COUNTY GOVERNMENT OF VIHIGA

Vihiga County Sustainable Land and Forest Management Policy draft

COUNTY GOVERNMENT OF VIHIGA

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, LIVESTOCK, FISHERIES

AND COOPERATIVES

THE VIHIGA COUNTY SUSTAINABLE

LAND AND FOREST MANAGEMENT

POLICY

Vihiga County Land and Forest Management Policy | i

FOREWORD

Land is the most important resource in agricultural production. It constitutes the foundation of

agricultural development, ecological sustainability and the basis for food production. Soil is the

largest store of terrestrial carbon and its preservation may contribute to climate change adaptation and

mitigation. Vihiga County must, therefore, strive to bring the issue of sustainable land and forest

management to the forefront in order for her population to recognize and appreciate the important

connection that land has with food, water, climate and biodiversity.

The policy, therefore, sets out to provide a framework for addressing issues that the County faces or

will face in future due to effects of environmental degradation. Among the effects of focus are those

on environment, agriculture, health and recreational activities. The policy holds a living status and

shall be reviewed and updated regularly to deal with overarching and emerging concepts and issues of

the ever evolving science of land and forest management. In its current form, it provides a

comprehensive framework for the development of an Action Plan to guide the County to develop and

deploy responsive sustainable land and forest management practices.

Effects of poor land management on food security, water availability and soil fertility on vulnerable

groups such as women, children and other marginalized groups shall take a priority position in the

policy. Gender perspectives and the needs of persons living with disability shall be upheld in decision-

making processes. The County government shall endeavor to harness emerging opportunities for the

benefits of the people of Vihiga County. Every effort shall be taken to green the County using

indigenous trees, agro-forestry and sustainable plant species such as bamboo and fruit trees to attain

water and soil conservation, especially in agricultural and riparian lands. Hence, restoring and

reclaiming degraded farmlands and landscapes with the view to improving agricultural productivity

and increasing flow of water into streams, rivers and the general availability of good quality water for

both human and animal consumption.

It is against this background, that this policy has been developed. It proposes a wide range of

measures and actions responding to key sustainable land and forest management issues and

challenges. It also provides a framework for an integrated approach to sustainable management of

land and forest resources in the County. The policy highlights the various challenges facing the

sustainable exploitation of our natural resources and proposes various policy measures to address

them. It also recommends strong institutional and governance measures to support the achievement of

the desired objectives.

HON. GEOFFREY VUKAYA

COUNTY EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEMBER

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, LIVESTOCK, FISHERIES AND COOPERATIVES


Vihiga County Land and Forest Management Policy | ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Department of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Cooperatives (DALF&C) would like to

extend its sincere gratitude to all individuals and institutions, who shared their data, insights and

experiences which informed and enriched the development of The Vihiga County Sustainable Land

and Forest Management Policy.

In particular, we wish to thank the project donors; Global Environment Facility (GEF), United

Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) and Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA) for

funding the SLM/SFM project, whose broad objective was to contribute to food security and incomes

of smallholders farmers and secure sustainable land and forest ecosystems in western Kenya.

We also want to appreciate the Director General of KALRO, Dr. Eliud Kireger, for his overall

guidance and support. Special thanks go to Dr. George Ayaga, the Project Coordinator and Centre

Director KALRO Alupe, the Project Coordination Unit, Dr. John Achieng, Dr. David Mbakaya, and

all the Project Consortium partners (ADS-W, ROP-Africa, MMUST, Nature Kenya, KFS, KEFRI,

KWS, County Government of Vihiga, County Government of Kakamega, and the County

Government of Nandi).

Furthermore we would also like to acknowledge with much appreciation the crucial role of the

Technical Working Group (TWG) consisting of Mr. Wilson Munala, Ms Margaret Lidambidza, Mr.

Haggai Kasasi and Mr. Jackson Mbato, who put in a lot of effort to ensure that this Policy is

completed on time.

Finally, we highly appreciate Mr. Isaac Oindo for his contribution and technical expertise in

developing this policy.

MRS. PAMELA MAHILA

CHIEF OFFICER

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, LIVESTOCK, FISHERIES AND COOPERATIVES,


Vihiga County Land and Forest Management Policy | iii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Agriculture is important in Kenya‘s national economy as it contributes to 27.3% of the Gross Domestic

Product (GDP) and the survival of the Kenyan population is thus directly dependent almost entirely on

land to derive goods and services. The Constitution of Kenya, 2010 assures Kenyans of the right to be free

from hunger and to have adequate food of acceptable quality in accordance to Article 43(c) and to clean

and safe water in adequate quantities (Article 43(d)).

Vihiga County is characterized by high population pressure, low agricultural productivity, and inadequate

off-farm income opportunities which has highly contributed to chronic food insecurity in the County.

These challenges have compelled smallholder farmers to encroach into forest lands which are still fairly

fertile, and also to seek alternative sources of income from timber, fuel wood, fodder and medicinal herbs.

Consequently, the forest is severely threatened despite its multiple socioeconomic and environmental

benefits to the over half a million inhabitants of the County.

Several policy issues were identified through a participatory approach which involved various

stakeholders including agriculture sector institutions and community organizations. These issues have

continued to constrain the development of the agriculture sector due to inappropriate use of land and forest

management technologies to curb land degradation and encroachment into the forests. The policy issues

included; land degradation through human activities, soil erosion, declining soil fertility, poor water

management, drying up of water sources such as springs and streams, vulnerabilities due to changes in

temperature regimes and precipitation patterns among others. Earlier, the National and County

governments had developed policies and strategies to promote appropriate sustainable land and forest

management practices.

The policy proposes a broad range of measures and actions responding to key sustainable land and forest

management issues and challenges. It also seeks to provide the framework for integrated approach to

planning and mainstreaming sustainable land and forest management practices in all sectors.

The document has Six (6) chapters as follows:

Chapter one provides background information about the policy and its importance to the County of Vihiga.

It also describes the County setting under which the policy will be implemented, and concludes by

highlighting the scope, rationale, objectives and guiding principles of the policy.

Chapter two reviews the situational analysis of the County with regards to sustainable land and forest

management.

Chapter three highlights the policy priority areas, the specific challenges and policy interventions that the

County Government intends to adopt.

Chapter four identifies the legal and institutional framework upon which the policy will be

operationalized.

Chapter five outlines the financial arrangements under which the policy will be implemented, while

Chapter six highlights the implementation mechanisms, monitoring and evaluation.

It is hoped that this policy will achieve the desired goal and objectives.

Vihiga County Land and Forest Management Policy | iv

Table of Contents FOREWORD ......................................................................................................................................................... i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................................. ii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................. iii

ACRONYMS ...................................................................................................................................................... vii

INTERPRETATIONS ...................................................................................................................................... viii

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Background ................................................................................................................................................. 1

1.2 The County Setting ..................................................................................................................................... 2

1.2.1 County Location .................................................................................................................................. 2

1.2.2 Geographical Features ........................................................................................................................ 2

1.2.3 Biodiversity .......................................................................................................................................... 2

1.2.4 Climate ................................................................................................................................................. 2

1.2.5 Administrative Structure .................................................................................................................... 2

1.2.6 Demography ......................................................................................................................................... 3

1.2.7 Vulnerability to Land and forest Degradation ................................................................................. 3

1.2.8 Status of Development......................................................................................................................... 4

1.3 Scope of the policy ...................................................................................................................................... 4

1.4 Rationale of the policy ................................................................................................................................ 5

1.5 Goal, Objectives and Guiding Principles ................................................................................................. 6

1.5.1 Goal ....................................................................................................................................................... 6

1.5.2 Objectives ............................................................................................................................................. 6

1.5.3 Guiding Principles ............................................................................................................................... 7

CHAPTER 2 – SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS FOR LAND AND FOREST MANAGEMENT ................................... 8

2.1 Land and Land Use .................................................................................................................................... 8

2.1.1 Small Land Holding Size .................................................................................................................... 8

2.1.2 Incidence of landlessness ..................................................................................................................... 8

2.1.3 Effects of Environmental Degradation .............................................................................................. 8

2.1.4 Crop, Livestock and Fish Production ................................................................................................ 9

2.2 Forestry and Agro-forestry ..................................................................................................................... 10

2.3 Climate change and its effects in the County ......................................................................................... 10

Vihiga County Land and Forest Management Policy | v

2.4 Declining Water Quantities ..................................................................................................................... 11

CHAPTER THREE–LAND AND FOREST MANAGEMENT POLICY ISSUES .................................................. 12

3.1 Sustainable Land Management ............................................................................................................... 12

3.1.1 Land Use Issues ................................................................................................................................. 12

3.1.2 Soil and water conservation .............................................................................................................. 13

3.1.3 Soil Fertility Management ................................................................................................................ 14

3.1.4 Eucalyptus in water catchment areas and farms ............................................................................ 16

3.1.5 Small farm land Sizes ........................................................................................................................ 17

3.1.6 Land use practices ............................................................................................................................. 17

3.1.7 Livestock and Fisheries ..................................................................................................................... 18

3.1.8 Agriculture Sector development support services and investments ............................................. 19

3.1.9 Agricultural Inputs............................................................................................................................ 20

3.1.12 Mining .............................................................................................................................................. 21

3.2 Sustainable forest Management .............................................................................................................. 22

3.2.1 Forest Ecosystems.............................................................................................................................. 22

3.2.4 Urban forests and roadside tree planting ........................................................................................ 23

3.2. Agro-forestry and Farm forestry ........................................................................................................... 23

3.2.5 Wood products and industries ......................................................................................................... 24

3.2.6 Non-wood forest products ................................................................................................................. 25

3.2.7 Wetlands ............................................................................................................................................. 26

3.3 Cross-Cutting Issues ................................................................................................................................ 27

3.3.1 Governance Issues ............................................................................................................................. 27

3.3.2 Gender, Youth and Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups (VMG) mainstreaming ................... 28

3.3.3 Climate Change Variabilities ........................................................................................................... 29

3.3.4 Biodiversity Conservation ................................................................................................................ 30

3.3.5 Weak enforcement of SLM/SFM related policies ........................................................................... 31

3.3.6 Technology Development, Dissemination and Utilization ............................................................. 32

3.3.7 Marketing Issues................................................................................................................................ 34

CHAPTER FOUR - LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS ................................................... 36

