Course Name: Radiology Instructor Name: Jodi Major BS RDH Course Number: DHY 163 Course Department: Dental Hygiene/STEMM Course Term: Fall 2019 Last Revised by Department: 04-25-2020 Total Semester Hour(s) Credit: 3 Total Contact Hours per Semester: Lecture: 30 hours Lab: 30 Clinical: 0 Internship/Practicum: 0 Catalog Description: This course encompasses the physics of radiation and radiation biology as they are related to the principles, techniques and interpretation of intra and extraoral radiographs. Quality in exposing, mounting and processing dental x-rays is stressed along with an emphasis on the safety of the patient and operator included in this course. Laboratory exercises will develop the student’s competency in exposing, processing and mounting radiographs. This course is only offered to students who are accepted into the dental hygiene program. This course will help students develop knowledge of dental radiology and use these skills to critically think as they evaluate radiographs taken on dental hygiene patients. This knowledge will be beneficial to the career of dental hygiene. Pre-requisites and/or Co-requisites: Acceptance into the Dental Hygiene Program; DHY- 114 Dental Hygiene Anatomical Sciences Textbook(s) Required: Johnson, O.N., McNally, M.A., Essentials of Dental Radiography for Dental Assistants and Hygienists 10th edition ISBN-10: 0138019398 • ISBN-13: 9780138019396 Access Code:No Required Materials: textbook, index cards; for lab: binder for lab journal, Name tag, scrubs, blue lab coats, white leather shoes (no mesh on top), PPE’s, Suggested Materials: binder for lecture handouts, pocket protectors Course Fees: None Institutional Outcomes:

Critical Thinking: The ability to dissect a multitude of incoming information, sorting the pertinent from the irrelevant, in order to analyze, evaluate, synthesize, or apply the information to a defendable conclusion. Effective Communication: Information, thoughts, feelings, attitudes, or beliefs transferred either verbally or nonverbally through a medium in which the intended meaning is clearly and correctly understood by the recipient with the expectation of feedback. Personal Responsibility: Initiative to consistently meet or exceed stated expectations over time.

Department Outcomes: • To promote excellence in instruction and create a safe and nurturing

learning environment that facilitates student learning and improves client care through research, guided self-study, online activities and varied clinical instructional opportunities.

• To comprehensively prepare students for entry level dental hygiene with core knowledge of dental hygiene sciences, critical thinking skills and clinical skills for individualized delivery of preventative education and oral health care to diverse populations.

• To provide effective education in dental hygiene to produce graduates competent to practice within the profession’s ethical and legal framework pertinent to the role of a dental hygienist and who participates in community service and lifelong learning through professional development.

• To provide transferable education to allow graduates to continue their education in dental hygiene related fields. Articulation agreements

Program Outcomes: At the completion of the program the student will:

• Function safely in clinical areas as a dental hygienist utilizing critical thinking and their knowledge base.

• Become a competent health care provider who performs as an integral member of the dental team rendering oral health care to clients utilizing basic communication skills to meet individual’s needs.

• Develop a personal practice philosophy that reflects sensitivity and cultural understanding to their client’s individual needs.

• Demonstrate professional manners, attitudes and behaviors. • Assume leadership roles in the promotion of preventative health to meet

the needs of the changing needs of the community. • Develop mutually beneficial collaborations with the local community, allied

health, dental and dental hygiene professional and serve as a dental health resource for community groups.

• Practice self-assessment and personal responsibility. • Utilize critical thinking skills when assessing, planning, implementing and

evaluating comprehensive dental hygiene care and programs. • Recognize the value and need for lifelong learning. • Uphold the ethics of the dental hygiene profession.

Student Learning Outcomes:

After the completion of this course the student will be able to -

1. Recall the important dates related to dental radiography and the contributions of pioneers in the field of dental radiography.

2. Explain radiation physics, ionization and the nature of radiation. 3. List the characteristics of x-rays. 4. Identify dental radiographic techniques and list the uses of radiographs in

dentistry. 5. Differentiate between the different types of radiation. 6. Describe the interactions of dental x-rays with matter and action on tissues

and cells. 7. List protective measures and methods used to reduce the risk principle in

radiation exposure. 8. Recognize and identify the main components of the dental x-ray machine

and their function. 9. Discuss the operation of the dental x-ray machine and procedures for

operating the machine. 10. Describe and discuss in detail the principles of radiographic imaging. 11. List the steps in the production of radiographs. 12. Explain the radiological units of measurement, rads, rems, R and SI

counterparts. 13. Define the inverse square law. 14. Explain the effects of exposure time, mAs, kVp and tube film distance on

the radiograph. 15. Draw a tube head, label the parts and describe in detail each of their

functions. 16. Explain the effects of object density and thickness on the radiograph. 17. Determine how to adjust contrast, density, quality, intensity and

magnification on a radiograph. 18. Utilize radiographs to assist in the interpretation of dental caries,

periodontal disease and dental restorations. 19. State the advantages and disadvantages of both paralleling technique and

the bisecting technique. 20. Identify the components of an x-ray film and describe the various sizes

and film speed and uses of each. 21. List the components of an efficient darkroom and their functions. 22. List and explain the process of film processing and why correct film

processing is important for diagnostic quality radiographs.

23. List and explain the chemical components and their function in both fixer and developing solutions.

24. Describe the darkroom and common processing errors and steps to resolve them.

25. Demonstrate the correct processing technique without introducing any processing errors for any type of dental radiograph.

