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Koya University Petroleum Engineering Department

Properties of oil Mr. Brosk F. A. Zangana 1

Course Book of

Properties of Oil

By

Mr. Brosk Frya Ali Zangana

Assistant Lecturer

Petroleum Engineering Department

Faculty of Engineering – Koya University

BSc. Fuel and Energy Engineering – Kirkuk/ Iraq

MSc. Environmental and Energy Engineering – Sheffield/ UK

2013-2014



Table of Contents Coordinator and Lecturer of the course ...................................................................................... 3

Course Overview ............................................................................................................... 4

Course ObjectivesSyllabus .................................................................................................... 4

Syllabus .......................................................................................................................... 5

Topics covered .................................................................................................................. 6

Sample of Examination ...................................................................................................... 23

Student Feedback ............................................................................................................. 24



Coordinator and Lecturer of the course

Course name: Properties of Oil

Lecturer of the course: Mr. Brosk Frya Ali Zangana

University: Koya

Faculty: Engineering

Department: Petroleum Engineering

E-Mail address: [email protected]

Course coordinator: Mr. Pshtiwan Tahsin Mohammed Jaf

E-Mail address: [email protected]

Course website:

https://sites.google.com/a/koyauniversity.org/pete203/home

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

https://sites.google.com/a/koyauniversity.org/pete203/home



Course Overview

Course objectives

Course Objectives

Petroleum is a complex mixture containing thousands of different organic hydrocarbon

molecules (83-87) % Carbon, (11-15) % Hydrogen, and (1-6) % Sulfur. Our modern

technological society relies very heavily on fossil fuels as an important source of

energy. Crude oil is produced from the deep underground reservoir and must undergo a

series of refining processes which converts it into a variety of products - petrol for

cars, fuel oil for heating, diesel fuels for transportation means, bitumen for roads. This

being the case, this course is aimed at students of petroleum engineering, namely,

second year, and it is designed to provide them with an understanding of the crude oil

and its origins and how it can classified to its original bases (paraffinic base,

naphthenic base or aromatic base) and some related topics such as classification of

crude oil and studying its physical properties on laboratorial base (e.g. water content,

flash point and fire point, smoke point & … etc.

During the properties of oil course students will be introduced to the origin of oil, theories

of formation oil and gas, how oil forms, crude oil chemistry and composition;

hydrocarbons and non-hydrocarbons, classification of crude oil according to type and also

by some characterization methods and laboratorial experiments for physical properties of

crude oil or its derivatives, for example API degree, water content, flash point and fire

point etc. In addition, it is important to study the physical and chemical properties of the

petroleum products, which is necessary for an understanding of the need for the various

refinery processes.



Syllabus

Weeks Contents

1

Origin of oil: Introduction, Theories of formation oil and gas,

Inorganic theories, Organic theories

2 - 3

Crude oil –chemistry and composition, General

composition of petroleum, Hydrocarbons: Alcanes (

paraffin), Cycloalcanes, Alcanes, Arenes or Aromatics,

Alkynes, Cycloalkaneo arenes

4 - 5

Non – hydrocarbons: Sulphur compound, Nitrogen

compound, Oxygen compound, Metallic compound

6 - 7

Refinery Products: Introduction, Distillation tower, Basic

arrangement of towers

8 – 9

Classification of crude oils: Class. According to typed

compound, Class. According to correlation index (CI), The

IFP specific gravity method of classification of crude oil.

10 - 11

Classification of laboratory test & physical properties of

crude oil: Volatility, Combustion, Viscosity, Melting point,

Oxidation, Corrosion and protection

12 – 13


crude oil: API Gravity and Specific Gravity, Reid Vapor

Pressure, ASTM Distillation, Flash point and Fire point, Slat

Content, The weight percentage of sulfur content, Pour point

and Cloud point, Ash Content

14 – 15


crude oil: Sediments and water content, Self Ignition point,

Thermal decomposition point, Viscosity, The Carbon residue,

The acidity, Octane number, Cetane number, Aniline point



Topics covered

Lecture no. 1

Original of Oil

Overview

Petroleum, derivative, means rock oil it is a natural organic material

composed principally of hydrocarbons which occur in the gaseous or liquid state

in geological traps. The liquid part obtained after removal of dissolved gas in

commonly referred to as crude petroleum or crude oil or simply crude. [1]

