relatedresources,suchasenvironmentalservices)canbeusedbytheownerofsuchprivateproperty.Underthislaw,therearetwoproceduralconditionsrequiredbytheownerto

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startusingitsforestryresources:theregistryoftheirlandasaforestplantation,andtheacquisitionofaforestrypermit(thelaterrequiresthesubmissionofthelandownership/titledocumentationtoagovernmentalagency).

However,PeruhasseenthedevelopmentoftheNewForestryandWildlifeLaw(NuevaLeyForestalydeFaunaSilvestre–NLFFS)–Ley29763.ThisnewlawwillcomeintoforcewhenitsRegulationispromulgated,andatthatstagetheNLFFSwillsupersedethecurrentLawno.27308.TheNLFFSchangestherequirementsslightlyonforestryplantationslocatedonprivatelands,providingtheconstituentrightoftheownertouseallnaturalresourcesthathisplantationscontains.Thismeanthattheonlyobligationthatremainsunderthislawforprivate‐ownedforestryplantationsistheregistrationbeforethegovernmentagency.AllProjectAreasthatareorwillbepartofPlantingfortheFutureareregistered.

ThereisalsonowaprecedentinPeruestablishedbyotherreforestationprojectsvalidatedandverifiedbytheCCBA,VCSandothercarbonstandardsrecognisingrightofuseofcarbonoffsetsbyownersofprivatelands.

G5.7Documentthattheprojecthasapprovalfromtheappropriateauthorities,includingtheestablishedformaland/ortraditionalauthoritiescustomarilyrequiredbytheCommunities.

Theprojectisworkingonlandwhichisownedbysmallholderfarmers–theyhavevoluntarilyenteredintoagreementswiththeproject.Nootherspecificauthorityisneeded.

G5.8DemonstratethattheProjectProponent(s)hastheunconditional,undisputedandunencumberedabilitytoclaimthattheprojectwillordidgenerateorcausetheproject’sclimate,communityandbiodiversitybenefits.

Theprojecthastheunconditional,undisputedandunemcumberedabilitytoclaimthatprojectactivitiesgeneratetheprojectclimate,communityandbiodiversitybenefits.Theprojectactivitiesoccuronprivatelyownedlands,andwouldnotbegeneratedwithouttheprojectitself.

G5.9Identifythetradableclimate,communityandbiodiversitybenefitsoftheprojectandspecifyhowdoublecountingisavoided,particularlyforoffsetssoldonthevoluntarymarketandgeneratedinacountryparticipatinginacompliancemechanism.

CarboncreditswillberegisteredwiththeVCSprojectdatabasefollowingvalidation.FollowingverificationVCUswillberegisteredwithacarbonregistryfollowingtheVCSRegistrySystem.Thisisasecureplatformwherecreditscanbeassigneduniqueserialnumbersallowinganyprojectandanycredittobesearchedforandtrackedonline.

Thegreenhousegas(GHG)reductionsorremovalsgeneratedbyPlantingfortheFuturewillnotbeusedforcompliancewithanemissionstradingprogramortomeetbindinglimitsonGHGemissions.

PlantyourFuturedoesnotanticipatecommercializingthecommunityorbiodiversitybenefitsassociatedwithPlantingfortheFutureotherthanthroughaddingaCCBlabeltotheVCUsissued.

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CLIMATESECTION

CLIMATESECTIONWAIVER

ProvidedocumentationdemonstratingthatthesameprojectmeetstherequirementsforverificationoftheRecognizedGHGProgramforthesametimeperiodasfortheCCBVerification.EquivalentdocumentationtotheProjectDesignDocumentation(PDD)forvalidationandtheProjectImplementationReport(PIR)forverification,demonstratinghowtheprojectmeetstherequirementsoftheRecognizedGHGProgram,shallbesubmittedbytheAuditortotheCCBAfortheCCBStandardspubliccommentperiodatthesametimeastherelevantPDD/PIRdocumentsaresubmittedfortheCCBValidationorVerification.

TheValidationorVerificationReportshallincludeevidenceintheformofapositivevalidationorverificationstatementfollowingtheprocedureoftheRecognizedGHGProgramthattheprojectmeetstherequirementsoftheRecognizedGHGProgram(fortheappropriatetimeperiod,inthecaseofverification).

GL1.CLIMATECHANGEADAPTATIONBENEFITS

GL1.1Identifylikelyregionalorsub‐nationalclimatechangeandclimatevariabilityscenariosandimpacts,usingavailablestudies,andidentifypotentialchangesinthelocallandusescenarioduetotheseclimatechangescenariosintheabsenceoftheproject.

Changesinthelocallandusescenarioduetotheimpactsofclimatechangeareunlikely–thecropsgrownforsubsistencewillstillbeviablethroughtheproject’slifetime.AmappublishedinClimatechangeadaptationinPeru:Thelocalexperiences33showsamediumtolowconfluenceofclimatichazards,biodiversity,desertencroachmentandpoverty–keydeterminantsoftheseverityofclimatechangeimpacts–inLoretoandUcayali.AlthoughoneofthemajorimpactsofclimatechangeintheAmazonregionmaybeflooding,34noneoftheprojectareasareinfloodplains.Ontheotherhand,2005and2010experiencedlargedroughtsinalloftheAmazonregion.A20‐30%increaseinfireriskispredictedduetolessprecipitationandalongerdryseason–thiscouldhaveanegativeeffectontheabilityoffarmersinUcayaliandLoretotogrowcropsandweatherandseasonsbecomelesspredictables,aswellastendtocattle.Farmersalreadynoticethattherainyseasondoesn’tstartandstopwiththeregularitythatithasinthepast.Withouttheabilitytomakeaccuratepredictions,theyrisknotplantingcropsandtreesearlyenoughtogetthemestablishedbeforetherainyseasonendsandthedryseasonbegins.

PioneerspecieswillchangetheirrangetohigheraltitudesastemperaturesattheelevationoftheProjectZonerise.Erosionwillbecomeamoresignificantissuewithincreasinglyvariable33Clements,R.,Cossío,M.Ensor,J.(eds.).2010.ClimatechangeadaptationinPeru:Thelocalexperiences.Lima:SolucionesPrácticas.

34Unlessotherwisenoted,alloftheinformationinthissectioncomesfromthefollowingsource:PNUD.2013.InformesobreDesarrolloHumanoPeru2013.Retrievedfromhttp://www.pe.undp.org/content/peru/es/home/library/poverty/Informesobredesarrollohumano2013/IDHPeru2013/

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precipitationevents.Therewillbeincreasedhumanpressureonnaturalresources.Deforestationwillcontributetoinfrastructureinstability.

GL1.2.Demonstratethatcurrentoranticipatedclimatechangesarehavingorarelikelytohaveanimpactonthewell‐beingofCommunitiesand/ortheconservationstatusofbiodiversityintheProjectZoneandsurroundingregions.

Povertyisaprincipleindicatorofvulnerabilitytoclimatechange.ThecommunitiesintheProjectZonearehugelyeconomicallylimited.Theyhaveashort‐termvisionindecision‐making,andarethuswhollyun‐preparedforclimatechange’simpacts.PoliciesthatincentivizeexpandingtheagricultureborderfartherintotheAmazonregionhaveencouragedgrowerstocultivatecropsthatareill‐suitedtothearea’schangingclimate.(Acosta,2011)Whenthesefarmsfail,theirworkerswillbeforcedtosubsistencefarming.

Theimpactonphysicalinfrastructurethatislikelyduetofloodingwillnegativelyaffectpublichealthefforts,increasingtheprevalenceofdiseasessuchasmalariaanddengue.

ThevarietyofhabitatsprovidedintheProjectZoneandsurroundingregionswillbemorelimitedasfloodingordroughtscutoffcorridorsbetweenprotectedareasandthereisincreasinghumanpressureonincreasinglylimitednaturalresources.

GL1.3DescribemeasuresneededandtakentoassistCommunitiesand/orbiodiversitytoadapttotheprobableimpactsofclimatechangebasedonthecausalmodelthatexplainshowtheprojectactivitieswillachievetheproject’spredictedadaptationbenefits.

Reforestationisamethodofmanagingnaturalresourcessothattheywillresistandrecuperatefromclimaticevents.Specifically,useofnativespeciessuchasthoseinPlantingfortheFutureorotherdrought‐resistantspeciescanservetohelpwithirrigation.Byplantingagroforestrysystems,PlantyourFutureaimstoincreasehouseholdincomesandalsointroducemedium‐andlong‐termvisioninnaturalresourcesmanagement.PlantyourFutureputalargeemphasisonbuildingfarmerscapacitytonotonlytechnicallygrowagroforestrysystemsbutalsotobuildtheirabilitytoengageinbusinessprofitably.PlantyourFutureisworkingwithsmallholderfarmerstobuildtheirsocialcapitalandbusinesscapacity.Weareworkingwithfarmerstohelpthemsetupcooperatives/tradeassociationsandengageformallyinbusiness.Thiswillultimatelyhelptobuildfarmersresiliencetoclimatechangeastheyhavemoresavings,andareinabetterpositionthroughincreasedcapacitytodealwithchangesinweatherpatterns.

Becauseoflackofknowledgeorlackofcontroloflogging,themostvaluabletimberspecies,includingmahogany,areatthepointofcommercialextinction.Theprojectwillhelpfarmersre‐buildtheregion’sforestryindustry.

AstudyofanagroforestrysystemimplementedinthenorthernAmazonrainforestofSanMartínprovince35pointsoutthatagroforestryisanon‐invasiveclimatechangeadaptationstrategyasit

35Clements,R.,Cossío,M.Ensor,J.(eds.).2010.ClimatechangeadaptationinPeru:Thelocalexperiences.Lima:SolucionesPrácticas.

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doesnotinvolvetheuseofnewtechnologies.TheareaofthestudyissimilartothetwobaselinescenariosofPlantingfortheFutureinthatthelocaleconomyisbasedonfarmingandlivestockraisingactivitieswhichreceivelittlesupportfromthegovernmentintermsofdisasterplanningandsocialorganisation.Thisconfirmsthatbyplantingadiversesystemofcrops,incometofarmersisincreasedandpeoplewerelesslikelytoabandontheirlandtomigrateelsewhere.

Theprojectwillalsoengagedirectlyinclimatechangeadaptationplanning,incorporatingitintoagroforestrystrategies.ThoughtherearenumerousclimatechangeadaptationprogrammesactiveinPeru36,theyaremainlyfocusedontheAndesregion.TheseprogrammesdonotaddressthevulnerabilitiesofpeoplelivinginpovertyorthoseofbiodiversityintheAmazonregion.PlantyourFutureisunawareofotherprogramsworkinginLoretoorUcayalithathelpsmallholderfarmerslearnabout,mitigate,oradapttoclimatechange.

GL1.4IncludeindicatorsforadaptationbenefitsforCommunitiesand/orbiodiversityinthemonitoringplan.DemonstratethattheprojectactivitiesassistCommunitiesand/orbiodiversitytoadapttotheprobableimpactsofclimatechange.AssessmentofimpactsofprojectactivitiesonCommunitiesmustincludeanevaluationoftheimpactsbytheaffectedCommunities.

Manyoftheindicatorstobemonitoredfortheclimatemitigation,communityandbiodiversitysectionsoftheprojectarealsosignificantforadaptationtoclimatechange(seeTable7).Atthenextfieldvisit,PlantyourFuturewillconductin‐personconsultationswiththeprojectstaffandparticipantstoestablishmissingpartsofthatanalysisandaddanymissingindicatorstothemonitoringplan.

Table7.Existingindicatorsandtheirsignificanceforadaptationtoclimatechange

Indicator Significanceforadaptationtoclimatechange

Treesplanted/survivalrate Greatertreecoverfornativeplantsandanimals

Protectionfromerosioncausedbyprecipitationevents

Greatersoilintegrity

Long‐termthinking

Diversifiedcropcultivation,meaninggreaterresiliencyincaseofchangesinpests,precipitationorfireregimes

Marketdevelopment Increasedincome(fromsaleofproduceandtimberandcarboncredits)

36Seethe2008presentation“AdaptationtoclimatechangeandriskmanagementinPeru”,slide5,asastart(retrievedfromhttp://unfccc.int/files/kyoto_protocol/application/pdf/perurisk.pdf)

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Eradicationofnon‐nativegrassspeciesinnewagroforestryareas

Protectionagainstfire

Increasedcapacityoffarmerswithrespecttolong‐termplanning

Abilitytotakeinclimateinformationandplanforfuturechanges

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COMMUNITYSECTION

CM1.WITHOUT‐PROJECTCOMMUNITYSCENARIO

CM1.1DescribetheCommunitiesatthestartoftheprojectandsignificantcommunitychangesinthepast,includingwell‐beinginformation,andanycommunitycharacteristics.Describethesocial,economicandculturaldiversitywithintheCommunitiesandthedifferencesandinteractionsbetweentheCommunityGroups.

TheprojectPlantingfortheFuturewillworkwithsmallholderfarmersastheCommunity.Theprojectshassetoutcriteria(seesectionG1.14)whichmustbemetforsmallholderfarmerstoparticipateinthisprogrammaticproject.ProjectAreaswillalwaysbeundertheownershipofasmallholderhousehold,assobenefitsfromtheprojectwillprimarilybegeneratedatthehouseholdlevelwhichtranscendsotherCommunityGroupsasthehouseholdparticipantsarecomprisedofmen,women,youthandcanbeheadedbymenorwomen,singleormarried,withorwithoutchildren.

PleaserefertosectionG1.6whereCommunitiesaredescribedinmoredetail.

CM1.2EvaluatewhethertheProjectZoneincludesanyofthefollowingHighConservationValues(HCVs)relatedtocommunitywell‐beinganddescribethequalifyingattributesforanyidentifiedHCVs:

a. Areasthatprovidecriticalecosystemservices;b. AreasthatarefundamentalforthelivelihoodsofCommunities;andc. AreasthatarecriticalforthetraditionalculturalidentityofCommunities.

IdentifytheareasthatneedtobemanagedtomaintainorenhancetheidentifiedHCVs.

Pleasereferto¡Error!Noseencuentraelorigendelareferencia.forasummaryofHCVsintheProjectZones.PlantyourFuturewillworktoreducepressureonexistingforestintheProjectZonesbymakingexistingdegradedlandmorevaluable.ThiswillbenefitalloftheHCVsinbothProjectZones.Inbothwithout‐projectbaselinescenarios,Communitieswouldcontinuetheircurrentpatternsoflanduse,notbenefittingfromthetechnicalknowledgetransfer,financialsupportandbusinessorganizationprovidedbyPlantyourFuture.

LORETOPROJECTZONE:

TheecosystemcorridorformedbytheprotectedareasandtheLoretoProjectZoneprovidecriticalhydrologicalservicestothesurroundingarea.Withouttheproject,forestwillbecontinuouslydegradedorcutdownaltogether,decreasingtheresiliencyofthesoilsandabilityofthecommunitiestocopewithflooding.