26. Identify anatomical landmarks and artifacts on both a full mouth series and panorex.

27. Mount a full mouth series of radiographs with 100% accuracy. 28. State advantages and disadvantages of a panoramic radiograph. 29. Label the contents of an extra oral cassette. 30. State the cause of any faulty radiograph, which resulted from operator

error and explain the steps to correct the errors. 31. Differentiate between radiolucent and radiopaque structures and be and

be able to identify on a radiograph. 32. Demonstrate the correct protocol for exposing a panorex, full series of

radiographs, VBWs, and HBWs, occlusal radiographs. 33. Demonstrate the proper film selection, (type and size) for the following

radiographic techniques, periapical exposure, VBW. HBW, panorex, FMS, pedodontic series and occlusal exposures.

34. Discuss in detail the use, handling and storage of x-ray film. 35. Discuss and perform client management techniques and the

communication skills vital for client and professional relationships. 36. Identify, assemble and properly utilize radiographic film holders. 37. Practice all principles of radiation safety and infection control when

exposing radiographs. 38. Discus legal issues related to dental radiography. 39. Describe the clinical indications and techniques used for cephalometric,

lateral, posterior anterior and Water’s projection. 40. Demonstrate proper record keeping related to radiographs. 41.Discuss Digital Imagery 42.Discuss 3D Imagery

Objectives:

Objectives Dental Radiograph: Historical Perspective and Future Trends

Contents

Learning activities/assessment

1. State when x rays were discovered and by whom.

2. Trace history of radiology including prominent contributors.

3. List 2 historical developments that made dental x ray machines safer.

4. Explain how rectangular PIDs reduce patient radiation exposure.

5. Identify 2 techniques used to expose dental radiographs.

6. List 5 uses of dental radiographs 7. Discover other imaging

modalities for detection and evaluation of oral conditions.

8. Define key terms

Chapter 1 Discovery of the X-ray Important Scientists and Researchers Dental X-ray Equipment Dental X-ray Techniques Advances in Dental Radiographic Imaging

Ongoing classroom assessment Read: Chapter 1 Quiz Chapter 1 Answer the chapter review questions Define key terms

Objectives Infection Control

Content Learning activities/assessment

1.List the conditions that make up the chain of infection. 2.State purpose of infection control. 3.Identify methods of breaking the chain of infection. 4.State the roles of the CDC and OSHA 5.List PPE recommendations 6. Explain hand and respiratory hygiene 7.Compare the levels of EPA regulated disinfectants. 8.Differentiate semi-critical and noncritical objects used in radiographic procedures. 9.Demostrate proper infection control in radiology. 10. Define key terms

Chapter 9 Fundamentals of Infection Control Disinfection, Surface Barriers, and Sterilization Infection Control Protocol for Radiographic Procedure and Processing

Ongoing classroom assessment Read Chapter 9 Quiz Chapter 9 Answer the chapter review questions Chapter 9 Case Study Define key terms

Objectives The Dental X-ray machine: Components and Function

Contents Learning activities/assessment

1. Identify the 3 major components of an x-ray machine.

2. Identify/explain the function of 5 controls on the control panel

3. Differentiate alternating & direct electrical currents.

4. Explain relationship of AC & DC dental x-ray machines and their effects on radiology

5. State 3 conditions necessary for x-ray production.

6. Draw/label the parts of a dental x-ray tube

7. Trace the production of x-rays from the time of exposure button is activated until x-rays are released from the tube

8. Demonstrate in sequence, the steps needed to operate the dental x-ray machine

9. Define key terms

Chapter 3 X-ray machine components Electricity X-ray tube Principles of operations X-ray beam Operational procedures

Ongoing classroom assessment Read Chapter 3 Quiz Chapter 3 Answer the chapter review questions Tube head activity Define key terms

Objectives Introduction to radiographic examinations

Contents Learning activities/assessment

1. State the differences between intraoral & extraoral radiography

2. Compare the 3 intraoral radiographic exams

3. Identify the 2 intraoral techniques

4. List the 5 rules for shadow casting

5. Determine conditions that affect the selection of image receptor size

6. Select the type and # of image receptors required for a FMX

7. Explain horizontal & vertical angulation

8. Explain point of entry 9. List 5 contraindications for

using the patient’s finger to hold the image receptor during exposure

10. Explain basic design of image receptor positioners/holders

11. Describe proper patient seating position

12. Demonstrate a systematic & orderly sequence of the exposure procedure

13. Define key terms

Chapter 12 Intraoral Procedures Technique Fundamentals of Shadow Casting Radiographic Examination Horizontal and Vertical Angulation Points of Entry Image Receptor Positioners Preparations and Seating Positions Sequence of procedure

Ongoing classroom assessment Read chapter 12 Quiz chapter 12 Answer the chapter review questions Define key terms

Objectives Image orientation and Introduction to Interpretation Recognizing Normal Radiographic Anatomy- Intraoral Radiographs