4.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 36

4.2 The Constitution of Kenya, 2010............................................................................................................. 36

Vihiga County Land and Forest Management Policy | vi

4.3 Department of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Cooperatives .................................................... 37

CHAPTER FIVE - FINANCIAL ARRANGEMENTS................................................................................... 39

5.1 The County Government ......................................................................................................................... 39

5.2 National Government ............................................................................................................................... 39

5.3 Financial Institutions and Development Partners ................................................................................. 39

5.4 NGOs (Local and International) ............................................................................................................. 40

CHAPTER SIX -IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK, MONITORING AND EVALUATION .......... 41

6.1Implementation Framework .................................................................................................................... 41

6.2 Monitoring and evaluation ...................................................................................................................... 41

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ACRONYMS

ADSW Anglican Development Service Western

AFFA Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Authority

AGRA Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa

AHADI Agile Harmonized Assistance for Devolved Institutions

ASDSP Agricultural Sector Development Support Programme

CBO Community Based Organization

CDA County Director of Agriculture

CDF Constituency Development Fund

CECM County Executive Committee Member

CFA Community Forest Association

CIDP County Integrated Development Plan

DFID Department For International Development

EU European Union

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

FIPS Fertilizer Input Promotion Services

GEF Global Environment Facility

GIZ The Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (German Corporation

for International Cooperation)

IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development

KALRO Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization

KEBS Kenya Bureau of Standards

KEFRI Kenya Forest Research Institute

KEPHIS Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Service

KFS Kenya Forestry Service

KWS Kenya Wildlife Services

ILM Integrated Landscape Management

INM Integrated Nutrient Management

M&E Monitoring and Evaluation

MEAs Multilateral Environmental Agreements

MMUST Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology

NEMA National Environment Management Authority

NLC National Land Commission

NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations

PLWD People Living With Disabilities

ROP Rural Outreach Program

SFM Sustainable Forest Management

SIDA Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency

SLM Sustainable Land Management

SOFDI Sustainable Organic Farming and Development Initiatives

UNEP United Nations Environmental Programme

USAID United States Agency for International Development

VMG Vulnerable and Marginalized Group

WARMA Water Resources Management Authority

WRA Water Resources Authority

Vihiga County Land and Forest Management Policy | viii

INTERPRETATIONS

Adaptation - Adjustments in ecological, social or economic systems in response to actual or expected

climatic stimuli and their effects or impacts.

Agro-forestry - Deliberate inclusion of trees and shrubs into the farming systems.

County Government – the County Government of Vihiga

Ecosystem - A dynamic complex of macro and microorganism communities interacting with their

physical environment as a functional unit.

Ecosystem service - The benefits human populations derive, directly or indirectly, from ecosystem

functions

Gender – Socially constructed characteristics of women and men.

Greenhouse gases - Gases of the atmosphere, both natural and manmade, that absorb and emits

radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of infrared radiation emitted by the

Earth‘s surface, the atmosphere and clouds.

Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) - Combined use of inorganic and organic fertilizers

Land Degradation – A process that lowers the current and/or potential capability of land to produce

goods such as crops, livestock and timber, or to provide services such as unpolluted water

Mitigation - An intervention to reduce the sources or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases.

Organic Agriculture - A holistic production management system which promotes and enhances agro

ecosystem, health, including biodiversity, biological cycles and soil biological activity

Sustainable Land Management - Use of land resources, including soils, water, animals and plants for

the production of goods to meet changing human needs while simultaneously ensuring the

long term productive potential of these resources and the maintenance of their

environmental functions

Sustainable Forest Management - Maintenance and enhancement of economic, social and

environmental value of all types of forests, for the benefit of the present and future

generations.

Soil health - Capacity of a soil to meet performance standards relating to nutrient, air and water

storage and supply

Soil restoration - Returning degraded soils back to their original productivity.

Soil rehabilitation - Process of returning degraded soil to a functional state.

The Policy – The Vihiga County Sustainable Land and Forest Management Policy

The Vihiga County Land and Forest Management Policy 2019 draft | 1

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

The United Nations defines ‗Sustainable Land Management‘ (SLM) as the use of land resources,

including soils, water, animals and plants for the production of goods to meet changing human needs

while simultaneously ensuring the long term productive potential of these resources and the

maintenance of their environmental functions; while ‗Sustainable Forest Management‘ (SFM) refers

to the maintenance and enhancement of economic, social and environmental value of all types of

forests, for the benefit of the present and future generations.

The Kenya Land Policy (2012) provides for key principles of managing land issues, one of them being

sustainable and productive management of land resources. Land is an integral part of the

Environment. The Kenya Vision 2030 has placed the environment at the top of its agenda, stipulating

that Kenya aims to be a nation that has a clean, secure and sustainable environment by 2030.

However, environmental degradation is escalating in Kenya due to exploitative land use practices,

deforestation, overgrazing, poorly planned and expanding human settlements, industrialization and

pollution. Poverty is another major cause and consequence of land degradation and resource depletion.

The poor rely heavily on natural resources for their livelihoods, and are unable to put land to rest or

add inputs. Land degradation affects almost all spheres of national and county development and thus

has a bearing on sustainable land and forest management.

The importance of providing for measures and mechanisms to address land degradation is widely

recognized. Sustainable land and forest management is fundamental to human and animal life,

livelihood systems, food security and sustainable development. Yet from time to time, Vihiga County

is visited by vagaries of dry spells. The County also exhibits varied geological, climatic,

infrastructural and socio-economic conditions.

The County experiences high vulnerability to adverse effects of land degradation and is characterized

by high population pressure, low agricultural productivity, and inadequate off-farm income

opportunities. The population pressure coupled with low productivity in their farms has compelled

smallholder farmers to encroach into forests to seek alternative sources of income from timber, fuel

wood, fodder and medicinal herbs. Consequently, arable land and forests are severely threatened

despite their multiple socio-economic and environmental benefits to the over half a million inhabitants

of the County. Due to poor understanding of the hydrological cycle and improper land use, there is

mismanagement of water and land among the various users. With climate change manifestation the

land and water crisis is set to heighten.


1.2 The County Setting

1.2.1 COUNTY LOCATION

Vihiga County is located in the western region of Kenya within the Lake Victoria Basin between

longitudes 34°30‘ and 35°0‘E and latitudes 0° and 0°15‘N, and covers a total area of 531.0 Km2. It

borders Nandi County to the East, Kisumu County to the South, Siaya County to the West and

Kakamega County to the North.

1.2.2 GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES

The County's altitude ranges between 1300m and 1800m above sea level. It slopes gently from East to

West with undulating hills and valleys. The streams flow from northeast to southwest draining into

Lake Victoria. River Yala is the only major river passing through the County, with main tributaries

namely; Edzava/Zaaba, Jordan and Garagoli. The County experiences high soil erosion due to its

hilly landscape. The geographical formation of the County is composed of Kavirondian and Nyanzian

Basement rocks with notable ones being in Tambua, Jepkoyai, Ebuhando, Ebusiekwe and Maragoli

Hills. The soils in the County are mainly sedimentary in nature and support various farming activities.

1.2.3 BIODIVERSITY

Vihiga County is categorized into two main agro-ecological zones, the upper and lower midlands.

These zones dictate the biodiversity and land-use patterns. The upper midland zone comprising of

Hamisi, Sabatia and parts of Vihiga sub-counties has well-drained soils. It is in these zones that most

of the hills are situated, some being habitats for a wide range of biodiversity. The lower midland zone

comprises of Emuhaya and Luanda sub-counties, which has the red loamy sand soils derived from

sedimentary and basalt rocks. It is this zone in which the Bunyore Hills are located and they include

the Ebusiekwe, Esalwa and Ebuhando Hills. However, incidences of severe soil degradation in most

parts of the county are quite high.

1.2.4 CLIMATE

The County experiences equatorial type of climate with fairly well distributed rainfall throughout the

year with an average annual precipitation of 1900mm and an average humidity of 41.75%. Long rains

are experienced from March to May while short rains are experienced between September and

November. Temperatures range between 14°C – 32°C with a mean temperature of 23°C. The driest

and hottest months are from December to February.

1.2.5 ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE

There are five sub-counties in Vihiga County, namely: Hamisi, Emuhaya, Luanda, Sabatia and

Vihiga. Hamisi is the most expansive with an area of 156.4 km², Sabatia 110.9 km², Vihiga 90.2 km²,

Emuhaya 89.5 km² and Luanda 84 km². There are twenty-five electoral wards within the five sub-

counties. The County is further subdivided into 11 Divisions, 38 Locations and 131 sub-locations.


1.2.6 DEMOGRAPHY

According to the 2009 National Population and Housing Census, the County had a population of

554,622 out of which, 47.8% were male while 52.2% were female. The County population is

estimated to have grown to 637,877 persons in 2017 and is projected to grow to 694,819 in 2022. The

County‘s demographic profile depicts a youthful population comprising of 46% of persons aged

below 35 years. The County has one of the highest population densities in the country at 1,033

persons per km² compared to the national average of 66 persons per km² according to the Kenya

National Bureau of Statistics (2009).

1.2.7 VULNERABILITY TO LAND AND FOREST DEGRADATION

The County is characterized by a rapidly growing population, high population density, water scarcity,

declining land productivity and low resilience to climate change. Land degradation and rapid

population growth are increasing food insecurity, environmental degradation and poverty levels in the

County. The County Integrated Development Plan (CIDP 2018-2022) identifies land and forest

degradation, and climate change as key development challenges.

Growing population in the region coupled with the changing climate has resulted in severe

environmental concerns in the County. These concerns include; increase in catchment degradation

(land and forest ecosystems), lack of protection of wetlands and loss of biodiversity and ecosystems

services, dropping water levels, declining water quality, poor land use planning, lack of proper liquid

and solid waste management, and unregulated non point-source pollution.

