Country Study on Haiti Spring 2012
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Transcript of Country Study on Haiti Spring 2012
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Haiti
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About This Document:
Tasking from Professor Zidek to analyze the stability of Haiti and suggest where 100 million ayear for the next 5 years in US foreign aid can be most productive. The analysis employed open sourceinformation with an emphasis on internet-based collection. The collection and analysis for this projectwas conducted throughout the duration of the term and concluded on May 14, 2012.The country study evaluates the following aspects and their relation to stability:
Economic
Geographic
Military
Political
Social
TechnologicalThe country study utilizes the following analytic techniques:
Analysis of Competing Hypotheses
Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield Analysis
Link Chart Analysis
Multi-Criteria Decision Making AnalysisThe project was carried out based upon the requirements and directions set forth by Professor
Zidek in his instruction of the 2011-12 Spring Term RIAP 178 Advanced Intelligence Analysis class.
__________________________Pia A. Frascatore
(Analyst)
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Table of Contents:
Situation
Recommendations
Discussion
Military
Political
Social
Economy
Technology: Transportation, Communications
Geography
Comments
Sources
Annexes
A-Link
B- IPB
C-MCDM
D- ICP
E- Acknowledgements
Sourcing for cover graphics:
Council for a parliament of the world's religions, David Rickey
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http://www.parliamentofreligions.org/news/index.php/2010/07/a-church-for-the-21st-century
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Situation
One of the poorest and least developed countries in the world, Haiti1 Unfortunately this statement is a valid
assessment of Haiti. The condition in Haiti has been described as acute, on chronic condition, Haiti was in poor
shape before, but the 2010 earthquake has crippled any progress they had made in development2. In response to
the tragedy the international community pledged 4 billion dollars3. The wariness of independent donors, has led
to only 2.3 billion having been received two years after the disaster4. Haitis political instability stems from a
long history of military coups, and embezzlement. However the current democratically elected government, is a
accomplishing little as far as strengthening international confidence, each victory over shadowed by political
infighting and scandal. The population is very active and vocal about their discontent at the situation, going so
far, as to take political matters in their own hands, forming a civilian militia to patrol streets and boarders. The
UN abhors this development but has been unable to disarm citizens. President Martelly has also been unable to
convince the gatherings to disband. In the mist of this uncertainty The Cholera Epidemic is increasing in
severity5. This has raised tensions between the general populous and the UN; because rumors that the UN caused
the Cholera epidemic by bringing in soldiers from previously in affected areas.
Recommendations
The are many delegations who will support the development of Haitis, medical , educational , and general
welfare, however what will really help Haiti as a country, to truly become stable as a nation would be for the
people to have confidence in their government. This can only be accomplished by the government taking steps to
address the problems that plague their country. The
availability of funds and trained workers limit what the
government of Haiti is capable of accomplishing on their
own, my recommendation is that they do not work on their
own. The best way for them to contribute to the
development would be to proactively harness the productive
power behind the international interest and ensure it is
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utilized to Haiti full benefit.
The Haitian government has yet to be proven incompetent; they have been proactive in the effort to stabilizeHaiti, focusing on tasks that can only be accomplished by the government, amending the constitution, ensuring
peaceful relations with the Dominican Republic, working to expand education. True stability will only come
from a strong nation, strong nations must be unified and this can only come from having confidence in ones
government. Haitis main limitation is funding for government projects as the majority of aid goes to foreign run
independent endeavors. I would like to see the Haitian Government take control of the foreign forces at work
within their borders; stating that they are not too proud to receive help, but are still capable of deciding what is
best for Haiti. This vision would be most realistically realized as a bureaucracy, tasked with taking a census of
need in the country, then assigning foreign aid workers, funding and programs, to the areas that need that service
that most. This can be expanded to include other benefits, such as a mandatory percentage of Haitian workers,
and training programs for Haitian workers, so that when foreign services withdraw and international interest
wanes, the country will be in a strong position to continue recovery and development. I recommend allotting 20
million a year for the next 5 years to this cause.