Contents Learning activities/assessment

1. List advantages of mounting film-based radiographs

2. Identify anatomic landmarks that assist with distinguishing radiographs of the maxilla and mandible

3. Describe characteristics of a quality film mount

4. Discuss the use/importance of the embossed film identification dot

5. Compare labial & lingual methods of film mounting

6. List steps to an orderly mounting procedure

7. List anatomic generalizations that aid in image orientation.

8. Describe actions that will assist in correctly orienting digital images

9. Explain differences between interpretation & diagnosis

10. Describe equipment used to view radiographic images

11. Demonstrate image viewing according to suggested steps

12. Describe the use/care or radiographic images during & after patient care

1.Explain how 2-dimensional

Chapter 20 and 21 Mounting Film-Based Radiographs Digital Image Orientation Viewing Radiographic Images Using Radiographic Images Interpretation Fundamentals Radiographic Appearance of: Bone, the Dentition, Bony Landmarks Steps to Interpreting Normal Radiographic Anatomy

Ongoing classroom assessment Read: Chapters 20 and 21 Quiz Chapters 20 and 21 Answer the chapter review questions chapters 20 and 21 Sort and mount a series of radiographs with in a set period of time. Find and identify anatomical landmarks with a partner shown in a periapical radiograph Define key terms

radiographs present a challenge to developing interpretation skills 2.List facial & cranial bones important to radiographic interpretation 3.Differentiate between radiographic appearance of cortical and cancellous bone 4.Differentiate between radiographic of the lamina dura and the PDL space 5.List/identify the radiographic appearance of the structures of the teeth 6.Demonstrate use of a systematic method for interpreting dental radiographs 7.Categorize bony landmarks as either radiopaque or radiolucent 8.Identify significant anatomy recorded on dental radiographs of maxilla & mandible 9.Define all key terms chapter 20 & 21

Objectives Periapical examination- Paralleling and Bisecting Techniques

Contents Learning activities/assessmen

1. Discuss principles of paralleling & bisecting technique. 2. List advantages/limitations of paralleling & bisecting technique. 3. Identify/assemble/position image receptor holders for paralleling technique. 4. Identify/assemble/position image receptor holders for bisecting technique & distinguish these holders from those used in paralleling technique. 5. Explain importance of achieving accurate horizontal & vertical angulation in obtaining quality diagnostic radiographs using paralleling & bisecting technique. 6. List recommended predetermined vertical angulation settings used with bisecting technique. 7. Identify vertical angulation errors unique to paralleling & bisecting technique. 8. Locate facial landmarks used for determining points of entry with bisecting technique 8. Demonstrate positioning, correct angulation, & points of entry for maxillary & mandibular periapical exposures in both paralleling and bisecting techniques. 9. Define key terms chapter 13 & 14

Chapter 13 and 14 Fundamentals of Paralleling and Bisecting Technique Holding the Periapical Image Receptor in Position Horizontal and Vertical Angulation Points of Entry The Periapical Examination: -Paralleling Technique -Bisecting Technique

Ongoing classroom assessment Read: Chapters 13 and 14 Quiz Chapters 13 and 14 Answer the chapter review questions chapters 13 and 14 Assemble film holder and film Periapical worksheet Define key terms

Objectives Bitewing Examination

Contents Learning activities/assess

1. Describe the bitewing technique

2. Match BW exam with 2 ideal uses.

3. List the 4 sizes of image receptors that are used for BW surveys, advantages/disadvantages

4. List size and number of image receptors for adult with/without Perio disease and child with primary or mixed dentition for BW series.

5. Differentiate horizontal & vertical BW

6. Explain role occlusion plays in alignment for premolar/molar BW

7. Explain effect incorrect horizontal angulation on BW

8. Identify + and – vertical angulations

9. State recommended vertical angulation & errors unique to incorrect vertical angulation

10. Demo correct anterior VBW and posterior VBW & BW

11. Define key terms

Chapter 15 Fundamentals of Bitewing Radiography Size, # and Placement of Image Receptors Holding the Bitewing Image Horizontal and Vertical Angulation Points of Entry The Bitewing Technique

Ongoing classroom assessment Read: chapter 15 Quiz chapter 15 Answer the chapter review questions of chapter 15 Define key terms

Objectives Occlusal Examination

Contents Learning activities/assessm

1. State purpose of occlusal examination

2. List indications for occlusal radiographs

3. Match topographical & cross-sectional techniques with the condition to be imaged

4. Compare and contrast patient head positions for the topographical and cross- sectional techniques

5. Demo the steps for maxillary & mandibular topographical surveys and mandibular cross-sectional survey

6. Define key terms

Chapter 16 Types of Occlusal Examinations Fundamentals of Occlusal Radiographs Horizontal and Vertical Angulation Points of Entry The Occlusal Examination

Ongoing classroom assessment Read chapter 16 Quiz Chapter 16 Answer the chapter review questions of chapter 16 Define key terms

Objectives Radiographic Appearance of Dental Materials and Foreign Objects Describing Radiographic Anomalies, Lesion and Opportunistic Screening

Contents

Learning activities/assessme

1. Explain need for clinical exam in conjunction with radiographic interpretation

2. Explain the effect 2-dimensional radiographs have on identifying dental materials.

3. Rank dental materials according to degree of radiopacity.

4. Describe role radiographs play in evaluating dental restorations

5. Identify radiographic appearance of: amalgam, composite resin, glass ionomer, full metal crown (PFM, stainless steel crowns), fixed bridge, retention pin/post/core restorative material, dental liners, bases, cements, endodontic fillers, implants, orthodontic & surgical materials, amalgam fragment.

6. Use correct terminology to describe radiographic appearance of dental anomalies.

7. Describe anomalies & pathologic lesions by density, size, shape, border, architecture, location, and effect on surrounding tissues.