The important land and forest degradation threats to Vihiga environment include:

(i) Vulnerability to negative effects of climate change;

(ii) declining agricultural productivity, deteriorating water quality and quantity, and loss of

biodiversity;

(iii) poor siting of Eucalyptus trees;

(iv) severe droughts, and tropical storms leading to floods and landslides; all of which are

projected to be more intense, frequent and unpredictable;

(v) increasing temperatures resulting in enhanced heat- and water-stressed conditions,

particularly in rocky dominated landscapes, leading to reduced agricultural productivity

as well as diminishing water yields from hitherto, highly productive springs;

(vi) decreasing forest cover due to anthropogenic activities and rapid change in climatic

conditions whose immediate impact include enhancing natural migration of adversely

affected plant and animal species;

(vii) increasing community conflicts between upper catchment and lower catchment regions

on sharing of diminishing water resources;

(viii) ineffective coordination amongst different actors in land and forest management;


(ix) existing wide knowledge gaps between various cadres of land and forest management

actors

(x) increasing public health risks.

1.2.8 STATUS OF DEVELOPMENT

The development of Vihiga County is vulnerable to effects of land degradation and water scarcity and

may slow down agricultural productivity which is the backbone of economic growth unless a robust

policy with agile strategies of Sustainable land and forest Management is deployed.

On the scale of the national average, the County scores a 0.49 on the Human Development Index

(HDI)—a composite measure of development that combines indicators of life expectancy, educational

attainment and income. This falls below the national average of 0.56. Consequently, poverty is

rampant in the County and manifests itself in other socio-economic outcomes such as poor nutrition,

health and education, as well as a lack of access to basic services.

Further, with a huge youthful population, unemployment is becoming a major challenge. Generally

agricultural activities account for most rural jobs, with some limited opportunities in commercial

ventures and public service within the County. The already registered situation is set to increase

pressure on available employment opportunities.

1.3 Scope of the policy

The scope of this policy applies to the use, conservation and management of land and forest resources

within the areas in Vihiga County. This includes soil and water management/conservation,

agricultural practices, land use practices, forestry and agro-forestry practices, and conservation of

biodiversity.

The policy is applicable to the entire Vihiga County; all its riparian areas, parts of Kakamega forest

ecosystem (Kibiri and Kaimosi forests) and other forested areas within the county such as Community

forests, all water catchment areas, farmlands and riverine environments.

This policy applies to all Vihiga County Government Departments and National Agencies

implementing environment-related functions, all sustainable land and forest management stakeholders

including development partners, all associations dealing with land and forest resources, saw millers,

contractors and the communities living around the Kakamega forest ecosystem. All individuals and

community members have individual responsibilities to conserve land and forest resources within

their locality for their own benefits and those of future generations.


For purposes of this policy, sustainable land and forest management encompasses established

approaches such as soil and water conservation, biodiversity, forest restoration, natural resource

management and integrated landscape management. It is based on the following principles:

a) targeted policy and institutional support, including the development of incentive mechanisms

for SLM adoption and income generation at the local level;

b) land-user-driven and participatory approaches;

c) the integrated use of natural resources on farms and at the ecosystem scale; and

d) multi-level, multi-stakeholder involvement and partnerships at all levels – land users, technical

experts and policy-makers.

This policy will guide the County in achieving its objectives as envisaged in the Constitution of

Kenya 2010, Vision 2030, and the County Integrated Development Plan (CIDP 2018-2022). In

addressing the rehabilitation, use and management of land and forest resources, the policy gives

direction on how land and forest resources will be managed sustainably.

1.4 Rationale of the policy

The scope of this policy applies to the use, conservation and management of land and forest resources

within the areas in Vihiga County. This includes soil and water management/conservation,

agricultural and land use practices, forestry and agroforestry practices, conservation of biodiversity.

The policy applies to all riparian areas in Vihiga County which border and depend on the Kakamega

forest ecosystem.

This policy applies to all Vihiga County Government Departments and Agencies implementing

environment-related functions, all SLM/SFM stakeholders and development partners, all associations

dealing with land and forestry resources, contractors and the communities living around the

Kakamega forest ecosystem. All individuals and community members have individual responsibilities

to conserve land and forest resources within their locality for their own benefits and those of future

generations.

For the purposes of this policy, sustainable land and forest management encompasses established

approaches such as soil and water conservation, biodiversity, forest restoration, natural resource

management and integrated landscape management. It is based on the following principles:

e) targeted policy and institutional support, including the development of incentive mechanisms

for SLM adoption and income generation at the local level;

f) land-user-driven and participatory approaches;

g) the integrated use of natural resources on farms and at the ecosystem scale; and

h) multi-level, multi-stakeholder involvement and partnerships at all levels – land users, technical

experts and policy-makers.


This Policy is designed to meet the challenges and emerging issues relating to land and forest

management, and to provide linkages with the emerging cross-cutting policies, plans and activities of

County and National bodies where they affect or interact with land and forest resources. It gives clear

pointers to the priority actions that the County Government and its partners must implement so as to

make the best use of the resources that are available in the context of limited human resource, finance

and logistics.

The policy holds a living status and shall be reviewed and updated regularly to deal with overarching

and emerging concepts and issues of the ever evolving science of sustainable land and forest

management. In its current form it provides a comprehensive framework for the development of a

Vihiga County Sustainable Land management strategy to guide development as outlined in the County

Integrated Development Plan (CIDP, 2018-2022) and deployment of responsive agricultural practices.

1.5 Goal, Objectives and Guiding Principles

1.5.1 GOAL

Prudent use and management of land and forestry resources to produce goods and services for the

present and future generations

1.5.2 OBJECTIVES

The objectives of the policy are:

1) To reduce pressure on natural resources from competing land uses in the wider

landscape

2) To contribute to food security and incomes of smallholder farmers and secure

sustainable land and forest ecosystems in Vihiga County

3) To reduce land and forest ecosystem degradation, conserve agro-biodiversity and

contribute to climate change adaptation and mitigation

4) To create incentives to promote implementation of sustainable land and forest

management practices and other environmental related programs

5) To create an enabling environment for public and private investments in land and forest

management programs and projects

6) To facilitate effective use of emerging financing opportunities at the County, National

and international levels for sustainable land and forest management programming;


1.5.3 GUIDING PRINCIPLES

Implementation of the Policy will be guided by the following principles:

(a) Environmental Right: Every person in the county has a right to a clean and healthy

environment and a duty to safeguard and enhance the environment.

(b) Right to Development: The right to development will be exercised taking into

consideration sustainability, resource efficiency, and economic, social and environmental

needs.

(c) Ecosystem Approach: An integrated ecosystem approach to conserving environmental

resources will be adopted and enhanced to ensure that all ecosystems are managed in an

integrated manner while also providing a range of benefits to the citizenry.

(d) Total Economic Value: The benefits that ecosystems generate will be integrated into the

County accounting system, programmes and projects.

(e) Sustainable Resource Use: Environmental resources will be utilised in a manner that does

not compromise the quality and value of the resource or decrease the carrying capacity of

supporting ecosystems.

(f) Equity: The management of the environment and natural resources will ensure equitable

access to resources for present and future generations.

(g) Public Participation: A coordinated and participatory approach to environmental

protection and management will be enhanced to ensure that the relevant government

agencies, County governments, private sector, civil society and communities are involved in

planning, implementation and decision making processes.

(h) Subsidiarity: The management of the environment and natural resources will be through

decentralization and devolution of authority and responsibilities to the lowest level possible.

(i) Precautionary Principle: Where there are credible threats of serious or irreversible damage

to key environmental resources, lack of full scientific certainty will not be used as a reason

for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation.

(j) Polluter Pays Principle: The polluter and users of environmental and natural resources

shall bear the full environmental and social costs of their activities.

(k) Inter-County Cooperation: Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) and regional

instruments will be domesticated and implemented cooperatively for better environmental

management of shared resources.

(l) Good Governance: Rule of law, effective institutions, transparency and accountability,

respect for human rights and the meaningful participation of citizens will be integrated in

environmental management.

(m) Benefit sharing: Where benefits will accrue from utilisation of biodiversity, these will be

shared in order to promote conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity.

(n) Community Empowerment: Communities will be involved in decision making and

empowered in the implementation of such decisions.


CHAPTER 2 – SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS FOR LAND AND FOREST

MANAGEMENT

2.1 Land and Land Use

2.1.1 SMALL LAND HOLDING SIZE

The average farm size in the County is 0.4 hectares for small scale farming and 3 ha for large scale.

The fertile land in Sabatia, Hamisi and Emuhaya Sub-Counties, coupled with abundant rains has

influenced the dense settlement. The high concentration of population is witnessed even in the rocky

areas such as Maragoli hills and the flat swampy parts of Luanda Sub County. In terms of land use,

98.7 per cent of the land is under farming, mostly subsistence, while 1.3 per cent is under housing.

The increase in population size and subdivision of land has led to encroachment of forests and riparian

lands.

2.1.2 INCIDENCE OF LANDLESSNESS

Most people in the County own land. However, 3 per cent of the total population is landless. Some of

the landless have invaded Maragoli and Kibiri Forests for settlement. Others have immigrated to

neighbouring counties like Siaya, Nandi, Kakamega, Trans Nzoia and Bungoma. With the high rate of

population growth, most of the existing forests may be destroyed in search of land for farming and

settlement. An example is the destruction of Maragoli forest which now remains bare rocks. This has

led to negative impacts on the environment, climate and food security in the neighbouring areas.

2.1.3 EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION

The major contributors to environmental degradation in the County are; increased population against

the minimal available land, poor farming methods and activities, unplanned urbanization, high poverty

levels, unsustainable management of the ecosystem and low environmental awareness.

Poor utilization of land, excess use of artificial fertilizers, improper waste disposal methods, artisanal

and small scale mining, murram harvesting, pollution of rivers and springs, and sand harvesting are

some of the factors that have immensely contributed to environmental degradation in the County. The

situation has further been worsened by lack of public awareness. Rising population has resulted in

community encroaching into forest land which acts as water catchment areas. Poor farming systems in

sloppy areas have also led to increased soil erosion, consequently depleting soil fertility, resulting into

low productivity.

Artisanal and small scale mining is practiced at a low scale in Luanda and Shaviringa areas. This is

mainly due to lack of technology and equipment to mine the available minerals and resources

economically. Most of the gold bearing rocks in Vihiga and Sabatia sub-counties are mined using

poor methods, yielding very low outputs as well as endangering the lives of the miners. Prospecting


for gold and other minerals is underway at Kichutu in Viyalo which is in Vihiga, Kaimosi forest as

well as Kibiri forest.

Other land use activities that have negative impacts on the environment include brick making, pot

making, sand harvesting, stone mining and construction works.

