Cover Kuiz 2014 Final English FA - Kallyas · the legal system, and the judicial ... Explain how...

MEGA QUIZESSENTIAL FACTS

ABOUT NATIONHOOD

FUAD HASSANMOHD AYOP ABD RAZID

Department of Special AffairsMinistry of Communications and Multimedia of Malaysia

CONTENTS

Message from the Minister

Foreword by the Publisher

Fundamentals of Politics and Governance

Administration System of the Government of Malaysia

Malaysian Constitution and the Judicial System

Malaysian Society – Ethnic Relations

History of Modern Malaysia

Malaysia’s Economic Fundamentals

National Policies

Bibliography

Page

01

04

06

28

38

48

58

80

92

Title:Mega QuizEssential Facts About NationhoodCategory – Nationalism/History/Politics

Author:Fuad HassanMohd Ayop Abd Razid

© All rights reservedNo part of this publication may be reproduced in any manner whatsoever, be it in electronic, photocopied, mechanical, recorded or any other forms without the written permission of the publisher.

First print 2014ISBN: 978-967-11203-5-4

Published by:Department of Special Affairs (JASA)Ministry of Communications and Multimedia Levels 3-6, Block D, Government Office ComplexBukit Perdana, Jalan Dato’ Onn50610 Kuala Lumpur

www.jasa.gov.myJASA’s motto: “LEADING PUBLIC OPINION”

01 02

Message from the Minister

Malaysia gained its independence on 31 August 1957. The year 2014 is therefore a special year as we shall be celebrating our 57th independence day. Thus, the celebration this time around can be described as “from 57 to 57” with the theme, ‘Malaysia Where Love Grows’. It sounds rather poetic but contains a deep and meaningful purpose. The theme is actually taken from the lyrics of Warisan, a song made famous by the late Sudirman Haji Arshad. I believe the theme will make a profound impression in instilling love for the country in the hearts of all Malaysians.

The important thing that must be understood by all Malaysians is that love for the country or patriotism is an important feature of nationhood. Kamus Dewan defines ‘nationhood’ as a concept that refers to a society that inhabits a particular area and is ruled by a government. In principle, the nationhood of a country consists of three main areas, namely the administrative system, the legal system, and the judicial system. The doctrine that determines the separation of powers between the three bodies is the Constitution.

In essence, the administrative body implements an administrative system under the structure and organisation established on the principles of the Constitution. The legislative body, on the other hand, enacts laws for the country’s judicial system. In Malaysia, the legislative body consists of the Parliament and State Legislative Assemblies. The function of the judiciary is to balance the powers between the legislative and administrative bodies (executive). The main feature of the judiciary is that it is independent of the legislature and the executive as well as current politics.

The people should, at the very least, understand the basic aspects of statehood. It requires continuous education on nationhood. This book attempts to educate us on aspects of nationhood. Interestingly, it is presented in the form of a quiz with accompanying answers. This format facilitates greater understanding and retention of important facts on Malaysian nationhood. Furthermore, the book serves to educate our younger generation to be good and responsible citizens of the country.

A good and responsible citizen would certainly seek to understand and to know the country and its people. A deeper understanding of the country and its people will therefore help reinforce the spirit of patriotism and solidarity in our society. This will ultimately lead to greater determination to contribute something meaningful to the country.

Well done and congratulations to the Department of Special Affairs (JASA) for publishing a very informative book on Malaysian nationhood. May this book, published in conjunction with the 57th independence day, be a useful reference material, especially in the effort to form future generations of patriotic citizens.

DATUK SERI AHMAD SHABERY CHEEK Minister of Communications and Multimedia

03 04

Foreword by the Publisher

‘Malaysia Where Love Grows’ has been chosen as the theme for the 57th independence day celebration (2014). The theme which is taken from the lyrics of Warisan, a song made famous by the late Sudirman Haji Arshad, will hopefully enhance the appreciation and instil the spirit of undivided devotion to the country. In political science, the existence of a nation is described as the result of collaboration between a group of people to safeguard security and common interests through the establishment of mutually agreed upon rules and laws. Such a consensus is often called the ‘social contract’. The contract made by this group of people lies in their statement to pledge their allegiance to the country.

J.J. Rousseau described the agreement as pactum unionis, an agreement or consensus to shape a country. This, however, does not mean giving up the rights in absolute terms but that the people choose representatives to formulate the government and if the government is not able to guarantee freedom and equality, then the government should be replaced. Rousseau’s theory is considered as a theory of sovereignty of the people, which is in line with the doctrine of democracy practised in Malaysia.

This is contrary to the idea of pactum subjectionis, a statement of the people to surrender their rights to the rulers which cannot be retracted. This idea, put forward by Thomas Hobbes, is more suited to the formation of an absolute government (absolute monarchy).

What are the elements of nation-building? Generally, it can be divided into two categories, namely constitutive and declarative. The first category is an absolute requirement consisting of three key elements, namely the territory, the population and the sovereign government. The second category

is the recognition of other countries of the creation of a state (Montevideo Convention, Uruguay, 26 December 1933).

Ibn Rabi’, who lived in the era of the Abassid Caliphate under the reign of al-Mu’tasim, stated that there are at least five elements to nation-building. These elements comprise the territory, the king (government), the people, the legal system and administration.

Based on the opinions above, it can be concluded that the knowledge of nationhood is related to the study on all aspects of nationhood such as political system and administration, legal and judicial system, citizenship, economy, international relations and other aspects of statehood. These aspects of nationhood cannot be separated from a country’s history. Therefore, all Malaysians need to know and understand these aspects of nationhood so they become loyal and patriotic citizens of this beloved country.

The Mega Quiz: Essential Facts About Nationhood is presented in a question and answer format to facilitate retention of important facts on nationhood. The Department of Special Affairs (JASA) under the Ministry of Communications and Multimedia has taken the initiative to publish this book to educate Malaysians on Malaysian nationhood. This book can also be used as reference by students of secondary schools and private and public higher education institutions.

DATO’ FUAD TAN SRI HASSAN Director-General of the Department of Special Affairs (JASA)

05 06

Fundamentals of Politics and

Governance

THE POLITICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEMOF THE GOVERNMENT OF MALAYSIA

THE POLITICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM OF THE GOVERNMENT OF MALAYSIA-------------------------------------------------------------------------------FUNDAMENTALS OF POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE

1. Malaysia is a federation (federalism). What is the meaning of ‘federation’?

There are two levels of government, namely the federal government and the state governments where each government has its own jurisdiction.

Note: Federal government: It is a system of government of a number of states that are federated or consolidated under a common interest and identity.

2. State how executive power is implemented at both levels of government.

The federal government exercises its executive power through the House of Representatives (Dewan Rakyat). The state government exercises its executive power through the State Legislative Assembly.

3. How is distribution of executive powers carried out at both levels of government?

The distribution of executive powers is based on three lists as provided for in the Constitution, namely:

i. List I – Powers of the federal government• Externalaffairs•Defence• Internalsecurity• Federalcitizenship• Finance•Tradeandindustry• Education

07


ii. List II – Powers of the state government• Islamiclaw• Land•Agricultureandforestry• Localgovernment• Localservices•Machineryofthestategovernment• Statelaws

iii. List III – Concurrent powers• Socialwelfare• Scholarships•Nationalparksandwildlife•Drainageandirrigation•Otherrelatedmatters

Note: The details of Lists I, II and III can be found in the Ninth Schedule of the Federal Constitution.

4. Name the states in the Federation of Malaysia.

The following are the states and federal territories of Malaysia and their respective state capitals (in parentheses):

1. Johor Darul Takzim (Johor Bahru)2. Kedah Darul Aman (Alor Setar)3. Kelantan Darul Naim (Kota Bharu)4. Melaka (Melaka City)5. Negeri Sembilan Darul Khusus (Seremban)6. Pahang Darul Makmur (Kuantan)7. Perak Darul Ridzuan (Ipoh)8. Perlis Indera Kayangan (Kangar)9. Penang (Georgetown)

08

10. Selangor Darul Ehsan (Shah Alam)11. Terengganu Darul Iman (Kuala Terengganu)12. Sabah (Kota Kinabalu)13. Sarawak (Kuching)14. Federal Territories (comprising 3 districts):

i. Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpurii. Federal Territory of Labuaniii. Federal Territory of Putrajaya

Note: Eleven states and two federal territories are located in Peninsular Malaysia (West Malaysia), while the other two states and one federal territory are located in East Malaysia (island of Borneo). Each state is divided into districts (‘jajahan’ in Kelantan and ‘division’ in Sabah and Sarawak), then further divided into mukim.

5. Explain how all of the states are represented on the Malaysian flag (Jalur Gemilang).

They are represented by fourteen stripes and a 14-point star.

6. State the capital of Malaysia and the administrative centre of the Government of Malaysia.

Kuala Lumpur, Putrajaya.

Note: Putrajaya replaced Kuala Lumpur as the administrative centre of the federal government of Malaysia in 1999. Prior to that, since 1957, Kuala Lumpur had been the administrative centre of the federal government. Kuala Lumpur now serves as a commercial centre. Putrajaya is also known as a smart and futuristic city. It became Malaysia’s 3rd Federal Territory on 1 February 2001 and is placed under the administration of Putrajaya Corporation.

09


10

7. Who is the head of state of the Federation of Malaysia and how is the selection made?

The head of state is the Yang di-Pertuan Agong. His Majesty is elected on a rotational basis from among the nine Malay rulers for a term of five years.

Note: To date, a total of 14 Malay rulers have been appointed as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong. His Majesty resides at the National Palace (the new palace) located in Jalan Duta, Kuala Lumpur. The newly built palace was completed on 11 November 2011 during the tenure of the 13th Yang di-Pertuan Agong, Al-Wathiqu Billah Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin ibni Al-Marhum Sultan Mahmud Al-Muktafi Billah Shah. The previous National Palace was located at Jalan Istana, Kuala Lumpur.

8. List the functions of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong as provided for in the Constitution.

i. Head of state.ii. Head of the three branches of the government (executive,

legislative and judiciary).iii. Head of the religion of Islam.iv. Power to summon or withhold consent to dissolve

Parliament.v. Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces.vi. Appointment of a Prime Minister.vii. Safeguarding of the special position and privileges of the

Malays.viii. Proclamation of emergency.ix. Appointment of Chairman, Deputy Chairman and three

members of the Election Commission (EC).x. Appointment of members of the Judicial Service as well

as the Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Public Service Commission.


Note: The position of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong as the Supreme Head of Federation is enshrined in Article 32(1), whereas Article 32(2) states that the Consort of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall take precedence next after the Yang di-Pertuan Agong over all other persons in the Federation.

9. Under the Federal Constitution, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong may act at his discretion in the performance of three functions. What are the three functions?

i. The appointment of a Prime Minister.ii. The withholding of consent to a request for the dissolution

of Parliament.iii. The requisition of a meeting of the Conference of Rulers

concerning the privileges, position, honours and dignities of Their Royal Highnesses.

10. Who appoints the Yang di-Pertuan Agong?

The Conference of Rulers.

11. Who sits on the Conference of Rulers and what are its functions?

The Conference of Rulers comprises all the Malay rulers and the Yang di-Pertuan Agong. The functions of the Conference of Rulers (Article 38 of the Constitution) are:

i. Electing, in accordance with the provisions of the Third Schedule of the Federal Constitution, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and the Timbalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong;

ii. Agreeing or disagreeing to the extension of any religious acts, observances or ceremonies to the federation as a whole;

iii. Consenting or withholding consent to any law; and

11


12

iv. Making or giving advice on any appointment which under the Constitution requires the consent of the Conference of Rulers or is to be made by or after consultation with the Conference of Rulers.

12. A ruler or sultan who is elected as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall not exercise the administrative and legislative functions of his state except one. What is this one function?

Head of the religion of Islam.

13. Who is currently the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and which state is His Majesty from?

Almu’tasimu Billahi Muhibbuddin Tuanku Alhaj Abdul Halim Mu’adzam Shah Ibni Almarhum Sultan Badlishah, the Sultan of Kedah.

Note: His Majesty is the 14th Yang di-Pertuan Agong appointed for the second time on 13 December 2011. He previously served as the 5th Yang di-Pertuan Agong from 1970-1975.


14. Malaysia practises a system of parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarchy. What does parliamentary democracy mean?

It is a system of government in which the people participate through elected representatives. The people choose their representatives during elections to represent them in the House of Representatives (Dewan Rakyat) or Legislative Councils.