8. Differentiate radiolucent, radiopaque, and lucent-opaque lesions.

9. Explain documentation the size of a lesion

Chapter 23 and 26

Interpretation Fundamentals

Identification of Common Dental Restorative Materials

Identification of Foreign Objects

Descriptive Terminology

Radiographic Appearance of Developmental Anomalies

Appearance of Radiolucent Lesions

Appearance of Radiopaque Lesions

Radiographic Appearance of Tooth Resorption

Ongoing classroom assessment Read: Chapters 23 and 26 Quiz Chapters 23 and 26 Answer the chapter review questions of Chapters 23 & 26 Box o films activity Define key terms

detected on image 10. Differentiate regular &

irregular-shaped lesion, well-defined & poorly-defined border of lesion detected on image.

11. Explain difference between lesion architecture that’s: unilocular, multilocular, focal opacity, multifocal, target lesion

12. Explain importance of documenting location of anomalies & lesions detected on image

13. Explain importance of examining adjacent structures/surrounding tissues changes caused by anomaly/lesion

14. List/Describe radiographic appearance of common developmental anomalies, radiolucent lesions, radiopaque lesions, lucent-opaque lesions.

15. Differentiate between external and internal resorption.

16. Explain significance of opportunistic screening

17. Define key terms from Chapter 23 and 26

Appearance of Lucent-Opaque Lesions

Opportunistic Screening

Objectives Objectives

Contents Contents

Learning activities/assessment

Dental X-ray Film and Processing Methods

Learning activities/ assessment

1. List/describe 4 parts of an intraoral film

2. Describe latent image formation, explain how it becomes visible image.

3. List/describe 4 parts of an intraoral film packet

4. Identify intraoral film speeds in dental radiography

5. Explain how duplicating film is different than radiographic film

6. List sequence steps in processing film

7. Identify/explain role of developer & fixer plays in processing an image

8. List requirements for safe-lighting a darkroom

9. Identify equipment needed for manual & automatic film processing

10. Compare manual & automatic processing methods: advantages/disadvantages of each

11. Explain role chemical replenishment & solution changes play in maintaining optimal processing chemistry

12. List conditions that will diminish the quality of stored dental x-ray film

13. Define key terms

Chapter 7 Composition of Dental Film Latent Image Formation Types of Dental X-ray Film Dental X-ray Film Processing Darkroom Manual Film Processing Rapid (chairside) Film Processing Automatic Film Processing Processing Chemistry Maintenance Film Storage & Protection

Ongoing classroom assessment Read: Chapter 7 Answer the chapter review questions of Chapter 7 Chapter 7 Case Study Take apart a film packet and identify each component Darkroom activities Define key terms

Contents Learning activities/assessm

1. Explain fundamental concepts of digital radiography & image acquisition

2. Describe characteristics of digital image

3. List equipment needed to acquire a digital image

4. Explain the use of software in image interpretation

5. Differentiate direct/indirect digital imaging

6. Describe differences between narrow & wide dynamic range

7. Describe/compare 3 types of digital image receptors

8. Discuss digital imaging’s effect on radiation dose to patient

9. Identify benefits/limitations of digital radiographic imaging

10. Define key terms

Chapter 8 Fundamental Concepts Characteristics of a Digital Image Acquiring a Digital Image Types of Digital Image Receptors Radiation Exposure

Ongoing classroom assessment Read: Chapter 8 Quiz Chapter 8 Answer the chapter review questions of Chapter 8 Define key terms

Objectives Characteristics and Measurement of Radiation

Contents Learning activities/assessment

1. Draw/label a typical atom 2. Describe the process of

ionization 3. Differentiate between radiation &

radioactivity 4. List properties shared by all

energies of the electromagnetic spectrum

5. Explain relationship between wavelength & frequency

6. List the properties of x-rays 7. Identify/describe 2 processes

which kinetic energy is converted to electromagnetic energy within dental x-ray tube

8. Differentiate primary, secondary, & scatter radiations

9. List/Describe 4 possible interactions of dental x-rays and matter

10. Define radiographic measurement terms

11. Match SI units of x-radiation measurement to the corresponding traditional terms

12. Identify 3 sources of naturally occurring background radiation

13. Define key terms

Chapter 2 Atomic Structure Ionization Ionizing Radiation Radioactivity Electromagnetic Radiation Properties/ Production of X-rays Description of X-ray Forms Interaction of X-rays with Matter Units of Radiation Background Radiation

Ongoing classroom assessment Read: Chapter 2 Quiz Chapter 2 Answer the chapter review questions of Chapter 2 Define key terms

Objectives Contents Learning

Factors Affecting Radiographic Quality

activities/assessment

1. Evaluate the basic requirements for an acceptable diagnostic radiograph

2. Differentiate between radiopaque and radiolucent on a dental radiograph

3. Define radiographic density and contrast

4. List rules for shadow casting 5. List variables that affect film

contrast 6. Describe how geometric

factors affect image sharpness

7. Identify the causes of image magnification and distortion

8. Explain effect milliamperage, kilovoltage, & exposure time have on image density

9. Explain effect variations in target-surface, object-image receptor, & target-image receptor distances have on image quality

10. Demonstrate practical use of the inverse square law.

11. Define key terms

Chapter 4 Terminology Factors Affecting Radiographic Image Effects of Varying Exposure Factors Effects of Variations of Distances Inverse square law Exposure Charts