UCAYALIPROJECTZONE:

Withouttheproject,theLoretoProjectZonewillexperiencecontinuedsoildegradationandinvasivegrasseswillpreventreforestationand,eventually,agriculture.Theseconditionswillmake

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itincreasinglydifficultforfarmerstosubsistfromtheirowncrops,leadingthempotentiallytomoveoutoftheareaforwork.

3.Describetheexpectedchangesinthewell‐beingconditionsandothercharacteristicsofCommunitiesunderthewithout‐projectlandusescenario,includingtheimpactoflikelychangesonallecosystemservicesintheProjectZonesidentifiedasimportanttoCommunities.

WeexpectthatwellbeingofCommunitiesinbothProjectZoneswouldworsenastheirsoilisleachedofnutrients,theirenvironmentisdegradedandkeyecosystemfunctionsreducedandtheyareforcedtocutdownmoreforestinordertogrowcrops.Underthewithout‐projectscenariotheirsocialcapitalisnotbuild,theyarestuckinaviciouscycleofpovertyandenvironmentaldegradationandtheycontinuetoliveinasubsistencelevel“fromhandtomouth”,withnosavings.Theywouldcontinuetobealmostentirelyexcludedfromtheformalmarket,onlysellingproduceinformallytointermediariesoratmarketstalls,withnopowertoaddvalueintheirsupplychains.Withouttheproject,youngpeoplearemorelikelytomoveawayfromtheProjectZonestolandthatismorefertile,todeforestnewareasofrainforestortomovetocitiesforworkotherthanagriculture.Withouttheproject,neithersmallholderfarmerlivingintheProjectZonesnorfaunawillbeasresilienttotheincreasedtemperaturesandchangesinrainfallthatclimatechangewillbring.PleaseseetheVCSPDandrefertosectionG1.6wherethe‘without‐project’scenarioisdescribedinmoredetail.

CM2.NETPOSITIVECOMMUNITYIMPACTS

CM2.1Useappropriatemethodologiestoassesstheimpacts,includingpredictedandactual,directandindirectbenefits,costsandrisks,oneachoftheidentifiedCommunityGroups(identifiedinG1.5)resultingfromprojectactivitiesunderthewith‐projectscenario.Theassessmentofimpactsmustincludechangesinwell‐beingduetoprojectactivitiesandanevaluationoftheimpactsbytheaffectedCommunityGroups.Thisassessmentmustbebasedonclearlydefinedanddefendableassumptionsaboutchangesinwell‐beingoftheCommunityGroupsunderthewith‐projectscenario,includingpotentialimpactsofchangesinallecosystemservicesidentifiedasimportantfortheCommunities(includingwaterandsoilresources),overtheprojectlifetime.

AsdescribedinsectionG1.5theprojectactivitiesarebeingimplementedwithsmallholderfarmers,withtheProjectAreaonlycomprisinglandwhichisownedandcontrolledbyindividualsmallholderhouseholds.TheCommunityGroupsincludewomen,youth,evangelicalChristiansandshopowners.TheimpactoftheprojectonCommunityGroupsispositive.CommunitiesonlyenterintotheprojectbasedonadetailedFPICprocess,andvoluntarily.Givenhouseholdsincludedifferentsub‐groupseveryeffortismadetoengagewiththem.Whilsttraditionallyoftensmallholderfarmingfamiliesareheadedbyamale,theprojecthasmadeeveryefforttoincludefemalepartners/wivesinallconsultationandcapacitybuilding.WherethereisafemaleheadedhousethenPlantyourFuturewillengagedirectlywithfemales,andthisisthecaseforvarious

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familiesintheinitialLoretoandUcayaliInstances.Mendothelionsshareofmanualfarmingworkonfarms,andPlantyourFutureissensitivetothisculturalnorm,andnaturalgenderrolesintermsofcapacitybuildingandtraining.Youtharealsoinvitedalongtocapacitybuildingbothinformalworkshopsandonthefarmwithtechniciansifitdoesn’tconflictwithschoolingcommitments.PlantyourFuturedoesnotdiscriminationin‐termsofCommunityselectiononreligious,orrelatedtothegenderoftheheadofthehousehold.Figure18,Figure19andFigure20belowshowanticipatedresultschainfromstrategiesrelatedtothethreeprojectfocalissues.Theseresultschainsaretheresultofthesocialimpactassessment,consultationswithfarmersbothatthegroupandindividuallevelandconsultationswithOtherStakeholders.Resultsarebrokenupintointermediateresultsanddirectresults.Theresultschaindetailpotentialrisksaswellasmitigationactivitiesfortheserisks.

Theprojectactivitieswillpositivelyimpactwaterandsoilresources.Therestorationofdegraded/deforestedagriculturalareastoforestcoverthroughagroforestrywillenhancesoilfertilityandcomposition.Itwillalsorestorenaturalhydrologyastheecosystemisrestoredtoforest.Thiswillalsoimprovewaterqualityastreesplayapurifyrolethroughriparianbufferzones.Therestorationofriparianforestshelpcontrolsediment,reducethedamagingeffectsoffloodingandaidinstabilizingstreambanks.

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Figure18SustainableAgricultureResultsChain

KEY:

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Figure19:MarketAccessResultsChain

KEY:

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Figure20:BiodiversityConservationResultsChain

KEY:

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CM2.2Describemeasuresneededandtakentomitigateanynegativewell‐beingimpactsonCommunityGroupsandformaintenanceorenhancementoftheHighConservationValueattributes(identifiedinCM1.2)consistentwiththeprecautionaryprinciple.

PlantingfortheFutureposesnothreatofsignificantreductionorlossofbiologicaldiversityoranyotherHCV.PlantingfortheFutureenhancesHCV’sthroughincreasedincomefromcropproductionandsustainableforestryandrestoringforestcovertodegraded/deforestedareas.

CM2.3Demonstratethatthenetwell‐beingimpactsoftheprojectarepositiveforallidentifiedCommunityGroupscomparedwiththeiranticipatedwell‐beingconditionsunderthewithout‐projectlandusescenario(describedinCM1).

Thewithout‐projectscenariopredictsthatwellbeingofCommunitiesinbothprojectinstanceswouldworsen.PlantingfortheFuturewillnotonlyincreasefarmfamilies’incomesandgivethemmedium‐andlong‐termsecurity,itwillalsoincreasecapacityintheareaforsilvicultureandclimatesmartfarming,andbuildinstitutionsandsocialstructures.

CM2.4DemonstratethatnoHighConservationValues(identifiedinCM1.2)arenegativelyaffectedbytheproject.

PlantingfortheFuturewillnotnegativelyimpacttheHCVsidentifiedinCM1.2.Thereisnosignificantphysicalinfrastructureassociatedwiththeproject,anditworkswithsocialsystemsalreadyinplace.Treeplantingwill:enhancethehydrologicsystemandsoilintegrityoffarms;byaddingvaluetodegradedareas,enablefarmerstomaintainforestonotherpartsoftheirproperty;improvefarmers’knowledgebase;andprovidelivelihoodsthatmotivateyoungpeopletostayintheProjectZone.

AsshownintheresultschainflowdiagraminsectionCM2.1thewell‐beingimpactsoftheprojectarepositive.TheresultschainappliesatthehouseholdlevelwhichtranscendsacrossCommunityGroups.

CM3.OTHERSTAKEHOLDERIMPACTS

CM3.1Identifyanypotentialpositiveandnegativeimpactsthattheprojectactivitiesarelikelytocauseonthewell‐beingofOtherStakeholders.

Thecapacitybuildingandtrainingdonebytheprojectwillincreasetheknowledgeofsmallholderfarmersonbiodiversityconservation,theimportanceandroleofforestsandonclimatechangemitigationandadaptation.ThiswillpositivelyimpacttheconservationoftheReservaNacionalAllpahuayo‐Mishana.AssomeoftheLoretoProjectAreasareinthebufferzoneoftheReserve,areasoffarmsthatarereforestedduetoPlantingfortheFuturewillprovidemorehabitatforallspecies,butparticularlyfauna,thathavebeenconfinedtothereserveorforestedareasofadjacentfarms.

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SFM‐BAMwillbenefitbyneighboringsmallholderfarmershavingastakeinreforestationactivityinadditiontotheiremploymentbytheCampoVerdereforestationcarbonproject.ThatprojectalreadyhasareciprocalrelationshipofinformationsharingwithPlantyourFuture.

CM3.2Describethemeasuresneededandtakentomitigatethenegativewell‐beingimpactsonOtherStakeholders.

PlantingfortheFutureposesnothreattothewell‐beingofOtherStakeholders.

CM3.3Demonstratethattheprojectactivitiesdonotresultinnetnegativeimpactsonthewell‐beingofOtherStakeholders.

PlantingfortheFutureposesnothreattothewell‐beingofOtherStakeholders.

CM4.COMMUNITYIMPACTMONITORING

CM4.1Developandimplementamonitoringplanthatidentifiescommunityvariablestobemonitored,Communities,CommunityGroupsandOtherStakeholderstobemonitored,thetypesofmeasurements,thesamplingmethods,andthefrequencyofmonitoringandreporting.Monitoringvariablesmustbedirectlylinkedtotheproject’sobjectivesforCommunitiesandCommunityGroupsandtopredictedoutputs,outcomesandimpactsidentifiedintheproject’scausalmodelrelatedtothewell‐beingofCommunities(describedinG1.8).Monitoringmustassessdifferentiatedimpacts,includingandbenefits,costsandrisks,foreachoftheCommunityGroupsandmustincludeanevaluationbytheaffectedCommunityGroups.

PlantyourFuturehasdevelopedtheCCBStandardCommunityandBiodiversityMonitoringPlan,basedonthesocialandenvironmentalimpactassessmentandconsultationspartners,withCommunitiesandOtherStakeholders.Themonitoringcriteriaarestructuredaroundthethreecorefocalissues,whichcontributetoachievingtheoverallprojectobjective.MonitoringparametershavebeendevelopedusingaTheoryofChangeapproachandgroupedintooutput,outcomeandimpactmonitoringindicators.ThemonitoringwillbecarriedoutwithCommunitiesandwillbedesignedtoensureidentifiedCommunityGroupsaremonitoredaspartofacarefullydesignedsamplingapproach.Pleaserefertothefullmonitoringplanforcompletedetailsanddescriptions.Belowisasummaryofmonitoringindicators.

MONITORING INDICATORS

Thetheoryofchange,ananalysisofanticipatedcauseandeffectsequencesfromprojectactivitiesthroughtooutcomesandeventuallong‐termimpacts,hasbeenappliedtotheproject’sdifferentcommunityrelatedactivitiesandhasservedasaguidetodevelopappropriateindicatorsandmonitoringrequirementsinlinewiththeCCBS.

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Activity1:SustainableAgriculture

ActivityOverview:ImplementationofAgroforestrySystems

OutputIndicators

Activity OutputSamplingType/Product Timing/Frequency

NurseryDevelopmentNo.ofnurseriesestablished recordindataform monthlyreport

NurseryDevelopmentNumberofsamplingscultivated recordindataform monthlyreport

AgroforestryinstallationNo.offruittreesplanted recordindataform monthlyreport

AgroforestryinstallationNo.oftimbertreesplanted recordindataform monthlyreport

Treesurvivalrate %mortality recordindataform

count3monthsafterinitialplantingandagainafter1year

Legalagreementswithfarmers

No.ofcontractssigned recordindataform ongoing

Capacitybuildingwithfarmers

No.ofworkshopsandno.offarmvisits

Workshopreports.Technicianfieldreports. ongoing

OutcomeIndicators

Outcome SamplingType/Product Timing/Frequency

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No.ofhectaresofagroforestryundermanagement

Fromasurveyoffarmersfollowingplanting Annually

VolumeofAmazonianfruitsproduced farmerdatarecords monthly

Valueofcarbonoffsetpaymentsmade ERPA ongoing

ImpactIndicators

ImpactsSamplingType/Product Timing/Frequency

Increasedincomefromsaleoffruits

Longitudinalfarmersurveryusingasamplingapproachwithselectedfarmers annually

Increasedincomefromsaleoftimber

accountsrecordstradeassociation annually

Increasedforestcover

remotesensingdata/mapping annually

Reducedpoverty

Longitudinalfarmersurveryusingasamplingapproachwithselectedfarmers annually

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Activity2:MarketAccess

OutputIndicators

Activity OutputSamplingType/Product Timing/Frequency

Consultationwithfarmersontradeassociationestablishment

No.ofconsultationmeetings/No.ofparticipants/No.ofwomenparticipants recordindataform ongoing

Draftingoftradeassociationstatutesanddevelopmentofgovernancestrategy

Draftstatuteandgovernancedocument documents oneoff

BusinessplandevelopmentforsaleofAmazonianfruits

BusinessPlanDocument report oneoff

Capacitybuildinginbusinessforfarmers

No.ofworkshops,informationdissemination report ongoing

Settingupofstoragefacility storagebuilding

Photosofstorageunitandreportonspecifications oneoff

Settingupofprocessingfacility processingunit

Photosofprocessingunitandreportonspecifications oneoff

OutcomeIndicators


RegistrationoftradeassociationwithRR.PP officialdocumentation oneoff

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RegistrationoffarmerstradeassociationwithSUNATandobtentionofaRUC officialdocumentation oneoff

Governanceoftradeassociationbyelectedfarmers minutesofmeetings ongoing

SaleofAmazonianfruitsviacontract contracts/accounts ongoing

VolumeofprocessAmazonianfruitssold reportsfromtradeassociation ongoing

ImpactIndicators


Increasedincomes

longitudinalfarmersurveryusingasamplingapproachwithselectedfarmers annually

ReducedPoverty


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Activity3:BiodiversityConservation

OutputIndicators

InstallationofAgroforestrysystems

No.oftreesplanted,typeofpesticideorinsecticideused,speciesplanted,

recordindataform ongoing

Capacitybuildingoffarmersinsustainableagriculture

No.ofworkshopsorcapacitybuildingsessions report ongoing

OutcomeIndicators


Reductioninsoilerosion soilsampling annually

Agroforestryadoptedaspreferedagriculturalpractise


Increaseinfarmproductivity

longitudinalfarmersurveryusingasamplingapproachwithselectedfarmers/recordstradeassociation annually

Increasedhabitatforrarespecies

no.ofhectaresofforestrestored annually

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increaseinrarebiodiversity sightingofrarespecies annually

ImpactIndicators


Reduceddeforestationrate

remotesensing/longitudinalfarmersurveryusingasamplingapproachwithselectedfarmers every3years

Reducedforestdegradation


Increasedforestcoverthroughrestorationofdegradedland


CM4.2DevelopandimplementamonitoringplantoassesstheeffectivenessofmeasurestakentomaintainorenhanceallidentifiedHighConservationValuesrelatedtocommunitywell‐being.

MonitoringofHighConservationValues

TheCCBSrequiresthatHCVareasareidentifiedandmonitoredwithintheprojectzone.TheprojectzonecontainsexamplesofvariousHCV’s.Manyofthesearecoveredinthe‘biodiversity’sectionoftheCCBPDDandtheBiodiversityMonitoringPlan.SpecificallymonitoringofHCV’s1‐4arecoveredintheBiodiversityMonitoringPlansalthoughitisacknowledgedtherearecross‐cuttingimpactshereoncommunities.HCV5and6specificallyrelatedtocommunities.

