The Post-Soviet Space in Global Politics(MA course, 4 credits)

Winter semesterAY 2014/15Class hours: Wednesday 17.20-19.00; Thursday, 9:00-10:40

Bernardo Teles Fazendeiro

The course examines the factors leading to and main features of post-Soviet politics. The first part of the module takes a brief historical approach in order to unpack the origins and functioning of the Soviet Union, such as how it was formed and eventually collapsed. It thus contextualizes and addresses some of the main characteristics of Soviet legacies in the Caucasus, Eastern Europe, Central Asia and Russia. The second part delves into post-soviet statehood. It somewhat brackets the historical focus with a view to understanding and conceptualizing regime types, nationalism, power networks, revolution, gender relations and media impact. The final part analyzes the international relations, persistent geopolitics and the complex foreign policy mosaic of the post-Soviet space.

Course structureThe course is structured in four sections: state formation and collapse; regimes types, formation and change; networks and clans; and foreign policy.

Assessment30% 2*presentations30% Role play (1-page background paper; participation in the simulation; 6-page reflection paper)40% Research paper (3,500 words)

AimsThe course’s main aim is to provide students with a strong understanding of:➢ The role of the Russian and Soviet legacies in shaping the trajectory and form of post-Soviet transformation;➢ the inter-twined nature of the various dimensions of post-Soviet transformation (political, economic, cultural, social); ➢ the geo-strategic significance of the post-Soviet space and the interaction between actors internal and external to the region.

Learning outcomesBy the end of the course students will:✓ acquire a firm understanding of the key political and international developments in the post-Soviet space since 1991;✓ critically engage with post-communist literature and its relevance for post-Soviet scholarship;✓ apply their knowledge of comparative foreign policies to this region and demonstrate their appreciation of the domestic/foreign policy nexus.

DeadlinesResearch paper: To be determinedRole play/simulation: To be determinedReflection paper: To be determined

Introductory texts

Russia

R. Horvath (2012) Putin's Preventive Counter-Revolution: Post-Soviet Authoritarianism and the Spectre of Velvet Revolution (Routledge)

M. Laruelle (2009) In the Name of the Nation: Nationalism and Politics in Russia (Palgrave)S. Oushakine (2009) The Patriotism of Despair: Nation, War, and Loss in Russia (Cornell UP)D. Trenin (2010) Post-imperium. Russia and its neighbours (Carnegie Endowment for

International Peace)M.R. Freire and R.E. Kanet (eds) (2012) Russia and its near neighbors (Palgrave)S. White, R. Sakwa and H. Hale (eds) (2009) Developments in Russian Politics 7 (Palgrave)A. Tsygankov (2010) Russia’s Foreign Policy: Changes and Continuity in National Identity

(Rowman and Littlefield)M. McFaul (2005) Russia’s unfinished revolution (Cornell UP)S. Wegren and D. Herspring (eds) (2009) After Putin’s Russia (Rowman and Littlefield)R. Sakwa (2008) Russian Politics and Society (Routledge)R. Sakwa (2008) Putin: Russia's Choice (Routledge)

Central Asia

S. Cummings (2012) Understanding Central Asia: Politics and Contested Transformation (Routledge)

S Cummings and R. Hinnebusch (eds) (2011) Sovereignty after Empire: Comparing the Middle East and Central Asia (Edinburgh UP)

O. Roy (2000) The New Central Asia: The Creation of Nations (I.B. Tauris)G. Gleason (1997) The Central Asian states: discovering independence (Westview Press)S. Cummings (2005) Kazakhstan: Power and the Elite (I.B. Tauris)M. Olcott (2002) Kazakhstan: Unfulfilled Promise (Brookings)N. Melvin (2000) Uzbekistan: Transition to Authoritarianism on the Silk Road (Harwood)L. Adams (2010) The Spectacular State: Culture and National Identity in Uzbekistan (Duke

UP)A. Bohr (1998) Uzbekistan: Domestic and Regional Policy (RIIA)M. Olcott (2012) Tajikistan: A Difficult Development Path (Carnegie Endowment for

International Peace)S. Akiner (2001) Tajikistan: Consolidation or Disintegration? (RIIA)P. Bergne (2007) The Birth of Tajikistan. National Identity and the Birth of the Republic (I.B.

Tauris)J. Heathershaw (2009) Post-Conflict Tajikistan: the politics of peacebuilding and the

emergence of legitimate order (Routledge)A. Edgar (2004) Tribal Nation: The Making of Soviet Turkmenistan (Princeton UP)S. Peyrouse (2011) Turkmenistan: Strategies of Power, Dilemmas of Development (ME

Sharpe)M. Reeves, J. Rasanayagam, J. and Beyer (eds) (2014) Ethnographies of the State in Central

Asia: Performing Politics (Indiana UP)

Caucasus

C. King (2008) The Ghosts of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus (OUP)C. Zürcher (2007) The Post-Soviet Wars: Rebellion, Ethnic Conflict, and Nationhood in the

Caucasus (NY UP) S.E. Cornell (2001) Small nations and great powers: a study of ethnopolitical conflict in the

Caucasus (Routledge Curzon)E. Herzig (1999) The New Caucasus: Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia (Chatham House)Ronald Grigor Suny (1996) Transcaucasia: Nationalism and Social Change. Essays in the

History of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia (Michigan UP) R.G. Suny (1988) The Making of the Georgian Nation (John Wiley) R.G. Suny (1993) Looking Toward Ararat: Armenia in Modern History (Indiana UP).