The occurrence of crude oil without gas is rare. On the contrary, largest

deposits of gas occur without oil, such as Sind (Pakistan), PO (Italy) and Siberia

(Russia). Oil is usually associated with gas in varying proportions known as

gas/oil ratio depending upon its chemical nature and physical conditions of its

occurrence like trap (natural barriers that prevent further flow of oil), depth and

temperature. Presence of gas in oil makes oil mobile and easily recoverable. [1]

Theories of formation oil and gas

There are two theories of the geneses of petroleum:-

the organic theories and

Non organic theories.

The non-organic theory that was much prevalent earlier suggests that oil is

formed by the action of water on metallic carbides or by atmospheric

radioactivity or by cosmic radiation.

The organic theory, which is most prevalent today, suggests that the petroleum

formed from remains of plants and animals that died millions of years ago and

accumulated on ocean floors. [1]

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-----------------

Ref.

[1] Petroluem Refinery Technology and economic /2nd edition –

James H.Gary, Glenn E.Handwerk

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Example of Examination

1- What are the theories of formation of oil?



Lecture no.2

Crude oil –chemistry and composition, General composition of petroleum,

Hydrocarbons:

Overview

This lecture includes study the composition of crude oil then studies the physical

and chemical properties of hydrocarbons that include alkanes, alkenes and alkynes

Compounds.

Introduction

The crude oil mixture is composed of the following groups:-

Hydrocarbon compounds ( Compound made of carbon and hydrogen)

Non-hydrocarbon compounds( Sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen)

Organometallic compounds and in organic salts ( metallic

Compounds such as V, NI, Na, Fe, pb, AS).

Hydrocarbons The Principle substitutes of most crude oils are hydrocarbons compounds. All

hydrocarbon classes are present in the crude mixture, except alkenes and alkynes. On the

basis of structure, hydrocarbons are divided into main classes as follow:- [2]

Hydrocarbons

A family of organic chemicals is known as a homogenous series. Members of a

homogenous series have similar structures and have graded physical properties which

differ from one another according to the number of carbon atoms in the structure.

acyclic cyclic

saturated unsaturated

Alkenes Alkynes Polyenes

aromatic saturated

unsaturated

Benzen

eene Cycloalkanes Cycloalkenes

Or Cyclopolyenes

Alkanes



Alkanes

The homogenous series of hydrocarbons designated by the name alkanes has the

general formula CnH2n+2. Compounds of this family sometimes are called saturated

hydrocarbons. These alkanes also are called Paraffin [3]

Physical and chemical properties of Alkanes

The 1st four alkanes are gases at normal temperature and pressure. The next 13,

pentane through heptadecane are liquid. Alkanes containing 18 or more carbon atoms

are solid at normal temperature and pressure.

Difference in structure cause differences in intermolecular forces. Thus there are

differences in boiling point and melting point between isomers of any particular alkane.

An increase in branching cause a decrease in intermolecular attraction, which results in

a lower boiling point and lower melting point.

Chemically, alkane are particularly un reaction. The strong single bonds between

carbon and hydrogen and between carbon and carbon are attacked only by very strong

reactions at ordinary temperatures. [3]

The reaction of an alkane with O2 occurs during the combustion in an engine on

furnace when alkane is used as a fuel. Carbon dioxide and water are formed as

products, and a large amount of the heat is released, for example methane ( natural gas)

reacts with oxygen according to the equation:-[3]

Alkenes

The homogenous series known as alkenes is also called unsaturated

hydrocarbons 0r olefins. The general formula for the alkenes family is CnH2n .The

distinguishing feature of the alkenes structure is the carbon – carbon double bound

which, as we have discussed previously, is four electrons from each of two carbon

atom.[3]

Physical and chemical Properties of Alkenes:-

Alkenes, because of their double bonds, are more reactive than alkanes. Most

alkenes reactions involve the elimination of the double bond and the formation of two

strong single bonds.[3]

Alkadienes, Alkatrienes, and Alkatetraenes

Many hydrocarbons compounds contain two or more double bounds. These are

known a Alkadienes, Alkatrienes, and Alkatetraenes, with the suffix denoting the

number of the double bonds The location of double bond is specified by appropriate

numbers as illustrated below:- CH2 C CH CH3 CH2 CH CH CH2

1, 2-butadiene 1, 3-butadiene

CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O + 890kj (213kcal.)