Other environmental impacts of artisanal and small scale mining include erosion and deforestation of

protected areas, biodiversity loss and water pollution from dumped tailings, alluvial river damage, and

river siltation.

2.1.4 CROP, LIVESTOCK AND FISH PRODUCTION

The main land use types include livestock rearing, crop farming, tree planting, fish farming and

settlements. Crop production is the mainstream of the County‘s economy and contributes about 64 per

cent to the County‘s income. Agriculture employs the majority of people in rural areas as well as

those in the urban areas indirectly.

Main crops produced

Total arable land is 404.8m2. The major cash crops in the County include tea (1,530ha), coffee,

bananas (998ha) and horticulture. The main food crops include maize (30,300ha), beans, cassava,

sweet potatoes, vegetables, millet and sorghum. The average farm size for cash crops and food crops

per household is 0.4 ha. Majority of farmers plant at least two crops as food crops. However, most of

what is produced ends up in markets.

Acreage under food crop and cash crops

The acreage under food and cash crop production in the County is approximately 40,000ha and

8,000ha respectively. The continuous planting of eucalyptus trees has, not only reduced acreage under

food crops, but has had a deteriorating effect on the productivity of the land in the region.

Livestock Production

The livestock sub-sector focuses on livestock production and management, animal breeding,

promotion of animal health through veterinary services and veterinary public health. The main breeds

of livestock kept in the County include; Zebu Cattle (133,720), Dairy Cattle, Poultry (796,390),

Sheep, Goats, Guinea Pigs, Guinea Fowls, Pigeons, Pigs and Rabbits. The annual milk production

28,500,000 litres (2015). Indigenous Chicken is the main poultry reared with an egg production of

15,574,550 (2015). Guinea fowls rearing is emerging in some parts of the County. Beekeeping is also

a livestock enterprise that is undertaken in the County. Honey production stands at 69,000 litres

(2015). Rabbit keeping together with Pigs rearing are being embraced in the County.


Status of Aquaculture

The County has 1,200 farmers engaged in pond-based aquaculture activities, most of whom practice

semi-intensive farming. These fish ponds cover a total area of 84.57 ha with the main fish species

cultured being Nile tilapia and catfish. The County Government owns an operational Fish hatchery

and aquaculture training centre at Mwitoko in Luanda Sub-County. There is also one private fish

hatchery based in Hamisi Sub-County. All of these depend on proper working catchment areas for

water, lands, and utilities.

2.2 Forestry and Agro-forestry

The main forest type in the County is tropical rain forest covering a total area of 4,160.9 hectares.

These are Kibiri forest consisting of indigenous and exotic tree species on a 3,691.3 ha space,

Maragoli Forest consisting of 469.3 ha of exotic tree species and Kaimosi forest which is also facing

destruction due to human activities. There are also community forests for cultural rites and private

forests owned by individuals and churches. Eucalyptus form about 70 per cent of the tree species

grown in farms.

Forest products found within the County include timber, fuel wood, charcoal, construction poles, and

medicine among others. Other than the tropical rain forest which is gazetted, the rest is found on

farmlands. Non-gazetted forests cover an area of 48ha. Kibiri forest comprises of exotic and

indigenous soft timber of high value.

Farmers in the County have small-woodlots and trees dotted all along the landscape on their small

farms where they generate small incomes from forest products such as timber poles, firewood and

charcoal.

With the high rate of population growth, most of the existing forests may be destroyed in search of

land for farming and settlement. An example is the destruction of Maragoli forest which now remains

bare rocks.

2.3 Climate change and its effects in the County

Climate change has been felt in the County through high temperatures, heavy and erratic rainfall, and

irregular rain patterns. There are also increased cases of drought which interfere with soil and crop

productivity. Natural disasters such as hailstorms and landslides have also become rampant during

rainy seasons and they too impact negatively on crop production. Wetlands are fast diminishing in

size due to human activities such as deforestation and planting of unfriendly species of trees, such as

eucalyptus, close to wetlands and riparian land. Sources of water such as springs, rivers and wells

suffer reduced sizes and low water volumes with obvious pollution from car wash, raw sewage and

garbage from homes, roads and plants. These result in crop failure, pollution of water bodies and

increased cases of malaria.


2.4 Declining Water Quantities

Surface water is available through the year and the main water sources for domestic use are springs,

shallow wells and rivers. The County is promoting rain water harvesting. The water resources are

however on the decline both in quantity and quality. The major cause of the declining quantity is the

planting of eucalyptus trees along the river banks and encroachment of wetlands. The quality of water

is also affected by inappropriate farming practices upstream, improper solid and liquid waste

management as well as by erosion. Unimproved sources include ponds, dams, streams and rivers,

unprotected springs, unprotected wells, water vendors and others.


CHAPTER THREE–LAND AND FOREST MANAGEMENT POLICY ISSUES

3.1 Sustainable Land Management

3.1.1 LAND USE ISSUES

Land is a key resource in Vihiga County and is the basis of livelihood for vast majority and a

foundation of economic development. Land resources are finite, fragile and non-renewable and are

considered a capital and an asset that provides the essential services for development and human well

being. Consequently, the demand and pressure on land is ever increasing. The main driving force

leading to pressure on land resources is the increasing rate of population growth; hence demand for

more food and shelter.

The unsustainable use of land in urban and rural areas remains a major challenge to the County due to

the serious impact on the environment. Activities contributing to land degradation include unsuitable

agricultural land use, poor soil and water management practices, deforestation and overgrazing.

Natural disasters, which include drought spells, floods and landslides, also contribute to land

degradation.

Challenges

i) Poor coordination amongst land and forest management stakeholders;

ii) Planting of Eucalyptus on riverbanks and water catchment sources.

iii) Low adoption of conservation agriculture;

iv) Low enforcement of sustainable land and forest management related laws;

v) High incidences of pests and disease.

vi) Inadequate public extension services;

Policy Statement

The County Government will:

i) Strengthen collaboration and networking among key players in the sectors;

ii) Establish environmentally friendly tree species on riverbanks and water catchment sources.

iii) Promote and enhance best practices for optimal and sustainable land use.

iv) Promote sustainable urban and peri-urban land uses.

v) Promote land restoration policies.

vi) Involve and empower communities in land utilisation and management.


3.1.2 SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

Soil is an important natural resource and maintenance of its fertility is a prerequisite for sustainable

crop, livestock and fisheries production. Degradation of land involves deterioration in soil, water and

vegetation resources. In Vihiga County, unsustainable land use is contributing to land degradation

resulting in loss of land productivity with impacts on livelihoods and the economy.

Land degradation manifests itself in many forms such as soil erosion, increased sediment loading of

water bodies, loss of soil fertility, and reduced ground cover. The impacts of land and forest

degradation include a reduction in crop productivity, and fuel wood and non-timber forest products,

which are closely linked to poverty and food insecurity

The existing statutes are not adequately enforced to address issues of soil conservation on cultivated

slopes, along riparian reserves, around water bodies and catchment areas. There is also lack of

incentives for good soil and water management practices in watershed management. However, with

regard to the conservation of river banks, water bodies and catchment areas, the Agricultural Sector

Development Strategy (ASDS, 2010-2020) has recognized poor land use practices and river bank

cultivation as some of the key factors that have resulted in increased runoff, soil erosion and siltation

of dams and other water reservoirs.

Challenges

i) Lack of incentives for good soil and water management practices in watershed management.

ii) Inadequacy of a comprehensive land-use policy.

iii) Existing statutes are not adequately enforced to address all issues

iv) Low soil management rating and publicity in the County development agenda.

Policy statement


i) Ensure the protection of wetlands, riverbanks, hilltops and slopes from unsustainable

practices to prevent soil erosion and environmental degradation.

ii) Establish incentives to facilitate access and affordability of appropriate technologies and

equipment for soil and water conservation.

iii) Prioritize and mainstream water harvesting and conservation agenda in its programmes and

projects.

iv) Develop and implement a regulatory framework for sustainable land management practices

v) Promote soil and water conservation interventions including adoption of conservation

agriculture principles to increase crop production.

vi) Promote and support eco and organic farming so as to maintain soil fertility.


vii) Promote good soil management practices to avert landslides, mudslides, floods and other

disasters that are preventable.

viii) Involve and empower communities in soil conservation.

3.1.3 SOIL FERTILITY MANAGEMENT

An important component of sustainable land management is the management of soil and plant

nutrients. Plant nutrients are usually removed from crop and forest systems via harvests of grain,

tubers, fruit, and wood and also by surface erosion and subsurface leaching.

Soils in the County are rapidly losing the ability to supply both the micro and macro nutrient elements

in the amounts, forms and proportions required for optimum plant growth.

Reversing the soil fertility declining trend and improving the livelihoods, food security, and income of

the farmers will require increased adoption of soil fertility enhancing strategies together with the

introduction of viable incentives to encourage farmers to address the issue of soil fertility decline.

This can be done through the addition of inorganic and organic fertilizer. However a more sustainable

approach is through integrated soil fertility management.

Inorganic Fertilizer

Despite the beneficial effects of inorganic fertilizers, continued use of acidifying fertilizers such as

Diammonium Phosphate (DAP) has led to increased soil acidity of most soils in the county especially

in the maize growing areas. To enhance efficient use of fertilizers by farmers, there is need for farmers

to be trained on the right fertilizer types, application rates and liming depending on the crop and the

soil types. Emphasis should be laid on soil analysis to inform on the soil fertility status for corrective

nutrient replenishment measures.

Challenges

i) Inadequate extension services

ii) High cost of fertilizer,

iii) Lack of cash or credit to purchase the fertilizer,

iv) Low prices for the increased yields from added fertilizer.

v) Inadequate/unaffordable soil testing services leading to inappropriate use of fertilizers.

vi) Inadequate material and skills for organic manure production

vii) Lack of a regulatory organization and / or legislation to deal with organic fertilizers


Policy statement


i) Operationalize the Fertilizer and Animal Foodstuffs ACT (Amendment), 2015

ii) Implement input cost reduction strategy.

iii) Support soil testing services.

iv) Support agriculture insurance services.

v) Establish agricultural credit scheme

Organic fertilizers

Most of the small-scale farmers use organic fertilizers such as farmyard manure and compost, and

recycle crop residues as a means of sustaining and improving the fertility level of soils. Organic

fertilizers provide organic matter which not only provides nutrients to the soil but also improves the

physical, chemical and biological status of the soil. However, the limited amounts of organic sources

of plant nutrients and their very low fertilizer grades work against reliance on them as major sources

of nutrient supply. There is a growing market for organic fertilizers resulting from emerging trends

and technologies of organic farming. There is therefore need for standards and regulation so that

farmers get value for their money and to guard against incidences of pollutants such as heavy metals,

pathogens and harmful waste.