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HighConservationValues5and6

HCV5.Areasfundamentaltomeetingbasicneedsoflocalcommunities(e.g.subsistence,health)

HCV6.Areascriticaltolocalcommunities’traditionalculturalidentity(areasofcultural,ecological,economicorreligioussignificanceidentifiedincooperationwithsuchlocalcommunities)

HCV5:Theprojectarea,andtheprojectzonearefundamentaltomeetingthebasicneedsoflocalcommunitiesthroughsubsistencefarming.Theprojectarea,andtheprojectzoneareafundamentalareaforfoodproduction,forsubsistence‐consumption,andsale.SurpluscropstofamilyconsumptionneedsareusedtogenerateanincometoenableCommunitiestopurchaseotheritemstomeetbasicneeds.Theprojectzonealsoprovideswaterforlocalcommunities.

MonitoringHCV5:MonitoringHCV5willbecompletedthroughthemonitoringofsustainableagriculture,andtheproductionofcropsandincomegeneration.ThisisincludedinthemonitoringprotocolsdescribedunderFocalIssue1–SustainableAgriculture.

HCV6

Thisisnotpresentintheprojectarea,somonitoringisn’trequired.

CM4.3Disseminatethemonitoringplan,andanyresultsofmonitoringundertakeninaccordancewiththemonitoringplan,ensuringthattheyaremadepubliclyavailableontheinternetandsummariesarecommunicatedtotheCommunitiesandOtherStakeholdersthroughappropriatemeans.

ThemonitoringplanwillbemadepublicontheinternetaspartoftheCCBPublicCommentperiod.ThemonitoringplansandindicatorshavebeenexplainedtoCommunitiesthroughlocalmeetings.OtherStakeholdershavebeenmadeawareofourmonitoringplanvialocalmeetingsandviaemail.

GL2.EXCEPTIONALCOMMUNITYBENEFITS

GL2.1a.DemonstratethatSmallholders/CommunityMembersorCommunitieseitherownorhavemanagementrights,statutoryorcustomary,individuallyorcollectively,tolandintheProjectArea.TheSmallholders/CommunityMembersorCommunitieshaverightstoclaimthattheiractivitieswillordidgenerateorcausetheproject’sclimate,communityandbiodiversitybenefits.

OR

b. DemonstratethattheProjectZoneisinalowhumandevelopmentcountryORinanadministrativeareaofamediumorhighhumandevelopmentcountryinwhichatleast50%ofthehouseholdswithintheCommunitiesarebelowthenationalpovertyline.

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PlantingfortheFuturemeetsindicatorGL2.1a:oneoftheeligibilitycriteriaforparticipationintheprojectisthattheparticipantsaresmallholderfarmers,whoaredefinedaslandholdersthatarenotstructurallydependentonpermanenthiredlabour,managetheirlandmainlywiththeirownandtheirfamily’slabourforce,andwhoseprimaryincomecomesfromtheirlandmanagementactivities37.

Theparticipantsinthisprojecthavetotallandholdingsaveraging8hainUcayali(CampoVerdesocioeconomicsurvey)and15hainLoreto(Mateo,2013b38).Thesehouseholdsactivelyparticipateintheproject.

WithrespecttoindicatorGL2.1b,Peru’shumandevelopmentindex(HDI)valuefor2012,0.741,fallsto0.561,inthemediumhumandevelopmentrange,whenadjustedforinequality(UNDP,201339).TheHDIsofMaynasProvince,LoretoandCoronelPortillo,Ucayaliare0.461and0.468,respectively(PNUD,201340).41.8%ofthepopulationofLoretoRegionlivesinmonetarypovertywhileonly13.2%ofthepopulationinUcayaliRegionareinthesamesituation(INEI,201341).

GL2.2Demonstratethattheprojectgeneratesshort‐termandlong‐termnetpositivewell‐beingbenefitsforSmallholders/CommunityMembers.Includeindicatorsofwell‐beingimpactsonSmallholder/CommunityMembersinthemonitoringplan.Theassessmentofimpactsmustincludechangesinwell‐beingduetoprojectactivitiesandanevaluationoftheimpactsbytheaffectedSmallholders/CommunityMembers.

Theprojectgeneratedshort‐termandlong‐termnetpositivebenefitsforsmallholders,whoaretheprojectsprimarybeneficiary.(seeResultsChainFlowDiagramsinFigure18,Figure19andFigure1)Themonitoringplanincludesprovisionstoassesschangesinwell‐beingduetoprojectactivitiesforthesmallholderfarmersparticipatingintheproject.

37DefinitiontakenfromthePlanVivoStandard


39UNDP.2013.Explanatorynoteon2013HDRcompositeindices–Peru.HumanDevelopmentReport2013.TheRiseoftheSouth:HumanProgressinaDiverseWorld.Retrievedfromhttp://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country‐Profiles/PER.pdf

40PNUD.2013.InformesobreDesarrolloHumanoPeru2013.Retrievedfromhttp://www.pe.undp.org/content/peru/es/home/library/poverty/Informesobredesarrollohumano2013/IDHPeru2013/

41INEI.2013.EncuestaNacionaldeHogares,ascitedinthepresentationEvolucióndelaPobrezaMonetariaenelPerúal2012.Retrievedfromhttp://www.inei.gob.pe/media/cifras_de_pobreza/pobreza_exposicionjefe2013.pdf

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GL2.3Identify,throughaparticipatoryprocess,risksfortheSmallholders/CommunityMemberstoparticipateintheproject,includingthoserelatedtotradeoffswithfoodsecurity,landloss,lossofyieldsandshort‐termandlong‐termclimatechangeadaptation.Explainhowtheprojectisdesignedtoavoidsuchtradeoffsandthemeasurestakentomanagetheidentifiedrisks.IncludeindicatorsofrisksforSmallholders/CommunityMembersinthemonitoringplan.

TheprojecthasengagedinaprocesstoidentifyrisksusingaparticipatoryprocesswithsmallholdersandCommunityMembers.Theprojectdoesnotposearisksrelatedtotradeoffwithfoodsecurity,lossofyields.Intermsofclimatechangeadaptationintheshortandlongtermtheprojectwillsmallholderresilience.Indicatorsofincomeandvolumeofproduceareincludedinthemonitoringplan.Theagroforestrysystemallownormalsubsistencecropstobeplantedinyearone,butunderbettertechnicalsupervisionthanunderthebaselinescenario,sotherewillbenolossofnormalcropyields.

GL2.4IdentifyCommunityGroupsthataremarginalizedand/orvulnerable.Demonstratethattheprojectgeneratesnetpositiveimpactsonthewell‐beingofallidentifiedmarginalizedand/orvulnerableCommunityGroups.Demonstratethatanybarriersorrisksthatmightpreventbenefitsgoingtomarginalizedand/orvulnerableSmallholder/CommunityMembershavebeenidentifiedandaddressed.Demonstratethatmeasuresaretakentoidentifyanymarginalizedand/orvulnerableSmallholders/CommunityMembers,whosewell‐beingmaybenegativelyaffectedbytheproject,andthatmeasuresaretakentoavoid,orwhenunavoidabletomitigate,anysuchimpacts.

Theprojecthasidentifiedsmallholderfarmerswhoareelderlyorfemaleheadedasbeingpotentiallyvulnerable.Thesesmallholdershavebeenincludedintheproject,andthattheywillbepositiveimpactbyprojectactivities.Barrierstosuccessfulimplementationmaybelackofmanuallabouratthehouseholdleveland/orvulnerabilitytoillnessmeaningsystemscannotbemaintained(e.g.weeded/pestcontrolatcertaintimes)PlantyourFutureprovideextrasupporttothesevulnerablegroupsasrequired–eitherthroughadditionalfinancialsupportformaintenanceormorefarmvisitsandsupportfromourtechnicians.

GL2.5Demonstratethattheprojectgeneratesnetpositiveimpactsonthewell‐beingofwomenandthatwomenparticipateinorinfluencedecision‐makingandincludeindicatorsofimpactsonwomeninthemonitoringplan.

Theprojectactivitiesareorientatedtoimplementationatthehouseholdlevel.Mosthouseholdsincludewomen.Femalemembersofthehouseholdhavebeenencouragedtoattendallformalprojectmeetings,consultationsandcapacitybuilding.Assuchwomenhavebeenabletoinfluencedecision‐makingduringtheconsultativeandparticipatoryprocessforprojectdesign.

Theprojectdoesnotdiscriminateagainstfemaleheadedhouseholds,andtheyareactivelyparticipatinginthefirstprojectinstances.Legalagreementsrelatedtotheprojectaresignedbyhusbandandwife,evenifthetitleisonlyinthenameofthehusband.

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ThemonitoringplanincludesthemonitoringofwomenasanidentifiedCommunityGroup.

GL2.6Describethedesignandimplementationofabenefitsharingmechanism,demonstratingthatSmallholders/CommunityMembershavefullyandeffectivelyparticipatedindefiningthedecision‐makingprocessandthedistributionmechanismforbenefitsharing;anddemonstratingtransparency,includingonprojectfundingandcostsaswellasonbenefitdistribution.

Smallholdershavebeeninvolvedinthedesignofthebenefitsharingmechanismanddistributionmechanismfromthebeginning.Consultationsandparticipatorydiscussionswereheldwithsmallholdersfarmersin2012and2013.ThesewereconvenedbyPlantyourFutureandProNaturaleza,buttherewasalsoindependentparticipationbyIICAandCOPASIMOL,plusPeruvianLegalExpertstoexplaintofarmerstheirrights.Recordsandattendancelistshavebeenkeptofmeetingsheldtodiscussbenefitsharing,andthedevelopmentandevolutionofthefinallegalagreementsbetweenPlantatuFuturoandsmallholderscanbemadeavailabletotheauditoronrequest.InternationallawfirmHoganLovellswereresponsiblefordraftingofthebenefitsharingagreement,assistedbyPeruvianCounsel.HoganLovellsincorporatedfeedbackfromCommunityMembers,aswellasOtherStakeholders,aspartofamulti‐stepdevelopmentprocess.ThebenefitsharingmechanismwasalsoindependentlyreviewedbyPeruvianLegalexpertsandfeedbackprovidedwasincorporatedintothefinalversionofthebenefitsharingagreement.

GL2.7Explainhowrelevantandadequateinformationaboutpredictedandactualbenefits,costsandriskshasbeencommunicatedtoSmallholders/CommunityMembersandprovideevidencethattheinformationisunderstood.

AsdescribedabovePlantyourFutureheldaseriesofparticipatorymeetingsandconsultationswithsmallholdersinrelationtotheprojectcosts,thesupporttheywillreceiveandtherisks.Theywerepresentedwithvariouspossiblescenariosinrelationtocarbonrevenues,showingsensitivitytopriceandgrowthratesandexplainedtothatcarbonpriceswerevariable,likeothercommoditiesinthemarket,soanestimateofexactfinancialbenefitsfromthecarbonrevenuestreamcouldnotbepredicted.Evidencethatthisinformationwasunderstoodwasprovidedthroughfarmer’squestionsduringmeetingdiscussions.ThirdpartieswerepresentatthesemeetingincludingProNaturaleza,IICAandNotary.

GL2.8Describetheproject’sgovernanceandimplementationstructures,andanyrelevantself‐governanceorotherstructuresusedforaggregationofSmallholders/Communitymembers,anddemonstratethattheyenablefullandeffectiveparticipationofSmallholders/CommunityMembersinprojectdecision‐makingandimplementation.

Legalagreementsarehelddirectlybetweensmallholdertitleholders,andPlantatuFuturo.

Withinthelegalagreementsthereisprovisionforthesmallholderfarmerstoelectonepersontositonthesub‐committeeofPlantatuFuturowhichwillprovideoversighttothemanagementofthefundsgeneratedfromthesaleofcarboncredits.ThelegalagreementsalsoincludeclausesaboutcommunicationbetweenPlantatuFuturoandthesmallholderfarmersonsaleofthecarbonoffsets,plustheconveningofanannualgeneralmeetingforparticipatingsmallholders.

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Wewillworkwithfarmersinthefuturetohelpthemestablishtradeassociations,whichisakeycomponentoftheoverallprojectstrategytohelpfarmersaccessformalmarkets,andimprovetheincomestheygeneratefromsaleofcrops,fruitsandtimber.

GL2.9DemonstratehowtheprojectisdevelopingthecapacityofSmallholders/CommunityMembers,andrelevantlocalorganizationsorinstitutions,toparticipateeffectivelyandactivelyinprojectdesign,implementationandmanagement.

Theprojectiscommittedtodevelopingthecapacityofsmallholderfarmers,andthisisaguidingprincipleofourvision.Weaimtoempowersmallholderfarmerstoparticipatefullyinprojectdesign,implementationandmanagement.Smallholderfarmersareinvolvedindecisionmakingfortheproject.Theircapacityisbeingbuildthroughstructuredgroupinformationandtrainingsessions,aswellasone‐on‐onecapacitybuildingontheirfarmwiththeprojecttechnicians.Smallholdersreceiveavisittotheirfarmatleastonceamonthbyaprojecttechnician,andtheyarelearning‐by‐doingasprojectimplementationproceeds.

Smallholderfarmercapacitybusinesscapacitywillbebuiltthroughthedevelopmentoftradeassociations,whichtheywillmanage.

Duringtheimplementationphasetwosmallholderfarmersparticipatingintheschemewereselectedtoactaslocalcommunitymanagersfortheproject,andtookonimportantcoordinationroles,aswellasnurserymanagement.

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BIODIVERSITYSECTION

B1.BIODIVERSITYWITHOUT‐PROJECTSCENARIO

B1.1DescribebiodiversitywithintheProjectZoneatthestartoftheprojectandthreatstothatbiodiversity,usingappropriatemethodologies.

TheProjectZonesincludetwoWWF‐designatedglobalecoregions:theNapoMoistForestandAmazonRiverandFloodedForests.

TheglobalNapoMoistForestecoregion[containingtheterrestrialecoregionsNapoMoistForests(LoretoProjectZone)andUcayaliMoistForests(UcayaliProjectZone)]hascomplextopographyandsoilsandvastriversystemsthatcreateadynamicmosaicofhabitatsandcomplexbiogeographichistories.AccordingtoWWF42,newandplannedroadsareopeningtheNapoMoistForeststodeforestationanddegradationthroughcolonisation,agriculture,cattleranching,intensivehunting,oilexploration,andtimberexploitation.