15. What does constitutional monarchy mean?

It is a system of government in which the king acts as the supreme ruler of the country, assisted by the Prime Minister. His powers are not absolute, but are governed by the Constitution.

16. State the characteristics of parliamentary democracy in Malaysia.

i. Constitution.ii. Constitutional monarchy.iii. Parliament.iv. Elections.v. Sovereignty.vi. Separation of powers.vii. Recognition of fundamental liberties.viii. Equality before the law.

17. Why is Malaysia not a republic?

Malaysia has a uniquely diverse heritage, cultures, history and traditions, and the formation of the Constitution took into account these elements by placing the institution of constitutional monarchy as a feature of parliamentary democracy.

13


18. What does separation of powers as practised in Malaysia mean?

The government is divided into three branches, namely:i. Legislative.ii. Executive.iii. Judiciary.

Note: These branches are controlled separately to avoid amassing and duplication of power. Each branch acts with complete independence of the others.

19. What are the functions of each branch?

i. Legislative: To enact laws in serving justiceii. Executive: To implement government policies by the

Cabinetiii. Judiciary:

a. To hear and decide on civil and criminal mattersb. To determine the validity of laws made by the

legislative bodyc. To interpret Federal and State Constitutions

20. The Parliament is the body responsible for drafting laws in Malaysia. State the components that make up the Parliament of Malaysia.

i. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong.ii. The Senate (Dewan Negara).iii. The House of Representatives (Dewan Rakyat).

14


Note: Article 44 of the Constitution defines the Parliament of Malaysia as follows: “The legislative authority of the Federation shall be vested in a Parliament, which shall consist of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and two Houses of Parliament (Majlis) to be known as the Senate (Dewan Negara) and the House of Representatives (Dewan Rakyat).”

21. How many members are there in the Senate?

69 members

Note: Members of the Senate comprise the following:(a) 26 members are elected from 13 states (2 members per state)(b) 2 members are appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong to represent the

Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur and one for the Federal Territory of Labuan

(c) 40 members are appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong comprising individuals who have served and excelled in their respective professional fields (they are elected uncontested in the elections).

22. What is the title given to a member of the Senate (Dewan Negara) and how long is the term of office?

Senator; three years and may be reappointed once for another three years.

23. How is membership to the Senate determined?

Membership to the Senate is selected from among Malaysians who have rendered distinguished public service or have achieved distinction in the professions, commerce, industry, agriculture, cultural activities or social service or are capable of representing the interests of minority groups.

15


24. In a parliamentary democracy, the government is elected by the people through the electoral system. What is the meaning and purpose of holding elections?

It is a process of electing representatives to form a government at the federal and state levels.

25. Name the body that regulates the conduct of elections in Malaysia. When was it established?

Election Commission (EC); 4 September 1957

26. What is the purpose of forming the Election Commission (EC) and what are its functions?

The EC serves to ensure fair, independent and impartial elections. Its functions are as follows:

i. To conduct elections and by-elections for the House of Representatives and State Legislative Assemblies

ii. To register and review the electoral roll of registered voters

iii. To review and register the boundaries of parliamentary and state constituencies

iv. To make regulations to carry out its duties

27. State two provisions (articles) in the Constitution relating to the establishment of the Election Commission.

Article 113 and Article 114.

16


28. State the five members of the EC. Who is the appointing authority?

A Chairman, a Deputy Chairman and three other members; the Yang di-Pertuan Agong after consultation with the Conference of Rulers.

29. What are the qualifications for membership to the EC?

i. Not a discharged bankrupt.ii. Aged less than 65 years.iii. Not holding a paid office.iv. Not a member of any political party, House of Parliament

or State Legislative Assembly.

30. State the conditions for candidates to be eligible to contest in elections in Malaysia.

i. Malaysian citizen aged 21 years.ii. Resident in Malaysia.iii. Of sound mind.iv. Not a bankrupt.v. Not holding any position in the public service.vi. Never been convicted of any offence by the courts.

31. What are the requirements to qualify as a voter?

i. Malaysian citizen.ii. Aged 21 years.iii. Registered in the electoral roll.iv. Resident or non-resident in Malaysia.v. Resident in a constituency.

17


32. What Electoral System is adopted in Malaysia?

The Electoral System adopted in Malaysia is simple majority or single - member plurality system based on single member - first-past-the post constituencies. A candidate obtaining the most votes is declared elected and no requirement the winner must obtain more than 50% of the votes polled.

The political party which wins majority seats in Parliament Constituencies or State Constituencies shall form the Federal or State government respectively.

33. Name the two categories of electoral constituency in Malaysia.

Parliamentary electoral constituency (House of Representatives) and state electoral constituency (State Legislative Assembly).

34. How many seats made up the House of Representatives leading up to the 12th General Elections (2008)?

222 seats(1955 - 52 seats; 1959 - 104 seats; 1964 - 159 seats; 1969 - 144 seats; 1974 - 154 seats; 1986 - 180 seats; 1990 - 192 seats; 1999 - 193 seats; 2004 - 219 seats)

35. Name the six states with the highest number of parliamentary seats in descending order.

i. Sarawak – 31 seatsii. Sabah – 25 seatsiii. Johor – 26 seatsiv. Perak – 24 seatsv. Selangor – 22 seats

18


vi. Kedah – 15 seats (as of the 12th General Elections)

36. Name the five states with the highest number of State Legislative Assembly seats in descending order.

i. Sarawak – 71 seatsii. Sabah – 60 seatsiii. Perak – 59 seatsiv. Selangor – 56 seatsv. Kelantan – 45 seats (as of the12th General Elections)

37. The concept of ‘consensus democracy’ is a method and process to reach consensus on a collective basis based on co-operation, tolerance and a desire for unity. In the context of ‘political consensus’ in Malaysia, the concept was initiated by the Alliance in 1957 (subsequently known as the National Front in 1972). Name the three political parties that formed the Alliance in 1957.

The United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), the Malayan Chinese Association (MCA), the Malayan Indian Congress (MIC).

38. The coat of arms of Malaysia is an emblem of the country. Describe the symbols contained in the Malaysian coat of arms.

i. The 14-point star symbolises the 13 states in the Federation of Malaysia and the federal government.

ii. The star and crescent symbolise the religion of Islam (the religion of the federation).

19


iii. The five kris represent the five former Unfederated Malay States (Johor, Kedah, Perlis, Kelantan and Terengganu).

iv. The areca palm tree (on the left) represents Penang and the Melaka tree (on the right) represents Melaka. Both states were part of the Straits Settlements.

v. The four stripes of equal width in the middle make up the colours of these states’ flags: black and white for Pahang; red and yellow for Selangor; black, white and yellow for Perak; red, black and yellow for Negeri Sembilan. These four states made up the original Federated Malay States.

vi. The three sections in the lower middle represent the states of Sabah (on the left) and Sarawak (on the right) while the hibiscus flower (in the middle) represents the national flower.

vii. The yellow colour of the scroll symbolises the country’s monarchy.

viii. The two Malayan tigers symbolise the courage and strength of Malaysians.

ix. The shield (supported by two tigers) symbolises the strength and willingness to defend Malaysia.

x. The motto, “Bersekutu Bertambah Mutu” (Unity is Strength), written in romanised script on the left and Jawi script on the right, symbolises the spirit of collaboration and unity.

20


21


40. When was the flag of Malaysia first raised and where was the ceremony held?

It was first raised on 26 May 1950 at 9.30 a.m. in the grounds of the palace of the Sultan of Selangor.

41. When was the Malaysian flag given the name Jalur Gemilang and who officially declared it?

On the night of 31 August 1997 at 11.58 p.m., in conjunction with the 40th National Day (at Merdeka Square, Kuala Lumpur); declared by Tun Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad, the fourth Prime Minister of Malaysia.

Note: The history of the Malaysian flag began in 1949 when the Conference of Rulers agreed to set up a committee to consider and make recommendations on the design of the flag of the newly formed Federation of Malaya. For this purpose, a competition was organised by the Federal Legislative Council and managed by a Special Committee chaired by the Chief Secretary then, Sir Alec Newboult.

On 15 November 1949, the committee submitted 373 flag designs to the Federal Legislative Council for selection. Only three designs were chosen for the final selection in which the Federal Legislative Council invited the public to give their opinions on the three designs. The public poll was organised by The Malay Mail and the results were published on 29 November 1949.

22


Coat of arms of Malaysia Original coat of arms of Malaysia

39. What is the name of the Malaysian flag? Describe the symbols on the flag.

The Malaysian flag is called Jalur Gemilang (Stripes of Glory). The symbols on the flag are as follows:

i. The 14 alternating red and white horizontal stripes of equal width represent the equal status of the 14 states (including the Federal Territories) in the federation.

ii. The 14-point star represents the unity of the 13 states and the federal government.

iii. The crescent represents the religion of Islam, the religion of the Federation of Malaysia.

iv. The yellow colour of the star and crescent is the royal colour of the Malay rulers.

v. The dark blue canton atop the fifth red stripe symbolises the unity of the Malaysian people.

vi. The white colour (six stripes) symbolises purity and sincerity.

vii. The red colour (six stripes) symbolises courage.

The winner was a design submitted by an architect from the Public Works Department of Johor, Mr Mohamed bin Hamzah. His design featured eleven blue and white stripes with a white crescent and star on the left.

After several amendments, including a proposal by the Sultan of Kedah to change the colour of the crescent from white to the royal colour of yellow, the Federal Legislative Council passed a motion by the acting Chief Secretary on 19 April 1950 and King George VI granted his approval on 19 May 1950.

On 26 May 1950 at 9.30 a.m. in the grounds of the palace of the Sultan of Selangor, the new flag of the federation was raised for the first time during a flag-hoisting ceremony organised by the British High Commissioner of Selangor. It was attended by Their Royal Highnesses the Malay rulers and officers of King George VI.

Designated name of ‘Jalur Gemilang’: During the 40th National Day celebration (1997), the Malaysian flag was officially named ‘Jalur Gemilang’. The naming of the flag, proposed by Datuk Hashim Mat Idris, was submitted to the Prime Minister, Tun Dr. Mahathir, on 11 July 1995.

Of the 75 names submitted, three were shortlisted, i.e. ‘Setia Perkasa’, ‘Seri Setia Perkasa’ and ‘Seri Setia Negara’. However, all three names were rejected by the Cabinet which sat on 11 September 1996. On 2 June 1997, three of 28 more names were proposed and nominated according to priority, i.e. ‘Jalur Gemilang’, ‘Jalur Nusa Gemilang’ and ‘Jalur Sinar Gemilang.’

Finally, ‘Jalur Gemilang’ was accepted as the official name for the Malaysian flag. ‘Jalur’ (stripes) represents a straight path, the same path and direction of the people of Malaysia in striving towards glory of the nation state. ‘Gemilang’ (glory) stands for excellence of the nation and Malaysians in the face of challenges within or outside the country.

23


42. What is the national anthem of Malaysia called, and what important elements are emphasised in the lyrics?

Negaraku (My Country) (composed in 1957); loyalty and unity

43. Why are the national symbols, such as the national anthem and flag, important to Malaysians?

i. As a national identity in the international arenaii. As a symbol of allegiance of the peopleiii. To evoke the spirit of patriotism and love for the countryiv. As a rallying force of the people

44. Malaysia has a national ideology called the Rukun Negara (National Principles). What body was responsible for formulating the national ideology and when was it declared?

The National Operations Council (NOC); 31 August 1970, in conjunction with the 13th National Day

24


25

45. State the key functions of the NOC.

i. To restore law and order.ii. To ensure seamless and smooth administration of the

country.iii. To restore harmony and trust between the communities

throughout the country.

Note: The NOC was formed following the declaration of a nationwide state of emergency by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong on the advice of the Prime Minister following the race riots of 13 May 1969. It sought to restore stability and public order as well as harmony and trust between the people in the country. The declaration was gazetted and came into effect on 16 May 1969 under Emergency (Essential Powers) Ordinance No. 2 of 1969 - PU (A) 149.

46. State the objectives of the Rukun Negara.

i. To achieve greater unity among the people.ii. To preserve a democratic way of life.iii. To create a just society in which the prosperity of the

country can be enjoyed together in a fair and equitable manner.

iv. To guarantee a liberal approach to her rich and varied cultural traditions.

v. To build a progressive society which shall be oriented to modern science and technology.


