Cover Geology

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CHAPTER 1

1.0 TRIP INTRODUCTIONThe trip to Ayer Hitam and Kampung Minyak Beku is a program that oriented by the

academic under Engineering Geology Subject BF !"#$#% This &isit 'as

accompanied by the Head o( )epartment o( *n(rastructure and Geomantic+ )r A,iman

Bin Madun%This &isit is &ery bene(icial to students 'ho participate because learning

theory in the classroom can be applied in the (ield% This program 'ill gi&ing the big

and e((ecti&ely impact in increasing academic and career -uality in a long term%

.earning in the (ield can also impro&e students/ understanding in Engineering

Geology%

1.1 OBJECTIVES

The objecti&es (or this &isit are0

a1 *ntroduce student about the real rock and the classi(ication o( the rock at site% b1 E2plain more detail about the (ormed o( the rock 'ith the occurrence a long time

ago in Geology Engineering%c1 Study about the rock that 'e (ound and the certain place at Batu 3ahat%d1 To identi(y the types o( soil4rock in study area o( Ayer Hitam and Kampung

Minyak Beku%e1 To identi(y minerals content in rock (ormation in both area%(1 To determine the type o( de(ormation in study area o( Ayer Hitam and Kampung

Minyak Beku%g1 To determine degree o( hardness o( rock sur(ace on di((erent types o( rock

(ormation in Ayer Hitam and Kampung Minyak Beku%h1 .earn ho' to collect the data in the real situation%

i1 E2pose the participant about the Geology rock in&estigation in engineering (ield% j1 Achie&e the national leadership &ision (or the social5economy de&elopment%k1 *n&estigate about the rock structure at the slope in Ayer Hitam and Minyak Beku

area%

CHAPTER 2

1



2.0 DIARY

21 NOVEMBER 2015 (SATURDAY)6%$$ A%M% a1 Students gathered at )ataran Anggerik%

b1 7egistration and 'ent to Ayer Hitam%c1 Take break(ast%

8%$$ A%M% a1 9e arri&e at Ayer Hitam% b1 Mo&e to our location%

8%:$ A%M% a1 Brie(ing by .ecturer+ )r% A,iman B% Madun about the

types o( the rock and history o( this place% b1 9e 'ere instructed by lecturer to identi(y the type o(

rock+ joint+ slope+ (old+ (racture and etc%8%;$ A%M% a1 9e 'ere gi&en in(ormation by lecturer about the step to

do a (ield'ork% b1 *n this location+ 'e 'ere distributing to se&eral team

base on session respecti&ely%c1 9e 'ere pro&ided 'ith e-uipment <a compass+ hammer

and Schmidt Hammer1%d1 9e must do some research about the (ailure mode and

do some calculations about the dip direction and

dip angle%""%#$ 3%M% a1 Mo&e to Kampung Minyak Beku%

b1 Brie(ing by .ecturer+ )r% A,iman B% Madun about the

types o( the rock and history o( this place%!%#$ 3%M% a1 Take lunch%

b) 9e arri&e =THM%

CHAPTER 3

3.0 CONTENT

3.1 INTRODUCTION

3.1.1 GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING

2



*t is an interdisciplinary (ield+ in 'hich principles o( geosciences are used to

sol&e engineering and en&ironmental problems% *t connects geology+ ci&il

engineering and other (ields <e%g% mining+ geography+ (orestry1 to pro&ide a

&ersatile set o( skills applicable to a 'ide range o( contemporary problems%

The =B program is an accredited engineering program+ so our graduates

hold (ull responsibilities as registered engineering pro(essionals% The

-uali(ications o( a geological engineer are similar to those o( a ci&il engineer

'ith geotechnical or en&ironmental speciali,ation% Ho'e&er+ our graduates

ha&e the ad&antage o( better understanding o( geological processes%

Geological Engineering is the application o( the earth sciences to human

problems that relate to Earth and earth systems% *t is a broad+ interdisciplinary