K. Oskanian (2013) Fear, Weakness and Power in the Post-Soviet South Caucasus: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis (Palgrave)

Baltics and Eastern Europe

P. M. Magosci (2010) History of Ukraine: The Land and its Peoples (Toronto UP)S. Yekelchyk (2007) Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation (Oxford UP)A. Wilson (2011) Belarus: The Last European Dictatorship (Yale UP)T. Snyder (2003) The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569-

1999 (Yale UP)G. J King and D. McNabb (2014) Nation-Building in the Baltic States: Transforming

Governance, Social Welfare, and Security in Northern Europe (CRC Press)R. Mole (2013) The Baltic States from the Soviet Union to the European Union: Identity,

Discourse and Power in Post-Soviet Transition of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania (Routledge).

V. Feklyunina and S. White (2014) Identities and Foreign Policies in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus (Palgrave)

V. Fritz (2008) State-Building: A Comparative Study of Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, and Russia (Central European UP)

T. Kuzio (2009) Democratic Revolution in Ukraine From Kuchmagate to Orange Revolution (Routledge)

I. Jeffries (2004) The Countries of the Former Soviet Union at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century The Baltic and European States in Transition (Routledge)

W. Hill (2012) Russia, the Near Abroad, and the West: Lessons from the Moldova-Transdniestria Conflict (John Hopkins UP)

C. King (2000) The Moldovans: Romania, Russia, and the Politics of Culture (Hoover)O. Schmidtke and S. Yekelchyk (2008) Europe’s Last Frontier?: Belarus, Moldova, and

Ukraine between Russia and the European Union (Palgrave)

Relevant journals

Communist and post-Communist Studies; Problems of Post-Communism; Demokratizatsiya; Europe-Asia Studies; International Affairs; Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics; Journal of Democracy; Post-Soviet Affairs; Central Asian Survey.

E-learningThe course makes use of e-learning, a web-based learning programme (http://e-learning.ceu.hu). Log in with your university ID and password and register for the course (located under ‘International Relations and European Studies’). You will be given the enrolment key during the first class. Lecture slides will be uploaded there, as well as key additional readings. You are, however, strongly encouraged to do your own library searches,either among the hard copies of books and journals available in the CEU library or among the electronic resources.

Calendar

Session Week Title1 1 Introduction: From the Tsarist Empire to the Soviet Union

2 1 Soviet rule: Empire?3 2 The Soviet collapse4 2 State formation and state collapse: The South Caucasus5 3 State formation and collapse: The North Caucasus and the Russo-Chechen Wars6 3 State formation and state collapse: Central Asia7 4 From disintegration to re-integration: Russia’s asymmetric ethnofederalism8 4 Russian Patriotism and Nationalism9 5 Hybrid regimes and competitive authoritarianism10 5 Networks: Clans and clan politics11 6 Siloviki, business, oligarchs and organized crime12 6 Revolutions?13 7 Gender Politics14 7 Media and the Internet15 8 Role play: Introduction16 9 A New Great Game?17 10 Geopolitics and Regionalism18 10 Varieties of Foreign Policy: Identity and Culture?19 11 Politics of Energy: The Quest for hydrocarbons20 11 Debate: Ukraine Crisis21 12 Simulation22 12 Simulation and debriefing

1 Introduction: From the Tsarist Empire to the Soviet Union

Core reading

D. Lieven (2002) Empire: The Russian Empire and its Rivals (Yale UP), Chap. 6 and 9

Additional reading

A. Ulam (1998) The Bolsheviks: The Intellectual and Political History of the Triumph of Communism in Russia (Harvard UP)

C. Read (1996) From Tsar to Soviets: the Russian People and their Revolution (Oxford University Press): 11-28

C. King (2000) Post-postcommunism: Transition, Comparison, and the End of 'Eastern Europe. World Politics 53 (1): 143-172

D. Lieven (2002) Empire, Chap. 7 and 8R. Sakwa (1998) Soviet Politics in Perspective (Routledge): 1-29

I. STATES

2 Soviet rule: Empire?

Core reading

F. Hirsch (2000) Towards an Empire of Nations: Border-Making and the Formation of Soviet' National Identities. Russian Review 59 (2): 201-26

T. Martin (2001) An Affirmative Action Empire The Soviet Union as the Highest Form of Imperialism. In: T. Martin and R.G. Suny (eds) A State of Nations: Empire and Nation-Building in the Age of Lenin and Stalin (Oxford UP)

Additional reading

R. Sawka (1998) Soviet Politics in Perspective (Routledge): 1-29F. Hirsch (1997) The Soviet Union as a Work-in-Progress; Ethnographers and the Category

Nationality in the 1926, 1937, and 1939 Censuses. Slavic Review 56 (2): 251-78 A. Khalid (2007) Locating the (Post-)colonial in Soviet History. Central Asian Survey 26(4):

465-473T. Martin and R.G. Suny (2001) A State of Nations: Empire and Nation-Building in the Age of

Lenin and Stalin (Oxford UP)Y. Slezkine (1994) The USSR as a Communal Apartment: How a Socialist State Promoted

Ethnic Particularism. Slavic Review, 53(2): 414-452P. Kneen (1998) Reconceptualizing the Soviet System: Pluralism, Totalitarianism and

Science. Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics 14 (4): 28-50

3 The Soviet collapse

Core reading

H. Hale (2000) Parade of Sovereignties; Testing theories of secession in the Soviet setting. British Journal of Political Science 30: 31-56

M. Suyarkulova (2011) Reluctant Sovereigns? Central Asian States’ Path to Independence. In: S. Cummings and R. Hinnebusch (eds) (2011) Sovereignty After Empire: Comparing the Middle East and Central Asia (Edinburgh UP)

Additional reading

D. Marples (2004) The Collapse of the Soviet Union 1985-1991 (Pearson): 101-110R. Suny (1993) The Revenge of the Past: Nationalism, Revolution and the Collapse of the