Challenges

i) Lack of appropriate packaging.

ii) Danger of use of contaminated raw materials.

iii) Inadequate material and skills for organic manure production

iv) Lack of a regulatory organization and / or legislation to deal with organic fertilizers.

v) Weak implementation of beneficial policies and Acts that reinforce efficient use of organic

resources due to lack or weak institutional arrangements.

Policy statement


i) Develop a comprehensive legal and regulatory framework to govern all types of fertilizers

ii) Promote farming techniques that minimize soil erosion and leaching

iii) Promote proper coordination, collaboration and consultation among relevant institutions and

stakeholders


3.1.4 EUCALYPTUS IN WATER CATCHMENT AREAS AND FARMS

Eucalyptus species have been grown for over 100 years in Kenya and have become very popular with

farmers. Many tobacco companies and other industrial companies are promoting eucalypts as the

―best-bet‖ source of renewable energy for industrial processing of their produce. Large tea estates also

manage eucalypts for fuel wood within the tea farms.

Eucalyptus are therefore preferred because:

i) They meet increasing demands of timber, fuelwood, fodder, fibre, paper, etc.;

ii) They reduce heavy pressure on natural forests;

iii) They rehabilitate and restore damaged forest ecosystems in a place where natural recovery

cannot be foreseen within a short period (environmental issues).

Eucalyptus has been popular with farmers because it grows fast and provides ample stocks of timber

and firewood. But it is also a danger to water supplies among other challenges

Challenges

i) They are competitors to water for animal and human consumption

ii) Eucalyptus release into the environment substances acting as germination and growth

inhibitors;

iii) Planting of eucalyptus on watersheds may lead to water shortages due to their water guzzling

nature, and it may even become a bigger problem as climate change increases.

iv) their very high evapo-transpiration rate, drains water from the soil leading to a lower water

table

Policy statement


i) Develop and provide guidelines on the areas to be delimited for planting of eucalyptus, and

the recommended safe distance from crop lands and sources of springs in water limited areas.

ii) Promote growing of alternative tree species on farmlands instead of eucalyptus

iii) Actively assist farmers in making informed decisions in planting, managing and utilizing

eucalyptus trees and their products.

iv) Promote measures geared to reducing and resolving conflicts relating to investing in and

planting of eucalyptus


3.1.5 SMALL FARM LAND SIZES

Declining agricultural land due to a combination of factors including uncontrolled subdivision and

inappropriate land use is a major hindrance to enhancing agricultural productivity and optimal use of

land as a resource. The pattern of human settlements in the County is influenced by natural resource

endowments, which include availability, accessibility and control.

Sustainable human settlement involves creating the conditions under which people in both rural and

urban settings can enjoy healthy, productive and well integrated lifestyles. This should ensure that

people live in safe, healthy and dignified conditions with relatively easy access to amenities.

However, rapid urbanization caused by population growth and rural-urban migration have hindered

the capacity of urban centres to provide housing, infrastructure, services and job opportunities.

Challenges

(i) Unsustainable land use practices

(ii) Reducing land sizes that are uneconomical

Policy statement


(i) Provide for mapping of priority enterprises within each agro-ecological zone, specifying crop

types, livestock species, and aquaculture systems prioritized for mass production.

(ii) Promote and enhance best practices for sustainable land use;

(iii) Promote and support the establishment of environmentally significant areas for purposes of

enhancing the protection and conservation of the natural resources.

(iv) Promote sustainable urban and peri-urban agriculture.

(v) Preserve lands for indigenous and cultural activities

(vi) Protect and ensure sustainable utilization of public land

(vii) Develop and enforce integrated land use planning at all levels.

3.1.6 LAND USE PRACTICES

Land is the most important factor of production in the County. It is not only a critical resource, but

also the foundation of economic development. Population pressure within the County has had a major

impact on land, pushing people to engage in poor land–use practices. In the rural areas farming is

dominated by small farm holdings leading to low investment in land improvement and productivity.

This has resulted into inefficient and ineffective utilization of land based resources.


Challenges

i. Poor environmental protection and management,

ii. Poor cultural practices,

iii. Low agricultural production due to cropping practices such as continuous cropping and

monocropping , poor tillage and land preparation and cultivating on steep slopes

iv. Inadequate land use planning has led to encroachment on the forest, catchment areas and

riparian land

v. Limited extension services and shortage of agricultural finances and inputs and poor

management

Policy statement


i) promote development and implementation of land use plans

ii) promote Community participation in environmental management.

iii) Provide incentives to promote sustainable use and management of land.

iv) Facillitate public private partnership in promote appropriate land use technologies

v) Promote high value commercial agriculture and diversification of farming enterprises

vi) Promote the establishment and maintenance of agricultural learning sites and centres of

excellence to demonstrate appropriate land use.

3.1.7 LIVESTOCK AND FISHERIES

Livestock production in Vihiga County contributes a considerable proportion to the County‘s

economy and agricultural labour force. In addition, a sizeable population depends on fisheries both

directly and indirectly for livelihood through aquaculture and trade. These sectors are identified as

having great potential for value addition and provision of rural incomes in the County.

Challenges

i) Poor disposal of livestock wastes from slaughterhouses and butcheries

ii) Low investment and inadequate aquaculture development,

iii) Weak linkages amongst stakeholders


Policy Statement


i) Enforce regulations on livestock movement and disease control through commercially

viable production systems.

ii) Provide incentives to farmers involved in animal production and aquaculture through

subsidies and promotions

iii) Strengthen community participation in value addition and marketing of animal products

iv) Capacity building of farmers on Best Management Practices.

3.1.8 AGRICULTURE SECTOR DEVELOPMENT SUPPORT SERVICES AND INVESTMENTS

Pests, diseases, weeds and high costs of inputs coupled with inadequate extension support services

and poor market linkage are major factors that contribute to low farm productivity and

commercialization of agricultural enterprises.

Support services to enhance access to agricultural inputs which include seeds, seedlings,

breeding/brood stock, agro-chemicals, vaccines, sera and drugs, feeds, organic and inorganic

fertilizers; appropriate agro-machinery, plant and equipment; animal handling small equipment, bee-

keeping equipment, financial and insurance services; and necessary investments in infrastructure are

critical to acceleration of value chains development. The cost of inputs, poor quality, and

unavailability at the grassroots are major setbacks to production and productivity. Machinery and

equipment for tillage, pre- and post-harvest handling of produce including processing, packaging,

transportation and storage is limited especially for small-scale farmers. Intensive all year round

production requires supplementary irrigation. Producers also require support in provision of

affordable credit and insurance against risk of crop and stock failure especially in the context of

emerging climate change challenges. Infrastructure investment support including improvement of

access roads, processing and marketing facilities are required in order to enhance competitiveness of

the County‘s agricultural produce at the local, regional and international markets.

Challenges

i) Limited access to appropriate high quality and affordable inputs/ breeds, mechanization,

financial, insurance services and infrastructure to increase production and productivity in

the agricultural sector

ii) Inadequate extension services

iii) Poor market linkages

iv) Outbreaks of pests and diseases e.g. Fall Army Worms, Foot and Mouth Disease

v) Post harvest loses


Policy statement


i) Promote agricultural inputs surveillance to ensure compliance with set quality standards.

ii) Capacity building of farmers on use of organic inputs for sustainable crop production

iii) Conduct County wide soil testing, mapping and area specific profile

iv) Facilitate layout and implementation of appropriate integrated soil conservation structures

and technologies.

v) Map pests and diseases hotspots

vi) Disseminate research findings on emerging pests and diseases for crops and livestock

3.1.9 AGRICULTURAL INPUTS

Adequate supply and access to high-quality planting materials for organic and conventional

production systems is essential if the crop and livestock industry is to develop and commercialize.

Most of the farm inputs come from outside the County, which makes them costly. This has led to

majority of farmers using uncertified planting materials of poor quality. `

Challenges

i) High cost of inputs

ii) Poor access to quality farm inputs, materials and agrochemicals

iii) Unreliable distribution outlets

iv) Inadequate extension services

Policy statement

The County Government will

i) Promote inputs subsidies and incentives.

ii) Ensure that high quality agricultural inputs are available, accessible and affordable.

iii) Create an enabling environment for efficient distribution and access to quality and affordable

agricultural inputs

iv) Strengthen inputs and equipment’s surveillance mechanisms to ensure compliance with set

standards in liaison with relevant regulatory bodies.

v) Promote the use of certified inputs and clean planting materials while embracing set standards

and best practices.

vi) Support seed bulking programs to ensure adequate supply of high quality and affordable

planting materials.


3.1.12 MINING

The introduction of devolved governance system in Kenya provides an opportunity for sustainable

management of mineral resources because the national constitution has ensured that the interests and

rights of local communities are considered within all the economic sectors. However, although the

government has recognized the key role played by the mining sector in driving the national economy,

the implications of this role to environmental protection and human rights cannot be under estimated.

The County‘s mineral potential is yet to be fully exploited due to lack of adequate geological

information on deposits occurrence. With enhanced geological surveys and mineral exploration, it is

possible to fully exploit the mineral potential. The main mining activities include Artisanal gold

mining, harvesting of river sand and quarrying for murram and building stone. Increased mining

activity in the County may result in environmental degradation unless measures are taken to guide and

control operations in the mining sub-sector.

Challenges

i) Risk of climate change disasters such as floods, landslides and disease epidemics

ii) Deforestation by mining activities

iii) Loss and degradation of critical ecosystems and loss of species

iv) Contamination of streams, rivers, wetlands and groundwater resources

Policy Statement

The County government will:

i) Promote and implement mechanisms for sustainable harvesting of sand and mining activities.

ii) Ensure rehabilitation and restoration of all mining sites including quarries.

iii) Create awareness on adaptation of climate change and mitigation

iv) Develop guidelines and legislation to regulate sand harvesting


3.2 Sustainable forest Management

3.2.1 FOREST ECOSYSTEMS

The conservation and sustainable development of forest ecosystems and their associated resources is

essential for sustainable poverty reduction and sustainable development. Forest ecosystems are

important in conservation of soil, water and biodiversity as well as in moderation of climate. They are

the richest terrestrial habitats for biodiversity. Maintaining forest biodiversity safeguards the

economic potential of future opportunities for new non-timber products such as food and medicine as

well as social sustainability by offering aesthetic, spiritual and recreational settings for people.