Ongoing classroom assessment Read: Chapter 4 Quiz Chapter 4 Answer the chapter review questions for Chapter 4 Handout: Contrast Activity Define key terms

Objectives Effects of Radiation Exposure

Contents Learning activities/assessment

1. Differentiate direct/indirect theories on biological damage

2. Differentiate threshold dose-response curve & non-threshold dose-response curve

3. List sequence of events that may follow exposure to radiation

4. Identify factors that determine radiation injuries are likely

5. List 3 conditions that influence the radio-sensitivity of a cell

6. Determine relative radio-sensitivity or radio-resistance of various kinds of cells in the body

7. Explain difference between deterministic/stochastic effects, somatic/genetic effects, short and long-term effects of irradiation

8. Identify critical tissues for dental radiography

9. Discuss risks vs. benefits of dental radiographs

10. Utilize effective dose equivalent to make radiation exposure comparisons

11. Define key terms

Chapter 5 Theories of Biological Effect Mechanisms Dose Response Curve Sequence of Events Following Radiation Exposure Factors that Determine Radiation Injury Radiation Effects on Tissues of the Body -Somatic/Genetic Effects -Short/Long-Term Effects of Radiation Critical Tissues & Radiation Risks Radiation Exposure Comparisons

Ongoing classroom assessment Read: Chapter 5 Quiz Chapter 5 Answer the chapter review questions of Chapter 5 Define key terms

Objectives Radiation Protection Quality Control and Environmental Safety

Contents Learning activities/assessment

1. Adopt the ALARA concept

2. Use the selection criteria guidelines to explain the need for prescribed radiographs

3. Explain the roles communication, working knowledge of quality radiographs & education in preventing unnecessary exposure, also technique & exposure choices

4. Compare: inherent, added and total filtration

5. State federally mandated limited diameter of the intraoral dental x-ray

6. List 2 functions of a collimator

7. Explain PID shape and length contribute reduction patient radiation exposure

8. Identify film speed currently used

9. Explain the role of the receptor holder reducing exposure

10. Advocate the use of lead/lead equivalent thyroid collar & apron

11. Explain darkroom protocol & film handling to reduce patient exposure

12. Summarize radiation protection for the client

13. Explain roles time,

Chapter 6 and 19 ALARA Protection Measures for the Patient/Radiographer Handheld X-ray Devices Radiation Monitoring Organizations Responsible for Recommending/Setting Exposure Limits Guidelines for Maintaining Safe Radiation Levels Chapter 19 Quality Administration Radiographer Competency Quality Control: -Dental X-ray Machine -Darkroom -Image Receptor -Equipment Used to View Radiographic Images Safe Handling of Radiographic Chemicals and Materials Management of Radiographic Wastes

Ongoing classroom assessment Read: Chapters 6 and 19 Quiz Chapters 6 and 19 Answer the chapter review questions for Chapters 6 and 19 Define key terms

shielding, and distance play in protecting radiographer from unnecessary exposure

14. Utilize distance & location to take a position an appropriate distance & angle from the x-ray source during exposure

15. Describe radiation safety protocol for use with portable, handheld x-ray devices

16. Describe radiation monitoring devices

17. Summarize radiation protection methods for a radiographer

18. List organizations responsible for recommending & setting exposure limits

19. State MPD for radiation workers & for the general public

20. State objectives of dental radiographic quality control

21. Explain role competent radiographer plays in quality assurance

22. Describe quality control test for monitoring: dental x-ray machine, a darkroom, processing equipment, radiographic image receptors, viewboxes, computer monitors used to view images

23. List precautions to put in place that protect digital radiographic images

24. List data supplied by

SDS for radiographic processing chemistry

25. Describe safe handling procedures for radiographic processing chemicals and materials

26. Describe environmentally sound options for disposal of radiographic processing chemistry and materials

27. Define key terms for Chapters 6 and 19

Objectives

Legal and Ethical Responsibilities

Contents Learning activities/assessment

1.Discuss federal/state Chapter 10 Ongoing classroom

regulations concerning the use of dental x-ray equipment 2 Describe licensure requirements for individuals who expose dental radiographs 3. Identify specific risk management strategies pertaining to dental radiography 4. Respond to patient exercising self-determination in refusing a radiographic examination 5. List criteria for informed consent 6. List details that must be documented in a patient’s record during radiographic exam 7. Describe elements required before releasing a copy of a patient’s images 8. State how long images should be maintained & available 9. Describe the role of DICOM 10. List advantages of cloud sharing over other methods of storing and sharing digital radiographic images 11. Identify a cloud sharing system that is HIPPA compliant 12. Explain JPEG impact on digital radiographic images 13. Identify the role professional ethics play in guiding a radiographer’s behavior 14. Define key terms

Regulation and Licensure Legal Considerations Confidentiality of Dental Radiographs Securely Storing and Sharing Digital Radiographic Images Ethics

assessment Read: Chapter 10 Quiz Chapter 10 Answer the chapter review questions for Chapter 10 Define key terms

Objectives

Patient Relationship and Education

Contents Learning activities/assessme

1.Value patient cooperation in producing quality radiographs 2.List aspects of patient relations that help to gain confidence & cooperation