Soviet Union (Stanford UP), Chap. 4R. Karklins (1994) Explaining regime change in the Soviet Union. Europe-Asia Studies 46 (1) R. Sakwa (1993) A cleansing storm: the August coup and the triumph of perestroika. Journal

of Communist Studies 9 (4): 131-149 R. Horvath (2005) The Legacy of Soviet Dissent: Dissidents, Democratisation and Radical

Nationalism in Russia (Routledge)R. Karklins (1994) Explaining regime change in the Soviet Union. Europe-Asia Studies 46 (1)A. Dallin (1992) Causes of the collapse of the Soviet Union. Post-Soviet Affairs 9 (4): 279-302

4 State formation and state collapse: The South Caucasus

Core reading

S. Cornell (2002) Autonomy as a Source of Conflict: Caucasian Conflicts in Theoretical Perspective. World Politics 54 (2): 245-276

N. Caspersen (2008) Separatism and Democracy in the Caucasus. Survival 50(4): 113-136

Additional reading

C. King (2001) The Benefits of Ethnic War: Understanding Eurasia's Unrecognized States. World Politics 53: 524-552

C. Zürcher (2007) The Post-Soviet Wars: Rebellion, Ethnic Conflict, and Nationhood in the Caucasus (NYU Press), Chap. 5-6

D. Lynch (2002) Separatist States and post-Soviet Conflicts. International Affairs 78 (4): 831-848

R. Ware (1998) Conflict in the Caucasus: An historical context and a prospect for peace. Central Asian Survey 17 (2)

Z. Baran (2001) The Caucasus: Ten Years after Independence. Washington Quarterly 25(1) N. Trapsh (2007) The North Caucasus and the Multilevel International Subsystem. Problems

of Postcommunism 54 (2): 38 – 48H. Hale (2005) Regime Cycles. Democracy, Autocracy, and Revolution in post-Soviet Eurasia.

World Politics 58: 133-165H. Hale (2006) Democracy or autocracy on the march? The colored revolutions as normal

dynamics of patronal presidentialism. Communist and Post-Communist Studies 39: 305- 329

L. Zourabian (2006) The Nagorno-Karabakh Settlement Revisited: Is Peace Achievable? Demokratizatsiya 14 (2): 252-265

M. Malek (2006 State Failure in the South Caucasus: Proposals for an Analytical Framework. Transition Studies Review 13 (2)

S. Van Evera (1994) Hypotheses on Nationalism and War. International Security 18 (4): 5-39R. Dannreuther and L. March (2008) Chechnya: Has Moscow Won? Survival 50 (4) C. King and R. Menon (2010) Prisoners of the Caucasus: Russia's Invisible Civil War. Foreign

Affairs July/AugustD. Laitin and R. Suny (1999) Armenia and Azerbaijan: Thinking a Way Out of Karabakh.

Middle East Policy 7 (1)

5 State formation and collapse: The North Caucasus and the Russo-Chechen Wars

Core reading

D. Sagramoso (2007) Violence and conflict in the Russian North Caucasus. International Affairs 83 (4): 681-705

S. Akkieva (2008) The Caucasus: One or Many? A View from the Region. Nationalities Papers 36 (2): 253-273

Additional reading

C. Zürcher (2007) The Post-Soviet Wars: Rebellion, Ethnic Conflict, and Nationhood in the Caucasus (NYU Press), Chap. 4

J. Russell (2007) Chechnya: Russia's 'war on terror' or 'war of terror'? Europe-Asia Studies 59 (1): 163–168

R. Sakwa (2004) Putin: Russia’s Choice (Routledge), Chap. 8E. Souleimanov and O. Ditrych (2008) The Internationalisation of the Russian-Chechen

Conflict: Myths and Reality. Europe-Asia Studies 60 (7)

R. Danreuther and L. March (eds) Russia and Islam: State, society and radicalism (Routledge)

A. Matveeva (2007) Chechnya: Dynamics of War and Peace. Problems of postcommunism 54(3): 3 – 17

J. Hughes (2007) The Chechnya Conflict: Freedom Fighters or Terrorists? Demokratizatsiya 15 (3): 293-311

D. Lynch (2005) The Enemy is at the Gate’: Russia after Beslan. International Affairs 81 (1): 141-161

G. Hahn (2008) The Jihadi Insurgency and the Russian Counterinsurgency in the North Caucasus. Post-Soviet Affairs 24 (1)

J. Wilhelmsen (2005) Between a Rock and a Hard Place: The Islamisation of the Chechen Separatist Movement. Europe-Asia Studies 57 (1): 35-60

A. Lieven (2000) Nightmare in the Caucasus. Washington Quarterly 23 (1): 145-15

6 State formation and state collapse: Central Asia

Core reading

M. Olcott (2005) Central Asia’s second chance (Carnegie), Chap. 2K. Collins (2006) Clan Politics and Regime Transition in Central Asia (Cambridge UP), Chap.