Destruction of forests in the County, and the resultant biodiversity loss, is a key environmental

challenge. Population growth, agricultural expansion, over-dependence on wood-fuels, and low levels

of a forestation has worsened the situation. Maintaining forest biodiversity safeguards the economic

potential of future opportunities for new non-timber products such as food and medicine as well as

social sustainability by offering aesthetic, spiritual and recreational settings for people.

Challenges

i) Encroachment of forests for human settlement and agriculture

ii) Deforestation through illegal logging and charcoal burning;

iii) Inadequate forest conservation measures

iv) Loss of biodiversity

Policy Statement


i) Formulate strategies to increase tree cover.

ii) Develop and implement a County strategy for rehabilitation and restoration of degraded

forest ecosystems and water catchment areas with active community and stakeholder

involvement/participation.

iii) Support effective implementation of the forest and other related policies and laws.

iv) Encourage development and implementation of appropriate forestry-based investment

programs and projects.

v) Involve and empower communities in the management of forest ecosystems.

vi) Monitor, assess and prepare periodic report on the integrity of forests.

vii) Encourage and support land owners to sustainably manage natural and riverine forests.

viii) Encourage development and implementation of appropriate forestry-based investment

programmes and projects


3.2.4 URBAN FORESTS AND ROADSIDE TREE PLANTING

Establishment of urban forests, roadside tree planting, botanical gardens, recreational parks and mini-

forests enhances environmental, social, and economic values. Trees provide a cool and serene

environment, act as natural filters and contribute to the general well being of society besides

improving the microclimate of cities and towns.

Trees planted along the boundaries of road reserves are important for aesthetic and shade effects to

travelers along the highways and other public roads. A belt of amenity trees planted at the interface of

road and private lands will improve the scenery on road reserves contribute to carbon sequestration,

mark the boundaries between the road reserves and private lands to avoid encroachment into the road

reserves.

Challenges

i) Lack of policy guidelines in urban forestry

ii) Poor urban planning

Policy Statement


i) Promote the establishment and management of amenity belts of appropriate tree species along

road reserves.

ii) Establish and maintain arboreta, green zones, botanical gardens, recreational parks and

urban forests for aesthetic and recreational values

iii) Establish and manage amenity forests and trees

iv) Promote the planting of suitable tree species during development of private plots in urban

areas

v) Promote urban forestry and roadside tree planting.

3.2. Agro-forestry and Farm forestry

Agro-forestry and farm forestry have taken deep roots in the County and are contributing to the

increase in tree cover and enhancing ecosystem services, while meeting a bulk of the County‘s wood

demand and providing climate resilient incomes to the farmers. Thus promotion of wood use obtained

from sustainably managed forests and trees would play a significant role in mitigating climate change

and ensuring sustainable living.

Trees are an essential part of diversified farm production, providing both subsistence products and

incomes while contributing to soil fertility and soil and water conservation. Products such as fuel

wood or fodder from trees, shrubs or grass contribute significantly to the economies of the rural


population. Given the growing population, it is not possible to meet all the demands of forest products

from state forests and the main alternative source of these products is private lands.

Planting of trees on the farms has several positive environmental effects, which include watershed

protection, enhancement of the microclimate and carbon sequestration. Forests under private

ownership play a significant role in the provision of forest goods and services to supplement supply

from state forests while also generating substantial incomes to the households.

Challenges

(i) Access to tree species that are environment friendly which can be grown on farms

(ii) Poor investment in farm forestry

Policy Statement


i) Intensify awareness and extension services for promotion of agro forestry and farm forestry.

ii) Promote partnerships with land owners to increase on-farm tree cover and to reduce pressure

on reserved forests.

iii) Promote investment in agro-forestry and farm forestry through provision of economic and non

economic incentives.

iv) Promote on-farm species diversification.

v) Promote development of forest based enterprises.

vi) Promote processing and marketing of farm forestry products.

3.2.5 WOOD PRODUCTS AND INDUSTRIES

The forest products sub-sector plays an important role in national socio-economic development

through provision of employment; supply of many industrial products, and also supports the

subsistence needs of many households. The wood industry includes pulp and paper, sawn timber,

transmission poles, composite wood products, furniture and joinery, building and construction and

many others. The major subsistence product is fuel wood on which over 80% of Kenyan households

and institutions depend. Key industries such a tea, most cottage industries

Increasingly rely on fuel wood for their energy needs due to the high cost of electricity and fossil fuel.

Although 30% of all wood fuel is consumed as charcoal, its production and marketing is not

adequately regulated .Therefore, there is need to invest in improving wood based technologies and

capacity to diversify into high value products


Challenges

i) Unsustainable extraction, which exceeds production, leading to degradation of forests

particularly in community and private lands.

ii) Inefficient conversion, low value addition methods leading to waste and thereby exacerbating

the unsustainable wood supply scenario..

iii) Illegal trade in wood and wood products, a forest certification and a chainof-custody system

will be developed to ensure legal compliance and sustainability of the source of material.

Policy Statements


i) Promote the sustainable supply of timber and wood for subsistence and industrial needs from

all forests.

ii) Promote investment in wood industry to enhance efficiency in wood conversion and value-

addition.

iii) Promote efficient production and utilization of wood fuel, and adoption of alternative forms of

renewable energy.

iv) Promote forest based value additions and integrated utilization of forest products.

v) Support efficient forest based enterprises for production and marketing of forest products for

the local and export markets.

vi) Develop and implement a national chain of custody system to track the movement of forest

products for local and export markets.

vii) Promote small, medium and large scale investments in diverse forest based industries and

enterprises.

3.2.6 NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS

Non-wood forest products such as medicinal and aromatic plants, honey, oil seeds, resins, wild

edibles, fibre, bamboo, grass etc. provide sustenance to forest dependent communities by

supplementing their food and livelihood security.

These products are important to the livelihoods of the rural communities and account for a significant

share of household incomes and expenditures. In times of food scarcity, some non-wood products are

the main source of nutrition for many communities. Such produce should be managed sustainably

ensuring increased employment and income opportunities for the local communities.

Challenge

Unsustainable harvesting and use of none wood products, which exceeds production, leading to

degradation of forests


Policy Statement


i) Promote the sustainable production and utilization of non-wood forest products.

ii) Support and build capacity in establishment and processing of non-wood forest product

enterprises.

3.2.7 WETLANDS

Natural and artificial wetlands are important resources for livelihoods sustenance among riparian- and

wetland-dependent communities. Natural wetlands are productive and sensitive ecosystems, and are

known to support endemic wildlife and considerable human population living around them. Wetlands

are associated with carbon sinking, climate regulations, fragile habitats, natural effluent treatment and

regulated discharge of water into existing streams and river systems. They are endowed with plant

genetic diversity supporting large numbers of bird, mammal, reptile, amphibian and invertebrate

species. However, human encroachment coupled with unsustainable resource exploitation continues to

diminish wetland goods, particularly loss of vital ecosystem services.

Vihiga‘s wetlands play an important role in maintaining and sustaining regional ecological processes

that support globally important biodiversity such as birds‘ migratory routes. There has been a dramatic

change in the ecosystem of the wetlands in the County in the last decade, affecting its ability to

function as a habitat for various fauna and flora. To correct the situation and to protect, sustain and

enhance wetlands ecosystems in Vihiga County, the following policy measures shall be undertaken:

Challenge

i) Human encroachment

ii) Unsustainable resource exploitation

Policy statement


i) Map and profile natural resources within wetlands addressing conflicts arising from use

of shared fragile ecosystems;

ii) Survey, gazette and/or obtain land title deeds for all wetlands of significance and ensure

their conservation and prudent management;

iii) Support the design and creation of artificial wetlands at appropriate spots of ecological

concerns;

iv) Promote identification of risks and impacts of climate change on Vihiga’s wetlands in

the County;


v) Recognize and enhance the roles played by wetlands in natural disaster protection and

climate change mitigation;

vi) Ensure effective legislation for controlling and slowing down of conversion of wetlands

and their immediate surroundings for agriculture and grazing purposes;

vii) Develop adaptation mechanisms based on appropriate biodiversity structure for

wetlands and wetlands-dependent communities threatened by effects of climate change;

viii) Ensure balanced harvesting of wetlands resources and grazing in the areas;

ix) Ensure control of siltation of wetlands by reducing deforestation and felling of timber in

catchments areas, especially on the hilltops while discouraging use of Eucalyptus

species in afforestation of all fragile ecosystems;

x) Design adequate processes and procedures to control organic and inorganic pollution of

wetlands that includes flow of agricultural chemicals and pesticides into these

ecosystems;

xi) Create awareness among the leadership and the general public about the value of

wetlands resources.

3.3 Cross-Cutting Issues

3.3.1 GOVERNANCE ISSUES

Good governance is essential in the implementation of this policy. A clear position on this aspect is

already incorporated in the County Vision statements and the leadership manifesto. The following

measures are proposed:

i) Policy statement

ii) The County government will:

iii) Ensure equitable distribution of revenues accrued from exploitation of natural resources

to all citizens in the County, for example from Granite Products; Forestry Products;

distribution of water harvested and stored, Carbon Trading, among others;

iv) Protect pristine biodiversity sites, especially those used in cultural rights and other

traditional practices (e.g. natural forest grooves in Hamisi Sub-County; the Mungoma

Caves of Maragoli Hills in Vihiga Sub-County; the Nganyi Rainmakers Shrines of

Ebusiekwe Hills in Emuhaya Sub-County; among others);

v) Protect water resources in the County, including springs, streams, rivers, natural

wetlands and constructed wetlands such as water pans, small dams, medium-sized dams

and large-scale reservoirs;


vi) Create mechanisms to strengthen collaboration between the County government and

national agencies such as NEMA, WRA, KWS, KFS, KEFRI, among others; especially so

on matters of enforcement of regulations;

vii) Ensure that projects addressing Sustainable land and forest management aim at

attainment of SDGs in the context of the Vihiga CIDP implementation, taking into

cognizance high atmospheric temperatures, erratic rainfall patterns, landslides due to

flush floods, etc.;

viii) Support good governance in SLM programs, projects and activities by ensuring issue-

based, people-centered, and result-oriented engagement; and accountable and

transparent utilization of funds sourced under this policy;

ix) Promote community cohesion and support mechanisms for conflict resolution on

environmental matters;

x) Promote resolution of trans-boundary issues, especially on shared water resources and

converging mountains or hills;

xi) Seek and support political goodwill in the implementation of climate change

programmes, projects and activities.