TheAmazonriverandfloodedforests(váreza)globalecoregion(whichcontainstheIquitosvárezaterrestrialecoregion,wheretheLoretoinstanceoftheprojectislocated)ishometohumidtropicalfloodplainforests.VárzeasarecommonlyreferredtoasaguajalesintheProjectZonesbecauseofthedominanceofthepalmofthatname(Mauritiaflexuosa).AmongterrestrialAmazonecosystems,aguajalesstorethelargestamountofcarbon,closeto1800t/haofCO2equivalent43.Theyhostagreatdiversityoftrees,whichprovidecriticalhabitatforreproductiveandnurserygroundsforfishesandmanyinvertebrates,200mammalspecies,primates,anumberofrodentsandbats.Theseforestsalsohavealonghistoryofhumanoccupationbecauseoftheirhighproductivityandaccessibility44.Theyarethreatenedduetocolonisationandassociatedinfrastructuredevelopment,selectivelogging,conversiontocattleranching,andwaterbuffalo(Bubalusbubalis)introduction45.

LORETOINSTANCE:

TheResearchInstituteofthePeruvianAmazon(IIAP)hasconductedseveralbiodiversitystudiesintheareaoftheLoretoinstanceofwhichthemostrelevanttothisbiodiversityoftheprojectareaisthestudy“BiophysicalbasesandproposalsofzoningandprogramsfortheMasterPlanAllpahuayo

42WWF.nd.NapoMoistForests.Retrievedfromhttp://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/ecoregions/napo_moist_forests.cfm

43SalazarVega,A.2010.AguajalesinLoreto,Peru:EnvironmentalServicesoftheAguajalesandtheOpportunitiesforaGlobalBusinessfortheLoretoRegion.KatoombaGroup:EcosystemMarketplace.Retrievedfromhttp://www.ecosystemmarketplace.com/pages/dynamic/article.page.php?page_id=6019&section=home&eod=1

44Sears,R.2014.SeasonallyfloodedriverbasinsofBrazil,PeruandBolivia.WorldWildlifeFundInternational.Retrievedfromhttp://worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/nt0128

45WWF.nd.AmazonRiverandFloodedForests.Retrievedfromhttp://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/ecoregions/amazon_river_forests.cfm.

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‐MishanaReserve”46.TheareaofAllpahuayo‐MishanaisdirectlyincludedintheLoretoProjectZoneandthescatteredremnantsofforestbetweencroppedareasintheProjectZonehavesimilarcharacteristicstotheforestinthereserve.

Theprojectzone,includingtheAllpahuayo‐MishanaNationalReserve,containpatchesofarareandpreciousforesttypeknownas“Varillales”–thesearediscontinuouspatchesofforestedwhitesandthatmakeuponly1%ofthePeruvianAmazon.47Thisforestishometouniquefaunaandflora,adaptedtoharshconditionsofnutrientstressandconstantwatertablefluctuation.

AccordingtotheIIAPstudy,intheAllpahuayo–MishanaReserve,275treespecies,includingnumerousendemicplantsandnewtoscience,hadbeenrecordedasof2004.Therearenolongercommerciallyvaluablespecies,becausethosespecieshavebeenselectivelyextractedovertheyears48.

TheIIAPstudyrecordedthepresenceof145speciesofmammals,ofwhichsevenspeciesarecurrentlythreatenedwithlocalextinction(seeTable8).

Table8.MammalspeciesdocumentedneartheLoretoProjectZonefound(byIUCN)tobethreatenedwithextinctionor(byIIAP)localextinction

Latinname Commonname Localname IUCNRedListstatus

Threatoflocalextinction

Alouattaseniculus Colombianredhowlermonkey

Vulnerable Vulnerable

Callicebustorquatus

Collaredtitimonkey

Leastconcern Highlyvulnerable

Cebusalbifrons White‐frontedcapuchin

Leastconcern Vulnerable

Cebusapella Black‐cappedcapuchin

Leastconcern Vulnerable

Herpailurusyaguarondi

Jaguarundi Puma Leastconcern

46IIAP.2004.BasesbiofísicasypropuestasdezonificaciónydeprogramasparaelPlanMaestrodelaZonaReservadaAllpahuayo‐Mishana.InstitutodeInvestigacionesdelaAmazoníaPeruana;BIODAMAZProyectoDiversidadBiológicadelaAmazoníaPeruana.Retrievedfromhttp://www.iiap.org.pe/Upload/Publicacion/DT010.pdf

47Vrisendorp,C.,Pitman,N,RojasMoscoso,J.I.,Pawlak,B.A.,andRiveraChavez,L.2006.Perú:Matsés(RapidBiologicalInventories16).Chicago,IL:FieldMuseum.Retrievedfromhttp://fm2.fieldmuseum.org/rbi/temp/Matses_English.pdf

48Tello,H.2001.ValoracióneconómicadeladiversidadbiológicaeneláreadeinfluenciadelaCarreteraIquitos–Nauta.EnValoraciónEconómicadelaDiversidadBiológicayServiciosAmbientalesenelPerú,INRENA,IRG/Biofor,USAID.Peru.474pp.

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Hydrochaerishydrochaeris

Capybara Capybara Leastconcern Highlyvulnerable

Lagothrixlagotricha

Humboldt'swoollymonkey

Monochoro Vulnerable Vulnerable

Leoparduswiedii Margay Ocelot Nearthreatened

Leoparduspardalis Ocelot Ocelot Leastconcern

Myrmecophagatridactyla

Giantanteater Osohormiguero

Vulnerable Vulnerable

Pantheronca Jaguar Jaguar Nearthreatened

Pitheciaaequatorialis

Equatorialsaki Leastconcern Highlyvulnerable

Potosflavus Kinkajou Chosna Leastconcern Highlyvulnerable

Priodontesmaximus

Giantarmadillo Vungunturo Vulnerable Vulnerable

Tapirusterrestris Lowlandtapir Vulnerable Vulnerable

475speciesofbirds,includingatleastninespeciesendemictotheNapoEcoregion,weredocumentedintheIIAPstudy.Ofthese,sixteentaxaarethreatenedwithlocalextinctionandone,Polioptilaclementsi–theIquitosgnatcatcher–islistedbyIUCNascriticallyendangered49.Only70‐400ofthesebirdsarethoughttoexist.IntheBirdLife‐authoredIUCNRedListentry,reforestationaroundAllpahuayo–MishanaReserveislistedasanidealconservationmeasure.Thegnatcatcher’sonlyhabitatareVarillalforests.Theprojectisplantingtreeswheretherewerenoneonatleastonewhitesandplot,therebydirectlycreatinghabitatforthisthegnatcatcher.

118speciesofreptiles,includingseveralrarespecies,wererecordedintheIIAPstudy(seeTable9).

Table9.ReptilespeciesdocumentedneartheLoretoProjectZonefound(byIUCN)tobethreatenedwithextinctionor(byIUCN)localextinction

Latinname Commonname Localname IUCNRedListstatus

Threatoflocalextinction

49BirdLifeInternational.2013.Polioptilaclementsi.In:IUCN2013.IUCNRedListofThreatenedSpecies.Version2013.2.TheIUCNRedListofThreatenedSpecies.Retrievedfromhttp://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22734664/0

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Caimancrocodilus Commoncaiman Lowerrisk/leastconcern

Threatened

Chelusfimbriatus Matamata Notyetevaluated

Highlyvulnerable

Geochelonedenticulata

Yellow‐footedtortoise

Vulnerable Highlyvulnerable

Paleosuchuspalpebrosus

Dwarfcaiman Lowerrisk/leastconcern

Threatened

Podocnemisunifilis Yellow‐spottedriverturtle

Vulnerable Threatened

Paleosuchustrigonatus

Smooth‐frontedcaiman

Lowerrisk/leastconcern

Highlyvulnerable

TheIIAPstudydocumented81speciesofamphibianswhichincludethreefrogsthatareendemictotheNapoecoregion(Dendrobatesreticulatus,NyctimantisrugicepsandSyncopecarvalhoi)andasalamanderspecies(Bolitoglossasp.)thatisnewtoscience.

UCAYALIINSTANCE:

TheUcayaliProjectZoneisdominatedbypasture,secondaryforest,residualprimaryforestandagriculture.Birdssuchasthemacaw(guacamayoinSpanish,oftheAragenus),partridge(perdizinSpanish,speciesnameAlectorisrufa),colbalt‐wingedparakeetpihuichoinSpanish,speciesnameBrotogeriscyanoptera),woodpigeonorringdove(torcazainSpanish),toucan(tucáninSpanish,ofthefamilyRamphastidae)andothersareespeciallyvulnerabletoreductionintheirhabitat.50Thesurroundingareasoftheprojectareprimaryandsecondaryforestswhere86differentspeciesoftreesand62speciesofbirds,reptilesandmammalswererecordedinabiophysicalsurveycarriedoutinJanuary200551.ThePeruvianwoollymonkey(Lagothrixcana),notsightedbutintheorypresentintheProjectZone,islistedasendangered,giventhatatleasta50%populationdeclineis

50SeeCampoVerdeprojectdocumentationforCCBValidation,AnnexC(availablefromhttp://www.climate‐standards.org/2008/11/25/reforestation‐with‐native‐commercial‐species‐on‐degraded‐lands‐for‐timber‐and‐carbon‐purposes‐in‐campo‐verde‐ucayali‐peru/)


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estimatedtohaveoccurredoverthepast3generations(45years)duetoheavydeforestationandhunting52.NofloraspeciesareontheIUCNRedListornotedaslocallyvulnerable.

AsurveybytheSocialPropertyCompany(EPS)TierraRoja,completedin198353,mentionsthatthevegetationoftheprojectzoneinthatyearwashighforest,exuberant,thickandwithpresenceoforchids,lianas,bromeliads,fernsandepiphyticplants.AccordingtotheEvaluationofPermanentProductionForestsoftheUcayaliRegion,conductedbyINRENAin200354,theforestsoftheprojectzonearecataloguedasTerrazaBaja(“forestsofthelowterraces”),withanaverageof52treesperhectare.

B1.2EvaluatewhethertheProjectZoneincludesanyofthefollowingHighConservationValues(HCVs)relatedtobiodiversityanddescribethequalifyingattributesforanyidentifiedHCVs:

a. Globally,regionallyornationallysignificantconcentrationsofbiodiversityvalues; TheLoretoprojectinstanceissituatedinthekeybiodiversityareaCuencaRíoNanay(NanayRiverWatershed),andtheUcayaliprojectinstanceincludespartofthekeybiodiversityareaReservaCommunalElSira(SiraCommunalReserve).

i.protectedareas

TheProjectZonesprovidecrucialconnectivitybetweenthemanyconservationareasatdifferentlevelsofprotectionintheregionthataredepictedinFigure21.

52Boubli,J.‐P.,DiFiore,A.,Rylands,A.B.&Wallace,R.B.2008.Lagothrixcana.In:IUCN2013.IUCNRedListofThreatenedSpecies.Version2013.2.Retrievedathttp://www.iucnredlist.org/details/39925/0

53Proyectotécnicoeconómicodelaempresadepropiedadsocial“LuchadoresTierraRoja”1983

54INRENA.2003.MapificacionyEvaluacionForestaldelBosquedeProduccionPermanentedelDepartamentodeUcayali.

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Figure21.ProtectedareasofLoreto,Ucayaliandsurroundingregions55

TheLoretoProjectZoneissituatedintheReservaNacionalAllpahuayo‐MishanaandtheUcayaliProjectZoneincludespartsoftheSiraCommunalReserve,bothofwhicharelistedasIUCNcategoryIVProtectedAreas.Thismeansthattheseareascontainpredominantlyunmodified

55SERNAP,INEI.2014.MapadeAreasNaturalesProtegidas.Peru.Retrievedfromhttp://www.sernanp.gob.pe/sernanp/bmapas.jsp?NroPag=1&ID=429

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naturalsystems,andshouldbemanagedtoensurelongtermprotectionandmaintenanceofbiologicaldiversity,whileprovidingatthesametimeasustainableflowofnaturalproductsandservicestomeetcommunityneeds.

ii.threatenedspecies

LORETOINSTANCE:TheIquitosgnatcatcher,Polioptilaclementsi,islistedbyIUCNascriticallyendangered.AllofthespecieslistedinTable8andTable9arelocallyvulnerable.Inaddition,thelong‐hairedspidermonkey(Atelesbelzebuth)56andtheGiantBrazilianOtter(Pteronurabrasiliensis)57arepresentinthisProjectZoneand,accordingtotheIUCN,endangered.

UCAYALIINSTANCE:Birdssuchasthemacaw(guacamayoinSpanish,oftheAragenus),partridge(perdizinSpanish,speciesnameAlectorisrufa),colbalt‐wingedparakeetpihuichoinSpanish,speciesnameBrotogeriscyanoptera),woodpigeonorringdove(torcazainSpanish),toucan(tucáninSpanish,ofthefamilyRamphastidae)andothersareespeciallyvulnerabletoreductionintheirhabitat.58Theblackcaiman(Melanosuchusniger)islistedbyIUCNas“conservationdependent”59.Atleasttwoendangeredspeciesarefoundinthisprojectzone:theblack‐facedspidermonkey(Ateleschamek)60,thePeruvianwoollymonkey(Lagothrixcana)61andtheGiantBrazilianOtter(Pteronurabrasiliensis).

iii.endemicspecies

LORETOINSTANCE:ThisprojectzoneliesintheUpperAmazon‐Napolowlandsendemicbirdarea(seeTable10).ManyspeciesareendemictovarillalesforestsoftheAllpahuayo–Mishanaregion,includingthefloraMauritiacarana,Platycarpum

56Boubli,J.‐P.,DiFiore,A.,Stevenson,P.,Link,A.,Marsh,L.&Morales,A.L.2008.Atelesbelzebuth.In:IUCN2013.IUCNRedListofThreatenedSpecies.Version2013.2.Retrievedfromhttp://www.iucnredlist.org/details/2276/0



59Ross,J.P.2000.Melanosuchusniger.In:IUCN2013.IUCNRedListofThreatenedSpecies.Version2013.2.Retrievedfromhttp://www.iucnredlist.org/details/13053/0

60Wallace,R.B.,Mittermeier,R.A.,Cornejo,F.&Boubli,J.‐P.2008.Ateleschamek.In:IUCN2013.IUCNRedListofThreatenedSpecies.Version2013.2.Retrievedfromhttp://www.iucnredlist.org/details/41547/0


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orinocense,andByronimacf.laevigata62.TheIquitosgnatcatcher,Polioptilaclementsi,isendemictothisarea.Titimonkeys(Callicebustorquatus)areendemictotheváreza.

Table10.UpperAmazon‐Napolowlandsrestricted‐rangespecies63

Species IUCNCategory

Olive‐spottedHummingbird(Leucippuschlorocercus) Leastconcern

BrownNunlet(Nonnulabrunnea) Leastconcern

Orange‐crestedManakin(Heterocercusaurantiivertex) Leastconcern

Olive‐chestedFlycatcher(Myiophobuscryptoxanthus) Leastconcern

Golden‐wingedTody‐flycatcher(Poecilotriccuscalopterus) Leastconcern

CochaAntshrike(Thamnophiluspraecox) Nearthreatened

Black‐tailedAntbird(Myrmoborusmelanurus) Vulnerable

White‐maskedAntbird(Pithyscastaneus) Nearthreatened

Ochre‐stripedAntpitta(Grallariadignissima) Leastconcern

EcuadorianCacique(Cacicussclateri) Leastconcern

UCAYALIINSTANCE:ThisprojectzoneliesintheUpperAmazon‐NapolowlandsandtheSouth‐eastPeruvianlowlandsendemicbirdareas.Inadditiontotherestricted‐rangebirdspecieslistedinTable10fortheUpperAmazon‐Napolowlands,theSouth‐eastPeruvianlowlandshostrestricted‐rangebirdspecieslistedinTable11.