5-6

Additional reading

L. Adams (2010) The Spectacular State: Culture and National Identity in Uzbekistan (Duke UP), Introduction

P. Jones Luong (2004) Introduction. In: P. Jones Luong (ed) The Transformation of Central Asia. States and Societies from Soviet Rule to Independence (Cornell UP)

E. Schatz (2000) The Politics of Multiple Identities: Lineage and Ethnicity in Kazakhstan. Europe-Asia Studies 52 (3): 489-506

S. Akbarzadeh (1996) Why Did Nationalism Fail in Tajikistan? Europe-Asia Studies 48 (7): 1105-1130

R. Brubaker (1994) Nationhood and the National Question in the Soviet Union and Post-Soviet Eurasia: An Institutionalist Account. Theory and Society 23(1): 47-78

S. Cummings (2012) Understanding Central Asia: Politics and Contested Transformation (Routledge), Chap. 3

O. Roy (2000) The New Central Asia: The Creation of Nations (I.B. Tauris), Chap. 7L. Markowitz (2009) How master frames mislead: the division and eclipse of nationalist

movements in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. Ethnic and Racial Studies 32 (4): 716-738

7 From disintegration to re-integration: Russia’s asymmetric ethnofederalism

Core reading

R. Sakwa (2004) Putin: Russia’s Choice (Routledge), Chap. 7D. Slider (2009) Politics in the regions. In: S. White, R. Sakwa and H. Hale (eds)

Developments in Russian Politics 7 (Palgrave), Chap. 10

Additional reading

C. Ross (2009) Reforming the Federation. In: S. White, R. Sakwa and H. Hale (eds) Developments in Russian Politics 7 (Palgrave), Chap 9

M. McFaul (2005) Russia’s unfinished revolution (Cornell UP)S. Wegren and D. Herspring (eds) (2009) After Putin’s Russia (Rowman and Littlefield)

A. Libman (2011) Russian Federalism and Post-Soviet Integration: Divergence of Development Paths. Europe-Asia Studies 63 (8): 1323-1355

C. Ross (2003) Putin’s federal reforms and the consolidation of federalism in Russia: one step forward, two steps back! Communist and Post-Communist Studies 36: 29-47

D. Bahry (2005) The New Federalism and the Paradoxes of Regional Sovereignty in Russia. Comparative Politics 37 (2): 127-146

8 Russian Patriotism and Nationalism

Core readings

S. Oushakine (2009) The Patriotism of Despair: Nation, War, and Loss in Russia, Chap. 2S. Simonsen (2001) Nationalism and the Russian political spectrum: Locating and evaluating

the extremes. Journal of Political Ideologies 6 (3): 263-288

Additional readings

M. Laruelle (2009) In the Name of the Nation: Nationalism and Politics in Russia (Palgrave)M. Laruelle (2004) The two faces of contemporary Eurasianism: an imperial version of

Russian nationalism. Nationalities Papers: The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity 32 (1): 115-136

E. Pain (2007) Xenophobia and Ethnopolitical Extremism in Post-Soviet Russia: Dynamics and Growth Factors. Nationalities Papers: The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity 35 (3): 895-911

R. Horvath (2005) The Legacy of Soviet Dissent: Dissidents, Democratisation and Radical Nationalism in Russia, Chap. 4 E. Clowes (2011) Russia on the Edge: Imagined Geographies and Post-Soviet Identity

(Cornell UP) M. Bassin and C. Kelly (eds) (2012) Soviet and Post-Soviet Identities (Cambridge UP)M. Molchanov (2000) Post-communist nationalism as a power resource: A Russia‐Ukraine

comparison. Nationalities Papers: The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity 28 (2): 263-288

II. REGIMES

9 Hybrid regimes and competitive authoritarianism

Core reading

R. Sakwa (2010) The Dual State in Russia. Post-Soviet Affairs 26 (3): 185-206S. Levitsky and L. Way (2002) The rise of competitive authoritarianism. Journal of Democracy

13(2): 51-65

Additional reading

S. Cummings (2012) Understanding Central Asia: Politics and Contested Transformation (Routledge), Chap. 4

S. Eke and T. Kuzio (2000) Sultanism in Eastern Europe: The Socio-Political Roots of Authoritarian Populism in Belarus. Europe-Asia Studies 52(3): 523-547

L. Markowitz (2012) Tajikistan: authoritarian reaction in a postwar state. Democratization 19 (1): 98-119

A. Wilson (2011) Belarus: The Last European Dictatorship (Yale UP), Chap. 9-10L. Way (2005) Authoritarian State Building and the Sources of Regime Competitiveness in

the Fourth Wave: The Cases of Belarus, Moldova, Russia, and Ukraine. World Politics 57 (2): 231-261

M. McFaul (2002) The Fourth Wave of Democracy and Dictatorship: Noncooperative Transitions in the Postcommunist Word. World Politics 54 (2): 212-244

H. Hale (2010) Eurasian polities as hybrid regimes: The case of Putin's Russia. Journal of Eurasian Studies 1 (1): 33-41.

A. Lukin (2009) Russia's New Authoritarianism and the Post-Soviet Political Ideal.Post-Soviet Affairs 25 (1)

M. Morje-Howard and P.G. Roessler (2006) Liberalizing electoral outcomes in competitive authoritarian regimes. American Journal of Political Science 50 (2): 365-381.

G. Gill (2006) A new turn to authoritarian Rule in Russia? Democratization 13(1)A. Bohr (2004) Independent Turkmenistan: From Post-communism to Sultanism? In: S.

Cummings (ed) Oil, Transition and Security in Central Asia (Routledge)E. Schatz (2008) Transnational Image Making and Soft Authoritarian Kazakhstan. Slavic

Review 67 (1): 50-62E. Schatz (2009) The Soft Authoritarian Tool Kit: Agenda-Setting Power in Kazakhstan and

Kyrgyzstan. Comparative Politics 41 (2): 203-222P. Kubicek (1998) Authoritarianism in Central Asia: Curse or cure? Third World Quarterly 1

(1): 29-43S. Cornell (2001) Democratization falters in Azerbaijan. Journal of Democracy 12 (2): 118-

131

III. NETWORKS, GENDER and MEDIA

10 Networks: Clans and clan politics

Core reading

E. Schatz (2005) Reconceptualizing clans: Kinship networks and statehood in Kazakhstan. Nationalities Papers: The Journal of Nationalism and Ethnicity 33 (2): 231-254

I. Tunçer-Kilavuz (2009) Political and Social Networks in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan: ‘clan’, region and beyond. Central Asian Survey 28 (3): 323-334

Additional readings

K. Collins (2006) Clan Politics and Regime Transition in Central Asia (Cambridge UP), Chap. 2A. Edgar (2001) Genealogy, Class and 'Tribal Policy' in Soviet Turkmenistan, 1924-1934.