26

47. State the five principles of the Rukun Negara and describe them in brief.

i. Belief in God – This nation was established on a strong belief in God.

ii. Loyalty to king and country – The people shall pledge loyalty to the ruler of their state of residence without compromising allegiance to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong.

iii. Upholding the Constitution – The people shall accept, comply with and defend the Federal Constitution.

iv. Rule of law – All citizens shall be equal before the law in the country.

v. Decorum and morality – Emphasises on the development of personality and conduct of the people so as to remain courteous and observant of propriety at all times.

48. Foreign policy can be defined as the goals, plans and actions taken by a country in dealing with another sovereign state. State the principles of the foreign policy of Malaysia.

i. To resolve problems through peaceful negotiation or roundtable meeting.

ii. To reject strongly any form of aggression and coercion.iii. To foster friendly relations with other countries.iv. To be ready to have diplomatic relations with any country.v. To apply the principles of peaceful and harmonious co-

existence.vi. To champion the rights of every country and advocate a

policy of non-interference.


27

49. What are the main objectives of Malaysia’s foreign policy?

i. To protect the nation’s interests at the international level.ii. To uphold and defend the country’s independence,

sovereignty and security.iii. To advocate the principle of respect for the independence

and sovereignty of nations through a policy of non-interference.

iv. To address political, economic, security and social developments and challenges on the world stage.


28

Administrative System of the Government of

Malaysia

THE POLITICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM OF THE GOVERNMENT OF MALAYSIA

29

50. What do you understand about the administrative system of the Government of Malaysia?

It is a system that carries out the policies and directives of the executive authority of the government for development and in providing services to the people.

51. The administrative system of the Government of Malaysia comprises three levels. What are they?

i. Federal government.ii. State government.iii. Local government.

52. What bodies vest administrative power in the federal government and the state government?

i. Administrative power is vested in the federal government by Parliament.

ii. Administrative power is vested in the state government by the State Legislative Assembly.

53. List the administrative structure and organisation components of the federal government.

i. Yang di-Pertuan Agong.ii. Prime Minister.iii. Cabinet of ministers (Cabinet).iv. Ministries and government departments.v. Federal government statutory bodies.vi. Federal government agencies.

THE POLITICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM OF THE GOVERNMENT OF MALAYSIA-------------------------------------------------------------------------------ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM OF THE GOVERNMENT OF MALAYSIA

30

54. Executive authority is vested in the Yang di-Pertuan Agong. Which component exercises this executive authority?

The Cabinet or Cabinet of ministers.

55. The Cabinet is a body that exercises the executive (administrative) authority vested in the Yang di-Pertuan Agong. Who appoints the Cabinet ministers?

The Yang di-Pertuan Agong.

56. How is the appointment of Cabinet ministers made?

Article 43 of the Constitution stipulates that a Cabinet of ministers shall be appointed as follows:

i. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall first appoint as Prime Minister to preside over the Cabinet a member of the House of Representatives who in his judgment is likely to command the confidence of the majority of the members of that House.

ii. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall, on the advice of the Prime Minister, appoint other ministers from among the members of the House of Representatives and the Senate.

57. Who is eligible to be appointed as a member of the Cabinet?

Members of the House of Representatives or the Senate.


31

58. Who is head of the Cabinet?

The Prime Minister.

Note: Typically, the head of the party that wins a majority in Parliament is entitled to be elected as Prime Minister.

59. State five main duties of the Prime Minister of Malaysia.

The answer may be any of the following:

i. Head of government in the administration of the country (head of the Cabinet of ministers)

ii. Adviser to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong on affairs of the state

iii. Ensuring that Cabinet decisions are implementediv. Co-ordinating government policies and overseeing the

work of his ministersv. Chairman of both the Cabinet and important committees

in the Cabinetvi. Resolving any dispute between the ministriesvii. Having the authority to terminate Cabinet ministers

(ministers or deputy ministers) or advising them to resignviii. Head of the Prime Minister’s Department and may hold

more than one portfolio at any one timeix. Advising the Yang di-Pertuan Agong to dissolve

Parliamentx. Key spokesman in international and domestic affairs

32

60. Name the current Prime Minister of Malaysia. When was he appointed?

Dato’ Seri Mohd Najib bin Tun Abdul Razak; 3 April 2009.

61. What is the title given to him?

Father of Transformation.

62. List the names of the previous Prime Ministers and the titles given to them.

i. Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj (1957-1970) – Father of Independenceii. Tun Abdul Razak bin Haji Dato’ Hussein (1970-1976) – Father of Developmentiii. Tun Hussein bin Dato’ Onn (1976-1981) – Father of Unityiv. Tun Dr. Mahathir bin Mohamad (1981–2003) – Father of Modernisationv. Tun Abdullah bin Ahmad Badawi (2003-2009) – Father of Hadhari Development



33

63. What is the function of a ministry?

To formulate government policies as well as to plan and co-ordinate economic and social development programmes in the country.

64. What is the role of public service and who heads it?

To supervise and monitor the ministries and departments; Chief Secretary to the Government.

Note: At the departmental level, the head is the Director-General who is assisted by civil servants responsible for the implementation of policies and government-appointed tasks. A ministry usually has a department at the federal, state and district levels.

65. Name the service commissions that handle the appointment, promotion and discipline monitoring of public service employees.

i. Public Service Commission.ii. Judicial and Legal Service Commission.iii. Education Service Commission.iv. Armed Forces Council.v. Police Service Commission.

66. Who heads the administration of a ministry and of a department?

Ministry: Secretary-General; Department: Director-General.

67. A department is a government agency under a ministry. It has branches at state and district levels. What is the primary responsibility of a department?

To implement policies set by the ministry.

Note: There are certain ministries with autonomous agencies. These agencies are known as statutory bodies. They are constituted under acts of Parliament or state enactments. A statutory body is governed by a council or board of directors appointed by the minister. Examples of statutory bodies: MARA, FELDA and UDA. Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (DBP), ITM and local universities are statutory bodies under the Ministry of Education.

68. In line with the philosophy of 1Malaysia’s People First, Performance Now, the government has introduced the Government Transformation Programme (GTP). The GTP is headed by the Prime Minister and his Cabinet and supported by the Chief Secretary to the Government. Public administration officers implement the government programmes and policies. Under the GTP, the government has introduced the national key result areas (NKRAs) for which performance will be measured through key performance indicators (KPIs). State the NKRAs.

i. Reducing crime.ii. Fighting corruption.iii. Improving student outcomes.iv. Raising living standards of low-income households.v. Improving basic rural infrastructure.vi. Improving urban public transport.vii. Addressing the cost of living.

34



73. What is the administrative system of local governments (local authorities)?

The administrative system is run by a board or council after its executive authority is vested by Parliament or the State Legislative Assembly.

Note: There are different levels of local government, namely city, municipality and district administered by City Hall, Municipal Council and District Council respectively.

74. Who is appointed head of the local government and how is the selection made?

President (in the case of City Hall, the Mayor); elected from among government officials with wide experience.

75. What are the functions of the local government?

i. Overseeing land development: Approval of development plan applications.

ii. Maintenance of public roads: Control over roads, road painting, signage and parking lot management.

iii. Public health control: Control of disease-carrying mosquitoes and flies.

iv. Cleaning services and maintenance: Rubbish collection, ditch cleaning and grass-cutting.

v. Management of markets and stalls: Identifying location and issue of business licences.

vi. Building and maintenance of recreational areas: Developing and maintaining public parks.

vii. Public sewerage: The service is managed by IWK through privatisation.

69. What is the basis or point of reference in the administration of 1Malaysia?

The Federal Constitution; Rukun Negara; Vision 2020; National Mission; and the various policies and laws.

70. What are the principles of governance adopted by the government?

i. Customer/citizen-oriented.ii. Transparency.iii. Effectiveness and efficiency.iv. Accountability and integrity.v. Ethics.vi. Response to change/change management.

71. Who heads administration at the state level?

The sultan or governor.

72. Who exercises administrative authority at the state level?

The Menteri Besar or Chief Minister as head of the Executive Council (Exco).

35 36



76. List the sources of revenue of the local government.

i. Quit rent/assessment, etc.ii. Annual grants from the federal government.iii. Development plan processing fee.iv. Business licence fee.v. Rental of items such as stalls, tents.vi. Other sources such as loans and interest on loans.

77. Name the act that governs the local government.

Local Government Act 1976 (Act 171).

78. What are the objectives of the Local Government Act?

i. To co-ordinate all local authorities in the peninsula.ii. To expand the powers of control and functionality.iii. To establish uniformity in urban planning.iv. To optimise existing resources.v. To improve the effectiveness and efficiency of local

authorities.vi. To increase revenue.

79. What is a statutory body?

It is an autonomous, semi-government body administered by a board of directors under the responsibility of the minister concerned. It has its own budget allocation.


38

Malaysian Constitution and the

Judicial System


37

39

THE POLITICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM OF THE GOVERNMENT OF MALAYSIA-------------------------------------------------------------------------------MALAYSIAN CONSTITUTION AND THE JUDICIAL SYSTEM

80. What is the supreme law of Malaysia?

The Federal Constitution.

81. Give interpretations of the Constitution.

i. A document or set of documents that sets the policy or legal basis and institution of political system.

ii. The supreme law that is the basis for the formation of a government.

iii. A set of rules concerning the rights, authority, regulations and responsibilities that govern the relationship between the authorities and between the government and the people.

82. Why is the Constitution so important to a country?

i. To set the framework and administrative structure of a country.

ii. To specify the power and role of public authorities.iii. To ensure the stability of the country.iv. To ensure fairness, transparency, integrity and seamless

administration of the government.v. To secure co-operation, unity, justice and common

interests between the government and the people.vi. To ensure the fundamental rights and freedom of the

citizens.vii. To secure the undivided loyalty of the people to the

country.


40

83. Name the independent body set up to draft the Constitution of Malaya and state when it was formed.

The Reid Commission; March 1956.

84. State the members of the Reid Commission.

i. Lord Reid (Britain) - Chairman.ii. Sir Ivor Jennings (Britain).iii. Sir William McKell (Australia).iv. Judge B. Malik (India).v. Judge Abdul Hamid (Pakistan).

85. State the provision of Article 4(1) in the Federal Constitution.

The Federal Constitution is the supreme law of the federation and any law passed shall not be inconsistent with the Constitution.

Note: The highest of status of the law or Constitution is known as the supremacy of the Constitution.

86. Why is the Constitution considered as supreme?

This is because the Constitution is above the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, Parliament, Cabinet and the courts. All laws enacted must be in accordance with the Federal Constitution.

41

87. What is stated in Article 75 of the Federal Constitution?

Any state law that is inconsistent with the Federal Constitution shall be void.

88. State the contents of the Federal Constitution.

The Federal Constitution contains:i. 15 parts.ii. 183 articles.iii. 13 schedules.

89. List the provisions contained in the Federal Constitution.

i. Federal government list.ii. State list.iii. Institution of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong.iv. Parliament.v. Cabinet of ministers.vi. The judiciary.

90. Which matters in the Federal Constitution are not to be questioned?

i. Status of the Malay rulers.ii. Status of the religion of Islam.iii. Status of the Malay language.iv. Special rights of the Malays and natives of Sabah and

Sarawak.

Note: The above matters, which had been agreed upon by all the communities during the drafting of the Constitution, are also considered as traditional elements of the Constitution.


42

91. State the process by which a law is passed in Parliament.

i. A recommendation is submitted by a ministry.ii. The legislation is drafted by the Attorney General’s

Chambers.iii. First reading in the House of Representatives (reading of

title of the bill only).iv. Second reading in the House of Representatives (the bill

is debated).v. Detailed discussion of the bill at the committee level in

the House of Representatives.vi. Third reading in the House of Representatives (the bill is

debated before approval).vii. The bill is submitted to the Senate. (Note: The same process as in the House of Representatives

is repeated).viii. The submission of the bill, which has been passed by the

Senate, to the Yang di-Pertuan Agong.ix. The bill is assented to and stamped with the national seal.x. Gazetting of the law in the Government Gazette.

92. How are amendments to the Federal Constitution made?

i. Obtaining a two-thirds majority in a parliamentary sitting and consent of the Conference of Rulers.

ii. Obtaining a two-thirds majority in a parliamentary sitting and consent of the Governor of Sabah or Governor of Sarawak.

iii. Obtaining a two-thirds majority in a parliamentary sitting.

iv. Obtaining a simple majority in a parliamentary sitting.


43

93. What is stated in Article 3(1) of the Constitution?

Islam is the religion of the federation, but other religions may be practised in peace and harmony.