These Compounds are known as diolefins, triolefins, etc. The general formula of diolefins

is CnH2n-2 . Chemically, these compounds are as reactive as alkenes.[3]

Alkynes

The distinguishing feature of the alkyne structure is the carbon-carbon triple bond.

The general formula for the alkynes is CnH2n-2 which is the same as the genral formula for

the dienes. However, alkynes and diolefines have different functional groups and hence

different properties.[3]

Physical and Chemical Properties Chemically the alkynes have physical like the alkenes. Both families are much more

reactive than alkenes. However, for reasons that are not fully understood, the carbon-

carbon triple bond is less reactive than the carbon-carbon double bond toward some

reactants and is more reactive toward other reactants.

As with alkenes, most chemical reactions of alkynes involve the elimination of the

triple in favor of a double and single bonds. The first four are gases and the next four (C5

to C8 ) are liquid and the other are solid at normal pressure and temperature. [3]

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Ref



[3] Physical Chemistry

Example of Examination 1- n-butane have higher boiling point than iso-butan? True or false , correct if

false

2- 2- An increase the branching of alkanes compound cause a decrease ----------, which

results in a --------- and ---------

3- Sketch the structural composition of hydrocarbons?

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Lecture no.3

Crude oil –chemistry and composition, General composition of petroleum,

Hydrocarbons:

Overview

This lecture includes study the physical and chemical properties another types of

hydrocarbons like Polyenes Or Cyclopolenes, Cycloalkanes, Cycloalkenes and

Cycloalkadienes and Aromatic Compounds.

Polyenes Or Cyclopolenes

The properties of polymers determine whether they can be used as a plastic, a fiber,

an elastomer, an adhesive, or a paint.

Important physical properties include the density, melt flow index, crystallinity, and

average molecular weight.



CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2 CH2

CH2 CH2

Mechanical properties of a polymer, such as modulus (the ratio of stress to strain),

elasticity, and breaking strength, essentially follow from the physical properties.[4]

Cycloaliphatic Hydrocarbons In many hydrocarbon compounds the carbon atoms are arranged in rings. These are

called cyclic compounds. This section considers cycloalkanes and cycloalkenes.[3]

Cycloalkanes

The cycloalkanes also are known as naphthenes, cycloparaffins, or alicyclic

hydrocarbons. Naphthenes have saturated rings.

The general formula for the ring with out substituents is CnH2n.This is the same

general formula for the alkene series.

The most common cycloalkanes are cyclohexane and cyclopentane.[3]

Physical and Chemical Properties

Unlike most homologous series, the different members of the cycloparaffins

family exhibit different chemical reactivity depending on the on the angle between carbon-

carbon bond [3]

Condensed Rings Cycloparaffins can have more than one rings sharing carbon atoms. These are called

condensed rings. One common compound of this type is bicyclic

bicyclohexane

Cycloalkenes and Cycloalkadienes

Organic Compounds in which the carbon atoms are bonded together to form a ring with

one or two double bonds present in the are known as cycloalkenes and cycloalkadienes.

These hydrocarbons are named by prefixing cyclo-to the names of corresponding open-

chain hydrocarbons have the same number of carbon atoms and the same number of

double bond.

The carbon atoms in the ring are numbered so a double bond is considered to occupy

position 1 and 2 [3]

Aromatic Compounds

The simplest mononuclear aromatic compound is benzene (C6H6). Toluene

(C7H8) and xylene (C8H10) and also called (BTX) compound.



CH3

CH3

Separating BTX aromatics from crude oil distillates is not feasible because they

are present in low concentrations.

Enriching a naphtha fraction with these aromatics is possible through a catalytic

reforming process.

Binuclear aromatic hydrocarbons are found in heavier fractions than naphtha.