Slavic Review 60(2): 266-288S. Peyrouse (2012) Turkmenistan: Strategies of Power, Dilemmas of Development (M.E.

Sharpe): 50-55; 80-84D. Vaisman (1995) Regionalism and Clan Loyalty in the Political Life of Uzbekistan. In Y. Ro’I

(ed) Muslim Eurasia: Conflicting Legacies (Frank Cass)D. Gulette (2007) Theories on Central Asian Factionalism: The Debate in Political Science

and Wider Implications. Central Asian Survey 26 (3): 373-387E. Schatz (2000) The Politics of Multiple Identities: Lineage and Ethnicity. Europe-Asia

Studies 52 (3): 489-506A. Ilkhamov (2007) Neopatrimonialism, interest groups and patronage networks: the

impasses of the governance system in Uzbekistan. Central Asian Survey 25(1): 65-84O. Roy (2000) The New Central Asia: The Creation of Nations (I.B. Tauris), Chap. 6P. Luong (2002) Institutional Change and Political Continuity in Post-Soviet Central Asia:

Power, Perception and Pacts (Cambridge UP)S. Radnitz (2010) Weapons of the Wealthy: Predatory Regimes and Elite-Led Protests in

Central Asia (Cornell UP), Chap. 2 and 4

11 Siloviki, business, oligarchs and organized crime

Core reading

D. Treisman (2007) Putin’s Silovarchs. Orbis 51(1): 141-153.S. Radnitz (2010) Weapons of the Wealthy: Predatory Regimes and Elite-Led Protests in

Central Asia (Cornell UP), Chap. 3

Additional reading

L. Markowitz (2010) Unlootable Resources and State Security in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. Comparative Political Studies: 1-28

O. Kryshtanovskaya and S. White (2012) The Formation of Russia’s Network Directorate. In: V. Kononenko and A. Moshes (eds) Russia as a Network State: What works in Russia when Institutions do not? (Palgrave), Chap 1

P. Hanson (2012) Networks, Cronies and Business Plans: Business–State Relations in Russia. In: V. Kononenko and A. Moshes (eds) Russia as a Network State: What works in Russia when Institutions do not? (Palgrave), Chap 5

Nikolay Petrov (2012) Who is Running Russia’s Regions? In: V. Kononenko and A. Moshes (eds) Russia as a Network State: What works in Russia when Institutions do not? (Palgrave), Chap. 4

R. Sakwa (2004) Putin: Russia’s Choice (Routledge), Chap. 5P. Hanson and E.Teague (2005) Big Business and the State in Russia. Europe-Asia Studies 57

(5): 657- 681 B. Renz (2006) Putin’s militocracy?: An alternative interpretation of the role of Siloviki in

contemporary Russian politics. Europe-Asia Studies 58 (6): 903-924J. Johnson (1997) Russia's emerging financial-industrial groups. Post-Soviet Affairs 13: 303-

332K. Nourzhanov (2005) Saviours of the nation or robber barons? Warlord Politics in Tajikistan

Central Asian Survey 24 (2): 109-130J. Engvall (2006) The State under Siege: The Drug Trade and Organised Crime in Tajikistan.

Europe-Asia Studies 58 (6): 827-854N. Jackson (2006) International Organizations, Security Dichotomies and the Trafficking of

Persons and Narcotics in Post-Soviet Central Asia: A Critique of the Securitization Framework. Security Dialogue 37 (3): 299-317

E. Marat (2005) The State-Crime Nexus in Central Asia: State Weakness, Organized Crime and Corruption in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan (Silk Road Paper)

N. Jackson (2005) The trafficking of narcotics, arms and humans in post-Soviet Central Asia: (mis)perceptions, policies and realities. Central Asian Survey 24 (1): 39-52

G. B. Özcan (2010) Building states and markets: enterprise development in Central Asia (Palgrave)

J. Heathershaw and A. Cooley (2014) Dictators Without Borders. Open Democracy. Available at https://www.opendemocracy.net/od-russia/john-heathershaw-alexander-cooley/dictators-without-borders.

12 Revolutions?

Core reading

H. Hale (2005) Regime Cycles. Democracy, Autocracy, and Revolution in post-Soviet Eurasia. World Politics 58: 133-165

P. D’ Anieri (2006) Explaining the success and failure of post-communist Revolutions. Communist and Post-Communist Studies 39: 331-350

Additional readings

M. Beissinger (2007) Structure and Example in Modular Political Phenomena: The Diffusion Bulldozer/Rose/Orange/Tulip Revolutions. Perspectives on Politics 5(2): 259-276

L. Way (2008) The Real Causes of the Colour Revolutions. Journal of Democracy 19 (3): 55-69

T. Tudoroiu (2007) Rose, Orange and Tulip: The Failed Post-Soviet Revolutions. Communist and Post-Communist Studies 40: 315-342

J. Tucker (2007) Enough! Electoral Fraud, Collective Action Problems, and Post-communist Colored Revolutions. Perspectives on Politics 5(3): 535- 551