94. What do you understand about Article 11(4) of the Constitution?

A state may enact a law to prevent non-Muslims from spreading their religious teachings to the Muslims.

95. Who among the members of the Reid Commission strongly supported the proposal by the Alliance to include Islam as the religion of Malaya as a provision in the Constitution?

Judge Abdul Hamid (Pakistan).

Note: Legislative Council Paper No. 42 of 1957 states that: “It has been included in the proposed Constitution a declaration that Islam is the religion of the federation. This shall by no means affect the position of the federation as a secular state, and that every person shall have the right to propagate his religion, although the last-mentioned right shall be subject to any restrictions imposed by state law relating to the development of any religious doctrine or belief among persons professing the religion of Islam.”

96. What is the function of the judiciary in our country?

i. To hear and determine civil and criminal matters.ii. To determine the validity of laws made by the legislative

body and implementing agency.iii. To have the authority to interpret the Federal and State

Constitutions.


44

97. The appointment of a judge in Malaysia is based on set guidelines. State the guidelines.

i. Appointment by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong on the advice of the Prime Minister.

ii. A judge cannot be arbitrarily dismissed without reasonable cause. Promotions and dismissals are under the authority of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong.

iii. Judges are not allowed to participate in politics.

Note: In 1994, the Code of Ethics for Judges was introduced. Violation of any provisions in the code may be grounds for the removal of a judge from office.

98. Who is the head of the judiciary in Malaysia?

The Chief Justice.

99. State the jurisdiction of the courts in Malaysia.

i. To perform judicial duties.ii. To have the power to interpret the Federal Constitution.iii. To interpret the law.iv. To declare the written laws of the federal government or

the state government.v. To have the power to declare any government action as

illegal before the law.


45

100. Name the courts in Malaysia.

i. Federal Court.ii. Court of Appeal.iii. High Court of Malaya.iv. High Court of Sabah and Sarawak.v. Sessions Court.vi. Magistrates’ Court.

101. What is the role of the Attorney-General?

The Attorney-General acts as the legal adviser to the government and public prosecutor or the government’s advocate.

102. Under what circumstances can the two Houses of Parliament discuss the conduct of a judge?

Under its own motion and notice thereof given to not less than one-fourth of the total members of the Houses. The conduct of a judge cannot be discussed at any State Legislative Assembly.

103. List the jurisdiction of the High Court.

i. Criminal jurisdiction.ii. Civil jurisdiction. a. General jurisdiction. b. Specific Jurisdiction.

iii. Referral jurisdiction.iv. Referral jurisdiction on the matter of the Constitution

from the subordinate courts.


46

v. Appellate jurisdiction. a. Criminal appeal. b. Civil appeal.vi. Revision. a. Criminal. b. Civil.vii. Powers of supervision and revision.

104. Article 5(3) guarantees the rights of the arrested person. What are these rights?

i. The right to be informed of the grounds of arrest.ii. The right to seek the services of a lawyer.

105. What is the purpose of the Labour Court and what are the functions of the Industrial Court?

i. The purpose of the Labour Court is to adjudicate disputes arising from employer-employee relations.

ii. The Industrial Court mainly deals with cases of dismissal by employers.

Note: The Industrial Court comprises two divisions:a. The Chairman’s Court hears cases of dismissal in the private sector as well

as disputes over the terms of service.b. The President’s Court hears cases of dispute relating to the interpretation,

variation and non-compliance of decision or collective agreement relating to reference to the High Court on a question of law (writ of certiorari).


47 48

Malaysian Society – Ethnic Relations


106. Aside from the courts, what other bodies in Malaysia have the power of judgment in accordance with their functions and jurisdiction?

i. Bar Council.ii. Malaysian Medical Association.iii. Public Service Disciplinary Board.iv. Tribunal for Consumer Claims.v. Tribunal for Homebuyer Claims. vi. Special Commissioners of Income Tax.

107. What is the role of the Bar Council?

i. To register all lawyers in Malaysia.ii. To provide disciplinary rules to all lawyers.iii. To hear public complaints against lawyers.

Note: The disciplinary committee of the Bar Council can prohibit a lawyer who had violated any disciplinary rules from practising the profession. The lawyer in question may be fined up to RM5000.00.


49

THE POLITICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM OF THE GOVERNMENT OF MALAYSIA-------------------------------------------------------------------------------MALAYSIAN SOCIETY – ETHNIC RELATIONS

108. State the form of the Malaysian society and the main challenge it faces.

Pluralistic society; issues that can threaten racial unity

109. What is the main feature of a pluralistic society in Malaysia?

Diversity of cultures, languages, religions and customs.

110. State the three major ethnic groups in Peninsular Malaysia.

Malay, Chinese and Indian.

111. State the major ethnic groups in Sabah and Sarawak.

Sabah: Natives (Kadazan-Dusun, Bajau, Murut, Dayak, Bisaya, Illanun, etc.), Chinese, European and other ethnic groups.

Sarawak: Iban (Sea Dayak), Bidayuh (Land Dayak), Melanau, Penan, Malay, Chinese and other ethnic groups.

112. One of the nine challenges of Vision 2020 is related to ethnic relations in Malaysia. What is this challenge referring to?

The challenge of building a united Malaysian nation.

113. In Malaysian history, there have been ethnic conflicts. State these conflicts.

i. The Emergency (1948-1960).ii. The 13 May 1969 incident.iii. The Kampung Medan incident of March 2001.


50

114. State the economic policy introduced by the government after the May 13 incident in order to restructure society and bridge the gap between the communities (poverty eradication).

The New Economic Policy (NEP) 1970-1990.

115. The Constitution of Malaysia contains articles pertaining to ethnic relations. List these articles.

i. Article 8: Equality and non-discrimination (with the exemption of the religion and special privileges of the Malays).

ii. Article 10(4): Restrictions on freedom of speech (prohibiting the questioning of the status of the rulers, the religion of Islam, the Malays, citizenship, etc.).

iii. Article 150(6a): The position of Islam, the customs of the Malays and of the natives in Sabah and Sarawak, and citizenship, even during the state of emergency.

iv. Article 152 states that the national language is the Malay Language and everyone is free to teach, learn or use any other languages, except for official purposes.

v. Article 153: It is the responsibility of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King of Malaysia) to safeguard the ‘special position’ of the Malays and the natives of the States of Sabah and Sarawak and the legitimate rights of other communities.

Note: The traditional elements (Malay language, the religion of Islam, the special position of the Malays and the natives of Sabah and Sarawak, and the position of the rulers) are protected under the Sedition Act of 1971 and cannot be made an issue in public debates.

51

116. What do you understand about the ‘social contract’ in the Malaysian context?

The social contract refers to the compromises between the various ethnic on their mutual rights and privileges and their bargain with the Malay Rulers and the British for the creation of a democratic and monarchical system of government.

117. Why is a united Malaysian society very important to the country?

i. To maintain political stability.ii. To ensure the continuous development of the country.iii. To maintain peace and security of the country.iv. To ensure that the people live in harmony, peace and

prosperity.

118. How is racial unity in the Malaysian society built and fostered?

i. Rukun Negara (national ideology).ii. National Education Policy.iii. National Language Policy.iv. Economic Development Policy.v. National Unity and Integration Policy.vi. Social Development Policy.vii. 1Malaysia concept.viii. Freedom and equality (subject to the Constitution).ix. Political compromise/noble coalition.


52

119. The Rukun Negara, which contains the values of nationhood and social norms, was promulgated on 31 August 1970 as the guiding principles of social life of the Malaysian people. What is the noble goal of the Rukun Negara?

To establish a Malaysian society that is united, democratic, just, liberal and progressive.

120. State the five principles of the Rukun Negara to achieve this goal.

i. Belief in God.ii. Loyalty to king and country.iii. Supremacy of the Constitution.iv. Rule of law.v. Decorum and morality.

121. State the implementation outcomes of national education in terms of ethnic relations in Malaysia.

i. To foster racial integration among students from different ethnic backgrounds.

ii. To create tolerance and understanding among students from various ethnic backgrounds.

iii. To inculcate mutual respect and intermingling of peers of different faiths, cultures and backgrounds.

iv. To encourage positive social interaction among peer groups, between students, and between students and teachers.

v. To nurture and cultivate understanding of the Rukun Negara among the multiracial students so as to be patriotic and loyal citizens of the country.


53

122. Name the programme introduced by the government in 2003 which aims to build solidarity and develop positive character among the youth of all races.

National Service Programme.

123. The 1Malaysia concept was introduced by Dato’ Seri Najib Tun Abdul Razak when he became the 6th Prime Minister. What are the aspiration and goal of the concept?

To strengthen national unity and to build a Malaysian nation based on shared values of integrity, capability, dedication and loyalty.

Note: The 1Malaysia concept has been described by the Prime Minister as: “We stand, we think and we act as Malaysians. And we take actions based on the needs of all ethnic groups in the country.”

124. State the three thrusts of integration and noble values of 1Malaysia.

Thrusts of integration: acceptance, principles of nationhood and social justice.Noble values: Mutual respect, humility, moderation and courtesy

Note: The eight values contained in the 1Malaysia concept: culture of excellence; endurance; humility; acceptance; loyalty; meritocracy; education; and integrity

Note: The religious and cultural practices of the Malaysian society are as follows:

The Malay community: They practise the religion of Islam, believing in one God, i.e. Allah. The fundamental tenets of the religion are based on the five

pillars and six articles of Islam. The obligatory rituals include the prayer, fasting, zakat and performing the hajj (in Makkah). The main festivals include the Eid al-Fitr (1 Shawwal after the end of Ramadan) and Eid al-Adha. During Eid al-Adha, Muslims perform worship by slaughtering animals such as cows and goats as a symbol of sacrifice. The house of worship of the Muslims is the mosque (and surau). Muslims are prohibited from partaking alcohol, pork and other non-permissible meats, gambling, adultery, usury, slander, making false accusations, etc. Islam requires its followers to build good relations based on kinship regardless of colour, position and region. Islam also promotes good relations between Muslims and non-Muslims.

The Chinese community: Most were from the provinces of Kwantung, Tukuin, Amoy, Sen-Yu, Hok Chiu, Eng Chon, etc. Their religious beliefs and practices include Taoism (philosophy), Confucianism (philosophy), Buddhism and worship of deities and ancestors. Some (a minority) have embraced Islam and Christianity.

The Chinese community places high importance on the institution of the family, love among relatives (hsiao), brotherhood (ti) and obedience to parents. They prescribe to the concept of ‘yin’ (passive/negative element) and ‘yang’ (active/positive element), the dual elements that lead to peace and harmony. Other concepts of importance to the Chinese community include ‘jen’ (developing a moralistic individual), ‘li’ (moral decency and rites) and ‘te’ (moral values as prerequisite to being a good member of society). The main festival of the Chinese community is the lunar new year based on the Chinese calendar. Their homes will usually be decorated with the citrus fruit, flowers and plants as a symbol of prosperity. The family will gather to enjoy a spread of traditional dishes and treated with ‘yee sang’ and rice cakes. The giving of ‘ang pau’ money in red envelopes to children, young people or unmarried individuals symbolises good luck. Dragon or lion dance performances accompanied by the beating of drums further enliven the festivity. The Chinese New Year celebration concludes with ‘Chap Goh Mei’, a festival marking the 15th day of the New Year.



54

The Indian community: The majority of the Indian population originates from Southern India with about 90 per cent of Tamils from Chennai and the rest being Telugus and Malayalees. There are also the Punjabis and Ceylonese. The religion practised by most Indians is Hinduism. Punjabis are mostly Sikhs. The main feature of Hinduism is the belief in many gods. The main concept of divinity is the Trimurti of three gods, namely Brahma (the Creator), Vishnu (the Preserver) and Shiva (the Destroyer). Other important gods include Agni (God of Fire), Varuna (God of Heaven), Lakshmi (Goddess of Wealth), Indra (God of War and Weather) and Surya (Sun God). Hindus have a strong belief in the concepts of karma and rebirth.

Deepavali and Thaipusam are the major festivals celebrated by the Indian community of Hindu faith. Deepavali is celebrated on the 14thday of the month of Aipasi in the Tamil calendar (between the months of October and November) and is also known as the Festival of Lights. Rows of lamps are lit at the homes of Hindus to celebrate the victory of good over evil. On the morning of Deepavali, Hindus will have a traditional oil bath to purify the body and soul. After the ceremony, they will visit the temple to offer a garland of flowers to the Hindu gods. Intricate floral designs and floor paintings usually decorate the entrances of homes to welcome Goddess Lakshmi.