Table11.South‐eastPeruvianlowlandsrestricted‐rangespecies64

Species IUCNCategory

Scarlet‐hoodedBarbet(Eubuccotucinkae) Leastconcern

Fine‐barredPiculet(Picumnussubtilis) Leastconcern

SemicollaredPuffbird(Malacoptilasemicincta) Leastconcern

62Vrisendorp,C.,Pitman,N,RojasMoscoso,J.I.,Pawlak,B.A.,andRiveraChavez,L.2006.Perú:Matsés(RapidBiologicalInventories16).Chicago,IL:FieldMuseum.Retrievedfromhttp://fm2.fieldmuseum.org/rbi/temp/Matses_English.pdf

63BirdLifeInternational.2014.EndemicBirdAreafactsheet:UpperAmazon‐NapoLowlands.Retrievedfromhttp://www.birdlife.org.

64BirdLifeInternational.2014.EndemicBirdAreafactsheet:South‐eastPeruvianlowlands.Retrievedfromhttp://www.birdlife.org.

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Black‐facedCotinga(Conioptilonmcilhennyi) Leastconcern

Long‐crestedPygmy‐tyrant(Lophotriccuseulophotes)

Leastconcern

White‐cheekedTody‐flycatcher(Poecilotriccusalbifacies)

Leastconcern

Black‐backedTody‐flycatcher(Poecilotriccuspulchellus)

Leastconcern

White‐linedAntbird(Percnostolalophotes) Nearthreatened

Goeldi'sAntbird(Myrmecizagoeldii) Leastconcern

Rufous‐frontedAntthrush(Formicariusrufifrons)

Nearthreatened

ElusiveAntpitta(Grallariaeludens) Leastconcern

SelvaCacique(Cacicuskoepckeae) Endangered

iv.areasthatsupportsignificantconcentrationsofaspeciesduringanytimeintheirlifecycle.

Theprojectzonessupportsignificantconcentrationsofmanyspeciesduringtheirlifecycle

b.Globally,regionallyornationallysignificantlargelandscape‐levelareaswhereviablepopulationsofmostifnotallnaturallyoccurringspeciesexistinnaturalpatternsofdistributionandabundance;

Restricted‐rangebirdspeciesaresupportedthroughouttheProjectZones–seeB1.2a(i).Inaddition,theProjectZonesincluderefugia–patchesofprimaryforestthatwillbedegradedwithouttheprojectactivities.Projectactivitieswillincreasingforestcoveraroundtheserefugia,improvingconnectivitybetweenthemandotherconservationlandsonthelandscape‐scale.TheprogrammaticapproachtakeninPlantingfortheFutureistohavethislevelofimpactforallofthefloraandfaunaofthishugelybiodiverseregion.

c.Threatenedorrareecosystems.

Theváreza(floodplainforests)andvarillales(whitesandforests)andmanyotherecosystemsintheNapoMoistForestglobalecoregionarerareandthreatenedbyjustthedriversthatthisprojectaimstoaddress,povertyandlackofknowledge/capacity.

IdentifytheareasthatneedtobemanagedtomaintainorenhancetheidentifiedHCVs.

Smallholderswithtitletotheirlandshavecontroloverlanduseontheirlandholding,includingconversionofrainforesttoagriculturallands–thatiswhytheyareparticularly

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importanttoinvolveinconservationandempowertousesustainablelandmanagementtechniques.Toenhanceconnectivity,theareasthatPlantyourFutureistargetingforagroforestryaredeforestedareasadjacenttoprimaryandsecondaryforest.IncreasingforestcoverinthoseareaswillimprovehighconservationvaluesintheProjectZonesandtheregionasawhole.Nativespecieswillbeusedtoensurethattheagroforestryprovideshabitatthatisassimilaraspossibletothehistoricalandfutureforestsoftheregion.

SeealsothesummaryinFigure9:HighConservationValueslocationsinrelationtoPlantingfortheFutureGeographicalArea(wherefutureactivitiescanbescaledto).

B1.3Describehowthewithout‐projectlandusescenariowouldaffectbiodiversityconditionsintheProjectZone.

Theproblemflow(contributingfactorsanddirectthreats)forbiodiversityconservationintheProjectZonesatthepresenttimeisdescribedin¡Error!Noseencuentraelorigendelareferencia..InbothProjectZones,povertyandlackofknowledgeorcapacityleavesmallholderswithnoalternativestoslashandburnagriculture(andlivestockraising).Thiscausesincrementaldegradationofsoils,whichwillforcesmallholderstocutdownprimaryandsecondaryforestthatiscurrentlybeingusedbyfaunaasrefugia.Furthercausesofdeforestationanddegradationareextractionofwoodforcharcoalproductionandpopulationgrowth–especiallyintheLoretoinstances,whicharealongtheIquitos‐Natuahighway.Localandregionalinstitutionsareinneedofstrengtheningandtocoordinatepolicy;currentlyinsomeinstancestheyinadvertentlygiveperverseincentivesforrainforestdestructionorthereareconflictingpoliciesbetweeninstitutions.Localandregionalinstitutionsareoftennotabletoenforcethelawbecauseoflackofresources..Asthedryseasonextendsduetoclimatechange,thelossofthesecool,forestedareaswillbeareallosstofauna.

Amongthosesmallholdersparticipatingintheproject,understandingofbiodiversityanditsvalueisquitehigh.However,inthegeneralpopulation,theexistenceofprotectedareasisnotwell‐knownandthemotivationsforillegalandexcessivenaturalresourceusearemany.Peoplepoachbutterflies,poisonousfrogs,ornamentalfish,irapay(LepidocaryumgracileMartius)leaves,andlogs.Furthermore,thecropsthatsmallholdersgrowareincreasinglylessbiodiverse.Culturaltraditionsrelatedtobiodiversityarebeinglost,andthereislittleleadershiporparticipatoryplanning.

IntheUcayaliinstance,pastureswillbeincreasinglydominatedbynon‐native,invasivegrasses,leavinglessdiversity.Commercializationofwildmeatandpovertyhasresultedinincreasedhuntinginrecentyears,leadingtoanotabledropinthepopulationofprimatesinthearea65;withouttheproject,thisislikelytocontinue.


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Figure22.Biodiversityconservationproblemflow

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Figure23:BiodiversityConservationResultsChain

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B2.NETPOSITIVEBIODIVERSITYIMPACTS

B2.1Useappropriatemethodologiestoestimatechangesinbiodiversity,includingassessmentofpredictedandactual,positiveandnegative,directandindirectimpacts,resultingfromprojectactivitiesunderthewith‐projectscenariointheProjectZoneandovertheprojectlifetime.Thisestimatemustbebasedonclearlydefinedanddefendableassumptions.

¡Error!Noseencuentraelorigendelareferencia.describeshowtheprojectstrategyofagroforestrywillleadtodirectincreasesinforestcoverandreductionsindeforestation,leadingtoconservationofbiodiversityandenhancedconnectivitybetweenregionalprotectedareas.

B2.2Demonstratethattheproject’snetimpactsonbiodiversityintheProjectZonearepositive,comparedwiththebiodiversityconditionsunderthewithout‐projectlandusescenario(describedinB1).

Theprojectrisksdirectadverseimpactsonbiodiversityonlyifthenativespeciesagroforestrysystemsattractwildlifethatisconsideredbythefarmersaspeststocrops,timbertreesoranythingelseintheProjectZone.PlantyourFuturewillmonitorthiscloselyandworkwithfarmerstodevelopappropriatewildlifemanagementsystemsinthemeantime.Theprojectwillprovidesmallholderswithknowledgeandsupportinmanagingthebiodiversityoftheirlandinamoresustainablemanner.

Thewithout‐projectlandusescenarioisoneofcontinuingdegradationandinvasivespeciesestablishment.Theprojectwillundoubtedlyhaveanoverallnetpositiveimpact.

B2.3DescribemeasuresneededandtakentomitigatenegativeimpactsonbiodiversityandanymeasuresneededandtakenformaintenanceorenhancementoftheHighConservationValueattributes(identifiedinB1.2)consistentwiththeprecautionaryprinciple.

Theprojectwillplantonlynativespeciesandmanagepestswithintegratedpestmanagementtechniquesthatarenotharmfultothearea’sbiodiversity.Establishmentofagroforestryplantationswillonlyoccurondegradedcroplandandpasturethatwereconvertedatleast10yearspriortotheprojectstartdate.Waterisnotscarceinthisregion,sowateringsaplingsshouldnotinterferewithlocalwateravailability.

B2.4DemonstratethatnoHighConservationValues(identifiedinB1.2)arenegativelyaffectedbytheproject.

HCV’sareonlypositivelyimpactedbytheprojectthroughrestoringdegradedhabitatstothenaturalecosystemofforestandusingnativespecies.

B2.5Identifyallspeciesusedbytheprojectandshowthatnoknowninvasivespeciesareintroducedintoanyareaaffectedbytheprojectandthatthepopulationofanyinvasivespeciesdoesnotincreaseasaresultoftheproject.

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ThecurrentlistofspeciesusedbytheprojectispresentedinTable12.Theprojectdoesnotuseanyspeciesknowntobeinvasiveintheregion.Infact,oneofthegoalsoftheagroforestryactivityistostopthespreadoftheinvasivegrassBrachiriadecumbens.Thiswillbedonebyplantingandmaintainingtreeseedlingsinareaswherethisgrasshasgrownin,withtheaimthatthegrasswilleventuallybeshadedout.

Table12.Speciesusedintheproject

ScientificName LocalName No.plantedperhectare(approx.)

Timberspecies

CedrelingacataeniformisDucke Tornillo 221

Simaroubaamara Marupa 104

CalycophylumspruceanumorCordiabicolor;CordiaalliodoraorCrotonLechleriM

Capironaor

Añalucaspior

SangredeGrado

208

CopaiferaOfficinalisL Copaiba 48

Cedrelaodorata Cedro 32

AnibarosaedoraDucke PalodeRosa 48

Fruittreespecies

Theobromagrandiflorum Copoazu 208

Annonamuricata Guanabana 52

Matisiacordata Zapotes 18

IngaedulisMart Guabas 34

Citrusaurantifolia LimónTahiti 78

Citrusnobilis MandarinaSanMartín 13

Citrussisnensis Naranja 13

TotalTreesPerHectare 1,077

B2.6Describepossibleadverseeffectsofnon‐nativespeciesusedbytheprojectontheregion’senvironment,includingimpactsonnativespeciesanddiseaseintroductionorfacilitation.Justifyanyuseofnon‐nativespeciesovernativespecies.

Allspeciesusedinthisprojectwillbenativetotheregion.

B2.7GuaranteethatnoGMOsareusedtogenerateGHGemissionsreductionsorremovals.

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PlantyourFutureguaranteesthatnogeneticallymodifiedorganismswillbeusedtogenerateGHGemissionresectionsorremovals.Seedsaresourcedlocally,fromwithinLoretoorUcayali.

B2.8Describethepossibleadverseeffectsof,andjustifytheuseof,fertilizers,chemicalpesticides,biologicalcontrolagentsandotherinputsusedfortheproject.

Theprojectistakingpesticideandinsecticideuseveryseriously.Whilefarmersarefamiliarwithandrequestpesticidesthatcanhaveseriousnegativesideeffects,theprojectrecognizestheneedtouseintegratedpestmanagement.Staffandfarmersareworkingtouselocalknowledgeofnaturalbiologicalcontrols,andwithinputsfromtechnicalspecialistsatBosquesAmazonicostopilotorganicmethods.

B2.9Describetheprocessforidentifying,classifyingandmanagingallwasteproductsresultingfromprojectactivities.

Wasteresultingfromprojectactivitieswillprimarilybeorganicinnature–theresultsofpruning,weedingandharvest.Smallholderswilldesignateaspotforcompostingoftheseremains,ortheywillbeleftintheagroforestryplotasgroundcover.

B3.OFFSITEBIODIVERSITYIMPACTS

B3.1IdentifypotentialnegativeimpactsonbiodiversitythattheprojectactivitiesarelikelytocauseoutsidetheProjectZone.

PlantyourFuturedoesnotanticipateanynegativeimpactsonbiodiversityoutsidetheProjectZones.

B3.2DescribethemeasuresneededandtakentomitigatethesenegativeimpactsonbiodiversityoutsidetheProjectZone.

NonegativeimpactsonbiodiversityareexpectedbeyondtheProjectZone.Farmersareinstallingagroforestryonasmallportionoftheirlands.Thisensuresthattheyhaveotherlandsonwhichtogrowagriculturalcropsandharvestfirewood,eliminatingtheirpotentialneedtodegradeotherforestsforcroplandorenergybeyondtheProjectZone.

B3.3EvaluateunmitigatednegativeimpactsonbiodiversityoutsidetheProjectZoneandcomparethemwiththeproject’sbiodiversitybenefitswithintheProjectZone.Justifyanddemonstratethattheneteffectoftheprojectonbiodiversityispositive.

ThereshouldbenounmitigatednegativeimpactsonbiodiversityoutsideoftheProjectZone.

B4.BIODIVERSITYIMPACTMONITORING

B4.1Developandimplementamonitoringplanthatidentifiesbiodiversityvariablestobemonitored,theareastobemonitored,thesamplingmethods,andthefrequencyofmonitoringandreporting.Monitoringvariablesmustbedirectlylinkedtotheproject’s

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biodiversityobjectivesandtopredictedactivities,outcomesandimpactsidentifiedintheproject’scausalmodelrelatedtobiodiversity(describedinG1.8).

OUTPUTINDICATORS

No. Output SamplingType Product Timing/Frequency

OP3a Installationofagroforestrysystems

No.oftreesplanted,typeofpesticideorinsecticideused,speciesplanted,nurseriesestablished

recordindataform

ongoing

OP3b Capacitybuildingoffarmersinsustainableagriculture

No.ofworkshopsorcapacitybuildingsessions

report

technicalmanualforgrowingnativespeciesondegradedlands

ongoing

OP3c Digitalmonitoringprotocolfornativeagroforestrysystems

Protocoldeveloped,no.oftimesimplemented

protocolanddata ongoing

OUTCOMEINDICATORS

No. Outcome SamplingType/Product Timing/Frequency

OC3a Reductioninsoilerosion

soilsampling annually

OC3b Agroforestryadoptedaspreferredagriculturalpractise

longitudinalfarmersurveyusingasamplingapproachwithselectedfarmers

annually

OC3c Increaseinfarmproductivity

longitudinalfarmersurveyusingasamplingapproachwithselectedfarmers/recordstradeassociation

annually

OC3d Extendedrotations/

longitudinalfarmersurveyusingasamplingapproachwith

annually

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sedentaryagriculture

selectedfarmers

OC3e Increasedhabitatforrarespecies

no.ofhectaresofforestrestored

annually

OC3f Increaseinrarebiodiversity

Recordkeepingrequestedofsmallholdersonallneworrarewildlifeonfarm

Check‐inswithReservaNacionalAllpahuayoMishanatofindoutaboutthespeciestheyaretracking:collaredtitimonkeys(Callicebustorquatus),SouthAmericanspinymouse(Callicebustorquatus),andtheEquatorialSaki(Pitheciaaequatorialis).SERNAPsaysthattheformerisprotectedonlyinthereserve,andthatthelatterareendemictoit66.