M. Howard (2002) The Weakness of post-communist civil society. Journal of Democracy 13(3) 157-169

S. Cummings and M. Rybakov (2008) Situating the ‘Tulip Revolution’. Central Asian Survey 27 (3)

A. Matveeva (2008) Exporting Civil Society: The Post-Communist Experience. Problems of Post-communism 55(2): 3-13

S. Berman (1997) Civil Society and the Collapse of the Weimar Republic. World Politics 40 (3): 401-429

K. Collins (2011) Kyrgyzstan’s latest revolution. Journal of Democracy 22(3) S. Radnitz (2006) What happened in Kyrgyzstan. Journal of Democracy 17(2)S. Radnitz (2010) Weapons of the Wealthy: Predatory Regimes and Elite-Led Protests in

Central Asia (Cornell UP), Chap 5A. Matveeva (2010) Kyrgyzstan in Crisis: permanent revolution and the curse of nationalism

(LSE Crisis States Research Center)International Crisis Group (2005) Uzbekistan: The Andijon Uprising. Asia Briefing 38International Crisis Group (2010a) The Pogroms in Kyrgyzstan. Asia Report 193International Crisis Group (2010b) Kyrgyzstan: A Hollow Regime Collapses. Asia Briefing 102O. Roy (2005) The predicament of ‘civil society’ in Central Asia and the ‘Greater Middle

East’. International Affairs 81(5): 1001-1012S. Freizer (2005) Neo-liberal and communal civil society in Tajikistan: merging or dividing in

the post-war period? Central Asian Survey 24(3): 225-243G. Herd (2005) Colorful revolutions and CIS: manufactured versus managed democracy.

Problems of Post-communism 52(2): 3-18G. P. Herd (2005) Colorful Revolution and the CIS. ‘Manufactured’ versus ‘Managed’

Democracy? Problems of Post-Communism 52(2): 3-18T. Kuzio (2008) Democratic Breakthrough and Revolutions in Five post-communist Countries:

Comparative Perspectives on the Forth Wave. Demokratizatsiya 16(1): 97-209M. McFaul (2007) Ukraine imports Democracy. External Influences on the Orange Revolution.

International Security 32 (2): 45-83A. Dimitrova and G. Pridham (2004) International Actors and Democracy Promotion in

Central and Eastern Europe: The Integration Model and its Limits. Democratization 11(5): 91-112

L. Whitehead (2011) The International Dimension of Democratization: Europe and the Americas

S. Huntington (1991) The Third Wave. Democratization in the late Twentieth Century (Oklahoma UP)

13 Gender Politics

Core reading

S. Ashwin (2000) Introduction. In: S. Ashwin (ed) Gender, State and Society in Soviet and Post-Soviet Russia (Routledge)

D. Kantiyoti (2007) The politics of gender and the Soviet paradox: neither colonized, nor modern? Central Asian Survey 26 (4): 601-623

Additional reading

S. Ashwin (ed) (2000) Gender, State and Society in Soviet and Post-Soviet Russia (Routledge)

M. Eichler (2011) Militarizing Men: Gender, Conscription, and War in Post-Soviet Russia (Stanford UP)

E. Gapova (2002) On Nation, Gender, and Class Formation in Belarus… And Elsewhere in the Post-Soviet World. Nationalities Papers 30 (4): 639-662

A. Foxall (2013) Photographing Vladimir Putin: Masculinity, Nationalism and Visuality in Russian Political Culture. Geopolitics 18 (1): 132-156

N. Megoran (1999) Theorizing gender, ethnicity and the nation-state in Central Asia. Central Asian Survey 18 (1): 99-110

N. Megoran (2008) Framing Andijon, narrating the nation: Islam Karimov's account of the events of 13 May 2005. Central Asian Survey 27 (1): 15-31

M. Buckley (ed) (1997) Post-Soviet Women: From the Baltic to Central Asia (Cambridge UP)F. Heyat (2002) Azeri Women in Transition: Women in Soviet and Post-Soviet Azerbaijan

(Routledge)

14 Media and the Internet

Core readings

S. Oates (2007) The Neo-Soviet model of the media. Europe-Asia Studies 59 (8): 1279-1297S. Kendzior (2011) Digital distrust: Uzbek cynicism and solidarity in the Internet Age.

American Ethnologist 38 (3): 559–575

Additional reading

B. Beumers, S. Hutchings and N. Rulyova (eds) (2009) The Post-Soviet Russian Media: Conflicting Signals (Routledge)

S. Oates (2013) Revolution Stalled: The Political Limits of the Internet in the Post-Soviet Sphere (Oxford UP)

S. Oates (2006) Television, Democracy and Elections in Russia (Routledge)L. Belin (2002) The Russian Media in the 1990s. Journal of Communist Studies and Transition

Politics 18 (1): 139-160S. Gehlbach (2010) Reflections on Putin and the Russian Media. Post-Soviet Affairs 26 (1):

77–87T. Remington (1985) Politics and Professionalism in Soviet Journalism. Slavic Review 44 (3):

489-503L. Diamond (2010) Liberation Technology. Journal of Democracy 21 (3)L. March (2006) Virtual Politics in a Virtual World: The Use of the Internet by Russian Political

Parties. In: S. Oates, D. Owen and R. Gibson (eds) The Internet and Politics: Citizens, Voters and Activists (Routledge)

E. Morozov (2011) Liberation Technology: Whither internet control? Journal of Democracy 22(2)

F. Toepfl (2012) Blogging for the Sake of the President: The Online Diaries of Russian Governors. Europe-Asia Studies 64 (8): 1435-1459

K. Pearce and S. Kendzior (2012) Networked Authoritarianism and Social Media in Azerbaijan. Journal of Communication 62: 283–298

15 Role play: Introduction

IV. FOREIGN POLICY

16 A New Great Game?

Core reading

A. Cooley (2012) Great Games, Local Rules: The New Great Power Contest in Central Asia (Oxford: OUP), Chap. 1

R. Menon (2003) The New Great Game in Central Asia. Survival 45 (2): 87-204.

Additional reading

P. Hopkirk (1993) The Great Game: the struggle for empire in Central Asia (Kodansha)E. Matthew (2003) ‘The New’ Great Game and the new great games: Disciples of Kipling and

Mackinder. Central Asian Survey 22 (1): 83-102J. Heathershaw and N. Megoran (2011) Contesting danger: A new agenda. International

Affairs 87 (3): 589-612S. Horsman (2005) Themes in official discourses on terrorism in Central Asia. Third World

Quarterly 26(1):199-213M. Laruelle, J. Huchet, S. Peyrouse and B. Balci (eds) (2010) China and India in Central Asia:

A New ‘Great Game’? (Palgrave)N. Swanström China and Central Asia: a new Great Game or traditional vassal relations?