Thaipusam is celebrated in honour of Lord Murugan in the tenth month of Thai in the Tamil calendar. It is a day to remove the sins of the past and repent. The Hindu community in Malaysia usually celebrate Thaipusam at Batu Caves. The main feature of Thaipusam is the ritual of carrying the ‘kavadi’, a metal frame decorated with flowers, coloured paper and fresh fruit that is placed on the shoulders of the devotee as a sign of repentance or as homage to Lord Subramaniam. The deity Lord Subramaniam, the youngest son of Lord Shiva, is carried on a silver chariot and paraded to the accompaniment of traditional music.

The Sarawak community: The community mainly comprises the Iban, Malays and Melanau. The majority of the Iban do not subscribe to a particular religion, but today many of them are Christians and a small number of them Muslims. Among their practices is the ‘miring’ ceremony, a ritual to appease the gods. The Iban adhere strictly to taboos (‘mali’) such as the ‘mali labu’. The Malay community in Sarawak are Muslims, whereas the Melanau comprise both Muslims and Christians. The Melanau also have a strong belief in the occult and supernatural powers. The Sarawak community is known for its woven textile called the ‘puakumbu’.

The Sabah community: The largest community is the Kadazan-Dusun. The majority of its population practise animism while a small number are Muslims and Christians. They believe in the existence of heaven and hell and that the spirits of the dead will be borne to Mount Kinabalu. The Kadazan-Dusun practise rituals such as the ‘Keamatan’ (Harvest Festival). They also perform a ceremony called ‘popodulik’ to expel diseases. Some of the customs of the Kadazan-Dusun include the ‘mihad’ (mourning the dead), ‘menguman’ (cleansing and decorating the body of the deceased), ‘lobong’ (grave), ‘penukup’ (feast) and ‘mintuhun’ (setting a baby’s feet on the ground). The Bajau are mostly Muslims. They also believe in the concept of ‘tulah’ where a misfortune is incurred for violating customs and traditions.



55 56

58

History of Modern

Malaysia


57

59

125. In 1946, the British introduced a plan which the Malays believed could destroy the nation built since the era of the Malay Sultanate. What was the plan called?

The Malayan Union.

126. State the reasons why the British were determined to implement the Malayan Union.

i. To prepare for an independent government.ii. To create a Malayan Union nation.iii. To facilitate and cut down on administrative costs.iv. To control the political power of the Malays.

127. What was the purpose of the formation of a Malayan Union nation by the British?

To ensure that immigrants gave their full allegiance to the British rule in Malaya and to exploit them as human capital so that they could continue to have control over the economic resources of Malaya.

128. When was the Malayan Union drafted by the British?

In 1942 while World War II was still ongoing. A White Paper of the proposal was tabled in the British Parliament and published in the British Government gazette on 22 January 1946.

THE POLITICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM OF THE GOVERNMENT OF MALAYSIA-------------------------------------------------------------------------------HISTORY OF MODERN MALAYSIA

60

129. State the four features of the Malayan Union Agreement of 1946.

The answers may be any four of the following:

i. All Federated Malay States, Unfederated Malay States and two Straits Settlements to be unified as an entity.

ii. Singapore was excluded because of its importance as a free port.

iii. Appointment of a British governor as head the Malayan Union.

iv. Appointment of a State Commissioner for each state as the chief administrator.

v. Formation of an Executive Council and Legislative Council of the Malayan Union.

vi. Equal citizenship rights following the principle of jus soli.vii. The Malay rulers were allowed to become members of the

Conference of Rulers only to discuss matters pertaining to Islam and Malay customs.

Note: The Malayan Union administration sought to create a union controlled by a strong central government, no longer subject to Singapore but under the direct authority of the British Parliament in London. It aimed to replace a fragmented administrative system with a centralised administrative system to facilitate the British in ensuring uniformity in policies, administration, security, the economy, judiciary and legislature.


61


130. Jus soli refers to the granting of citizenship of the Malayan Union to anyone born in Malaya and Singapore. State the conditions for the Malayan Union citizenship.

i. Aged 18 years and above and resident of the country for 10-15 years.

ii. Children of citizens under the age of 18 years.iii. Any citizen of the British colonies.

131. When and where was the Malayan Union declared, and who was appointed the first Governor of the Malayan Union?

1 April 1946 at King’s House (Carcosa Seri Negara) in Kuala Lumpur; Sir Edward Gent.

132. How did the British obtain the consent of the Malay rulers for the formation of the Malayan Union?

i. Sir Harold MacMichael threatened the Malay rulers with dethronement if they refused to give their approval for the Malayan Union.

ii. The Sultans of Selangor and Johor signed on the basis of friendship with the British.

iii. The rulers were not given enough time to discuss with the State Council as in the case of the Sultan of Perak.

133. What were the reactions of the Malays and non-Malays to the Malayan Union?

The Malays opposed whereas the non-Malays supported it.


62

134. Why did the Malays oppose the idea of the Malayan Union?

i. The Malayan Union would erode the sovereignty of the Malay rulers.

ii. The status of Malaya would change from a protectorate to a British colony.

iii. The loosening of restrictions by granting citizenship to immigrants would threaten the status quo of the Malays as the indigenous people.

iv. The Malays were concerned about losing their heritage which had been built since the days of the Melaka Sultanate.

135. Why did the non-Malays support the Malayan Union?

The concept of citizenship (jus soli) was in their favour.

136. A small group of Malays supported the Malayan Union. Name them and state the reasons for their support.

The group comprised:

i. Malay Nationalist Party of Malaya or Parti Kebangsaan Melayu Malaya (PKMM).

ii. Angkatan Pemuda Insaf (API).iii. Angkatan Wanita Sedar (AWAS).iv. Barisan Tani Malaya (BATAS).

Reasons for their support:

i. The Malayan Union would streamline the administration of Malaya.

ii. Creation of an administration without the Malay rulers and chieftains (eliminating the feudal system).

63

iii. Agreement with the consolidation of Islamic administration in Malaya.

iv. In support of the open citizenship policy.v. Belief that the British would grant independence to

Malaya.

137. A number of Malay administrative officers supported the Malayan Union. What was the reason for their support?

They felt convinced that the British were a great power and had the competence to administer and develop Malaya.

138. The Malay rulers, chieftains and the majority of the Malays who were not involved in left-wing politics were against the Malayan Union. State the actions that they took.

i. They held demonstrations when Sir Harold MacMichael was obtaining the signatures of the Malay rulers.

ii. The Malay associations sent telegrams and letters of protest to the Colonial Office in London.

iii. Utusan Melayu, Majlis and Warta Malaya were utilised to criticise and voice out their protests against the Malayan Union.

iv. Dato’ Onn Jaafar urged the Malays to hold congresses and form unions to oppose the Malayan Union.

v. A Malay Congress held from 1-4 March 1946 at the Sultan Sulaiman Club in Kampung Baru, Kuala Lumpur was attended by 41 Malay associations from around the Malay Peninsula.

vi. The 2nd Malay Congress was held at the Grand Palace in Johor Bahru on 11-12 May 1946.


64

vii. The Pertubuhan Kebangsaan Melayu Bersatu (PEKEMBAR), later known as the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), was established as a result of the Malay Congress of 1946.

viii. The Malays held rallies in every major town to demonstrate their objections to members of the British parliament (LD Gammas and David Reese Williams).

ix. The Malay rulers gathered in Kuala Kangsar as a show of protest to members of the British parliament.

139. When was UMNO founded and who was elected as its first President?

11 May 1946; Dato’ Onn Jaafar.

140. The protest of the Malays against the Malayan Union was also supported by a number of high ranking British officials. Name these British officers.

Sir Edward Gent, Sir Malcolm MacDonald and LD Gammas.

141. What was the impact of resistance of the Malays against the Malayan Union?

The Malayan Union was dissolved and the Federation of Malaya was formed on 1 February 1948.

142. The formation of the Federation of Malaya was not only welcomed by the Malays but also supported by former British officers. Name these former British officers.

i. Sir RO Winstedt.ii. Sir Cecil Clementi.iii. Sir Frank Swettenham.iv. Sir George Maxwell.


65

143. Name the local figures who played an important role in the formation of the Federation of Malaya.

i. Sultan Badlishah (Kedah).ii. Sultan Abdul Aziz (Perak).iii. Sultan Ibrahim (Johor).iv. Dato’ Onn Jaafar.v. Dato’ Nik Ahmed Kamil.

144. Give the main reasons why the British were willing to form the Federation of Malaya.

i. UMNO and the Malay rulers wanted only negotiations rather than a demand for independence.

ii. The British feared the influence of radical politics such as of PKMM, API, AWAS and BATAS would command politics in Malaya.

145. How did the British initiate steps to replace the Malayan Union with the Federation of Malaya?

They formed a 12-member Executive Committee consisting of senior British officials, UMNO leaders and representatives of the Malay rulers.

146. List the demands made by the Malays during the Executive Committee meeting to draft the Federation of Malaya Agreement 1948.

i. Rejection of all principles and structure of the Malayan Union.

ii. Formation of a federation similar to the concept of the Federated Malay States.

iii. Reinstatement of the status of the Malay rulers as heads of the Malay states.


66

(iv) Rejection of the open citizenship of the Malayan Union(v) Restoration of the protection policy of the Malay states

147. Who opposed the negotiations and what was the reason for their opposition?

The non-Malays and the Malay radicals for they regarded the Executive Committee as not being representative of all groups.

148. Name the organisations which were established in early 1947 to oppose the British and UMNO.

All-Malaya Council of Joint Action (AMCJA) and Pusat Tenaga Ra’ayat (PUTERA).

149. Name the constitution offered by the AMCJA-PUTERA coalition and state their proposals in the constitution.

The People’s Constitution 1947, which contained the following proposals:

i. A united Malaya including Singapore.ii. An elected central government and State Councils.iii. Citizens of Malaya to be known as Malays.iv. Malay rulers to have real sovereign power responsible to

the people.v. Special position of the Malays reinstated.vi. Malay customs and religion to be fully controlled by the

Malays. vii. Foreign affairs and defence to be the joint responsibility

of the governments of Malaya and Great Britain.viii. Malay to be the national and official language.ix. Equal rights to citizenship.x. Red and white to be the colours of the flag of Malaya.


67

150. State the features of the Federation of Malaya Agreement 1948.

i. A federation to be formed comprising eleven states. The federal and state lists to be formulated. Singapore to remain a separate colony.

ii. The Federation of Malaya to be headed by a British High Commissioner, assisted by the Federal Legislative Council and the Federal Executive Council.

iii. The High Commissioner to protect the special position of the Malays.

iv. A constitutional monarchy to be established.v. The monarchy system to be maintained with clear lines

of authority. The sultans to rule on the advice of the State Executive Council and State Legislative Council.

vi. Malay supremacy as the foundation of the Federation of Malaya.

vii. Conditions for citizenship to be tightened. An applicant must have been born and lived in the Federation of Malaya for 8-12 years, while a foreign applicant must have lived in the Federation of Malaya for at least 15 years. The jus soli principle to apply only to British citizens in Penang and Melaka.

viii. Re-introduction of citizens of the Malay rulers. This meant that Malays who were born in any Malay state would automatically be citizens of that state.

Note: The Federal Executive Council comprised 17 members (7 official members, 7 unofficial members and 3 ex-officio members).

The Federal Legislative Council comprised the High Commissioner as Chairman, 14 official members, 9 State Council Presidents, 2 representatives from the Melaka and Penang Local Councils, and 50 unofficial members representing other races.


68

151. What is the name of the committee set up by the British in 1949 to address issues related to the constitution, politics and economy as demanded by the various ethnic groups?

Communities Liaison Committee (CLC).

152. Who were the members of the CLC?

i. Dato’ Onn Jaafar.ii. Dato’ Abdul Wahab Abdul Aziz.iii. Tan Cheng Lock.iv. C.C. Tan.v. E.E.C. Thuraisingham.vi. Dr. J.S. Gooting.

153. In 1951, the British introduced the Member System. The idea was born out of the recommendation of Dato’ Onn Jaafar. What was the Member System?

It was a system that trained local residents and other communities to administer the country.

154. Who proposed that the Member System be modelled after that of Kenya and Northern Rhodesia?

Sir Henry Gurney.