Chapter 11 Interpersonal Skills Communication

Ongoing classroom assessment Read: Chapter 11

3. Explain professional appearance/1st impressions affect patient relations 4. Explain how to project an attitude of professionalism 5. State examples of facilitation skills 6. Explain relationship verbal/nonverbal communication 7. Demo patient management strategy Show-Tell-Do 8. Explain goals of active listening/patient education 9. Describe methods of patient education 10. Respond to most asked questions about radiographic examination 11. Define key terms

Patient Education

Quiz Chapter 11 Answer the chapter review questions for Chapter 11 Define key terms

Objectives Pediatric Radiographic Techniques

Contents Learning activities/assessm

1. List signs/symptoms that indicate a pediatric radiographic need

2. List conditions a pediatric patient might present that causes to adapt standard procedure

3. Identify factors influence # & size of image receptors that are exposed on a

Chapter 27 Assessment of Radiographic Need Image Receptor Size, Number, and Type of Projection Suggested

Ongoing classroom assessment Read: Chapter 27 Quiz Chapter 27 Answer the chapter review questions for Chapter 27

pediatric patient 4. Explain reasoning behind

recommendation to use largest image receptor that can be tolerated by ped. Patient

5. Determine type/# of radiographs to image: primary dentition, transitional mixed dentition

6. Identify extraoral radiographic examinations that may benefit ped. Patient

7. Demo adaptations/modifications to standard paralleling & bisecting techniques that aid in ped. Radiographic exam

8. Adjust standard adult exposure settings to settings appropriate for pedo radiographs

9. Commit Image Gently campaign goals

10. Demo radiographic exam use: Show-Tell-Do & modeling

11. Interpret a set of pedo images

12. Define key terms

Radiographic Technique ALARA Radiation Protection Patient Management Radiographic Interpretation

Role-play with a partner using radiograph techniques for use with an uncooperative child. Define key terms

Objectives Radiographic Techniques for Patients with Special Needs

Contents Learning activities/assessme

1. Discuss strategies for managing the apprehensive patient

2. Discuss strategies for managing patients with Autism spectrum (ASD)

3. Discuss strategies for managing patients with disabilities

4. Identify opportunities to develop cultural sensitivity and competence

5. Discuss strategies for managing patients with age-related changes

6. Use evidence-based guidelines to educate patients who may be reluctant to accept radiographic assessment of need

7. Define key terms

Chapter 28 Patient with Apprehension Patient with Disabilities Cultural Competency Other Special Needs Considerations

Ongoing classroom assessment Read: Chapter 28 Quiz Chapter 28 Answer the chapter review questions for Chapter 28 Define key terms

Objectives Radiographic Techniques for Specific Oral Conditions

Contents Learning activities/assessme

1. Demonstrate ability to adapt standard methods to meet specific oral condition challenges

2. List and define gag reflex stimuli

3. Describe methods to prevent and manage gag reflexes

4. Demonstrate image receptor placement for large, sensitive tori

5. Demonstrate image receptor placement for paralleling/bisecting edentulous regions

6. Explain how to avoid canine-premolar and molar overlap

7. Describe difference between standard & a disto-oblique periapical radiograph

8. List steps to obtain maxillary & mandibular disto-oblique periapical radiograph

9. Explain need to alter image receptor positioner to prevent unequal distribution of the arches

10. Explain how to overcome the following:

Not imaging the distal of the canine on BW Not imaging the root apices on PA

11. Define key terms

Chapter 29 Hypersensitive Gag Reflex Large Sensitive Tori Edentulous Arches Teeth Alignment and Malalignment Disto-oblique Periapical Radiographs Image Receptor and Positioner Challenges

Ongoing classroom assessment Read: Chapter 29 Quiz Chapter 29 Answer the chapter review questions for Chapter 29 Role play image receptor placement Define key terms

Objectives Identifying and Correcting Undiagnostic Radiographs

Contents Learning activities/asse

1. Understand the need for a

retake policy 2. List characteristics of a quality

image 3. Identify the types of

radiographic errors caused by the following:

a. Incorrect Technique b. Incorrect Processing c. Incorrect Image

Receptor Handling 4. Apply appropriate corrective

actions for: a. Technique errors b. Processing errors c. Handling errors

5. Identify causes of film fog & apply appropriate actions for preventing film fog

6. Define key terms

Chapter 18 Recognizing Radiographic Errors Technique Errors Processing Errors Handling Errors Fogged Images and Decreased Contrast

Ongoing classroom assessment Read: Chapter 18 Quiz Chapter 18 Answer the chapter review questions for Chapter 18 Find and identify radiographic errors with a partner from a selection of radiographs Define key terms

Objectives Supplemental and Extra-oral Radiographic Techniques

Contents Learning activities/ assessment

1. Explain need for multiple radiographs during endodontic procedures

2. Describe characteristics of image receptor positioner used to expose radiographs during endodontic procedures

3. List 3 methods of localization 4. Explain relationship between

shadow casting principles & definitive method of localization

5. Explain role the tube shift method of localization plays in imaging root canals

6. List 2 radiographic images needed for the right angle method of localization

7. Explain the S.L.O.B. rule 8. Utilize buccal-object rule to

determine buccal-lingual location of foreign object

9. Explain need for specialized image receptor positioner for handheld x-ray device

10. List possible uses for: duplicate & extraoral radiographs

11. Describe difference between duplicating & radiographic film

12. Identify types of extraoral radiographs for oral/maxillofacial regions

13. Define key terms

Chapter 30 Radiographic Techniques for Endodontics Object Localization Handheld X-ray Devices Film Duplication Extraoral Two-Dimensional Radiographs