Transportation is a major problem in Haiti as the earthquake destroyed the minimal infrastructure that was in
place previously. Delivering aid to now isolated communities has been a reoccurring issue in the recovery
efforts. Haiti relies on imported petroleum products and 78% of the population lives in poverty, making the idea
of the general population being able to own and operate automobiles unrealistic. I would instead recommend a
rail system, specifically one that utilizes designs from Japan, as a fellow island frequented by earthquakes and
tropical storms. These would not have to be maglev trains, as the entirety of Haiti is comparable to the state of
Michigan6, so speed shouldnt be necessary. The train line should cut between the top 10 cities: Port-au Prince,
Gonaives, Port-de-Paix, Cap-Haitian, Fort-Liberte, Hinche, Jacmel, Les Cayes, Jeremie, Petit Goave; to ensure
transportation to non-coastal areas of the country. In the long run this system will not only enable aid to be
delivered but also, enable decentralization of the economy, transportation of goods, cheap transportation for the
general populous and an evacuation route in case of future emergencies. 80 million a year for the next 5 years
should cover constructions costs of such a system.
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Discussion
Military:
In Haitian culture the military is a symbol of, strength and self-
reliance. It is the power to defend their people, against the
Dominican Republic, and to announce their freedom as a nation to
the world; despite the historical short comings.
12 Haiti has a long history of military dictatorships, dating back to just
after the island of Hispaniola divided into two countries. In the most recent
successful rule was established in 1964 when the popularly elected
president Franois Duvalier, became the dictator known as Papa Doc.
When his time came to an end, Papa Doc was responsible for the deaths of
over 30,000 persons; his son Baby Doc inherited the dictatorship as well
as the Tontons Macoutes, a militia designed to maintain order and power.
Baby Doc was over thrown in 1986 by a military coup; this was followed
by many short lived governments and military coups, until the American
occupation of 1995. At this point the army was disbanded and
redemocratization began7.
3Haiti has not yet revived their military legacy; instead their borders and cities are patrolled by the
national police force, commanded by National Police Chief Mario Andresol8. The national police force
is 8,000 strong, to manage a population of 9.6 million9. There is a subset of the police force that acts as
a Coast Guard, but their equipment is limited and outdated10. The UN supports expanding the current
system to 16,000 officers11.
1 Former Exiled Dictator Baby Doc Duvalier Holds News Conference - Pictures - Zimbio. (n.d.). Retrieved May 15, 2012, fromhttp://www.zimbio.com/pictures/FOvZgvM8XOg/Former+Exiled+Dictator+Baby+Doc+Duvalier+Holds/sLsCRTQJAv2
2 My victims. (n.d.). Retrieved May 15, 2012, from http://www.wehaitians.com/my%20victims.html3 In pictures, Haiti: the struggle for survival in Port-au-Prince | World news | guardian.co.uk. (n.d.). Retrieved May 15, 2012, from http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/gallery/2010/jan/18/haiti-natural-
disasters
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The UN has 8,000 of their own troops operating
in Haiti, operating under Force Commander, Major
General Luiz Eduardo Ramos Pereira (Brazil)12.
The UN is having problems with civilian support,
two of the troops from Pakistan have been charged
and convicted of the raping of a young boy13, and
it is generally believed that the UN caused the Cholera outbreak by bringing in soldiers from already
infected areas.
4The public greatly supports the reinstatement of the army14, it was in fact one of President Martellys
campaign promises. He has sent a proposal through parliament, however even those members who
wouldve liked to see a military in Haiti again, had to cast down the $95 million plan for lack of
funds15. Although Martelly argued that the army could control boarders, put down civil unrest, and
provide employment, the idea was refuted16.
The public didnt take kindly to the lack of progress on this issue and took matters in their own hands.
Veterans and civilians occupied abandoned military
bases, training with small arms, including machine
guns, and patrolling their areas17. Despite many
attempts from both the national government and the
UN, the groups refuse to disband18.