(ield 'ith many specialty areas such as0 Geotechnical site in&estigation (or a

&ariety o( projects+ rock and soil slope stability+ En&ironmental site

characteri,ation and planning+ Hydrogeology+ ground'ater studies

and engineering% >atural and manmade ha,ard in&estigations% E2ploration

and de&elopment o( (ossil (uel and mineral deposits% Engineering geologic

studies are per(ormed by a geologist or engineering geologist educated+

pro(essionally trained and skilled at the recognition and analysis o( geologic

ha,ards and ad&erse geologic conditions% Their o&erall objecti&e is the

protection o( li(e and property against damage and the solution o( geologic

problems% Engineering geologic studies may be per(ormed0

a1 For residential+ commercial and industrial de&elopments? b1 For go&ernmental and military installations?c1 For mine and -uarry e2ca&ations+ mine tailing dam+ mine reclamation

and mine tunnelling?d1 For 'etland and habitat restoration programs?

e1 For coastal engineering+ sand replenishment+ blu(( or sea cli(( stability+harbour+ pier and 'ater(ront de&elopment?

(1 For o((shore out(all+ drilling plat(orm and sub5sea pipeline+ sub5sea

cable? andg1 For other types o( (acilities%

3.1.2. AYER HITAM

Ayer Hitam is a rest town (Bandar persinggahan) in Johor , Malaysia . Located

just at the junction of route 1 and route 50 , it is known for its many outlets sellingpottery and other crafts. It also is one of the interchange for North-South

3

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-South_Expressway,_Malaysia






!pressway . It is the "order town "etween #atu $ahat and %luang district.

&ppro!imately '( km away from #andar $enggaram,#atu $ahat , capital of #atu

$ahat district and () km away from %luang .

Figure "0 Soil in Ayer Hitam%

3.1.3 KAMPUNG MINYAK BEKU

K !"#$% M&$' B # is a seaside &illage lying on the 'est coast

o( @ohor +Malaysia % Kampung Minyak Beku is 'here the (amous chiseled rock

is located+ a big rock about ten (eet in si,e <beside the police station1% The big

rock 'as chiselled by the Siamese <Ayudhya 1 to contain (resh 'ater% The place

appro2imately 8km a'ay (rom Bandar 3enggaram+Batu 3ahat + capital o( Batu

3ahat district%

4


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_Pahat_(city)


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_Pahat


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kluang



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_people

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom








https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kluang



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_people

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom






Figure !0 7ock in Kampung Minyak Beku%

3.2 LITERATURE REVIE*

3.2.1 +AULT

Geologic (aults+ (ault lines or simply (aults are planar rock (ractures+ 'hich

sho' e&idence o( relati&e mo&ement% .arge (aults 'ithin the Earth/s crust are

the result o( shear motion and acti&e (ault ,ones are the causal locations o(

most earth-uakes% Earth-uakes are caused by energy release during rapid

slippage along (aults% The largest e2amples are at tectonic plate boundaries but

many (aults occur (ar (rom acti&e plate boundaries% Since (aults do not usually

consist o( a single+ clean (racture+ the term (ault ,one is used 'hen re(erring to

the ,one o( comple2 de(ormation that is associated 'ith the (ault plane% The

creation and beha&iours o( (aults+ in both an indi&idual small (ault and 'ithin

the greater (ault ,ones 'hich de(ine the tectonic plates+ is controlled by the

relati&e motion o( rocks on either side o( the (ault sur(ace% Because o( (riction

and the rigidity o( the rock+ the rocks cannot simply glide or (lo' past each

other% 7ather+ stress builds up in rocks and 'hen it reaches a le&el that e2ceeds

the strain threshold+ the accumulated potential energy is released as strain+

'hich is (ocused into a plane along 'hich relati&e motion is accommodated

the (ault%

S,- &$ is both accumulati&e and instantaneous depending on the

archaeology o( the rock? the ductile lo'er crust and mantle accumulates

de(ormation gradually &ia shearing 'hereas the brittle upper crust reacts by

(racture+ or instantaneous stress release to cause motion along the (ault% A (ault

in ductile rocks can also release instantaneously 'hen the strain rate is toogreat% The energy released by instantaneous strain release is the cause o(