155. The British agreed to the Member System proposed by Dato’ Onn Ja’afar. State why.

i. It was in line with British decolonisation policy.ii. It would help reduce pressure from the Communist Party

of Malaya.iii. It would help prevent the people from being influenced

by the communists.


69

156. Name the local figures who participated in discussions on the Member System at King’s House in Kuala Lumpur.

i. Dato’ Onn Jaafarii. Dato’ Hamzah Abdullahiii. Dato’ Nik Ahmed Kamiliv. Raja Udav. E.E.C. Thuraisingamvi. Yong Shook Lin vii. Dr. Lee Tiang Keng

157. State the benefits of the Member System.

i. Basis for training the local people in self-government.ii. Exposure to the different races on modern administrative

methods.iii. A model of power-sharing among the ethnic groups.iv. Initiation of the process of national solidarity in the

Federation of Malaya.v. In preparation for achieving independence for Malaya.

158. State the features of the Member System.

i. It resembled a shadow cabinet system comprising a number of administrative officers and community leaders.

ii. Members of the Member System were appointed by the British High Commissioner with the consent of the Conference of Rulers.

iii. Members were under the authority of the British High Commissioner.

iv. Its members headed specific portfolios.


70

159. Name the members of the Member System and their portfolios.

i. Dato’ Onn Jaafar – Internal Affairsii. E.E.C. Thuraisingham – Educationiii. Tunku Yaakob – Agriculture and Forestryiv. Dato’ Mahmud Mat – Land, Mining and Transportv. Lee Ting Keng – Healthvi. J.D. Mead – Public Works and Housingvii. J.D. Hodgkinson – Industrial and Social Relationsviii. O.A. Spencer – Economic Affairs

160. State the two elections conducted in Malaya before the first general election in 1955. What were the results of the elections?

i. Penang Municipal Council Elections (December 1951) – 9 seats were contested. The Alliance (UMNO and MCA) won all seats.

ii. Kuala Lumpur Municipal Council Elections (February 1952) – 12 seats were contested. The Alliance won 9 seats and the Independence of Malaya Party (IMP) won 3 seats.


71

161. In 1955, the Federal Legislative Council Elections were held to elect a government that would seek independence for Malaya. What were the results of the 1st General Election?

The Alliance (UMNO, MCA and MIC) won 51 out of 52 seats and PAS won 1 seat in Kerian, Perak.

Note: The 1st General Election (1955) showed the willingness of UMNO to compromise and make sacrifices. It could have formed a government without forming a coalition with MCA and MIC. This showed the openness and willingness of the Malays to share power for the sake of unity.

162. In January 1956, eight representatives went to London to discuss the country’s independence. Who led the delegation to London? Name the members of the delegation.

Tunku Abdul Rahman Putera al-Haj (Prime Minister); the members of the delegation were:

i. Datuk Mohd Seth Mohammad Said (Menteri Besar of Johor).

ii. Abdul Aziz Haji Abdul Majid (Menteri Besar of Selangor).iii. Dato’ Nik Ahmed Kamil Haji Mahmood (former Menteri

Besar of Kelantan).iv. Dato’ Panglima Bukit Gantang.v. Dr. Ismail Abdul Rahman (Minister of Natural

Resources).vi. Dato’ Abdul Razak Hussein (Minister of Education).vii. Colonel H.S. Lee (Minister of Transport).

Note: Secretary to the delegation: T.H. Tan. The negotiations for independence were held from 18 January to 8 February 1956 (3 weeks).


72

163. On 8 February, the Treaty of London was signed. What were the outcomes of the Treaty of London?

i. The British would grant independence to Malaya on 31 August 1957.

ii. Malaya would form part of the Commonwealth with a democratic style of governance.

iii. The British gained the right to station their troops in Malaya.

iv. The setting up of an independent body to formulate the Constitution of Malaya –the Reid Commission.

164. What did the Treaty of London determine with regard to the Constitution of Malaya?

i. Formation of a federation with a strong central government.

ii. Safeguarding of the position, privileges, sovereignty and rights of the rulers.

iii. Establishment of the head of state, i.e. the Yang di-Pertuan Agong.

iv. Preservation of the special rights of the Malays and recognition of the rights of other races.

v. Establishment of a standard system of citizenship for the whole of the Federation of Malaya.

165. Name the members of the Reid Commission.

i. Lord Reid (British) – Chairman.ii. Sir Ivor Jennings (British).iii. Sir William McKell (Australia).iv. B. Malik (India).v. Judge Abdul Hamid (Pakistan).


73

Note: The commission received 131 written memoranda from political parties, the Malay rulers, individuals and the general public. It met several times from June-October 1956.

166. Who were parties to the Federation of Malaya Agreement of 1957?

i. Representing the Malay rulers: Tunku Abdul Rahman, the Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan who became the first Yang di-Pertuan Agong of the Federation of Malaya.

ii. Leaders of the Alliance: Tunku Abdul Rahman, Tun Abdul Razak, Tun V Sambanthan and Tun HS Lee.

iii. Other figures: Dato’ Onn Ja’afar and Dato’ Panglima Bukit Gantang.

167. On 27 May 1961, Tunku Abdul Rahman spoke at the Conference of Foreign Correspondents’ Association of Southeast Asia at Adelphi Hotel, Singapore. What idea did he put forward in his speech?

The formation of Malaysia.

168. Why did Tunku Abdul Rahman suggest the formation of Malaysia?

i. To secure a strong political position.ii. To create economic and social co-operation.iii. To contain and eliminate communist influence.iv. To balance the total population.v. To accelerate the independence of Singapore, Sabah and

Sarawak.vi. To create racial unity and territorial integration.


74

169. What were Lee Kuan Yew’s reactions to the proposed formation of Malaysia?

i. Accepted and welcomed the formation of Malaysia.ii. Urged the British to quickly hold talks with Tunku Abdul

Rahman to allow Singapore to join the Federation of Malaya.

iii. Held a referendum on 1 September 1962 to seek public opinion on joining Malaysia.

iv. The Solidarity Consultative Committee was set up in Singapore in July 1961 to explain the formation of Malaysia to the public.

170. What political factors led to the formation of Malaysia?

i. Security concerns, especially the communist threat in the Federation of Malaya.

ii. Influence of the left-wing Socialist Front in Singapore.iii. Automatic independence for Sabah, Sarawak and

Singapore.

171. What were the reactions of the people of the Federation of Malaya to the formation of Malaysia?

i. The people of the Federation of Malaya were in favour and considered it a noble cause.

ii. UMNO and most political parties in the Federation of Malaya agreed to the formation of Malaysia.

iii. The Pan-Malayan Islamic Party (PAS) and the Socialist Front wanted the matter to be discussed first with the people of Malaya.


75

172. What were the reactions of the people of Sabah and Sarawak to the formation of Malaysia?

i. Initially, the two states rejected the idea of a Malaysian nation as they were not confident of self-governance.

ii. The Sarawak Alliance Party (PANAS, SNAP, BERJASA, SCA and PUSAKA) supported the proposal.

iii. In Sabah, parties such as the United Sabah National Organisation, Democratic Party, United Party and Pasok Momugun united to form the Sabah Alliance Party to support the formation of Malaysia.

173. State the basis for claims in Sabah’s 20-point agreement.

i. Formulation of the new Constitution of Malaysia.ii. Protection of the rights and interests of the peoples of

Sarawak and Sabah.iii. Demand for extra-territorial rights.

Note: Extra-territorial rights deal with important matters such as Chief Minister, Islam, national language, immigration matters, citizenship, special position of the indigenous people, education and financial allocations.

174. The Cobbold Commission was set up on 17 January 1962. What was its role?

It was set up to obtain feedback from the people of Sarawak and Sabah on the proposed formation of Malaysia as well as to evaluate and make recommendations.


76

175. Name the members of the Cobbold Commission.

i. Lord Cobbold (Chairman).ii. Sir Anthony Abell.iii. Sir David Watherston.iv. Datuk Wong Pow Nee.v. Mohamed Ghazali Shafie.vi. H Harris (Secretary).

176. State the reactions of Brunei, the Philippines and Indonesia to the formation of Malaysia.

i. Brunei initially agreed but later rejected the idea because of opposition from its own people, led by AM Azahari and the Brunei People’s Party.

ii. The Philippines were against it as it claimed ownership of the state of Sabah. This claim was based on an agreement signed on 22 January 1878 between Sultan Jamalul Alam and Baron Von Overback.

iii. Indonesia was against it because it aspired to form ‘Indonesia Raya’. On 20 January 1963, President Sukarno declared a policy of confrontation against Malaysia with the slogan “Crush Malaysia”.

177. What were the steps taken by Malaysia in facing resistance from the Philippines and Indonesia to the formation of Malaysia?

i. Formed MAPHILINDO.ii. Sent an official protest to the United Nations.iii. Entered into a defence treaty with Britain.iv. Obtained the assistance of Commonwealth troops.v. Conducted visits to Third World countries to explain the

issues between Indonesia and Malaysia.


77

178. Where was the Malaysia Agreement signed? State the key points of the agreement.

London (at Marlborough House); the key points of the agreement are as follows:

i. All foreign affairs would fall under the purview of the federal government.

ii. Islam would be the official religion of the federation with the exception of Sarawak and Sabah. Other religions may be practised freely.

iii. Malay shall be the national language but English and other languages may continue to be used.

iv. The official language of Sarawak and Sabah would be English until 10 years after Malaysia Day.

v. Sabah and Sarawak would be given the authority to control immigration affairs and public services.

vi. Sarawak obtained 24 seats, Sabah 16 seats and Singapore 15 seats.

vii. The same status as the Malays would be given to the natives of Sabah and Sarawak in the Federation of Malaya.

179. Name the three bodies that approved the Malaysia Agreement in August 1963.

i. The Parliament of Malaya.ii. Singapore Legislative Assembly.iii. Sarawak and Sabah Legislative Councils.


78

180. Name the act which incorporated the member states of Malaysia.

The Malaysia Act.

Note: The Malaysia Act was passed by the British Parliament and assented to by Queen Elizabeth. On 26 August 1963, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong gave his assent to the Malaysia Act. The Federation of Malaysia was officially established on 16 September 1963.


79 80

Malaysia’s Economic

Fundamentals


81

181. What does economic structure mean? State the main components of the economic structure of Malaysia.

It is the combination of the various economic sectors that contribute to the national income and employment of the country. The structure of the Malaysian economy comprises:

i. Primary sector – natural resources.ii. Secondary sector – using the raw materials for the

manufacture of semi-finished products.iii. Tertiary sector – service sector.

182. State the types of natural resource (primary sector) in Malaysia.

i. Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery.ii. Mining and quarrying.

183. State the economic sectors of the secondary sector.

i. Manufacturing sector.ii. Construction sector.

184. The service sector (tertiary sector) involves a variety of service-offering activities. Give five examples of these activities.

The answer may be any of the following:

i. Transportii. Communicationiii. Electricity and gasiv. Hospitalityv. Financevi. Insurance

THE POLITICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM OF THE GOVERNMENT OF MALAYSIA-------------------------------------------------------------------------------MALAYSIA’S ECONOMIC FUNDAMENTALS

82

vii. Real estateviii. Businessix. Wholesale and retailx. Restaurantsxi. Storagexii. Other services

185. Why is the service sector important to the Malaysian economy?

It lends support to the primary and secondary sectors in driving economic growth.

186. Why is the primary sector important to the country?

i. Source of raw materialsii. Exploration and development of new areasiii. New sources of revenueiv. Job opportunitiesv. Reduction in imports of raw materialsvi. Competitiveness with other countries

187. What economic problems would Malaysia face if it relies too heavily on the primary sector (natural resources)?

i. Depletion and extinction of resourcesii. Commodity price volatilityiii. Adverse balance of tradeiv. Effect on employment opportunitiesv. Competition from counterfeit goods


83

188. What were the changing trends to the Malaysian economic structure during the 1990s?

i. The contribution to the GDP of the primary sector declined, whereas the contributions of the secondary sector and tertiary sector continued to grow.

ii. The transition from a manufacturing-based economy (m-economy) to a knowledge-based economy (k-economy).

iii. The Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) was introduced to expand information and communications technology (ICT).

189. What have been the changing trends to the Malaysian economic structure since early 2000?

i. Emphasis on the secondary sector and tertiary sector, while the primary sector continues to contribute.

ii. Improvements to the modern agriculture sector on a large scale.

iii. The industrial sector is driven by export-based knowledge economy.

iv. The ICT industry is a knowledge-based economy.v. Strong emphasis on the use of ICT to enhance

competitiveness.vi. The implementation of the Economic Transformation

Programme (GTP):a. Liberalisation of the service and financial sectors.b. Emphasis on innovation and creativity.c. Introduction of 12 national key economic activities

(NKEAs).d. Raising of conventional and Islamic capital markets.e. Increase in the listing of companies on Bursa

Malaysia.