Journal of Contemporary China 14: 569-584. I. Berman (2004) The New Battleground: Central Asia and the Caucasus. Washington

Quarterly 28 (1): 59-69F. Starr (1994) Making Eurasia Stable. Foreign Affairs 75 (1): 80-92J. Smith (2009) The Great Game, Round Three. The Journal of International Security Affairs

17A. Mohammed and J. Beal (2002) The New Great Game in Muslim Central Asia (Honolulu UP)Z. Brzezinski (1997) The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and its Geostrategic -

Imperatives (Basic Books)R. Müllerson (2007) Central Asia: A Chessboard and Player in the New Great Game

(Routledge)A. Cooley (2008) US bases and democratization in Central Asia. Orbis 52 (1)A. Tsygankov (2008) Russia's International Assertiveness: What Does It Mean for the West?

Problems of Postcommunism 55(2): 38 – 55S. N. Macfarlane (2004) The United States and Regionalism in Central Asia. International

Affairs 80 (3)A. Tsygankov (2009) Russia in the Post-Western World: The End of the Normalization

Paradigm? Post-Soviet Affairs 25 (4) D. Shlapentokh (2007) China in the Russian mind today: Ambivalence and Defeatism.

Europe-Asia Studies 59(1): 1-21A. Khodzhaev (2009) The Central Asian Policy of the People’s Republic of China. China and

Eurasia Forum Quarterly 7(1): 9-28G. Raballand and A. Andresy (2007) Why should trade between Central Asia and China

continue to expand? Asia-Europe Journal 5(2)S. Breslin (2005) Power and Production: Rethinking China’s Global Economic Role. Review of

International Studies 31 (4):735–753.M. Olcott (2006) Is China A Reliable Stakeholder in Central Asia? Carnegie Policy PaperW. Callahan (2005) How to understand China: the dangers and opportunities of being a

rising power. Review of International Studies 31 (4): 701-714

17 Geopolitics and Regionalism

Core reading

R. Allison (2008) Virtual regionalism, regional structures and regime security in Central Asia. Central Asian Survey 27 (2): 185-202

M. Bassin and K. Aksenov (2006) Mackinder and the Heartland Theory in Post-Soviet Geopolitical Discourse. Geopolitics 11 (1): 99-118

Additional reading

K. Collins (2009) Economic and Security Regionalism among Patrimonial Regimes: The Case of Central Asia. Europe-Asia Studies 61(2): 249-281

A. Bohr (2004) Regionalism in Central Asia: new geopolitics, old regional order. International Affairs 80 (3): 485-502

M. Laruelle (2008) Eurasianism: Ideology of Empire (John Hopkins University Press), Introduction and Chap. 6

D. Trenin (2009) Russia’s Spheres of Interest not Influence. The Washington Quarterly 32 (4): 3-22

R. Deyermond (2009) Matrioshka hegemony? Multi-levelled hegemonic competition and security in post-Soviet Central Asia. Review of International Studies 35: 151-173

R. Allison (2001) Central Asian Security: The New International Context (Brookings Institution Press)

K. Oskanian (2013) Fear, Weakness and Power in the Post-Soviet South Caucasus: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis (Palgrave)

P. Aalto (2000) Beyond Restoration: The Construction of Post-Soviet Geopolitics in Estonia. Cooperation and Conflict 35 (1): 65-88.

N. Megoran (2004) The Critical geopolitics of the Uzbekistan-Kyrgyzstan Ferghana Valley boundary dispute, 1999-2000. Political Geography 23: 731-764

N. Megoran (2004) Revisiting the ‘pivot’: the influence of Halford Mackinder on analysis of Uzbekistan’s international relations. The Geographical Journal 170 (4): 347–358

S. Sharapova (2013) The Intellectual Life of the Heartland: How Mackinder travelled to Uzbekistan. In: N. Megoran and S. Sharapova. Central Asia in International Relations: The Legacies of Halford Mackinder (Hurst): 171-198

E. Solovyev (2004) Geopolitics in Russia - science or vocation? Communist and Post-Communist Studies 37: 85–96

T. Shakleyina and A. Bogaturov (2004) The Russian Realist school of international relations. Communist and Post-Communist Studies 37: 1–17

A. Tsygankov and P. Tsygankov (2004) New Directions in Russian international studies: Pluralization, Westernization and isolationism. Communist and Post-Communist Studies 37: 37–51

N. Megoran and S. Sharapova (eds) (2013) Central Asia in International Relations: The Legacies of Halford Mackinder (Hurst)

18 Varieties of Foreign Policy: Identity and culture?

Core reading

C. King (2004) Marking Time in the Middle Ground: Contested Identities and Moldovan Foreign Policy. In: R. Fawn (ed) Ideology and National Identity in Post-Communist Foreign Policies (Frank Cass Publishers)