Ongoingwithannualcheck‐in

OC3g Increasedunderstandingamongfarmfamiliesaboutthevalueofbiodiversityandhowtopromoteitsconservation

longitudinalfarmersurveyusingasamplingapproachwithselectedfarmers

annually

IMPACTINDICATORS

No. Impacts SamplingType/Product Timing/Frequency

I3a Reduceddeforestation remotesensing/longitudinalfarmersurveyusingasamplingapproachwithselected

every3years

66ServicioNacionaldeAreasNaturalesProtegidasporelEstado.2014.ReservaAllpahuayomishana:ObservacióndeFlorayFauna.Retrievedfromhttp://www.sernanp.gob.pe/sernanp/zonaturismoi.jsp?ID=1&c=1

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rate farmers

I3b Reducedforestdegradation

remotesensing/longitudinalfarmersurveyusingasamplingapproachwithselectedfarmers

every3years

I3c Increasedforestcoverthroughrestorationofdegradedland

remotesensing(seeVCSprojectdocumentationforcarbonmonitoringprotocol)/longitudinalfarmersurveyusingasamplingapproachwithselectedfarmers

every3years

13d Increasedconnectivitybetweenprotectedareas

Remotesensing every3years

TheseindicatorsarealsoincludedinthePlantingfortheFutureCommunityandBiodiversityMonitoringPlan.

B4.2DevelopandimplementamonitoringplantoassesstheeffectivenessofmeasurestakentomaintainorenhanceallidentifiedHighConservationValuesrelatedtoglobally,regionallyornationallysignificantBiodiversity(identifiedinB1.2)presentintheProjectZone.

HighConservationValue PlantingfortheFuture’sImpact

HCV1Areascontainingglobally,regionallyornationallysignificantconcentrationsofbiodiversityvalues

DEFINITION:TheLoretoProjectZoneincludespartsoftheKeyBiodiversityAreaandImportantBirdAreaCuencaRíoNanay.ClassificationofthisKBAandIBAisbasedonthepresenceofsignificantpopulationsofgloballythreatenedspecies,significantpopulationsofendemicspeciesknownonlytobefoundinalimitedarea,significantpopulationsofspeciesknownonlytobefoundinaparticularbiomeand/orsignificantregional/sub‐regionalpopulationsoftriggerspecies.ThetriggerspeciesinthiscaseistheIquitosgnatcatcher(Polioptilaclementsi),thepresenceofwhichhasalsoearnedtheCuencaRíoNanaytheclassificationofanAllianceforZeroExtinction(AZE)site.

TheUcayaliProjectZoneincludesthefollowingendangeredspecies:black‐facedspidermonkey(Ateleschamek)67,

67Wallace,R.B.,Mittermeier,R.A.,Cornejo,F.&Boubli,J.‐P.2008.Ateleschamek.In:IUCN2013.IUCNRedList

ofThreatenedSpecies.Version2013.2.Retrievedfromhttp://www.iucnredlist.org/details/41547/0

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Peruvianwoollymonkey(Lagothrixcana)68,andGiantBrazilianOtter(Pteronurabrasiliensis)69.

MONITORING:OC3e,OC3f,OC3g

HCV2Globally,regionallyornationallysignificantlargelandscape‐levelareaswhereviablepopulationsofmostifnotallnaturallyoccurringspeciesexistinnaturalpatternsofdistributionandabundance.

DEFINITION:TheareaoftheProjectZonescurrentlyhasahighproportionofprimaryforest.

TheLoretoProjectZoneisclassifiedbyGlobalForestWatchas“intactforestlandscape”70.Theregionarounditincludesthefollowingprotectedareas:

ReservaNacionalAllpahuayo‐Mishana ReservaNacionalPacaya‐Samiria AreadeConservaciónRegionalComunalTamishiyacu‐Tahuayo

AreadeConservaciónRegionalAltoNanayPintuyacuChambira

AreadeConservaciónPrivadaHermanDantas AreadeConservaciónPrivadaAmazonNaturalPark

TheareaaroundtheUcayaliProjectZonesincludestheCampoVerdereforestationcarbonprojectandthreeProtectedNaturalAreasofthenationalsystemofprotectednaturalareas(SINANPE).Thesearelocatedafewkilometresaway.

MONITORING:I3a,I3b,I3c,I3d

HCV3Rare,threatened,orendangeredecosystems,habitatsorrefugia.

DEFINITION:TheLoretoProjectZoneincludessectionsofwhitesandgeologyuponwhichadistinctivevarillalrainforestisfound.Varillalischaracterisedbythintreesandanunusuallyhighspeciesdiversity,includingmanyendemics.Inaddition,theLoretoProjectZoneincludesthe

68Boubli,J.‐P.,DiFiore,A.,Rylands,A.B.&Wallace,R.B.2008.Lagothrixcana.In:IUCN2013.IUCNRedListof

ThreatenedSpecies.Version2013.2.Retrievedathttp://www.iucnredlist.org/details/39925/0


70WorldResourcesInstitute.2014.GlobalForestWatch.Retrievedfrom

http://www.globalforestwatch.org/

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floodedforestscalledvárzea.

ThedevelopmentanddensepopulationofthecityofIquitosandareasalongtheIquitos/Natuahighwaythreatensbothhabitatdiversityandtherainforestecosystemitself.

Clearingduetosubsistencefarming,fireandillegalhuntingthreatenstheecosystemoftheUcayaliProjectZone.

Projectactivitiesareplayingkeyroleinreversingtheintensificationofsmall‐scaleagricultureandcattleranching,reducingthethreatofthesedriversofdeforestation.

MONITORING:OP1c,OP1d,OP1g,OC1a,I1a,I1b,I2a,I2b;allindicatorsunderprojectactivity3,biodiversityconservation

B4.3Disseminatethemonitoringplanandtheresultsofmonitoring,ensuringthattheyaremadepubliclyavailableontheinternetandsummariesarecommunicatedtotheCommunitiesandOtherStakeholdersthroughappropriatemeans.

ThemonitoringplanwillbemadepublicontheinternetaspartoftheCCBPublicCommentperiod.ThemonitoringplansandindicatorshavebeenexplainedtoCommunitiesthroughlocalmeetings.OtherStakeholdershavebeenmadeawareofourmonitoringplanvialocalmeetingsandviaemail.

GL3.EXCEPTIONALBIODIVERSITYBENEFITS

GL3.1DemonstratethattheProjectZoneincludesasiteofhighbiodiversityconservationprioritybymeetingeitherthevulnerabilityorirreplaceabilitycriteriadefinedbelow,identifyingthe‘Trigger’speciesthatcause(s)thesitetomeetanyofthefollowingqualifyingconditionsandprovidingevidencethatthequalifyingconditionsaremet:

1.1Vulnerability

Regularoccurrenceofagloballythreatenedspecies(accordingtotheIUCNRedList)atthesite:

a. CriticallyEndangered(CR)andEndangered(EN)species‐presenceofatleastasingleindividual;or

EndangeredspeciesintheProjectZonesincludetheIquitosgnatcatcher(Polioptilaclementsi),theblack‐facedspidermonkey(Ateleschamek),thePeruvianwoollymonkey(Lagothrixcana),andtheGiantBrazilianOtter(Pteronurabrasiliensis).

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b.Vulnerablespecies(VU)‐presenceofatleast30individualsor10pairs.

OR

1.2Irreplaceability

Aminimumproportionofaspecies’globalpopulationpresentatthesiteatanystageofthespecies’lifecycleaccordingtothefollowingthresholds:

a.Restricted‐rangespecies‐specieswithaglobalrangelessthan50,000km2and5%ofglobalpopulationatthesite;or

b.Specieswithlargebutclumpeddistributions‐5%oftheglobalpopulationatthesite;or

c.Globallysignificantcongregations‐1%oftheglobalpopulationseasonallyatthesite;or

d.Globallysignificantsourcepopulations‐1%oftheglobalpopulationatthesite.

GL3.2DescriberecentpopulationtrendsofeachoftheTriggerspeciesintheProjectZoneatthestartoftheprojectanddescribethemostlikelychangesunderthewithout‐projectlandusescenario.

AllpopulationsoftheendangeredspeciesfoundintheProjectZonesarepredictedtodecreaseinthewithout‐projectscenario.

Iquitosgnatcatcher(Polioptilaclementsi):Thepopulationismadeupofonlyapproximately50‐249matureindividuals,equatingto75‐374individualsintotal.Thisspeciesisconfinedtowhite‐sandforestwithacanopyheightof15‐30mandtall,humidvarillalforest.Thepopulationisdecliningduetoagriculture‐andlogging‐drivenhabitatreduction71.

Black‐facedspidermonkey(Ateleschamek):Thoughthisspeciesmaybeoneofthemostcommonprimates,itspopulationmayhavedeclinedbyatleast50%overthepast45years(threegenerations)dueprimarilytohuntingandhabitatloss72.

Peruvianwoollymonkey(Lagothrixcana):InPeru,itoccursbetweenthePachiteaandUcayaliriversandsouthfromtheRíoInuyatobothsidesoftheRíoMadredeDiosandtheRíoTambopata

71BirdLifeInternational2013.Polioptilaclementsi.In:IUCN2013.IUCNRedListofThreatenedSpecies.Version2013.2.Retrievedfromhttp://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22734664/0

72Wallace,R.B.,Mittermeier,R.A.,Cornejo,F.&Boubli,J.‐P.2008.Ateleschamek.In:IUCN2013.IUCNRedListofThreatenedSpecies.Version2013.2.Retrievedfromhttp://www.iucnredlist.org/details/41547/0

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basin,asfarastheRíoInambaritothefrontierwithBolivia.Thisspeciesisheavilyhuntedandinfantsaremuchfavouredaspets73.

GiantBrazilianOtter(Pteronurabrasiliensis):Thecurrenttotalwildpopulationisestimatedatbetween1,000‐5,000individuals.Thisspeciesisconsideredtobeendangeredduetoaninferredfuturepopulationdeclineduetohabitatlossandexploitation74.

GL3.3DescribemeasuresneededandtakentomaintainorenhancethepopulationstatusofeachTriggerspeciesintheProjectZone,andtoreducethethreatstothembasedonthecausalmodelthatidentifiesthreatstoTriggerspeciesandactivitiestoaddressthem.

Byimplementingagroforestrysystems,PlantingfortheFuturewillhelpsmallholderfarmersriseoutofpovertyandnothavetorelyondegradingtheforestthroughslash‐and‐burnforestrypractices.Wewillcreatenativespeciesforest,increasehabitatfortheprimateandavianspeciesandenhancingecosystemservicesintheProjectZone.

GL3.4IncludeindicatorsofthepopulationtrendofeachTriggerspeciesand/orthethreatstotheminthemonitoringplananddemonstratetheeffectivenessofmeasuresneededandtakentomaintainorenhancethepopulationstatusofTriggerspecies.

Throughtheinstallationofagroforestrysystems(output3a),increasedhabitatforrarespecies(outcome3e),andincreaseinrarebiodiversity(outcome3f),PlantyourFutureintendstomonitortheimpactofprojectactivitiesonthefourendangeredspeciesintheProjectZones.Thisisanambitiousgoal,sowewilluseasproxiesthepresenceofallrareandvulnerablespeciesandtheprovisionofhabitatinwhichthenamedendangeredspeciescouldlive.



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APPENDIX1.COMBINEDTOOLTOIDENTIFYTHEBASELINESCENARIOANDDEMONSTRATEADDITIONALITYINA/RCDMPROJECTACTIVITIES(VERSION01)75

APPLICABILITYCONDITIONS

Theprojectactivitiesdonotleadtoviolationofanyapplicablelaws.AllprojectactivitiescomplywithPeruvianlaw.PlantingfortheFutureisnotasmall‐scaleafforestationandreforestationprojectactivity.ThescenariosdescribedhereinareusedtodeterminetheappropriatebaselineandadditionalityoftheactivitiesinvolvedinPlantingfortheFuture.

STEP0:PRELIMINARYSCREENINGBASEDONTHESTATINGDATEOFTHEA/RPROJECTACTIVITY76

TheprojectstartdateisJanuary16,2012.Thiscorrespondstowhenthefirsttreeswereplantedintheagroforestrysystemsaspartofthefirstprojectinstance.

Theincentiveforthesaleofverifiedcarbonunits(VCUs)wasseriouslyconsideredinthedecisiontoproceedwiththeprojectactivity.ThisisdemonstratedthroughdocumentationprovidedinthePlantatuFuturoandPlantyourFuturetrustdeedsandregistrationdocumentstoachievecharitable/NGOstatus,aswellasgrantapplicationsandtrusteemeetingminutes.Theplannedsaleofemissionreductionshasbeenakeypartoftheprojectdesignandthedecisiontoproceedwiththeactivity77.

PlantingfortheFuturehastwobaselinescenarios,sotheSteps1‐4havebeendefinedonceforBaselineScenarioA(thecurrentshiftingcultivation‘slashandburn’agriculture)andagainforBaselineScenarioB(thecurrentdegradedpastureareas).Theseareconsideredthereforeastwo‘stratum’inthisAdditionalityanalysis.

BASELINESCENARIOASHIFTINGCULTIVATION‘SLASHANDBURN’AGRICULTURE

SCENARIOA,STEP1.IDENTIFICATIONOFALTERNATIVELANDUSESCENARIOSTOTHEPROPOSEDPROJECTACTIVITY

Thestudy“EcologicalandEconomicMicro‐ZoningfortheSustainableDevelopmentoftheIquitos‐NautaHighwayarea”iscurrentlybeingcompletedbytheRegionalGovernmentofLoretothroughtheResearchInstituteofthePeruvianAmazon(IIAP,2013).Thestudyisinthefinalstagesofcompletionandapproval.

75ThistooliscomparabletotheToolfortheDemonstrationandAssessmentofAdditionalityinVCSAgriculture,ForestryandOtherLandUse(AFOLU)ProjectActivities,whichisspecifiedinfootnote34totheCCBStandardsThirdEditionasamethodforjustifyingtheadditionalityoftheproject’sclimate,communityandbiodiversitybenefits.

76ThisstepisnotrequiredbytheVCStool.

77PlantyourFuturehasbeenofficiallyregisteredwiththeEnglandandWalesCharityCommissionsinceMarch9,2010(seehttp://www.charitycommission.gov.uk/find‐charities/).