84

190. List the 12 national key economic activities (NKEAs) under the Economic Transformation Programme (ETP).

i. Oil, gas and energy.ii. Palm oil.iii. Agriculture.iv. Electronics and electrical.v. Tourism.vi. Education.vii. Healthcare.viii. Financial services.ix. Communications content and infrastructure.x. Business services.xi. Wholesale and retail.xii. Greater Kuala Lumpur (Klang Valley).

191. The New Economic Model (NEM) was announced by Dato’ Seri Najib Tun Razak on 30 March 2010. State its key points.

i. Based on increased labour productivity through enhanced knowledge and skills.

ii. Creativity and innovation as the new drivers of national economy.

iii. Stresses on three main components, namely human capital, private capital, social capital.

192. State the three main thrusts or components of the NEM.

i. Transformation of Malaysia into a high-income developed nation.

ii. Inclusiveness (all communities to contribute to and share in the wealth of the country).

iii. Sustainability (sustainable economically and environmentally).


85

193. List the eight strategic reform initiatives (SRIs) as outlined in the NEM.

i. SRI 1 : Re-energising the private sector.ii. SRI 2 : Developing a quality workforce and reducing

dependence on foreign labour.iii. SRI 3 : Creating a competitive domestic economy.iv. SRI 4 : Strengthening the public sector.v. SRI 5 : Transparent and market-friendly affirmative

action.vi. SRI 6 : Building knowledge based infrastructure.vii. SRI 7 : Enhancing the sources of growth.viii. SRI 8 : Ensuring sustainability of growth.

194. The 10th Malaysia Plan (2011-2015) contains 10 main premises or ideas to move the country towards high-income nation status. State the 10 premises.

i. The economy is driven by domestic factors while taking into account the external environment;

ii. Leveraging on our diversity to achieve success at the international stage;

iii. Transforming into a high-income nation through specialisation;

iv. Unleashing productivity and innovation-led growth;v. Nurturing, attracting and retaining top talent;vi. Ensuring equality of opportunities and safeguarding the

vulnerable;vii. Comprehensive growth, inclusive development;viii. Supporting effective and smart partnerships;ix. Valuing our environmental endowments; and x. Government as a competitive corporation


86

195. State the effects of changes in the economic structure of the country.

i. Increased foreign investment.ii. Development of manufacturing sector.iii. Development of service sector.iv. Increased employment opportunities.v. Increased national income.vi. Improved standards of living.

196. Government revenues are used to finance the operating and development expenditures of the country. State the sources of revenue of the government.

i. Tax revenue (direct taxes, indirect taxes).ii. Non-tax revenue.

197. List the types of direct tax earned by the government.

i. Corporate income tax.ii. Individual income tax.iii. Petroleum tax.iv. Co-operatives’ income tax.v. Real property gains tax.vi. Stamp duty.vii. Quit rent.viii. Assessment tax.

198. Give examples of indirect taxes earned by the government.

i. Import duties.ii. Export duties.iii. Excise duties (taxes on domestic goods sold in the

country).iv. Sales tax (tax imposed on goods sold to customers).


87


v. Service tax (such as hotels and restaurants).vi. Sin tax (Genting Highlands casinos, Sports Toto,

Magnum 4D companies).

199. Give examples of non-tax revenue.

i. Dividends distributed by PETRONAS.ii. Royalties from other oil companies.iii. Cash payments for gas sold.iv. Fees for licences and permits.v. Fines.vi. Service charges imposed by the government.vii. Income from investments (dividends received from the

shares of state-owned companies).viii. Sale of state-owned shares.

200. Why is government revenue important?

It is used to finance government expenditure.

201. State the types of federal government expenditure.

Operating and development expenditures.

202. What is operating expenditure? Indicate the types of operating expenditure.

It is the current government spending on management and administration costs. Types of operating expenditure:

i. Emoluments (salaries and allowances).ii. Debt service charges (principal and interest payments on

loans within and outside the country).iii. Pension and gratuity.


88

iv. Grants and transfers to the state government (based on the population of each state).

v. Scholarships, bursaries and student aids.

203. What is development expenditure? State the categories.

This is government investment expenditure in funding development projects in the country. It can help increase the creation of capital for the country. Categories:

i. Economic service sector.ii. Social service sector.iii. Security sector.iv. General administration sector.

204. What is the purpose of the national budget?

i. To estimate government revenues and expenditures.ii. To achieve economic stability.iii. For socio-economic development.iv. To improve the balance of payments.v. To bridge the gap.vi. To encourage savings and investment.vii. To control inflation and economic recession.

205. What would happen if government expenditure exceeded revenue?

The government would have to cope through domestic (internal debts) or foreign (external debts) borrowings.

89

206. Why would the government need to borrow?

i. Financing government spending (budget deficit)ii. Financing development expendituresiii. Income distribution through specific projectsiv. Financing delays in the collection of tax revenues

207. What are the advantages of domestic loans over foreign loans?

i. Not affected by changes in foreign exchange ratesii. Does not involve an outflowiii. More convenient and flexibleiv. Lower interest ratesv. Does not cause inflationvi. Does not affect the balance of national expenditures

208. The external debt is the responsibility of the federal government in the agreement made abroad or with foreign financial institutions. What forms of external borrowings may be made by the federal government?

i. Capital marketii. Project loans (to finance national development projects)

Note: Sources of external borrowing:(i) Capital markets - the United States, Japan, the European Union and the

United Kingdom(ii) Project loans:a. International financial institutions such as the Asian Development

Bank, World Bank and Japan Bank for International Co-operationb. Foreign countries such as the USA, Japan, the United Kingdom, Canada,

the European Union, Saudi Arabia, etc.


90

209. During the economic recession in the 1980s, the government introduced the Public Expenditure Burden Reduction Policy. What were the objectives and strategies of the policy?

Objectives:i. To control the inflation rateii. To reduce the budget deficitiii. To strengthen the country’s financial positioniv. To control the growth of public debt

Strategies:i. Controlling the expenditure of government agenciesii. Freezing the intake of new personnel or filling of positionsiii. Prioritising the implementation of high impact projectsiv. Privatising certain government agencies

210. List the economic development regions in Malaysia.

i. Iskandar Development Region (IDR), Johorii. Northern Corridor Economic Region (NCER)iii. East Coast Economic Region (ECER)iv. Sabah Development Corridor (SDC)v. Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy (SCORE)

211. What is the difference between the privatisation policy and nationalisation policy?

i. Privatisation involves the transfer of certain government interests to the private sector.

ii. Nationalisation is an effort to increase government ownership and control in the economic sector.


91

212. State the objectives of the privatisation policy by the Government of Malaysia.

i. To reduce the financial and administrative burden of the government.

ii. To reduce the number and size of the public sector.iii. To promote private investment and entrepreneurship.iv. To increase competitiveness, competition, improve

efficiency and boost productivity.v. To facilitate the achievement of the NEP and Vision

2020.

213. Name the central bank of Malaysia. When and how was it formed?

Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM); 26 January 1959, established under the Central Bank of Malaysia Ordinance 1958.

214. What is the main function of Bank Negara Malaysia?

It monitors and controls the implementation of all financial policies and regulations in the country.

215. List the other functions of the central bank.

i. To issue the national currency.ii. To control the stability of the national currency.iii. As banker to the government and commercial banks.


National Policies


92

THE POLITICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM OF THE GOVERNMENT OF MALAYSIA-------------------------------------------------------------------------------NATIONAL POLICIES


216. List the major development policies of Malaysia.

i. New Economic Policy.ii. National Development Policy.iii. National Mission (2006-2020).iv. National Industrial Policy.v. Heavy Industry Policy.vi. Malaysia Incorporated Policy.vii. Privatisation Policy.viii. Human Capital Development Policy.ix. Rural Development Policy.x. National Urbanisation Policy.

217. List the social policies and National Work Ethics.

i. National Education Policy.ii. National Culture Policy.iii. National Unity and Integration Policy.iv. National Social Policy.v. National Social Welfare Policy.vi. National Policy on Women (1989 and 2009).vii. National Population Policy.viii. Leadership by Example Policy.ix. Look East Policy.x. Assimilation of Islamic Values in Administration Policy.

218. State the national policy pertaining to international relations.

Foreign policy.

219. Malaysia endorses the policy on the Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality (ZOPFAN) adopted by the ASEAN countries. What is the main goal of ZOPFAN?

The goal is to ensure political stability in the Southeast Asian region against intervention by foreign powers.

Note: The ZOPFAN Declaration, better known as the Kuala Lumpur Declaration, was signed on 27 November 1971 during the Conference of ASEAN Foreign Ministers in Malaysia.

220. The New Economic Policy (NEP) was introduced in 1971. It was formulated to achieve national unity through two-pronged objectives. What were the objectives?

i. Eradication of poverty irrespective of race.ii. Restructuring of society to eliminate the identification

of race with economic functions.

Note: Poverty eradication strategies under the NEP:(i) Increasing productivity and income through the use of modern

methods and facilities in the production process.(ii) Increasing the chances of a transition from the less productive to more

productive or profitable sectors.(iii) Providing a variety of free or subsidised services to improve the low

standard of living.

93 94



221. State the strategies for the restructuring of Malaysian society under the NEP.

i. Modernising the way of life in rural areas.ii. Raising and balancing economic growth irrespective of

race.iii. Improving the quality of education and training at all

levels.iv. Raising equity ownership of Malaysians.v. Developing backward states and areas (land and

regional development plans).vi. Creating a bumiputera commercial and industrial

community.

Note: The average monthly gross household income (RM) by ethnicity and strata in Malaysia, 1970-1990.

Source: Chamhuri Siwar and Surtaham Kastin Hasan (2000) Sixth Malaysia Plan (1991-1990)

Bumiputera employment (%) in selected occupational groups in Malaysia, 1970-1990.

Source: Chamhuri Siwar and Surtaham Kastin Hasan (2000) Sixth Malaysia Plan (1991-1990)

95 96



222. Name the policy introduced by the government to replace the NEP which ended in 1990. State the strategies of the policy.

i. National Development Policy.ii. Strategies:

a. Maintaining the basic strategies of the NEP, namely eradicating poverty and restructuring society.

b. Creating a balanced development plan.

223. State the three critical areas of emphasis in the strategy to create balanced development under the NDP.

i. Provide training to the rural youth.ii. Continue giving subsidies and support to the paddy

farmers and fishermen (increase production).iii. Reduce economic disparities between regions, especially

between Sabah and Sarawak and the other states.

224. After the NDP, a new policy called the National Vision Policy 2001-2010 (NVP) contained in the Third Outline Perspective Plan (OPP3) was introduced by the government. The NVP combines the critical thrusts of the two previous development policies, namely the NEP and the NDP. It was also a continuation of the government’s efforts to achieve Vision 2020. State the objectives and thrusts of the NVP.

i. Objectives:a. To achieve sustainable growth and strengthen the

resilience of the economy.b. To create a united and cohesive society.

ii. Thrusts:a. Building a resilient nation.b. Creating an equitable society by eradicating poverty

and reducing economic disparities between ethnic groups and regions.

c. Increasing competitiveness to face the challenges of globalisation and liberalisation.

d. Maintaining high economic growth.e. Developing a knowledge-based economy.f. Maintaining the development of human resources.g. Continuing the development of sustainable

environment.

225. The National Development Policy (NDP) was launched on 17 June 1991 by the 4thPrime Minister of Malaysia,

Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad. What were the objectives of the NDP?

i. To make unity as the ultimate goal so that social and political stability can be achieved and continued economic development is maintained.

ii. To enable Malaysia to achieve developed nation status in all areas of life (Vision 2020).

Note: The NDP was formulated to replace the New Economic Policy (NEP) and it was enacted based on the Second Outline Perspective Plan (OPP2)1991-2000.The NDP served as a starting point to the aspiration of turning Malaysia into a developed nation by 2020.

226. What were the main foci of the NDP?

i. To ensure quality and lasting achievements.ii. To face stiff competition in the international market.iii. To achieve Vision 2020.iv. The eradicate poverty.v. To restructure society.