S. Jones (2004) The Role of Cultural Paradigms in Georgian Foreign Policy. In: R. Fawn (ed) Ideology and National Identity in Post-Communist Foreign Policies (Frank Cass Publishers)

Additional reading

G. Gleason (2001) Foreign policy and domestic reform in Central Asia. Central Asian Survey 20 (2): 167-182

M. Fumagalli (2007) Alignments and Realignments in Central Asia: The Rationale and Implications of Uzbekistan’s Rapprochement with Russia. International Political Science Review 28 (3): 253-27

L. Anceschi (2010) Integrating Domestic Politics and Foreign Policy Making: The cases of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Central Asian Survey 29 (2): 143-158

L. Anceschi (2009) Turkmenistan’s Foreign Policy: Positive Neutrality and the consolidation of the Turkmen Regime (Routledge)

S. Peyrouse (2012) Turkmenistan: Strategies of Power, Dilemmas of Development (M. E. Sharpe), Chaps. 8, 9 and 10

S. Cummings and M. Ochs (2002) Turkmenistan: Saparmurat Niyazov’s inglorious Isolation. In: S. Cummings and M. Ochs (eds) Power and Change in Central Asia (Routledge)

S. Cummings (2003) Eurasian bridge or murky waters between east and west? Ideas, identity and output in Kazakhstan's foreign policy. Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics 19 (3): 139-155

R. Hanks (2009) Multi-vector politics’ and Kazakhstan's emerging role as a geo-strategic player in Central Asia. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies 11 (3): 257-267

E. Huskey (2004) National Identity from Scratch: Defining Kyrgyzstan’s Role in World Affairs. In: R. Fawn (ed). Ideology and National Identity in Post-Communist Foreign Policies (Frank Cass Publishers)

L. March (2012) Nationalism for Export? The Domestic and Foreign-Policy Implications of the New ‘Russian Idea’. Europe-Asia Studies 64 (3): 401-425

A. Tsygankov (201) Russia's Foreign Policy: Change and Continuity in National Identity (Roman and Littlefield), Chap. 1

M. Haas (2011) Russia's Foreign Security Policy in the 21st Century: Putin, Medvedev and Beyond (Routledge)

R. Allison (2004) Strategic Reassertion in Russia’s Central Asia Policy. International Affairs 80 (2): 277-293

R. Sakwa (2004) Putin: Russia’s Choice (Routledge), Chap. 10M. Grossman (2005) Role Theory and Foreign Policy Change: The Transition of Russian

Foreign Policy in the 1990s. International Politics 42G. Chafetz, H. Abramson and S. Grillot (1996) Role Theory and Foreign Policy: Belarussian

and Ukrainian Compliance with Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime. Political Pyschology 17 (4): 727-757

S. Burant (1995) Foreign Policy and National Identity: A Comparison of Ukraine and Belarus. Europe-Asia Studies 47 (7): 1125-1144

A. Tsygankov (2000) Defining state interests after empire: national identity, domestic structures and foreign trade policies of Latvia and Belarus. Review of International Political Economy 7 (1): 101-137

D. Smith (2004) ‘The Devil in the Deep Blue Sea’ European Integration, National Identity and Foreign Policy in Post-Communist Estonia. In: R. Fawn (ed) Ideology and National Identity in Post-Communist Foreign Policies. Frank Cass Publishers.

E. Berg and P. Ehin (2009) Identity and Foreign Policy: Baltic-Russian Relations and European Integration (Ashgate)

D. Galbreath (2006) Latvian Foreign Policy After Enlargement: Continuity and Change. Conflict and Cooperation 41 (4): 443-462

B. Shaffer (ed) (2006) The Limits of Culture (MIT UP)

19 Politics of Energy: The Quest for hydrocarbons

Core reading

B. Shaffer (2009) Energy Politics (UPenn P), Chap. 1 R. Kantiyoti (2008) What price access to the open seas? The geopolitics of oil and gas

transmission from the Trans-Caspian republics. Central Asian Survey 27 (1): 75-93

Additional readings

B. Shaffer (2009) Energy Politics (UPenn P), Chaps. 2-3, 7, 10

A. Kendall-Taylor(2010) Domestic balancing acts in the Caspian petro-states. In: I. Overland, H. Kjaernet and A. Kendall-Taylor (eds) Caspian Energy Politics: Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan (Routledge)

A. Nurmakov (2010) Resource nationalism in Kazakhstan’s petroleum sector: curse or blessing? In: I. Overland, H. Kjaernet and A. Kendall-Taylor (eds) Caspian Energy Politics: Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan (Routledge)

G. Gleason (2010. Natural gas and authoritarianism in Turkmenistan. In: I. Overland, H. Kjaernet and A. Kendall-Taylor (eds) Caspian Energy Politics: Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan (Routledge)

R. Dannreuther (2011) China and global oil: vulnerability and opportunity. International Affairs 87 (6): 1345–1364

P. Jones-Luong and E. Weinthal (2010) Oil is not a curse. Ownership Structure and Institutions in Soviet Successor States (Cambridge UP), Chaps. 1, 3-5, 7-8

M. Lanteigne. China's Energy Security and Eurasian Diplomacy: The Case of Turkmenistan. Politics 27 (3): 147-155

S. Blank (2005-2006) The Eurasian Energy Triangle: China, Russia and the Central Asian States. Brown Journal of World Affairs XII (2)

S. Zhao (2008) China’s Global Search for Energy Security: Cooperation and Competition in Asia- Pacific. Journal of Contemporary China 17 (55): 207-227

K. Sheives (2005) China and Central Asia's New Energy Relationship: Keeping Things in Perspective. CEFQ Special issue on Energy Security

20 Debate: Ukraine Crisis

21 Simulation

22 Simulation continued/debriefing