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A2012studybyRamírezidentifiedavarietyofdifferenttypesofland‐useintheareaaroundtheIquitos–Nautaroadarethefollowing(Ramírez,J.2012):

1. Intensivepoultrybreeding2. Intensivepigbreeding3. Intensivecattlebreeding4. Ripariancropsintemporallyflooded

areas5. Lemonandpapayacultivation6. Sugarcanecultivation7. Huasaíandpijuayocultivationfor

palm/palmheart8. Oilpalmandsachainchicultivation

9. Cocacultivation10. Subsistencecrops11. Fruitcultivationinfamilygardens12. Newfarmplotsandinpreparation13. Secondaryforest(fallow)leftidle14. Legalforestexploitationin

concessions15. Informalharvestingofforestproducts16. Fishfarms17. Recreationandtourism

Thesizesoftheareasandtheirlocationsarevariable.Thestudyisstillinitsfinalstageofapproval,anymaybefurtherupdated.However,detailsoftheareascanbeseeninFigure24.

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Figure24.LanduseintheLoretoProjectZone(EcologicalandEconomicZoningSubcommission)

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SCENARIOA,SUB‐STEP1A.CREDIBLEALTERNATIVESTOTHEPROPOSEDPROJECTACTIVITYAREA

ScenarioA(i).Continuationofsubsistencecropcultivationusingslashandburntechniques

Slashandburnagriculturefortheproductionofshort‐termsubsistencecropssuchasmanioc,banana,corn,pineappleandricehasbeenthetraditionaldominantruralactivityintheprojectareaandmuchofthePeruvianAmazonfordecades.Asdescribedinthesocio‐economicstudyfortheLoretoprojectinstance(Mateo,2013b78)thisiscurrentlytheprincipleactivityforthepopulationoftheareaintermsoflivelihoodandincome.Theprojectareaisoflowfertility,sofarmerspracticeshiftingcultivation(Mateo,2013b,Rafael,2012).AccordingtotheMasterPlanfortheReservaNacionalAllpahuayo‐Mishana(RNAM),theshiftingcultivationagriculturalactivityoftheareaischaracterizedbysmall‐scalemanualagriculture,withtraditionalslashandburnpracticesusedincroprotation(INRENA,200579).ThisisdepictedinFigure25.Theapplicationofchemicaloforganicfertilizersinnotpracticed.


79INRENA.2005.PlanMaestrodelaReservaNacionalAllpahuayoMishana2006‐2010.MinisteriodeAgricultura,Perú.150pp.Retrievedfromhttp://www.sernanp.gob.pe/sernanp/archivos/biblioteca/publicaciones/RN_ALLPAHUAYOMISHANA/PlanMaestro_2006‐2010_Allpahuayo%20Mishana.pdf

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Figure25.Typicalshiftingcultivationagriculture.Wefindthattheaverageslashandburncycleis9yearsintheLoretoregion.

ScenarioA(ii).Reforestationoftheprojectareathroughinstallationofagroforestrysystems(withoutbeingregisteredasacarbonproject)

TheinstallationofmixedspeciesagroforestrysystemshasoccurredintheLoretoregioninthepastatasmallscale.Therearefewsuccessfulexamplesoffinanciallysustainableagroforestrysystems.Theseinstallationshavebeenimplementedlinkedtoshort‐term,limitedNGO‐andregionalgovernment‐fundedprogrammeswithsmallholderfarmers.Thesesystemsgenerallyincorporatetheplantingofalargerangeoffruittreespecies–oftenover10differenttypesoffruitsinonehectare.Fundinghasnotgenerallyincludedthemaintenanceandmanagementofagroforestrysystems,leadingtotheabandonmentofmostsystemsbythefarmers(Acosta,2011).Giventhatallpreviousagroforestryprojectsweareawareofwere/arelinkedtoNGOorgovernmentfunding,is

Clearrainforestforagriculture

Cultivateshort‐termcropsuntilsoilisno

longerfertile

Abandonland/leavetofallow

Burnfallowvegetation

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clearthatfarmerslackfundsandotherresourcesneededtoinstallandmaintainagroforestrysystemsthemselves(Mateo,2013a80).

Thecommercialsuccessofagroforestrysystemsalsodependsontheabilityoffarmerstomarkettheirproducts.Duetothebasiclevelofeducationofsmallholderfarmers,coupledwiththeirgeneralpastexperienceofonlysubsistenceleveltrade,farmershavenotsuccessfullymarketedtheirproducts.Failuresofpreviousagroforestryinitiatives(governmentorotherwise)hasresultedinfarmers’lossofconfidenceinsuchprojects.Atop‐down,shortterm,non‐marketorientatedapproachhascharacterisedagroforestrysystemsthepast,whichhasresultinthembeingunsuccessfulandlargelyabandoned.

ScenarioA(iii).Reforestationoftheprojectareathroughdirectplantingwithtimberspecies(withoutbeingregisteredasacarbonproject)

BecauseofthelargeareasofexistingtropicalforestinLoreto,thereforestationofdegradedcroplandisnotacommonpractice.ThereisnolegalrequirementtoreforestintheLoretoregionofPerufollowinguseofthelandforagriculture.TherehasbeenlimitedreforestationwithtimberspeciesintheLoretoregion,butingeneralthetrendisforareductionofforestcoverintheregion.Reforestationthroughhuman‐assistednaturalregenerationrequirescapitalinvestmenttoplantthetrees,financingtomaintainthetrees,andresourcestocarryoutrequiredsilviculturalactivities.Thepotentialfortimberrevenuesinthemediumtolongtermarequitehigh,butthefarmerneedsashorttermactivityandtechnicalsupport,whichmakesthiskindofinvestmentalmostimpossible(Mateo,2013a).

SCENARIOA,SUB‐STEP1B.CONSISTENCYOFCREDIBLELANDUSESCENARIOSWITHENFORCEDMANDATORYAPPLICABLELAWSANDREGULATIONS

Thefollowinglandusescenariosareincompliancewithlegalandregulatoryrequirements:

ScenarioA(i).Continuationofsubsistencecropcultivationusingslashandburntechniques

ScenarioA(ii).Reforestationoftheprojectareathroughinstallationofagroforestrysystems

ScenarioA(iii).Reforestationoftheprojectareathroughdirectplantingwithtimberspecies

Reforestation,afactorinA(ii)andA(iii),isnotmandatedbyanyenforcedlaw,statuteorotherregulatoryframework.

SCENARIOA,STEP2.BARRIERANALYSIS81

80Mateo,S.2013a.Plantandoparaelfuturo:Análisisambientalparaelproyectoagrupado.PlantyourFutureandProNaturaleza

81IntheVCStool,thereisasub‐step1Cprecedingthisstepthatrequirestheselectionofabaselinescenario–thisissub‐step2CoftheCDMtool.Step2oftheCDMtoolisStep3oftheVCStool.

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SCENARIOA,SUB‐STEP2A.IDENTIFICATIONOFBARRIERSTHATWOULDPREVENTTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFATLEASTONEALTERNATIVELANDUSESCENARIO

Smallholderfarmersfaceinvestment,technologicalandtraditionalbarrierstoimplementingagroforestrysystemsontheirown,withouttheproject.

INVESTMENTBARRIERS

Installingandmaintainingagroforestrysystemshasahighupfrontcost,especiallyinthefirstthreeyears.Theimplementationofreforestationwithtimberspeciesthroughdirectplantingisverycostly(minimum$2,500forinstallationofonehectareofreforestationatasmalltomediumscale).Smallholderfarmerscannotaccessdebt,loanorcreditfinancing(Mateo,2013a)orprivatecapitaltoinstallagroforestrysystems.AccesstograntsfromotherNGOsorregionalgovernmentislimited,andfarmershavegrowntired,andscepticalofthesegrantsgivenpastexperiencesoffailureintheregiongiventheshorttermnatureofthegrants,toonlyhelpwithinstallingagroforestrysystems,andnotmaintainingthemoverthelongterm(Acosta,2011).Furthermore,manyfarmercommunitiesareveryremotewithverypooraccessinfrastructure:suchvillages,membersofwhichareincludedinthisproject,haveverylittlecontactwithregionalgovernmentorNGOs.Thusevenifsuitablegrantprogramsexistedtheywouldbeveryunlikelytobeusedbythesefarmers.Resourcesfromthestateforreforestationwithtimberspeciesarelimitedevenforestablishedprivatecompanies;makingaccessforsmallholdersimpossible.82

TECHNOLOGICALBARRIERS

Farmerslackaccesstonecessarymaterials,suchasnurseriesandpestcontroltechnologies,andsilviculturalexpertisetoperformmaintenanceandharvestactivities.Withouttheprojecttheycannotsupportsuccessfulagroforestrysystems.Farmerslackinstitutionalandbusinessinfrastructure,suchastradeassociationsandabusinessandsalesplan,tomarkettheagroforestryproductsinacommerciallyviablemanner.Thelackofbaselineknowledgeherecannotbeoverstated:thereisnofieldmanualforagroforestrysystemsinPeru,verylittledataontreegrowthrates,idealplantingdensities,necessarypesticideandfertilizerapplications,etc.Farmersneeddirectassistanceandsupervisionfromtechnicalexpertstocreatesuccessfulagroforestrysystems.

BARRIERSRELATEDTOPREVAILINGPRACTICEANDLOCALTRADITION

Thesmallholderfarmerslivingintheprojectareadependonthecropsproducedfromtheirlandfortheirsubsistence.Farmersliveoffthecropsforfood,andwiththeextraincometheymakefromthesaleofcropstheyhaveenoughtomeetonlybasicneeds.Farmersliveinpoverty,andfewareabletosavemoneybeyondthatfor‘emergencies’(Mateo,2013b83,Ramirez,2012).Giventhisfarmers82SeetheVCSValidatedProjectDescriptionALTOHUAYABAMBA:CARBONDIOXIDESEQUESTRATIONTHROUGHREFORESTATIONWITHSMALL‐SCALEFARMERSINPERU,SANMARTINREGION.


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livewithaday‐to‐dayfocus,concentratingresourcesonactivitiesthatgenerateanincomewithinarelativelyshorttimeperiod.Thetrajectoryforinstallingtraditionalagroforestrysystemsrequireslookingbeyondtheimmediatetimeframe,whichthesesmallholderfarmersdonotgenerallydo.Farmersknowinstallingagroforestrysystemsisamedium‐tolong‐terminvestmentwithhighupfrontcosts,sothisisnotatraditionalpracticeforthem.ThereisverylittleplantationforestryinPerutosetaculturalexampleoflongtimeframeinvestments.

SCENARIOA,SUB‐STEP2B.ELIMINATIONOFLANDUSESCENARIOSTHATAREPREVENTEDBYTHEIDENTIFIEDBARRIERS

Thecost,knowledgeandculturebarriersdescribedinScenarioA,sub‐step2Apreventsmallholderfarmersfromimplementingagroforestryorreforestingwithtimbertreesontheirown,scenariosA(ii)andA(iii).However,scenarioA(i),continuationofsubsistencecropcultivationusingslashandburntechniques,isaviablealternative.Itislegal,itisaffordable,anditiswhatfarmersknow.

SCENARIOA,SUB‐STEP2C.DETERMINATIONOFABASELINESCENARIO

Forestationwithoutbeingregisteredasacarbonprojectactivity,scenariosA(ii)andA(iii),ispreventedbythebarriersidentifiedinScenarioA,sub‐step2A.Therefore,theremainingbaselinescenariofortheProjectAreaswithScenarioAconditionsatthestartoftheprojectshallbeA(i),continuationofsubsistencecropcultivationusingslashandburntechniques.

SCENARIOA,STEP4:COMMONPRACTICEANALYSIS

TherehavebeenprogrammestoinstallagroforestrysystemsinthepastinLoreto,includingintheProjectZone.Theyhavenotbeensuccessfulinimprovingfarmers’livelihoods,andhavelargelybeenabandoned.Therehavebeenexamplesofnineagroforestryprojectsledbyninedifferentinstitutionsoverthelast30yearsaroundtheareaoftheIquitos‐Nautahighway.ThesewereimplementedthroughamixtureofNGOsandregionalgovernmentprogrammes,namely:SanRoque–INIA,CARITAS,OTAE,TOLERANCE,GOREL(RegionalGovernmentofLoreto)‐UnitedNationsProgramme,INCAGRO,IIAP,FINCYT(Acosta,2011)Oftheseprogrammes,onewaspurelyforresearchpurposes(i.e.theestablishmentofanexperimentalsystem),threewereforresearchcarriedoutonfarmers’land,onewasrelatedtotechnologytransferandonlyfourwereforthepurposesofproduction.Allofthesepastexperienceswithagroforestrywereorientatedtothegenerationofagriculturalandforestproducts,butwithoutdefiningaheadoftimewhatwouldbedonewiththeproduce–i.e.therewasnostrategyforharvesting,processing,marketingorsales.Noneoftheseprojectswereorientedtothesaleofproducts,orincomegenerationattheregional,nationalorinternationallevel.Mostoftheprojectsexperimentedwithaverylargerangeofdifferentspecieswithinonehectare,resultinglowquantitiesofanyonespecies.Thisultimatelyresultedinfrustrationanddisappointmentamongsttheparticipatingfarmers.Itledfarmerstoloseconfidenceandquestionthecredibilityofinstitutionssupportingtheseprojects,asthefarmerswerenotabletoselltheproductsfromtheiragroforestrysystemsandsotheydidnotseeanyadditionalincome.

Thechoiceofspeciesforuseinagroforestrysystemsisarguablyoneofthemajordownfallsofexistingsystemstoimprovefarmers’livelihoods.Thecriteriaforselectingspeciestogrowin

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agroforestrysystemsoftheseninepastprojectshasbeenrelatedtowhethertheyarefoundintheforestssurroundingtheprojectzone,soilsuitability,availabilityofinformationonhowtocultivatethespecies–thecriteriaweremainlyrelatedtoensuringtherewereconditionsinwhichthespeciescouldgrowratherthananyconsiderationofwhethertherewasamarketfortheproductsofthechosenspecies(Acosta,2011).

Acommonaspectofalltheseprojectsisthattheplotswiththesmallholderswereonaverage1hectareinsize,andtheprojectprovidedtechnicalassistance,monitoringandevaluationforamaximumof3years.Insomecasethissupportwasforlesstime.Afterthisthefarmerwaslefttohisowndevices,andexpectedtocontinueactivitiesalone.Nosupportwasgivenafterthistimeforon‐goingmaintenancecosts,silviculturalsupport,pestcontroladviceonmarketingthecropsorharvesting(Acosta,2011).

ThelackofongoingsupportormarketfocusofpastagroforestrysystemshasresultedintheabandonmentofmostoftheagroforestrysystemsimplementedbyotherNGOsandgovernmentintheregion.Allthecurrentagroforestryprogrammesmentionedabovehaveinanycasecometoanend,withnofurtherfunding.Therearecurrentlynootherfundingopportunitiesforsmallholderfarmerstoimplementagroforestrysystems.

Incontrast,thePlantyouFuturesustainableagroforestrysystemsaredistinctinanumberofways.