3.3.2 GENDER, YOUTH AND VULNERABLE AND MARGINALIZED GROUPS (VMG)

MAINSTREAMING

Effects of Land degradation is likely to impact negatively poor and underprivileged regions,

communities and people who depend solely on Agriculture as source of income. In Vihiga County,

women and youth are likely to be strongly affected of them participate in the highly susceptible

agricultural activities. The high risk of land degradation as a result of climate change increase

workload for these vulnerable groups, more so in agriculture production. The situation is worse during

extreme climate events and disasters.

The County Government of Vihiga fully recognizes that women and youth are powerful agents of

change in development. Because of this, it promotes their participation in policy formulation and

decision-making. To further address gender aspects of vulnerability, the County Government of

Vihiga, in collaboration with other relevant entities shall take the following policy measures:

Policy statement


i) Strengthen women and youth participation in Sustainable Land management programs;

ii) Ensure reduction in the vulnerability of women and youth to the effects of land

degradation as a result of climate change impacts, particularly in relation to their

critical roles in rural areas in provision of water, food and energy;


iii) Develop gender-sensitive criteria and indicators related to vulnerability and adaptation

in the context of gender differences;

iv) Develop and implement vulnerability-reduction measures that focus particularly on the

needs of women and youth;

v) Incorporate women and youth in decision-making processes on climate change

mitigation and adaptation initiatives, based on indigenous knowledge.

3.3.3 CLIMATE CHANGE VARIABILITIES

Kenya‘s contribution to the total global greenhouse gas emissions is among the lowest but it is among

the countries most vulnerable to climate change and has a very low technical and financial capacity to

adapt to its adverse impacts. For Kenya to continue on a development path to achieve its goals

envisioned in the Planning Commission‘s Vision 2030 document, it is imperative to prepare the

ground that would enable it to face this new challenge. While Vihiga aims to work on a strategy that

seeks to conserve energy, improve energy efficiency and optimize fuel mix for contributing to global

efforts on GHG emissions reduction, the more immediate and pressing task before it is to prepare

itself for adaptation to Climate Change. Only by devising and implementing appropriate adaptation

measures will it be possible to ensure water, food and energy security for the country as well as to

minimize the impact of natural disasters on human life, health and property. The following policy

measures will be done;

Policy statement


i) Develop and implement inter-County climate change strategy and action plan

ii) Raise awareness on mitigation and adaptation measures through appropriate

technologies and capacity building

iii) Develop, disseminate and adopt climate smart technologies

iv) Diversification of enterprises and alternative livelihoods

v) Promote incentives for reduction of emission of GHG from land use practices

vi) Promote energy efficient technologies and intervention e.g use of fuel efficiently or

green energy

vii) Provide accurate, timely and reliable information to decision actors on crops and

animal value chains

viii) Disseminate climate change knowledge- field days, trade fairs, SMS, etc

ix) Incorporate private sector and civil societies in climate change advocacy and

public awareness


3.3.4 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Biodiversity describes the organisms in the natural environment, which provide the ecosystem

services that form our natural capital: fresh water, clean air, soil fertility and biological pest control.

Biodiversity is fundamental to the future sustainability of the world‘s natural resources. These

ecosystem services are under threat, globally and nationally, because the world is facing a wave of

extinctions at a scale not seen before in human history.

Biodiversity plays a fundamental role in underpinning the ecosystems within Vihiga County and the

services they provide. Despite knowing about biodiversity‘s importance for a long time, human

activity has been causing massive extinctions. The reasons vary from overuse of resource by humans,

climate change, fragmented habitats, habitat destruction and more.

Challenges:

(i) Overexploitation of natural resources leading to loss of biodiversity.

(ii) Lack of awareness on ecosystem conservation amongst the communities

(iii) Environmental pollution as a result of overuse and misuse of agrochemicals

(iv) Alien and invasive species

Policy statement


i) Develop mechanisms to ensure that the benefits arising from access to genetic resources,

including intellectual property rights, traditional knowledge and technology are shared

equitably with communities living in areas where the genetic material originated;

ii) Develop and implement a County strategy to contain, control and mitigate alien and invasive

species.

iii) Protect and restore native vegetation and terrestrial ecosystems

iv) Protect and restore freshwater ecosystems

v) Promote ecologically sustainable grazing

vi) Minimize impacts of climate change on biodiversity

vii) Maintain and record indigenous peoples’ ethno-biological knowledge

viii) Improve scientific knowledge and access to information

ix) Improve the sustainability of protected area systems;

x) Mainstream biodiversity conservation and

xi) Build capacity on access to genetic resources and benefit-sharing

http://www.globalissues.org/article/170/why-is-biodiversity-important-who-cares

http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/aug1999/1999-08-02-06.asp

http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/aug1999/1999-08-02-06.asp


3.3.5 WEAK ENFORCEMENT OF SLM/SFM RELATED POLICIES

The promulgation of The Constitution of Kenya 2010 and other new developments like climate

change marked an important chapter in Kenya‘s environmental policy development. Hailed as a

‗Green‘ Constitution, it embodies elaborate provisions with considerable implications for sustainable

development. It also embodies a host of social and economic rights which are of environmental

character such as the right to water, food and shelter, among others.

It is the responsibility of the government through the ministry responsible for environmental issues to

ensure that policies are reviewed and formulated to meet the aspirations of the Constitution and

emerging issues in the management of the environment for prosperity. This policy aims at providing a

framework to guide the management of land and forest resources in the County. It should further

ensure that SLM/SFM is integrated in all County programmes in order to facilitate and realise

sustainable development at the County. This would help promote green economy, enhance social

inclusion, improve human welfare and create opportunities for employment and maintenance of a

healthy ecosystem.

Challenges:

i) Lack of policy guidelines to guide sustainable land and forest management activities

ii) Lack of awareness by stakeholders on the significance of sustainable land and forest

management in sustainable development.

Policy Statement


i) Incorporate private sector, producer groups, civil societies and CFAs in policy lobbying

advocacy and public awareness

ii) Capacity building of the County leadership in sustainable land and forest management policy

formulation and implementation

iii) Promote public participation

iv) Increase County fund allocation to sustainable land and forest management activities

v) Promote coordination in enforcement of sustainable land and forest management policy


3.3.6 TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT, DISSEMINATION AND UTILIZATION

Land and forest management education, both formal and informal, is vital to changing people‘s

attitude to appreciate environmental concerns. Formal education is important to increase awareness,

improve extension services, sensitize people on environmental issues and build institutional

capacities. Non-formal environmental education benefits people outside the formal education system.

Communication of environmental information to all stakeholders is still a challenge. Public awareness

empowers the public to develop a strong sense of responsibility on environmental issues.

Dissemination and adoption of technologies

For improved land management practices, it is important to build farmer innovation into County

extension programs and into agricultural and natural resource management initiatives. Experience

shows that farmers do not passively wait for extension advice, but actively experiment and innovate

with agricultural and natural resource management practices1. A major advantage of innovations by

farmers is that they are site-specific and often are readily acceptable to neighboring farmers. The

incorporation of the farmer innovation approach within a systematic venue can significantly improve

the performance of agro-extension and techno-advisory services, particularly in the field of soil and

water conservation, where the visual impact of demonstrations can be a powerful way to attract

potential end users of new ―best practices.‖

Declining effectiveness of the extension services is a major factor constraining progressive adoption

of sustainable land management technologies and innovations, hence slowing growth of Kenyan

agriculture. An effective agricultural extension service that provides stakeholders with relevant

knowledge and information can improve agricultural productivity. Such information should include

improved soil management technologies and innovations, agroforestry, rain water harvesting and

water conservation, adoption of green energy, crop husbandry, post-harvest management and

marketing.

Challenges

i) Poor communication and dissemination of research results through multi-institutional or

projects’ linkages.

ii) Inadequate involvement of farmers in technology development.

iii) Little formal collaboration among extension providers, leading to lack of synergy and poor

access to extension support services.

iv) Inadequate institutional arrangements to support implementation of programmes.


Policy Statement


i) Facilitate participatory technology development and adoption.

ii) Promote building of technical capacity of land users on sustainable land and forest

management best practices

iii) Build the capacity of County, watershed and community level extension (advisory)

service providers and other “knowledge support agents” relevant to sustainable land

and forest management.

iv) Support alternative livelihoods that uphold sustainable land and forest management

v) Promote linking sustainable land and forest management to the agricultural and

commercial value chain, so as to stimulate income generating activities.

vi) Support improvement of market linkages through which communities can sell of their

agricultural produce, livestock and allowable forestry products.

vii) Document, disseminate and encourage the use of indigenous knowledge in land and

forest protection and conservation.

viii) Strengthen capacities for acquisition, packaging and dissemination of land and forest

management information.

Human Resources Development and Capacity Building

Weak enforcement of environmental compliance is attributed to inadequate technical capacities,

monitoring infrastructure and inadequate trained staff in enforcement institutions. Building a cadre of

professionals in environment and natural resource management is an investment for the future that

requires immediate and long term approach. Whereas short term training and targeted courses are

important for skills and managerial development, the long term training in specific areas enhances

specialization.

Challenge

i) Inadequate staff

ii) Inadequate staff capacity

iii) Inadequate funding for staff training and capacity development


Policy Statement


i) Support and promote the development of expertise in County government agencies in various

areas of land and forest management through targeted short and long term courses and

awareness creation.

ii) Develop a wide range of training opportunities and modules in the field of environment for

different levels taking into account gender equity, and emerging land and forest management

issues.

iii) Enhance and promote networking between centres of excellence in land and forest

management at the inter-County and national levels.

iv) Recruit and build human capacities of cross-sectoral professionals in sustainable land and

forest management for better service delivery;

3.3.7 MARKETING ISSUES

The major actors involved in trade of agricultural commodities and forest products are producers,

traders, middlemen, transporters and local authorities. The margins between farm gate prices and

consumer prices are wide and indicative of suppressed profitability for the producer. Many markets

have inadequate physical facilities and do not therefore provide facilities like storage and cold rooms,

weighing equipment, loading/unloading and social amenities.