Trinuclear and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, in combination with

heterocyclic compounds, are major constituents of heavy crudes and crude

residues.[5

Cycloalkanoromatics Many of the large molecules found in petroleum are condensed rings consisting of

cycloparaffins and aromatics, these compound are called cycloalkanoaromatics or

naphtheno-aromatic. The two smallest compound of this class are lindane and (tetralin)

Lindane tetralin

Compounds of this type often have a paraffinic component

Methyl fluorene

methylcyclopentanophenanthrene



OH

Cl

O

NO2

Other Organic Compounds Bellow a list of these families along with the functional groups which characterize

the families.

Table (2-6) Structural of some organic compounds Class name Functional group Simple example Name

Alcohol

OH

Cyclobutanol

Ether O CH3 O CH2CH3 Methyl ethyl ether

Halide

( F,Br,Cl,I )

Cyclopentyl chloride

Aldehyde

O

C

H

CH3CH2CHO

Propioaldyhide

Ketone

C O

CH3CCH2CH3 2-butabone

Carboxylic acid O C

OH

CH3CH2CH2CH2COOH n-pentanoic acid

Amine

NH2 CH3NH2 Methyl amine

Nitro component

O

N

O

CH3CHCH3

2-nitropropane

Nitrile

C N CH3CN Acetonitrile

Organometalic C metal CH3CH2CH2CH2 Li n-butyllithium

Ref. [3]

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Ref.

[3] physical Chemistry

[4] Rodriguez, F., Principles of Polymer Systems, 3rd Ed., Hemisphere

Publishing Corp., New York, 1989, p. 108.

[5] Petroleum Refining,Technology and Economics,Fourt Edition,James H. Gary

Colorado School of Mines Golden, Colorado,Glenn E. Handwerk Consulting

Chemical Engineer Golden, Colorado

Example of Examination 1- Condensed aromatic have a general formula ---------------

2- Define the following; Cycloalkanoromatics , Condensed Rings

------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Lecture no. 4 & 5

Non – hydrocarbons compounds

Overview

This lecture includes study the physical and chemical properties of the second type

composition of crude oil, which is non-hydrocarbon compound (organic sulfur, nitrogen,

and oxygen compounds), and the third type (metallic compound).



CH3

Non-hydrocarbon compound

The most important of Various types of non-hydrocarbon compounds occur in crude

oils and refinery streams are the organic sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen compounds

Sulfur compounds

The quantity of sulfur increase as the density of the crude increased and it has a

very bad effect thus the refiner must remove or destroy the sulfur compounds in the crude

oil. The sulfur can exist in the following forms: Ref. [5]

1- Hydrogen sulfide, 2- Mercaptans, 3- Alkyl Sulfide 4- Other sulfur Compounds

Sulfur can also be present in complex ring structure found in crude oils. The sulfur

atoms can either be a part of the ring or to be attached to the ring. These molecules are

usually very large, containing 30 or more carbon atoms

S S S S

Thiocyclohexane thiobenzene dibenzothiophene methylbenzothiophene

Oxygen Compounds

Oxygen compounds in crude oils are more complex than the sulfur types.

Their presence in petroleum streams is not poisonous to processing catalysts.

There are two types of oxygen compounds that found in crude oil as the following

1- Acidic oxygen compound ( carboxylic acids, cresylic acid, phenol, and

naphthenic acid. Naphthenic acids are mainly cyclopentane and

cyclohexane.)

2- Non –acidic oxygen compounds (esters, ketones, and amides are less

abundant than acidic compounds)

Ref [5]

Nitrogen Compounds

Organic nitrogen compounds occur in crude oils either in a simple heterocyclic form

as in pyridine (C5H5N) and pyrrole (C4H5N), or in a complex structure as in

porphyrin.

The nitrogen content in most crudes is very low and does not exceed 0.1 wt%. In

some heavy crudes, however, the nitrogen content may reach up to 0.9 wt %.

Nitrogen compounds are more thermally stable than sulfur compounds and

accordingly are concentrated in heavier petroleum fractions and residues.

Light petroleum streams may contain trace amounts of nitrogen compounds, which

should be removed because they poison many processing catalysts.

Nitrogen compounds in crudes may generally be classified into basic compounds are

mainly those having a pyridine ring and non-basic compounds have a pyrrole

structure Ref [5]



Metallic Compounds

Many metals occur in crude oils and they are sodium, calcium, magnesium,

aluminium, iron, vanadium, and nickel

They are present either as inorganic salts, such as sodium and magnesium chlorides,

or in the form of organometallic compounds, such as those of nickel and vanadium

(as in porphyrins).