ThePlantyourFuturemodelistoprovidesupportoverthe30yearprojectdurationorientatedtoon‐goingmaintenanceandsupporttothesmallholders;

Thesystemswillgeneratecarbonrevenueswhichwillbedividedbetweenthefarmersandtheprojecttofundthemaintenanceofthesystems,expandsystemsandprovidethefarmeranadditionalincome;

ThePlantyourFuturesystemsaremarket‐oriented,withabusinessplanandstrategydevelopedtosellthefruitsfromtreesinthesystems;

Theprojectwillworkwithfarmerstoharvest,process,sellandcoordinateproductsales.

BASELINESCENARIOBDEGRADEDPASTURE

SCENARIOB,STEP1:IDENTIFICATIONOFALTERNATIVELANDUSESCENARIOSTOTHEPROPOSEDPROJECTACTIVITY

SCENARIOB,SUB‐STEP1A.IDENTIFICATIONOFALTERNATIVELANDUSESCENARIOSTOTHEPROPOSEDPROJECTACTIVITY

AccordingtoINRENAandPROCLIM(Elgegren,200584),theannualdeforestationrateinUcayaliregionwasalmost8,000hectaresduringtheperiod1990‐2000.Themajorityofthisdeforestationisattributedregionallytodeforestationforsmallholdershiftingcultivation(Elgegren,2005).The

84Elgegren,J.2005.LaDeforestacionenelPeru.Paracas.

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unsustainablelandusepracticescommonintheregionhaveledtothecreationoflargeareasofdegradedlandssuchasthoseintheprojectarea.AnalysisofLandsatimageryfrom1996and2006showthatinthePucallparegion,areasthatwerenon‐forestedinthepasthaveremainedunforested.

Thefollowingfiverealisticandcrediblealternativestotheproposedprojectactivityareaidentified:

ScenarioB(i).Continuationofpre‐projectlanduse:unproductivepastureland

Thelandstobereforestedareabandoneddegradedpastureswithsomeherbaceousvegetationandfewtrees.Theselandscurrentlysupportlittleactivity,apartfromlow‐densitycattlegrazing.Thisareahasremainedinastateofdegradedpasturelandsincethe1980s.Therehavebeennoecologicalchangesthatwouldresultinachangeinthecurrentlanduseexceptthepossiblefurtherdegradationduetocontinuedgrazingandfires.Interviewswithlocalofficialsandprojectstakeholdersindicatethatthereisnocommonpracticeofconvertingunproductivepasturelandintoanotherlanduse.Thereisnoevidencethatpasturelandwillreverttoforestintheshort‐tomedium‐termintheabsenceofhumanactivity.

ThisactivityiswidespreadalongtheFedericoBasadreandTornavistahighways.Theneighbouringlandsarealsounderlowlevelgrazinglands.

ScenarioB(i).Commercialcattleranching

Thelastcommercialactivityintheprojectareawascommercialcattlegrazing.However,thiscommercialcattleranchingwasabandonedmanyyearsagoduetotheeconomicdownturnandterroristactivity,andwasnotre‐establishedduetoitsdegradedstateandprospectoflowreturns.Attheregionallevel,theUcayaliGovernmentpromotesthedevelopmentofcattlegrazingprojectsbygivingconcessionalfinancingtothedevelopers.Intensivemanagementofthepasturelandviasuppressionoftheinvasivegrass,plantingofadditionalforageplants,androtationalgrazingcouldbeinstitutedinthisarea.However,improvedgrazingmanagementisnotacommonpracticeintheregion.

ScenarioB(iii).Cropproduction

Althoughthisareamayhavesupportedcropproductioninthepast,theareahasbeenunderpastureforovertenyears.Duetothedegradednatureofthepasturearea,agriculturalproductionwouldresultinlowyields.Thisdegradedlandcoverisverycommonintheregion.ThePeruvianNationalPlanforReforestation85foundthat966,191hectaresweredeforestedin2005andonly57%wasbeingworked.Theother43%wereabandoned.

ScenarioB(iv).Afforestation/reforestationoftheprojectareathroughdirectplantingwithoutbeingregisteredasacarbonprojectactivity

85InstitutoNacionaldeRecursosNaturales,MinisteriodeAgriculturadePeru,2005.PlanNacionaldeReforestacion.

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BecauseofthelargeareaofexistingtropicalforestsurroundingthePucallparegion,afforestationorreforestationofexistingpasturelandisnotacommonpractice.ThereisnolegalrequirementtoreforestintheUcayaliregionofPeru.TherehasbeenvirtuallynoreforestationorafforestationvialargescalecommercialforestryinthePucallparegion.AccordingtoINRENAfrom2001‐2006only196hectaresoflandhavebeenreforestedintheUcayaliRegion.

ScenarioB(v).Afforestation/reforestationoftheprojectareathroughhuman‐assistednaturalregenerationwithoutbeingregisteredasacarbonprojectactivity

ThereisnolegalrequirementtoreforestintheUcayaliregionofPeru.TherehasbeenvirtuallynoreforestationorafforestationintheareassurroundingPucallpa(CoronelPortilloprovince).AccordingtoINRENAfrom2001‐2006only196hectaresoflandhavebeenreforestedintheUcayaliregion.Reforestationthroughhuman‐assistednaturalregenerationrequirescapitalinvestmentinlandmanagementandfirefightingactivities.Thepotentialfortimberreturnsfromsuchanactivityareunknown.

ForestInvestmentProgramme‐supportedeffortstodevelopasustainableforestproductsindustryintheprovinceofAtalaya,tothesouthofCoronelPortilloprovinceinUcayaliregion,willhopefullypavethewayforsuchactivitiesinCoronelPortillo(MINAM,201386).However,itisunlikelythatwithouttheproject’sassistancefarmerswouldbeabletomakethenecessaryinvestmentsortradeconnectionsforafforestationorreforestationactivities.

SCENARIOB,SUB‐STEP1B:CONSISTENCYOFCREDIBLELANDUSESCENARIOSWITHENFORCEDMANDATORYAPPLICABLELAWSANDREGULATIONS

ScenarioB(i).Continuationofpre‐projectlanduse:unproductivepastureland

Thecurrentlanduseisincompliancewithalllegalandregulatoryrequirements.

ScenarioB(ii).Commercialcattleranching

TheUcayaliregionalgovernmentpromotesthedevelopmentofcattlegrazingprojectsbygivingconcessionalfinancingtothedevelopers.However,thereisnolegalregulationrequiringcattlegrazingtakeplaceintheprojectarea.

ScenarioB(iii).Cropproduction

Therearenolegalorregulatoryrequirementsblockingorrequiringuseoftheproposedprojectareaforcropproduction.

86MINAM.2013.PlandeInversionForestalFIPPerúversion20junio2013.Retrievedfromhttp://cambioclimatico.minam.gob.pe/plan‐de‐inversion‐forestal‐actualizado‐al‐20‐de‐junio‐de‐2013/

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ScenarioB(iv).Afforestation/reforestationoftheprojectareathroughdirectplanting(withoutbeingregisteredasacarbonprojectactivity)

Atthenationallevel,Peruhasareforestationplanaimedatpromotingplantationswithcommercialpurposesandbasinconservationpurposes.Howeverthisplanlacksresources,organisationandfundingtosupportimplementation,andnoactivitieshavebeenwitnessedinUcayalitodate.

Afforestationisnotmandatedbyanyenforcedlaw,statute,orotherregulatoryframework87.

ScenarioB(v).Afforestation/reforestationoftheprojectareathroughhuman‐assistednaturalregeneration(withoutbeingregisteredasacarbonprojectactivity)

Afforestationisnotmandatedbyanyenforcedlaw,statute,orotherregulatoryframework88.

SCENARIOB,STEP2:BARRIERANALYSIS

SCENARIOB,SUB‐STEP2A.IDENTIFICATIONOFBARRIERTHATWOULDPREVENTTHEIMPLEMENTATIONOFATLEASTONEALTERNATIVELANDUSESCENARIOS.

Theproposedprojectactivitiesfacebarriersthatpreventtheimplementationoftheagroforestrysystems.

INVESTMENTBARRIERS

PublicfundingforreforestationactivitiesintheUcayaliregionisalmostnon‐existent.Inthe2008Ucayali’sbudget,fundingforreforestationprojectsofnativespecieswasnotconsideredwhilefundingforreforestationoffast‐growthspeciesandfortherecoveryofdegradedareassumsS/.780,000(sevenhundredandeightythousandNuevosSoles),lessthan1%ofUcayali’sbudget(CongresodelaRepublicadePerú,200889).

Fundingfromcommercialbanksisverylimitedaswell.AccordingtotheUSAIDreportRuralandAgriculturalFinance:EmergingPracticesfromPeruvianFinancialInstitutions,“theformalfinancialsysteminPeru,allentitiesregulatedbytheSuperintendencyofBanksandInsurance,providesverylimitedruralandagriculturalfinanceservicesandmostfinancialinstitutionsfocusuniquelyonservingurbanclients”(Campion&Bantug‐Herrera,200790).

87 VCS Additionality Project Test: Step 2: Regulatory Surplus (Section 5.8 of VCS 2007.1)

88 VCS Additionality Project Test: Step 2: Regulatory Surplus (Section 5.8 of VCS 2007.1)

89CongresodelaRepublicadePerú.2008.PresupuestoPublico2008.Retrievedfromhttp://www.congreso.gob.pe/comisiones/2007/presupuesto/libro/TOMO1/25_Ucayali.pdf

90Campion,A.andBantug‐Herrera,A.2007.microNOTE#27,RuralandAgriculturalFinance:EmergingPracticesfromPeruvianFinancialInstitutions.USAID.Retrievedfromhttp://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADI834.pdf

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Thebanksthatdoprovideruralandagriculturalfinancerequirearepaymentperiodnotlongerthanthreeyears(FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations,200891).Moreover,COFIDE,thegovernmentsponsoredPeruviandevelopmentbank,offersfundingforprojectsforupto10yearsonly(COFIDE,200992).

TECHNOLOGICALBARRIERS

Farmerslackaccesstonecessarymaterials,suchasnurseriesandpestcontroltechnologies,andsilviculturalexpertisetoperformmaintenanceandharvestactivities.Withouttheprojecttheycannotsupportsuccessfulagroforestrysystems.Currently,acombinationoffires,grazing,andinvasivegrassspeciespreventsanynaturalregenerationofthepastures.Firesarecommonandcausedbyhumanactivities.MODISHotSpotfiremapsshowtheoccurrenceoffireintheregion(NASA,201193).

Smallholderslacktheresourcestopreparethelandsforreforestationwithouttechnicalandfinancialresourcesfromtheproject.Inthisscenario,farmersespeciallyneedassistancetoovercomeinvasivegrassesandtoimplementstrategiestopreventfirefromdestroyingthereforestationactivities.

Farmerslackinstitutionalandbusinessinfrastructure,suchastradeassociationsandabusinessandsalesplan,tomarkettheagroforestryproductsinacommerciallyviablemanner.

BARRIERSRELATEDTOPREVAILINGPRACTICEANDLOCALTRADITION

Thesmallholderfarmerslivingintheprojectareadependonrevenuesfromcattlegrazingandthecropsproducedfromtheirlandfortheirsubsistence.Inthiscattlegrazingscenario,agriculturalreturnsareevenlowerthaninthepuresubsistenceagriculturescenariobecausegrazingresultsincompactionofsoil,makingitlessviableforgrowingcrops.Inaddition,grazingencouragesthegrowthofinvasivegrasses.

Farmersliveinpoverty,andfewareabletosavemoneybeyondthatfor‘emergencies’(Mateo,2013b,Ramirez,2012).Giventhisfarmerslivewitha‘day‐to‐day’focus,focusingonactivitiesthatgenerateanincomewithinarelativelyshorttimeperiod.Thetrajectoryforinstallingtraditionalagroforestrysystemsrequireslookingbeyondtheimmediatetimeframewhichthesmallholderfarmersdonotgenerallydo.Farmersknowinstallingagroforestrysystemsisamediumtolong‐terminvestmentwithhighupfrontcostssothisisnotatraditionalpracticeforthem.

91FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations.2008.Perú:laindustriadelanuezdeBrasilenMadredeDios.Retrievedfromftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/a0226s/a0226s08.pdf

92COFIDE.2009.Productosyserviciosfinancieros.Retrievedfromhttp://www.cofide.com.pe/productos2.html

93NASALANCE‐FIRMS,2011.MODISHotspot/ActiveFireDetections.Retrievedfromhttp://earthdata.nasa.gov/data/nrt‐data/firms

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SCENARIOB,SUB‐STEP2B.ELIMINATIONOFLANDUSESCENARIOSTHATAREPREVENTEDBYTHEIDENTIFIEDBARRIERS

AsdescribedinScenarioB,sub‐step2A,smallholdersdependonthecropstheyproducefortheirsubsistenceandproducemarketsareunder‐developed.Thesefactspreventfarmersfrombeingabletodedicatealloftheirlandtocommercialcattleranching,scenarioB(ii).Theprevailingpracticeofcattlegrazingisprohibitiveofsustainablecropproduction,scenarioB(iii).Withouttheproject,thehighcostandlackofknowledgeandbusinessculturearebarrierstoimplementingagroforestryorreforestingwithtimbertrees,scenariosB(iv)andB(v).

However,scenarioB(i),Continuationofpre‐projectlanduse:unproductivepastureland,isaviablealternative.Itislegal,itisaffordable,anditiswhatfarmersknow.

SCENARIOB,SUB‐STEP2C.DETERMINATIONOFBASELINESCENARIO

ForestationwithoutbeingregisteredasacarbonprojectactivityispreventedbythebarriersdescribedinScenarioB,sub‐step2A.ScenarioB(i),Continuationofpre‐projectlanduse:unproductivepastureland,istheonlyviablealternative,sothishasbeenselectedasthebaselineforScenarioB.

SCENARIOB,STEP4.COMMONPRACTICEANALYSIS

AgroforestryimplementedondegradedpasturelandsisnotcommonlypracticedinthePucallparegion.AccordingtoINRENA,fortheperiod2001‐2006,only196hectareshavebeenreforestedintheentireUcayaliRegion(Elgegren,2005).TherearenosimilarforestationactivitiesinthePucallpaareathatcanbecomparedwiththeproposedPlantyourFutureactivitieswiththeexceptionoftheCampoVerdeVCSproject.

ThePlantyourFuturesystemsarefundamentallydistinctfromotherforestationprojectsinPeruinfivekeyways:

ThePlantyourFuturemodelistoprovidesupportoverthe30yearprojectdurationorientatedtoon‐goingmaintenanceandsupporttothesmallholders;

Thesystemswillgeneratecarbonrevenueswhichwillbedividedbetweenthefarmersandtheprojecttofundthemaintenanceofthesystems,expandsystemsandprovidethefarmeranadditionalincome;

ThePlantyourFuturesystemsaremarket‐oriented,withabusinessplanandstrategydevelopedtosellthefruitsfromtreesinthesystems;

Theprojectwillworkwithfarmerstoharvest,process,sellandcoordinateproductsales.

COVER PAGE - Amazon S3 · COVER PAGE i. project name Planting for the Future: Financially...

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