Challenges

i) Information asymmetry among market players distorts market prices, reduces producer

margins, skews trade benefits toward middlemen and traders, and blocks entry of new market

players while increasing the wide gap between the farm gate and market price.

ii) Lack of access to physical markets for new entrants due to presence of cartels and brokers.

iii) Failure to honor contractual obligations between buyers and producers.

iv) Prevalence of produce of substandard hygiene and quality arising from lack of enforcement of

standards, and poor consumer awareness.

v) In appropriate pre- and post-harvest handling practices and packaging of horticultural

produce.


Policy Statement

The County Government will:-

i) Promote Gathering and exchanging market information through appropriate avenues by

public and private sector players.

ii) Promote formation of farmer organizations or groups which will be encouraged to increase

farmer bargaining power and benefits from economies of scale as well as cushioning them

from price fluctuations.

iii) Facilitate training of Innovation Platforms and other actors in recommended best practices in

pre- and post-harvest handling, packaging and transportation.


CHAPTER FOUR - LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS

4.1 Introduction

The successful implementation of this policy will depend on the partnership between the County

Government of Vihiga and particularly the Department of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and

Cooperatives, with relevant stakeholders. These stakeholders include but limited to, other County

Government Departments, the National Government institutions and agencies, bilateral and

multilateral institutions, non-state actors like international and local NGOs, and private sector.

This policy will not be implemented in isolation, but rather with consideration of other existing

National and County Legislations.

4.2 The Constitution of Kenya, 2010

The Constitution of Kenya, 2010 under Article 43 provides that every person has the right to be free

from hunger, have adequate food of acceptable quality and to clean and safe water in adequate

quantities. Article 60 further provides that land shall be held, used and managed in a manner that is

equitable, efficient, productive and sustainable and in accordance with the following principles - (a)

equitable access to land; (b) security of land rights; (c) sustainable and productive management of

land resources; (d) transparent and cost effective administration of land; and(e) sound conservation

and protection of ecologically sensitive areas.

Article 69(1) provides that ―the State shall - (a) ensure sustainable exploitation, utilisation,

management and conservation of the environment and natural resources, and ensure the equitable

sharing of the accruing benefits; (b) work to achieve and maintain a tree cover of at least ten per cent

of the land area of Kenya; (c) protect and enhance intellectual property in, and indigenous knowledge

of, biodiversity and the genetic resources of the communities; (d) encourage public participation in the

management, protection and conservation of the environment; (e) protect genetic resources and

biological diversity; (f) establish systems of environmental impact assessment, environmental audit

and monitoring of the environment; (g) eliminate processes and activities that are likely to endanger

the environment; and (h) utilise the environment and natural resources for the benefit of the people of

Kenya. Article 69(2) provides that every person has a duty to cooperate with State organs and other

persons to protect and conserve the environment and ensure ecologically sustainable development and

use of natural resources.‖

To achieve the intended objectives of the policy, some institutions will have to be incorporated to help

in its enforcement. These institutions are but not limited to;


4.3 Department of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Cooperatives

The Department of the County Government that is responsible for the implementation of this policy is

the Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Cooperatives is headed by a County Executive Committee

Member (CECM). According to the Kenya Constitution, 2010 Article 183(1) and County Government

Act, 2012, the CECM is responsible for the following:

i) Implement County legislation;

ii) Implement, within the County, national legislation to the extent that the legislation so requires;

iii) Manage and coordinate the functions of the County administration and its departments;

iv) Perform any other functions conferred on it by the Constitution or national legislation;

v) Prepare proposed legislation for consideration by the County Assembly;

vi) Provide the County Assembly with full and regular reports on matters relating to the County.

Section 36 of the County Governments Act also outlines the functions of the County Executive

Committee Member:

i) To supervise the administration and delivery of services in the County and all decentralized

units and agencies in the County;

ii) To perform any other duties and functions as may be conferred on it by the Constitution or

national legislation; and

iii) To carry out any functions incidental to any of the assigned functions.

The Department of Agriculture and Cooperatives Development in collaboration with relevant national

and county government agencies shall work with other stakeholders in implementing this policy, such

as;

AFFA responsible for promotion of good soil management practices. Further the Authority is

responsible for the administration of the Crops Act;

KEPHIS provides analytical infrastructure for soil fertility inputs;

NEMA responsible for the overall environmental management including those related to soil

fertility management;

KEBS provides and administer the standards of soil fertility inputs;

NLC responsible for management public land on behalf of the national and County

governments, among other mandates

KALRO responsible for determining the research priorities and generating appropriate

technologies in agriculture which include matters of soil management;


KEFRI Research and forest based issues

WARMA Water quality regulation

KFS Conservation and management of gazette forests

KWS Management of wildlife

Regional Authorities and Water Service Boards

NGOs, Private sector, CBOs and farmer organizations


CHAPTER FIVE - FINANCIAL ARRANGEMENTS

Financing of The Vihiga County Land and Forest Management Policy implementation will come from

the National and County Governments, financial institutions, development partners, Non-

Governmental Organizations, the private sector, Civil Society Organizations, Community Based

Organizations and Faith Based Organizations.

5.1 The County Government

It is recognized that there is massive deficit in financing of land and forest management programs in

the County. Financing of sustainable land and forest management policy implementation will largely

come from the County Government of Vihiga.

The agriculture sector accounts for more than 80% of the livelihoods and economy of the Vihiga

County. However, funding to the sector has been far below the recommended 10% as stipulated in the

Malabo Protocol., the sector received 5.3% of development expenditure 2013/14 FY and 8.1 % in FY

2015/16. There is therefore need to meet the 10% budgetary allocation for the agricultural sector as

Policy Intervention:

The County Government will prioritize increased funding for sustainable land and forest management

to an agreeable percentage.

5.2 National Government

The allocations by the Commission on Revenue Allocation are determined based on the County

population, poverty index, land area, basic equal share and fiscal responsibility. Future allocations in

relation to fiscal responsibility depend on prudent public resource management by the County

government as stipulated in the PFM Act 2012.

Funds from the National Government appropriated to the agriculture sector in Vihiga County will be

allocated to operationalize the implementation of the County Sustainable Land and Forest

Management Policy.

5.3 Financial Institutions and Development Partners

Vihiga County has several financial institutions and development partners; however their contribution

to sustainable land and forest management is very limited. The County Government of Vihiga will

partner with the financial institutions and development partners to offer increased services to

sustainable land and forest management.


The financial institutions that exist in the agricultural and forestry sectors include commercial banks,

Agricultural Finance Corporation, Kenya Women Finance Trust, Agricultural Savings and Credit

Societies, Women Fund, Youth Fund, and Constituency Development Fund (CDF). The role of these

financial institutions includes providing access to credit, banking services, financial advice, and

investment services.

The development partners to collaborate with County Government for sustainable land and forest

policy implementation include GIZ, USAID, IFAD, UNEP, SIDA, FAO, GEF, WORLD BANK, EU,

DFID, and others.

Policy Intervention

The County Government of Vihiga will create synergy with local financial institutions development

partners to enhance support towards implementation of the policy

5.4 NGOs (Local and International)

The Non-Governmental Organizations supporting agricultural and forestry activities on land and

forest management in Vihiga County include FARM AFRICA, ROP, FIPS, WWH/WELTUNGA,

AHADI Trust, SOFDI, faith based (such as ADSW), One Acre Fund, Nature Kenya, Kaimosi Rural

Forest Services.

The roles of the above NGOs include;

a) Capacity building – Officers and farmers

b) Soil sampling and testing

c) Support and Influence soil policy formulation in the County

d) Mobilization of funds for soil improvement activities

e) Advocate for proper soil management systems in the County.

Policy Intervention

The County will ensure establish and strengthen coordination mechanism with local and international

NGOs operating within the agriculture and forestry sectors.


CHAPTER SIX -IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK,

MONITORING AND EVALUATION

6.1Implementation Framework

The Department of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Cooperatives shall develop an

Implementation framework for the Policy, with the participation of land and forest management sub

sector. The Implementation Framework will designate the roles and responsibility of all parties.

Further, the Framework will provide for institutional strengthening and capacity building for effective

delivery of land and forest management services, including mechanisms for financing the

implementation of the policy and communication. The implementation Framework will incorporate an

integrated approach, joint planning and participation of stakeholders. The focus will be addressed

through coordinated programmes and projects. These include: institutional reforms, operations and

maintenance, research and technology development, information gathering and management,

monitoring and evaluation, capacity building and training, and infrastructural development. This

policy underscores the county government‘s commitment to increase the public-private partnerships

(PPP) to strengthen sustainability of the sectors.

6.2 Monitoring and evaluation

Monitoring on the implementation of the policy is an ongoing process. This will ensure focused

sustainable land and forest management for the realization of the set objectives. Monitoring will

be participatory involving all the stakeholders and beneficiaries. The Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries

and Cooperatives together with relevant County Departments and National Government agencies will

collect, compile and analyze information on the implementation of various land and forest

management interventions from other implementers of the policy. The information will be processed

so as to compare the various benchmarks with actual implementation of the interventions.

The M&E Framework shall be clearly linked to the planned outcomes and outputs of the Framework

adopted by all concerned stakeholders. The Framework shall specify performance indicators and

targets for each policy priority and strategic action, and will propose accountabilities for the actors

that are tasked to implement them. Each County Department and Agencies for which specific

accountabilities shall be identified, to ensure enforcement of the relevant policy priorities and

measures, using means and mechanisms at its disposal or to be identified as part of the process of

development of costed sustainable land management Framework to follow.

In addition to monitoring and enforcement against the Framework, the implementation of the policy

shall undergo an independent external evaluation in 5 years‘ time. Recommendations made thereof

shall feed into the revision process for this policy and the amendment of the resulting legislation

instruments. Such revisions shall be carried out based on thorough public participation consultation

processes and reviews of the results at that point in time.

COUNTY GOVERNMENT OF VIHIGA

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