Calcium and magnesium can form salts or soaps with carboxylic acids.

Although metals in crude are found in trace amounts, their presence is harmful and

should be removed.

Ref [5]

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Ref





1- What are types of Oxygen compounds in crude oil?

2- During hydrotreatment of petroleum fraction, pyridine is denitrogenated

to ------and ----------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Lecture no. 6

Refinery Products

Overview

This lecture includes study the physical and chemical properties of refinery product

from crude oil that distillate in distillation tower as petroleum gas, naphtha and gasoline

and the major uses of these component.

1-Petroleum gas (low-boiling products)

The classification low-boiling products encompass the compounds which are in the gas

phase at ambient temperatures and pressures: methane, ethane, propane, butane, and the

corresponding olefins.

Used for heating, cooking, making plastics.

It is small alkanes (1 to 4 carbon atoms) ( C1-C4).

Commonly known by the names methane, ethane, propane, butane .

The boiling point range 104 ˚F (40

˚C).

Often liquefied under pressure to create LPG (liquefied petroleum gas).

Ref [5]

2- Naphtha:-It is a generic given to light hydrocarbons boiling in the gasoline range.

mix of (5 to 9 carbon atom alkanes) (C5-C9)

Naphthas are usually classified as light, intermediate and heavy naphthas. If the

naphtha fraction boils below 100˚C, it is classified as light naphtha. Heavy naphtha

boils above 150˚C. For intermediate naphtha the boiling range lies between 100

˚C

and150˚C. [6]

The major end-uses of naphthas are listed in table 4-1



Tabe (4-1) Major end- uses of Naphthas

Type of naphtha End- uses

Light naphtha a- Gas making gasoline

b-Special gasoline

Intermediate

naphtha

a-Aviation gasoline

b-Motor gasoline

c- Marine gasoline

d- Commercial solvent- Rubber, lacquer and pesticide diluens

e-Benzene-High octane gasoline component, solvent petrochemical manufacture

f-Xaylene- High octane gasoline component, lacquer and enamels, chemical

intermediate

g-Toluene- Solvent, high octane gasoline component, chemical intermediate,

explosive

h- Olefins and diolefins

i- Ammonia production

Heavy naptha a- VM&P(Varnish manufacture and paints) naphtha

b- Thinner for paints, varnishes, lacquers

c-Standard solvent – Special solvent for dry cleaning trade

d- Mineral spirits- Thinner for paints and varnishes, turpentine substitute.

Ref. [1]

3. Gasoline:-It is call motor fuel or patrol and it is employ in spark-ignition engines.

It is a light distillate and consists of the fractions within the boiling point range (40˚C

to 205˚C)

Mix of alkanes ( normal and iso paraffins), cycloparaffins and aromatics that they

consist (5 to 12 carbon atoms) as show in the table (4-2) [6]

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Ref






[6] Petroleum Refinery Engineering /Fourth edition (W.L.Nelson)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


1- In one of uses of heavy naphtha are -------------

2- Gasoline fraction is mix. Of alkanes (normal and iso paraffins), cycloparaffins

and aromatics, True or false? Correct if false

--------------------------------------------------------------



Lecture no. 7

Refinery Products

Overview

This lecture includes study the physical and chemical properties of refinery product

from crude oil that distillate in distillation tower as Kerosene, Gas oil or diesel oil,

Lubricating oil, Heavy gas or fuel oil, Residuals, Petroleum wax , Betumen, Asphelt and

the major uses of these component.

4- Kerosene :- It is used as domestic fuel. it is used for cooking and lighting.

Kerosene are distillate fraction of crude oil and it cannot be burning in the liquid

state. It has to be in the form of vapor and mixed with the oxygen in the air in the

correct ratio to form a combustible ratio.