earth-uakes+ a common phenomenon along trans(orm boundaries%

5



Figure #0 Fault that occurs on rock%

3.2.2 +OLD

Folds result (rom the plastic de(ormation o( rocks at lo' strain5rates+ usually

under ele&ated temperature and pressure conditions% Folds are broadly

subdi&ided into anticlines <up'ards con&e21 and synclines <do'n'ards

con&e21%

*n synclines and anticlines+ the a2ial plane is the plane o( symmetry

passing through the ape2 o( the (old% The line o( intersection o( the (old ape2

and the hori,ontal plane is called the a2is o( the (old%

*( the (old5a2is is inclined to the hori,ontal+ the dip o( the a2is is

called the plunge% 3lunging (olds are the rule rather than the e2ception% Folds

'ith a hori,ontal a2is are a t'o5dimensional ideali,ation% *n nature+ (olds are

symmetric or asymmetric plunging structures%

Symmetric plunging anticlines and synclines produce characteristic

bulls5eye outcrop patterns% *n synclinal (olds+ the beds at the centre o( the

pattern are the youngest and the beds get older in a radial direction% Such

structures are called basins% *n anticlinal plunging (olds+ the beds increase in

age to'ards the centre o( the pattern% Such structures are called domes%

6

Anticlin



Figure :0 Fold that occurs on rock%

3.2.3 JOINT

@oints are discontinuities on 'hich there has been little or no displacement in

shear <in contrast to (aults1% @oints are ubi-uitous in igneous+ metamorphic and

sedimentary rocks% They are e&idence o( brittle (ailure o( the rock mass at

some stage in the de(ormation history% @oints ha&e many important properties

as planes o( 'eakness in rock masses0

rientation

5 Strike and dip or dip and dip5direction%

Spacing

5 The (re-uency or number o( discontinuities per unit length%

Aperture

5 The mean distance bet'een 'all rock sur(aces%

3ersistence

5 The continuity o( joints or trace length%

Sur(ace 7oughness

5 The property controlling (riction bet'een sur(aces%

*n(ill

5 The presence or absence o( breccia+ gouge or sur(ace coatings

o( minerals%

Strengthompressibility

3ermeability

7



Figure ;0 @oint that occurs on rock%

3.2. STRIKE AND DIP

Strike and dip re(er to the orientation or attitude o( a geologic (eature% The

strike o( a stratum or planar (eature is a line representing the intersection o(

that (eature 'ith the hori,ontal% n a geologic map this is represented 'ith a

short straight line segment oriented parallel to the compass direction o( the

strike% Strike is usually gi&en as a compass bearing <>!;CE (or e2ample1 in

terms o( east or 'est o( north+ or as a single three digit number representing

the a,imuth+ 'here the lo'er number is usually gi&en% The dip gi&es the angle

belo' the hori,ontal o( a tilted stratum or (eature% The symbol is a short line

attached and at right angles to the strike symbol pointing in the direction o(

inclination% Typically the angle o( dip is included on a geologic map% Strike

and dip are determined in the (ield 'ith a compass and clinometer

or combination kno'n as a Brunton compass% Another 'ay o( representing

strike and dip is by dip and dip direction+ 'here the latter is simply the

a,imuth o( the dip% *t can be obtained (rom strike by simply counting D$C

around in the rele&ant direction% Any planar (eature can be described by strike

and dip% This includes sedimentary bedding+ geologic (aults and (ractures+

cuestas+ igneous dikes and sills+ metamorphic (oliation and any other planar

(eature in the Earth% .inear (eatures are measured 'ith &ery similar methods+

'here plunge is the dip angle and trend is analogous to the dip direction

&alue%

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3.3 METHODOLOGY

Be(ore 'e take data in the site+ 'e must to kno' 'hat data that 'e 'ant (irst% The

data such as dip direction+ dip angle+ strike+ joint+ (racture+ (ault+ minerals+ physical

(eatures+ te2tures and structures o( rocks depends on the sur&eyor 'ants% The data istaken depends on the types o( rock characteristic like (old (or sedimentary rock or

joint (or igneous rock% As 'e kno'n+ the sedimentary rock has (old <anticline or

syncline1 that 'e can take the data about the categories o( (olds% The beha&iour o( a

rock mass subjected to a change in stress applied to it is go&erned by a number o(