Ongoing classroom assessment Read: Chapter 30 Quiz Chapter 30 Answer the chapter review questions for Chapter 30 Define key terms

Objectives Panoramic Examination Recognizing Normal Radiographic Anatomy -Panoramic Radiographs

Contents Learning activities/assessment

1. List uses of panoramic radiography

2. Compare advantages/limitations between a panoramic vs. intraoral radiographs

3. Explain panoramic technique relates to principles of tomography

4. Identify 3 dimensions of focal trough

5. Identify/describe panoramic image receptors

6. Explain role if intensifying screens in producing image & the type recommended by ALARA

7. Describe purpose of panoramic cassette

8. List components of pano machine

9. Demo use of head positioner guides on pano machine & demo steps to prepare patient for exposure of a pano image

10. Explain use of cape-style lead/lead equivalent barrier without attached thyroid collar

11. Match errors in patient

Chapter 17 and 22 Purpose & Uses Advantages & Limitations Fundamentals of Panoramic Radiography Panoramic Imaging Receptors Components of the Panoramic X-ray Machine Patient Preparation Patient Positioning Exposure & Image Receptor Handling Panoramic Imaging Errors Interpretation Fundamentals Radiographic Appearances of:

Ongoing classroom assessment Read: Chapters 17 and 22 Quiz Chapters 17 and 22 Answer the chapter review questions for Chapters 17 and 22 Define key terms

preparation with characteristic effect on appearance of the pano

12. Identify anatomical landmarks/planes used to position dental arche correctly within focal trough

13. List exposure & image receptor handling errors; describe how it will affect appearance of the pano

14. Describe unique appearance of normal anatomy as recorded by panoramic radiograph

15. Explain why pano presents with streaked & blurred images

16. List types of tissues/artifacts that will be recorded on pano

17. Describe appearance of air spaces on a pano

18. Explain how panoramic technique produces ghost images

19. Identify maxillofacial bony anatomic landmarks of the maxilla & surrounding tissues, mandible, hyoid bone, cervical vertebra, maxillofacial soft tissues, maxillofacial air spaces, positioning guide artifacts, ghost image artifact as viewed on a panoramic radiograph

20. Define key terms from Chapters 17 and 22

a. Bony Landmarks of Maxilla & Surrounding Tissues b. Bony Landmarks of Mandible c. Other Bony Landmarks d. Soft Tissues e. Air Spaces f. Positioning Guides g. Ghost Images

Objectives The Use of Radiographs in the Detection of Dental Caries

Contents Learning activities/assessment

1. Explain why caries appear radiolucent on radiographs

2. Define role radiographs play in detecting caries

3. Identify ideal type of projection & technique factors that enhance a radiograph’s ability to image caries

4. List/describe 4 categories of caries depth grading system

5. Describe radiographic appearance of: proximal surface, occlusal surface, buccal/lingual surface, cemental/root surface, recurrent, rampant caries

6. Explain importance of radiographically monitoring arrested caries

7. Identify conditions that resemble dental caries radiographically & discuss how to distinguish these from caries

8. Define key terms

Chapter 24 Detection of Dental Caries Classification of the Radiographic Appearance of Caries Conditions Resembling Caries

Ongoing classroom assessment Read: Chapter 24 Quiz Chapter 24 Answer the chapter questions for Chapter 24 Find and identify carious lesions with a partner from a selection of radiographs Define key terms

Objectives

The Use of Radiographs in the Evaluation of Periodontal Disease

Contents Learning activities/assessment

1. List uses radiographs in assessment of periodontal disease

2. Differentiate horizontal & vertical bone loss

3. Identify 3 local contributing factors for periodontal disease that radiographs can help detect

4. Explain purpose of using radiographs to image root morphology

5. List limitations of radiographs in assessment of periodontal disease

6. Explain parameters for using vertical/horizontal BW & PA to record periodontal disease

7. Recognize roles vertical & horizontal angulations play in imaging perio disease

8. Describe radiographic appearance of: normal periodontium, gingivitis, mild periodontitis, moderate periodontitis, & severe periodontitis

9. Define key terms

Chapter 25 Radiographic Appearance of Periodontal Diseases Radiographic Techniques for Imaging Periodontal Diseases Radiographic Interpretation of Periodontal Diseases

Ongoing classroom assessment Read: Chapter 25 Quiz chapter 25 Answer the chapter review questions for Chapter 25 Find and identify periodontal disease with a partner from a selection of radiographs Define key terms

Objectives Three- Dimensional Imaging

Contents Learning activities/ assessment

1. Describe the purpose/use of 3-D imaging

2. Describe 3 suggested categories of

Chapter 31 Purpose and Use of Three-

Ongoing classroom assessment

oral conditions for prescription of cone beam (CBCT) computed tomography exam

3. Explain how CBCT differs from a Medical CT

4. Explain purpose of changing the field of view (FOV)

5. Explain effect changing voxel size has on image

6. List 3 anatomical planes of CBCT slice image data

7. List oral conditions that benefit having a CBCT exam

8. Discuss CBCT settings can reduce radiation exposure

9. Describe artifacts found on CBCT 10. Explain challenges to interpretation

of image data produced by CBCT technology

11. Define key terms

Dimensional Imaging Fundamentals of Cone Beam Computed Tomography Incorporating 3-D Imaging in Oral Health Care ALARA Limitations Interpretation

Read: Chapter 31 Answer the chapter review questions for Chapter 31 Define key terms

RAD LAB

Objectives:

Contents Learning activities/assess

1. Satisfactorily demonstrate correct exposure techniques DXTTR.

2. Satisfactorily demonstrate correct scanning of dental radiographs.

3. Satisfactorily demonstrate critical evaluation of radiographs.

4. Identify and label radiographic landmarks and pathologies found on various types of dental radiographs.

5. Demonstrate on DXTTR the proper usage of a variety of PSP (film) sizes, PSP (film) holders and alternative techniques for successful radiographic images.