Boiling point range ( 150˚C to 250

˚C)

Various type of hydrocarbons present in kerosene are:-(paraffins, naphthenes,

aromatics and non- hydrocarbons compounds containing sulphur, oxygen and

metals

Carbon number of the hydrocarbons present varies from(10 to 14)

For the same carbon number, paraffins have the least tendency towards smoke

formation and aromatics the greatest. Nephthenes are intermediate between

the other two so hence a good quality kerosene must contain a sufficiently

high proportion of paraffinic hydrocarbons relative to aromatics [6]

5. Gas oil or diesel oil

Gas oil ( high speed oil(HSD)) is widely used in diesel engines for automotive

purposes, as in buses, lorries, diesel locomotives, while the diesel distillate

used for stationary and marine diesel engines as installed in ships or used for

electricity generation.

Boiling point range (250˚C to 350

˚C)

The hydrocarbonspresent in the diesel fuels include paraffins, naphthenes,

olefins, and aromatics

Carbon number of these fuels range from 12 to 18

Diesel fuel can contain both saturated and straight or unbranched chain

unsaturated hydrocarbons, but the latter are not present in large enough

amounts to make fuel oxidation a problem

The aromatics that are present generally are oxidation resistant [6]

6. Lubricating oil Used for motor oil, grease, other lubricants


˚C)

The hydrocarbons present in the lubricating oil include paraffins, naphthenes and

aromatics

Carbon number of these fuels range from 20 to 50 [6]

7. Heavy gas or fuel oil: Fuel oil are essentially made up of remaining from

atmospheric, vacuum distillation and conversation processes after the removal of the

lighter hydrocarbons. Fuel oils used in industrial furnace and boilers.




˚C)

The hydrocarbons present in the fuel oil include paraffins, naphthenes and

aromatics

Carbon number of these fuels range from 20 to 70 [6]

8. Residuals consist of wax, coke, asphalt, tar

1.Petroleum wax

i. These are hydrocarbons waxes and consist of normal

and iso-paraffins and alkylated naphthenes range of C18-C70

ii. The commercial petroleum waxes can be broadly classified as paraffin

waxes, microcrystalline wax and petrolatum(Vaseline)

Ref [6].

2. Betumen:- is a viscous liquid or a soild consisting essentially

hydrocarbons and their derivatives which is soluble in carbon

disulphide. It is substantially non-voatile and softens gradually

when heated. It is black or black brown in color and possesses

waterproofing and adhesive properties. [6]

3.Asphelt:- Is a combination of bitumen and mineral matter [6]

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Ref


---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


1- Define the asphalt?

2- The boiling point of gas oil is large than the boiling point of kerosene?,

True or false? Correct if false

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Lecture no. 8 & 9

Classification of Crude oil

Overview

This lecture include study the methods of classification of crude oil by several

methods (e.g. Correlation Index) to the original base which classified as Paraffinic

base, Naphthenic, Intermediate base and Aromatic base.

Introduction

Crude oils which on distillation yield residues containing paraffin waxes are

called paraffinic crude.

If the residues on atmospheric distillation of crude oil contain asphaltic

material, the crude oil are classified as aromatic base.

Many crude on atmospheric distillation yield residue contain both paraffin

waxes and aromatic material, these termed as intermediate base crude

Naphthenic base crude are those crude whose residue on atmospheric

distillation contain aromatic material with small amount of paraffin wax. [6]



Classification of crude oil by Correlation Index

Correlation Index

The correlation index (CI) developed by US Bureau of mines, is given by the

following empirical:

8.4567.47348640

GT

CIB

Where TB is the average boiling point ,◦K determined by the standard Bureau of

mine as distillation method and

G is the specific gravity at ( 60/60)◦F or ( 15.6/15.6)

◦C

CI values of petroleum fraction between (0-15) indicate that the components of the

fraction are paraffinic in nature,

CI values between 15 and 50 indicate a predominance either of naphthenes or mix of

paraffins, naphthenes and aromatics in petroleum fraction.