(actors% These (actors are the mechanical properties and the spatial distribution o( the

geological and structural discontinuities present in the rock mass% The importance o(

each o( these (actors in go&erning rock mass beha&iour depends on the si,e andorientation o( the engineering constructions 'ith respect to the location and the

orientation o( the discontinuities% *n the site+ the most important data that 'e takes is

dip direction+ and dip angle% These t'o data are &ery important because it can (ortune

telling about the (ailure or stability some area rock the geological compass permits to

measure the dip direction o( an inclined geologic plane and thus to de(ine its position

in the space% *n the case o( a &ertical geological plane its strike de(ine this position%

Hori,ontal geologic planes neither ha&e dip nor direction o( strike% 7ock structures

seen in a sample are related to those obser&ed in the (ield% Ho'e&er+ the rocks in the

(ield &ary (rom place to place because o( di((erences in their composition+ 'eathering

conditions and (racturing% >otice the (ollo'ing (eatures o( the rock bedding+

orientation o( structures+ (racturing

and jointing% The orientation o( these planes controls the resistance o( the rock to

gra&itational (orces%

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3.3.1 APPARATUS

The apparatus that are brought in the study area (or the assessment 'ork are0

"% ompasses%

Figure 0 ompass%

!% Hammer%

Figure 60 Hammer%

#% Schmidt s <7ebond1 Hammer .5type%

Figure 80 Schmidt s <7ebond1 Hammer .5type%

3.3.2 AYER HITAM

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From this area+ 'e can conclude that area ha&e sandstone and shale% Actually

the soil came (rom the magma% That area are located on the seabed in ! million

years ago% 9e can see that colour o( soil is black% *t is because the soil content

a lot o( acid% The minerals that 'e can see (rom this area are silicate+ iron etc%

3.3.3 KAMPUNG MINYAK BEKU

*n this site+ 'e (ound igneous rock+ micro granite% Based on the discontinuity

sur&ey data sheets belo' / 'e see all the data that sur&eyor must to (ill in% E&en

though the main data are dip direction and dip angle+ another data are also

important because the data such as content o( 'ater in joint+ mineral+ joint+

(racture+ (old can be strengthen the theory o( possibility o( (ailure o( the rock%

3.3.3.1 PROCEDURE"% T 3E

See type such as joint+ (ault and clea&age at the point that 'e

(ound to determine%

!% )*3 A>G.E

a1 Takes the compass and put the do'n5side compass le&el'ith rock slope to (ind the slope angle or dip angle%

b1 Make sure the &alue o( the bearing dip angle is in the

le(t side% 7ead the &alue that 'e achie&e% The bearing

that 'e achie&e is the steepness o( the slope% The

concept o( the dip angle is the radian or bearing (rom

hori,ontal le&el to the gradient o( the slope rock%

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Figure D0 )etermined dip angle by using the compass%

#% )*3 )*7E T* >

a1 The dip direction is the ma2imum angle o( inclination

do'n'ard that a &ein or bed makes 'ith a hori,ontal plane% b1 To determine the dip direction+ take a small rock

or materials then lay the materials to the sur(ace or slope

rock% See the direction than the material (all based on

gra&ity% So+ the direction is the dip direction% <9e can use'ater and see the (lo' o( 'ater1

c1 )ra' the dip direction that 'e achie&e%d1 9ith compass+ le&el compass to the >orth direction and see

the &alue o( the bearing dip direction% E&ery strike or dip

direction+ the &alue must be determine (rom >orth%e1 The dip direction also can determined by (ormula?

Dip Direction (DD) = Strike + 90°

(1 That is the procedure to determined or measure the dipdirection%

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Figure "$0 )etermined dip direction by using compass%