97 98


227. Name the Prime Minister who introduced the National Mission (2006-2020).

Tun Abdullah Haji Ahmad Badawi (the 5thPrime Minister).

228. What was the main thrust of the National Mission?

Development of knowledgeable human capital

229. State the five thrusts of the National Mission.

i. First thrust: To move the economy up the value chain.ii. Second thrust: To raise the country’s capacity for knowledge, innovation and nurture ‘first class mentality’.iii. Third thrust: To address persistent socio-economic inequalities constructively and productively.iv. Fourth thrust: To improve the standard and sustainability of our quality of life.v. Fifth thrust: To strengthen the institutional and implementation capacity.

230. One of the accomplishments of the National Mission is the establishment of the National Integrity Institute which introduced the National Integrity Plan (NIP). What was the main purpose of the NIP?

The NIP aims to develop a united Malaysian nation of high integrity that is resilient and embraces universal good values.

231. The setting up of the Special Task Force to Facilitate Business (PEMUDAH) is another major achievement of the National Mission. What is the vision of PEMUDAH?

PEMUDAH aims to enable the public service to achieve international benchmarks that are customer centric, innovative and proactive in supporting a competitive economy.

232. On 3 February 1986, the government announced the Industrial Master Plan (IMP). State the three main objectives of the IMP.

i. To make the manufacturing sector the catalyst for industrial growth in the country.

ii. To promote the efficient utilisation of the nation’s natural resources.

iii. To raise the level of research and development of indigenous technological capability as the basis for turning Malaysia into an industrialised nation.

233. The Heavy Industry Policy would require large capital investments, modern technologies and a high volume of skilled labour. Name the government corporation which was established to identify, implement and manage projects in the field of heavy industry.

Heavy Industries Corporation of Malaysia (HICOM) – established in 1980.


99 100

101

234. The idea for the Malaysia Incorporated Policy came about during the launching of the INTAN Forum on 25 February 1983 by the 4th Prime Minister, Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad. It was born out of the realisation that there must be co-operation and mutual assistance between the public and private sectors in developing the country to greater heights. What do you understand about the concept of Malaysia Incorporated?

That Malaysia is a corporate or business entity, jointly owned by both the public and private sectors.

235. The Privatisation Policy seeks to transfer the investment services or government interests, whether existing or new, to the private sector in order to increase the efficiency and productivity of the country as well as to ease the financial burden of the government. State the forms of privatisation which the government has implemented.

i. The sale of government interests in the form of equity

and assets either in whole or in part to private parties.ii. Management of contracts involving private sector

participation in providing an activity or service without the transfer of any government assets.

iii. Leasing, involving the transfer of rights to the use of a fixed asset for a specific time period by imposing a lease fee.

iv. Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) and Build-Operate (BO) involving infrastructure and public facility projects.

v. Acquisition of companies by the management (Management Buy Out/MBO).

236. The National Education Policy came about through a recommendation of the Razak Report of 1956. In 1960, it was restructured to produce the Rahman Talib Report of 1960. When the National Principles of Rukun Negara were formulated in 1970, the principles were incorporated in the National Education Policy to further strengthen the policy. What were the objectives of the policy?

i. To achieve national unity.ii. To preserve a democratic way of life.iii. To create a just society.iv. To create a national culture.v. To build an advanced society based on modern science

and technology.

Note: In 1974, a Cabinet Committee chaired by the Minister of Education, Dr. Mahathir Mohamad, was formed to review the National Education Policy. The report proposed two main objectives, namely:(i) That education is geared towards manpower

development to meet the needs of national development;(ii) That education is not only to seek knowledge, but also to produce

individuals of good character who are disciplined and trained.

237. The Cabinet Report of 1974 urged the government to launch the New Curriculum for Primary Schools (KBSR) in 1998 and the Integrated Curriculum for Secondary Schools (KBSM) in 1989. What was the main goal of KBSR and KBSM?

They serve to foster the spirit of citizenship as well as loyalty and pride in the nation among the students.

102



238. State the objectives of the National Education Policy.

i. To promote social, economic, political and cultural development.

ii. To produce a trained workforce.iii. To establish an education system of better quality and

international standards.iv. To reduce racial disparities through the provision of

educational facilities.v. To ensure that the national education system is able

to cope with current developments in science and technology.

vi. To unite students from different ethnic groups and to provide adequate manpower to spearhead national development.

239. The National Education Philosophy states that education in Malaysia is an ongoing effort to further develop the potential of individuals in a holistic and integrated manner so as to produce balanced and harmonious individuals intellectually, spiritually, emotionally and physically based on the belief in God. State the six characteristics of a Malaysian citizen that the National Education Philosophy aspires to produce.

i. Knowledgeable.ii. Competent.iii. Honourable.iv. Responsible.v. Capable of achieving well-being.vi. Contribute to the betterment of family, community and

country.

240. In May 1994, the government launched the National Telecommunications Policy (1994-2020). What were the objectives and strategies of the policy?

i. Objectives:a. To develop the communications industry in an

efficient and orderly manner.b. To guide the development of the communications

sector.c. To promote closer relations between the races and

territories.d. To ensure that telecommunications infrastructure

is adequate and effective.e. To ensure that the people are able to enjoy the

telecommunications facilities at affordable rates.ii. Strategies:

a. Promoting research and development in the telecommunications sector.

b. Expanding the telecommunications infrastructure to rural areas.

c. Developing the local telecommunications industry.

Note: The Multimedia Super Corridor launched by the government in 1996 aims to provide world-class information communications technology to create an environment that fosters the development of knowledge-based economy. It encompasses the Kuala Lumpur City Centre (KLCC), Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) and the administrative centre of Putrajaya. A corporation called the Multimedia Development Corporation (MDC) was set up to attract foreign investors and encourage the private sector to operate in the Multimedia Super Corridor by giving certain privileges to companies with MSC status.



103 104

245. State the nine (9) challenges as outlined in Vision 2020.

i. To establish a united Malaysian nation made up of one Malaysian race with a common goal.

ii. To create a psychologically liberated, secure, peaceful and developed Malaysian society.

iii. To foster and develop a mature democratic society.iv. To establish a fully moral and ethical society whose

citizens are strong in religious and spiritual values.v. To establish a liberal and tolerant society.vi. To establish a scientific and progressive society that is

innovative and forward-looking.vii. To establish a caring society.viii. To ensure an economically just society.ix. To establish a prosperous society with an economy that

is competitive, dynamic, robust and resilient.

106


241. What is the goal of the National Science and Technology Policy?

It aims to enhance self-reliance in scientific and technological fields, promote scientific inventions, and improve infrastructure in the fields of science, education and other related areas.

242. What do you understand about the National Social Policy?

It is a social development policy based on noble values and increased human capacity to achieve solidarity (cohesion) and social stability, to enhance national resilience and to secure the well-being of the people.

243. What is the goal of the National Social Welfare Policy?

It aims to create a self-reliant and caring society with equal opportunities for all.

244. The National Policy on Women of 2009 (NPW2) is an extension to the NPW1 of 1989.What is the principle espoused by NPW2 and the purpose of the policy?

Upholding the principle of non-discrimination based on gender; its purpose is to realise the aspiration of developing human capital among women to enhance their competitiveness and resilience, to become more knowledgeable, insightful, creative and innovative, and to appreciate noble values.

105


108107

Del

egat

ion

to L

ondo

n in

195

6 to

neg

otia

te th

e in

depe

nden

ce o

f Mal

aya

From

left:

Dat

o’ N

ik A

hmad

Kam

il, D

r. Is

mai

l, D

ato’

Pan

glim

a B

ukit

Gan

tang

, Tun

ku, D

atuk

Muh

amm

ad

Seth

, Col

onel

HS

Lee,

Dat

uk A

ziz

Maj

id a

nd D

ato’

Abd

ul R

azak

Bac

k: T

H T

an a

nd A

bdul

Kad

ir Sh

amsu

ddin

A n

umbe

r of d

eleg

ates

arr

ivin

g in

Lon

don

(Sou

rce:

The

Nat

iona

l Arc

hive

s)

(Sou

rce:

The

Nat

iona

l Arc

hive

s)

110109

On

8 Fe

brua

ry 1

956,

the

Brit

ish

Gov

ernm

ent

agre

ed t

o gr

ant

inde

pend

ence

to

the

Fede

ratio

n of

Mal

aya

thro

ugh

the

Trea

ty o

f Lo

ndon

.

Col

onel

HS

Lee

(left)

, rep

rese

ntiv

e of

the

MC

A, p

osin

g w

ith T

unku

and

Dat

o’ (T

un) A

bdul

Raz

ak

(Sou

rce:

The

Nat

iona

l Arc

hive

s)

(Sou

rce:

The

Nat

iona

l Arc

hive

s)

112111

The

dele

gatio

n of

neg

otia

tors

retu

rned

from

Lon

don

on 2

0 Fe

brua

ry 1

956.

A c

eleb

ratio

n w

as h

eld

in B

anda

r H

ilir,

Mel

aka

– th

e fir

st p

lace

to fa

ll to

fore

ign

pow

ers i

n 15

11.

The

grou

p of

del

egat

es w

alki

ng p

ast t

he A

Fam

osa,

a c

ity b

uilt

by th

e Po

rtugu

ese.

(Sou

rce:

The

Nat

iona

l Arc

hive

s)

(Sou

rce:

The

Nat

iona

l Arc

hive

s)

114113

The

date

of M

alay

a’s i

ndep

ende

nce

anno

unce

d by

Tun

ku A

bdul

Rah

man

.

(Sou

rce:

The

Nat

iona

l Arc

hive

s)

50,0

00 p

eopl

e ga

ther

ed in

a fi

eld

in B

anda

r Hili

r, M

elak

a to

hea

r the

new

s of M

alay

a’s d

ate

of in

depe

nden

ce.

(Sou

rce:

The

Nat

iona

l Arc

hive

s)

The flag is now called Jalur Gemilang.

The flag of an independent nation was hoisted.

(Source: The National Archives)

116115

At 1

2.30

am

of 3

0 A

ugus

t 195

7, th

e fla

g of

the

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

was

low

ered

!

(Sou

rce:

The

Nat

iona

l Arc

hive

s)

MERDEKA! MERDEKA! MERDEKA! MERDEKA!(Source: The National Archives)

118117

The

Proc

lam

atio

n of

Inde

pend

ence

cer

emon

y w

as a

lso

atte

nded

by

the

Mal

ay ru

lers

.(Sou

rce:

The

Nat

iona

l Arc

hive

s)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Ahmad Ibrahim, Mendekati Sejarah Undang-undang di Malaysia dan Singapura, Muhammad Bukhari Abd. Hamid, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur, 2009.

Sistem Undang-Undang di Malaysia, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur, 2007.

Baterah Aliah, Huzaimah Islamil, Najahudin Lateh, Buku Revisi Hubungan Etnik di Malaysia, Oxford Fajar Sdn Bhd, Shah Alam, Selangor, 2010.

K. Ramanathan, Konsep Asas Politik, Dewan Bahasa danPustaka, Kuala Lumpur, 1988.

Mahmood Zuhdi Abd Majid, Pengantar Undang-undang Islam di Malaysia, University of Malaya Press, Kuala Lumpur, 1997.

Mohd Ayop Abd Razid, Mengenali Sejarah dan Asas-asas Perlembagaan Negara, Department of Special Affairs (JASA), MCMM, Kuala Lumpur 2011.

Mohd. Salleh Abas (Tun), Prinsip Perlembagaan dan Pemerintahan di Malaysia, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur, 2006.

Noor Aziah Mohd Awal, Pengenalan Kepada Sistem Perundangan Di Malaysia, International Law Book Services, Petaling Jaya, 2010.

Federal Constitution (until 10 January 2002), International Law Book Services, Petaling Jaya, 2002.

Ramlah Adam, Dato’ Onn Ja’afar Pengasas Kemerdekaan, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur, 2009.

Ruslan Zainuddin, Mohd Mahadee Ismail, Zaini Othman, Kenegaraan Malaysia, Oxford Fajar, Shah Alam, 2005.

Sheela Abraham, Sejarah Perkembangan Negara, Fajar Bakti Sdn Bhd, 1993.

Wu Min Aun, The Malaysian Legal System (Third Edition), Pearson Malaysia Sdn Bhd, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, 2005.

119 120

Cover Kuiz 2014 Final English FA - Kallyas · the legal system, and the judicial ... Explain how...

Documents

Transcript of Cover Kuiz 2014 Final English FA - Kallyas · the legal system, and the judicial ... Explain how...