CI values above 50 indicate a predominance of aromatics in the fraction

Example 2

8000 BPD of crude oil have the given TBP data is available from box type furnace at 650

ºF and to be produced in an atmospheric distillation column

Where spg at 45 ºC equal to 0.75

TBP (ºC) 55 83 95 110 115 125 130 135

Vol. distillate 1 5 7 11 14 18 24 28

Classify the crude oil according to API degree using The Correlation index

Solution

8.4567.47348640

GT

CIB

Where TB = K382273109

773.)6.15(.. Catgrsp

67.368.456773.0*7.473382

48640CI

CI values between 15 and 50 indicate a predominance either of naphthenes or mix of

paraffins, naphthenes and aromatics in petroleum fraction.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The IFP specific gravity method of classification of crude oil.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Ref


-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------




1-7000 BPD of crude oil have the given TBP data is available from box type

Furnace at 600 ºF and to be produced in an atmospheric distillation column

Where spg at 20 ºC equal to 0.88

TBP (ºC) 91 99 109 118 126 131 134 138

Vol. distillate 1 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Classify the crude oil according to API degree using

The Correlation index

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Lecture no.10 & 11

Classification of laboratory test & physical properties of crude oil: Volatility,

Combustion, Viscosity, Melting point, Oxidation, Corrosion and protection

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Lecture no.12 & 13

Classification of laboratory test & physical properties of crude oil

Overview

This lecture include study the physical properties of crude oil and its derivatives by

some of laboratory tests such as API Gravity and Specific Gravity, Reid Vapor

Pressure, ASTM Distillation, Flash point and Fire point, etc.

So the laboratory tests can be site as the following;

1. API Gravity and Specific Gravity

2. Reid Vapor Pressure

3. ASTM Distillation

4. Flash point and Fire point

5. Salt Content

6. The weight percentage of sulfur content

7. Pour point and Cloud point.

8. Ash Content

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Ref




-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


1- Closed Penesk-Maertens test is use to determine flash point for heavy cuts? True or

false? Correct if false

2- Ried vapor pressure test is important with respect to ----------, ------------, ------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------



Lecture no.14 & 15

Classification of laboratory test & physical properties of crude oil

Overview

9. Sediments and water content

10. Self Ignition point

11. Thermal decomposition point

12. Viscosity

Viscosity:-It is a very important of physical properties for attentive petroleum, especially

for greasy oil, and it is mean or internal friction for liquid on the liquid resistance to

displace one of layer in order to another layer under effect of external force.

There are two type of viscosity:-

1-Absolute viscosity:-And there are two type

a-Kinematics viscosity

b-Dynamic viscosity

2-Relative viscosity

There ar some types of relative viscosity as explain below

a-Engler Viscosity : it is the ratio between the time of flow 200ml of sample in the test of

temperature (20◦C) and the time of flow the same size of distillate water.

b- Saybolt second : It is the time, measurement in seconds, required to flow 60 cm3 of oil at

a constant temperature by using the Saybolt universal viscosity instrument or by furol that

have large calibrated orifice.

c- Redwood second : It is the time, measurement in seconds, required to flow 50 cm3 of oil

at constant temperature by using the redwood universal viscosity instrument I or II that

have large calibrated orifice.

There is relation between kinematics viscosity and saybolt universal viscosity as the

following equation:-

t

tGrSp

visosityabsolute

s

zityiskinematicv

7.149219.0

..cos

Where:-

t : Saybolt Universal Viscosity (sec)

z : viscosity in centipoise ( absolute viscosity)

S : Specific gravity

All these factors taken at the same temperature



Example1

The saybolt viscosity is 1000 sec at 210◦F , what is the furol viscosity at 210

◦F ( use the

viscosity conversion chat

* The lower and the left scales are used for saybolt universal viscosity up 8000, for

higher viscosity the upper and right scales are used.

Solution:

Trace the 1000 time line to the intersection with the saybolt universal line. Follow the

horizontal line ( kinematics viscosity of approximately 215) to the saybolt furol line. Read

down from the intersection the saybolt fuorl line at 210◦F is approximately 103 sec

Viscosity Index This index is a series of numbers ranging from 0 to 100 which indicate the

rate of change of viscosity with temperature.

A viscosity index of 100 indicates oil that does not tend to become viscous at low

temperatures or become thin at elevated temperatures.

Typically paraffin base lubricating oils exhibit a viscosity index of nearly 100

Naphthene base oils on the market show about 40 viscosity index

Some naphthene oils have a viscosity index of zero or lower.

Fig.