:% ST7*KE

a1 Strike is he bearing o( a hori,ontal line in the plane o( a

&ein+ bed+ or (ault 'ith respect to the cardinal points o( the

compass% b1 9ith the dip direction &alue+ 'e can get the &alue o( strike%c1 To determined strike+ 'e can use the (ormula% Ialue o(

strike is D$Canticlock'ise (rom the &alue o( dip direction%d1 The (ormula is 0

Strike (s) = Dip Direction - 90°e1 Same as )ip )irection+ strike direction can be dra'ing on

the rock and take the compass to get the &alue or bearing o(

strike (rom >orth direction%

;% 7EB =>) HAMME7 TEST

a1 )ra' the grid on the soil%

b1 Make impact on the grid (or each bo2 by usingSchmidt s hammer <.5type1

c1 Take the results%

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Figure ""0 =sing the rebound hammer to

measure degree o( hardness o( rock sur(ace%

% 3 *>T . A) *>)EJ TEST

a1 onduct the test on the laboratory% b1 Take ; sample o( rock (rom the site%c1 =sed the machine to (ind the unia2ial compressi&e

strength o( rock d1 7ecord the data and analysed%

3. RESULT AND ANALYSIS3. .1 RESULTS O+ HARDNESS O+ ROCK SUR+ACE

9e use the Schmidt s <7ebound1 Hammer .5Type to obtain the degree o(

hardness <Ialue o( 71 o( rock sur(ace%

*n Ayer Hitam+

"% Sandstone

Figure "!0 Sandstone%

7esult <Ialue o( 710

14



! #$ !: !:

!8 !6 ": !$

! ! "8 "8

#! !8 ! !

A&erage &alue o( 7 is

26 + 30 + 24 + 24 + 28 + 27 + 14 + 20 + 26 + 26 + 18 + 18 + 32 + 28 + 26 + 26

16

!:%

!% Shale

Figure "#0 Shale%


#$ #$ #: !8

#$ # !8 #$

!: #$ # :!

"D #$ #$ !:

15




30 + 30 + 34 + 28 + 30 + 36 + 28 + 30 + 24 + 30 + 36 + 42 + 19 + 30 + 30 + 24

16

#$

For the conclusion+ the shale ha&e the higher o( degree o( hardness thansandstone because the shale ha&e small particles o( soil 'here it is more denseand compact compared to the sandstone%

*n Kampung Minyak Beku+

"% Granite <Fresh rock1 >o &isible sign o( 'eathering and discoloured%



40 + 56 + 36 + 40 + 50 + 32 + 60 + 52 + 56 + 36 + 54 + 48 + 38 + 30 + 54

16

:;

!% Granite <9eathered rock1

9eathering are take placed 'here the original colour <physically1 'ere

changed%


16

:$ ; # :$

;$ #! $ ;!

; # ;: :8

#8 #8 #$ ;:

:8 #! #8 #:

#8 :$ #$ #8

:! :$ :! #!

:$ !! # !!




48 + 32 + 38 + 34 + 38 + 40 + 30 + 38 + 42 + 40 + 42 + 32 + 40 + 22 + 36 + 22

16

#;%D

For the conclusion+ the (resh rock ha&e the higher o( degree o( hardness than

'eathered rock because the (resh rock not e2pose to the atmosphere and to the

element in 'ater% *n addition+ 'eathered rock become unstable and undergo

&arious chemical changes and mechanical stresses%

3. .2 RESULTS O+ DIP ANGLE AND DIP DIRECTION"% @oint

DIP ANGLE DIP DIRECTION$: C !! C

!% Fault

DIP ANGLE DIP DIRECTION$:DC !;$C

#% Slope

DIP ANGLE DIP DIRECTION$ #C "$$C

17



Figure ":0 =se thecompass to (ind dip

angle and dipdirection%

3. .3 RESULT O+ POINT LOAD TESTThe point load test is used as an inde2 test (or strength classi(ication o( rock

material% The (resh rock ha&e a highest &alue o( point load inde2 strength than

the 'eathered rock%

Figure ";0 The sample be(ore the test%

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Figure " 0 The sample during the test%

Figure "60 The sample a(ter the test%

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T b 1 R # , $ A$ ' &

Sample No.

Length,

L

(mm)

Depth,

D

(mm)

Upper width,

W 1

(mm)

Lower width,

W 2

(mm)

Averagewidth,

W average

(mm)

Load,

P

(kN)

Eq ivalentdiameter o!