6. Correctly mount a full mouth series of radiographs within 3 minutes.

7. Satisfactorily utilizing proper procedures and protocol; expose, scan, and mount a full series of radiographs as a practical final exam.

8. Laboratory experiences develop competence in exposing, scanning, mounting, and critically

Students will be assigned to a group. Each group according to their level of experience based on the survey of radiological competencies and current certificate of radiology will have instruction on radiographic techniques, first on DXTTR then on clients. Each student will complete the assigned lab requirements. Each student will complete the final practical examination. One full mouth series of radiographs, including infection control, techniques and evaluation of radiographs.

Lab requirements Assignments as assigned

College Procedures: All college-wide procedures are located in the Iowa Central Community College Student Handbook. Assessments: Please note that assessments are subject to change.

Assignments 10% Quizzes 15% Test #1 25% Test #2 25% Comprehensive Final 25%

Total 100%

RAD LAB

The Radiology lab is pass/fail at 80%. You must successfully pass radiology lab at 80% and have at least a 75% in radiology course work (classroom) to continue in the dental hygiene program. You must pass both lab and classroom to progress in the program.

evaluating dental radiographs

A minimum competency level of 80% has been established for radiology lab, all radiographs must be at an 80% to count as a requirement and grade. The percent of performance is noted for each required radiograph or procedure on the evaluation form. Upon failure of a radiographic lab technique or procedure the student must retake the competency/process and have a passing grade of these competencies/processes. The instructor may require the student to attend supplemental learning labs to ensure competency.

DXTTR Exercises 1- FMX ( XCP) Timed mounting & End product 1- FMX (Bisecting) Timed mounting & End product 2- OCCLUSALS 1- 7 VBWX (XCP) Timed mounting & End product 1- 7 VBWX (Tabs) Timed mounting & End product 1- HBWX (XCP) Timed mounting & End product 1- HBWX (Tabs) Timed mounting & End product 1 child BWX (2) (Tabs) Timed mounting & End product

Patient Exercises (adult dentition with a minimum of 24 teeth)

1- FMX (adult dentition)XCP Timed series assignment & End product 1- FMX (partially edentulous)XCP Timed series assignment & End product

(missing teeth with an edentulous areas) 1- 4 BWX(XCP) Timed series assignment & End product 1- 2 BWX Child (9 or under)XCP Timed series assignment & End product 1- 4 VBWX (posteriors)XCP Timed series assignment & End product 1- Pano Series/table assignment End product 1- FMX (XCP) Final practicum-(may not be a DH student) 2 Performance processes

(1) Peer Partner Process evaluation -NON-EXPOSED (1) Client Process evaluation (cannot be a DH student or graduate)

Non-discrimination Statement: It is the policy of Iowa Central Community College not to discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, disability, age (employment), sexual orientation, gender identity, creed, religion, and actual or potential parental, family or marital status in its programs, activities, or employment practices as required by the Iowa Code §§ 216.6 and 216.9, Titles VI and VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (42 U.S.C. §§ 2000d and 2000e), the Equal Pay Act of 1973 (29 U.S.C. § 206, et seq.), Title IX (Educational Amendments, 20 U.S.C. §§ 1681 – 1688), Section 504 (Rehabilitation Act of 1973, 29

U.S.C. § 794), Age Discrimination Act of 1975 (34 CFR Part 110), and Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act (42 U.S.C. § 12101, et seq.). If you have questions or complaints related to compliance with this policy, please contact Kim Whitmore, Director of Human Resources, phone number 515-574-1138, whitmore@iowacentral.edu; or the Director of the Office for Civil Rights, U.S. Department of Education, Citigroup Center, 500 W. Madison, Suite 1475, Chicago, IL 60661, phone number 312-730-1560, fax 312-730-1576.

Disability/Accommodation Services:

If you have a request for an accommodation based on the impact of a disability, it is Iowa Central’s policy that you contact the Academic Assistance & Accommodations Coordinator to discuss your specific needs and to provide supporting information and documentation, so we may determine appropriate accommodations. The office for accommodations is located in the Academic Resource Center, and it can be reached by calling 515-574-1045. For online information about accommodations, please go to www.iowacentral.edu/accommodations. Bias-Free Classroom Statement: DHY 163 Radiology maintains high standards of respect in regard to individual beliefs and values when selecting classroom materials including textbooks, project activities, power points, videos, presentations, and classroom discussions. It is our belief that all people have the right to obtain an education within our department/program courses free of bias, with full respect demonstrated to all who enroll in the courses of this department/program. External Accreditation: The program in dental hygiene is accredited by the Commission on Dental Accreditation (CODA). The Commission is a specialized accrediting body recognized by the United States Department of Education.