4-1



Fig. (4-2) indicate the relationship between viscosity index and saybolt universal viscosity

at 100◦F and 210

◦F

Example 2

Oil has a viscosity of 1600 sec at 100◦F and 80 sec at 210

◦F. determine the viscosity index

Solution

Reading from 1600 on the left to the slanting line marked 80 at the right , the viscosity

index on the bottom scale will be seen to be about 3

13- The Carbon residue

14- The acidity

15- Octane number

16-Cetane number

17- Aniline point



References

1-Petroluem Refinery Technology and economic /2nd edition –


2-Internet /www.iraqrevenuewatch.org/reports/052706.pdf

3- Physical Chemistry

4-Rodriguez, F., Principles of Polymer Systems, 3rd Ed., Hemisphere

Publishing Corp., New York, 1989, p. 108.

5-Petroleum Refining,Technology and Economics,Fourt Edition,James H. Gary Colorado

School of Mines Golden, Colorado,Glenn E. Handwerk Consulting Chemical Engineer

Golden, Colorado

6-Petroleum Refinery Engineering /Fourth edition (W.L.Nelson)

Sample of Examination Q.1/ Define the following (25 M)

Paraffin hydrocarbon, condensed rings, BTX aromatic component, Cis-2-Butene, olefins

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q.2/ Answer only (two) of the following? (25 M)

1-What are the factors that the proportions of gas/oil ratio depending on them?

2-What is the composition of crude oil?

3-What are the theories of formation oil and gas?

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q.3 / Fill the following blanks :- (25 M)

1- Heavy oil has an unpleasant odor (garlic like) due to ---------

2- The general formula of condensed aromatic is -----------

3- Asphaltenes material is a complex of ------- and heterocyclic ---------?

4- In Sulaimania 2 gas fields, which are ------------ and ------------

5- The greatest Oil reserves and production from the developed current field

are finding in Province ------------ which have number of field ----------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Q.4/ Put true or false and correct the false for the following (25 M)

1- n-butane have higher boiling point than iso-butan

2- Binuclear aromatic hydrocarbons are finding in heavier fractions than naptha?

3- Ibrahim and Butma fields locate in Dahouk Province?

4- Acyclic unsaturated hydrocarbons can be branched to polyenes, alkynes and alkenes ?

5- The first four of alkenes (C1-C4) are liquid at normal pressure and temperature?

----------------------------------------------------------------------------



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2013-2014: ڵىسا: رسۆك: روارەب

Properties of Oil :تەباب ىناونيشان ىبروسك فريا عل: ستاۆمام ئاستي بابةت ثرسياري هةلَسةنطاندن

1-5 بةشيوَةيةكي –تيبَيني زياتر

بابةتيانة

ئامانجةكان و ثوختةي ثةيامةكاني بابةتةكة رِوون 1 وئاشكرا بوون

بوو و ثةيوةندي بة ناوةرؤكي بابةتةكة سوودبةخش 2 ئامانجي سةرةكي كؤرِسةكةوة هةبوو

ثةرِاوي بابةتةكة بة ثيَي ثيَويست ئامادة كرابوو 3

مامؤستاكة لة كاتي وانة وتنةوةدا هةولَي دا ثرينسيث 4و ناوةرؤك و خالَة طرنطةكاني بابةتةكة بة جواني و

بة سادةيي شيَ بكاتةوة

تةركيزم لةسةر بابةتةكة لانةكةويَمامؤستا هةولَي دا 5

مامؤستا لة كاتي خؤيدا هاتة وانةكة و لة كاتي خؤيدا 6 وانةكةي تةواو كرد

مامؤستاكة بة نةرمي و بة هيَمني و بة رِيزَلينَانةوة لة 7 كاتي وانة طوتنةوةدا هةلَسوكةوتي دةكرد

سلايدةكاني بةكار هيَنران رِوون و ئاشكرا و سةرنج 8 رِاكيَش بوون

مامؤستا كاتي ثرسيار كردني هيَشتةوة و هةولَي دا 9 ثرسيارةكان بة تيرَو تةسةلي وةلآم بداتةوة

سةرضاوةكاني خوينَدنةوة نويَن و لةطةلَ ناوةرؤكي 11 بابةتةكة دةطونجيَن

كؤي ئاستةكان

ثيَوةري هةلسَةنطاندني ئاستي ناوةرؤك

1 2 3 4 5 زؤر باش باش مام ناوةندي خراث زؤر خراث

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