"ore #ample,

DE 2

(mm $)

%oint Load&nde' Strength,

&#

( %a)

F &#( *)

( %a)

* +) ) ) (. ()./ '/. ) '. *.*) +.*

( ( . ) + ) *).)) '*/'.*) '.*+ (.) .+

' +) + ) ) ( .)) ' (+.(' .0/ ).0 . '

+ +) ') ' ) (. *0. * ()) .' 0. / ).0 . '

+(. + +) + +(. *). (+' .) *.'+ ).0 +.*(

A&erage point load inde2+ * s<;$1 <M3a1 :%"; L %:6 L % # L 6%6# L :%"! ;%8!

Hence+ unia2ial compression strength = S o( rock+ c I (50) 4 - % <M3a1

20

c !:<;%8!1

"#D% 8



The combination bet'een the results (rom the other groups0

P &$, L I$ 6 S,- $%,7/ I (MP )

+RESH ROCK SLIGHTLY *EATHERED MODERATELY

*EATHERED

8%! "!%!6 %:6 % # :% 6 #%"6

";%! 6%6# ;%D# %"$ :%"; :%"!

6%D$ D%"! %D8 ;%:! "%:! "%$;

As the conclusion+ technically the (resh rock point load inde2 strength is more higher

compared to the 'eathered rock% This is because decomposition o( 'eathered rock produces a

chemical breakdo'n o( rocks+ 'hich may destroy the original minerals and produce ne' ones

'hile e2pansion 'ill result in the physical disintegration or break up o( rock%

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3.5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

As conclusion+ site &isit o( geology 'ere gi&en a lot use(ul inputs practicality(or all

student% From theory study 'e ha&e+ the site &isit o( geology are deep more

kno'ledge in identi(y rock kinds such as igneous rock+ sedimentary rock andmetamorphic rock practicality it% There(ore+ 'e can kno' rock type based on the

locations &isited such as in Kampung 3antai Minyak BekuN+ 'e see igneous rock% *n

addition+ 'e kno' generally about the structure o( rock there 'e &isited us% 9e can

identi(y about joint and (olds 'ith a lot more closely%

From this site &isit+ 'e also learn more e2perts about strike and dip direction%

Apart (rom 'e can increase kno'ledge+ this &isit can sho' positi&e attitude as

responsibility o( e-uipment such as the compass+ the rebond hammer and etc% Suchattitude cooperation among member o( the team is &ery important% Although

our group (orced to task in &ery hot on current pay day (ro,en oil% From the result that

'e gain+ the stability o( mode o( joint 'as sa(e%

3.8 COMMENT

The recommendation0

a1 This trip is -uite short time% There(ore+ 'e hope the ne2t site &isits o( geology are

getting lengthening our trip time% b1 Make brie(ing 'ith any (urther so students kno' direction real aim and students

can gi&e picture o( location directed% 9ith brie(ing+ decide him students get ready

'ith theory study%c1 )i&ision o( our grouping must do be(ore go out the site &isit% *n case+ our team

members are get ready 'ith &isit done%d1 Be(ore distribute e-uipment+ management necessary must to recorded lists

o( e-uipment 'hile student borro'ed% ther'ise losses o( e-uipment are

happened%e1 Shortage o( lecturer to control our student s -uantity%(1 oncentration o( our students are decreased (or achie&es this site &isit%

CHAPTER

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.0 RE+ERENCES

a1 http440'''%'ikipedia%(olds%com b1 http440'''%geologicalOstructure%htmlc1 http440'''%eos%ubc%ca4academic4undergraduate4ad&ise%htmld1 http440'''Oodp%tamu%edu4publications4"8 O*74chap$:4c:O"$%htmle1 http440'''%geology%articles%on%Malaysia%html(1 http440'''%mineralsOuses%htmlhttp440'''%rockOuses%htmlg1 Geology Engineering P BF !"#$#+ =THMh1 Earth dynamics systems+ 9% Kenneth Hamblin Q Eric H% hristiansen+

Bringham oung =ni&ersity 3ro&o+ =tahi1 Geology Engineering .ecturers+ )r A,iman Bin Madun

CHAPTER 5

5.0 APPENDI9

23Muhammad

UmarulIzzwan

MuhsinahBinti

Mahathir

Muhammad

Zakwan

Muhammad Zi!ri"Bin Azmi

Muhammad #ulhi

Bin



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