5Political
6Political
4 Haitis wannabe soldiers say they met with leader - seattlepi.com. (n.d. ). Retrieved May 16, 2012, from http://www.seattlepi.com/news/article/Haiti-s-wannabe-soldiers-say-they-met-with-leader-3557504.php
5 Google Image Result for http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Michel_Martelly_on_April_20,_2011.jpg/220px-Michel_Martelly_on_April_20,_2011.jpg. (n.d.). Retrieved May16, 2012, from http://www.google.com/imgres?q=martelly&um=1&hl=en&client=firefox-a&sa=N&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&channel=fflb&biw=1280&bih=479&tbm=isch&tbnid=b2H5sr3KBWIveM:&imgrefurl=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Martelly&docid=Kt82eCb2qSeSdM&imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Michel_Martelly_on_April_20,_2011.jpg/220px-Michel_Martelly_on_April_20,_2011.jpg&w=220&h=349&ei=xhCzT6qOFIGg6QHLnsjrAg&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=231&sig=104865053207399792148&page=1&tbnh=139&tbnw=94&start=0&ndsp=12&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0,i:74&tx=31&ty=21
6 Google Image Result for http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Michel_Martelly_on_April_20,_2011.jpg/220px-Michel_Martelly_on_April_20,_2011.jpg. (n.d.). Retrieved May
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Martelly was popularly elected in May 2011. He made some
remarkable accomplishments in his time in office, quelling relations
with The Dominican Republic
19
. The international airport has been
restored and the landscape of Port-au Prince is changing as shops and
hotels emerge from the rubble, the government expanded free
education to 1 million children. He has even managed to build a
hospital in Mirebalais, remote in the northern part of the country20.
Haiti is in the process of amending their constitution in order to ensure the stability of the country in
the future; the changes have yet to be approved.
This is not too say that Martelly has a perfect record, even by a politicians standard he is not a fair
player. He appointed much of the parliament when the second elections were not in his favor21,
ensuring the majority for his party. His stubbornness drove away Prime minster
Gary Connolly, who was a member of an alternate party and endorsed by
former President Clinton. Gary stepped down for he believed the
infighting was causing the country harm22. Martelly has endorsed Laurent
Lamothe to be the new PM. Lamothe has passed through the senate, but
is not yet the official PM. The government funded recovery plans have
been halted until the
new PM is sworn into office.2324
Political turmoil has cause international uncertainty in Haiti. Martellys trips to Miami25 for surgery
on his shoulder26 and for a lung clot that nearly killed him27, with no PM to take control of the
16, 2012, from http://www.google.com/imgres?q=martelly&um=1&hl=en&client=firefox-a&sa=N&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&channel=fflb&biw=1280&bih=479&tbm=isch&tbnid=b2H5sr3KBWIveM:&imgrefurl=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Martelly&docid=Kt82eCb2qSeSdM&imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Michel_Martelly_on_April_20,_2011.jpg/220px-Michel_Martelly_on_April_20,_2011.jpg&w=220&h=349&ei=xhCzT6qOFIGg6QHLnsjrAg&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=231&sig=104865053207399792148&page=1&tbnh=139&tbnw=94&start=0&ndsp=12&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0,i:74&tx=31&ty=21
Laurent Lamothe
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government in his absences. Senator Moise Jean-Charles, a close ally of Martellys, has had threats
against his life28. There are rumors in circulation that Martelly and some senators are receiving pay-offs
in a plot with The Dominican Republic2930.
Mr. Farmer, the Former Deputy to Clinton the United Nations special envoy for Haiti, and Professor
of Public Health at Harvard Medical School, recommends that Haiti take control of the aid entering the
country31. Martelly has put little effort into following this recommendation. Former Prime Minister
Michle Pierre-Louis says that foreign aid, and NGOs should be allowed to operate freely to reduce
command-action response time32.
Opinions of the government directly reflect the living conditions of the person. Those still living in
the effects of the earthquake, are desperate to find some way to prosper. Many, still living in degraded
conditions post-earthquake, have sided with the civilian militia and accused Martelly of not doing
enough33.
Social
One of the ways Haiti has failed to develop as a modern nation is gender rights. Women are seen as
second class citizens in the majority of the country. Although they have the right to vote34, women are
expected to marry and stay home with their families. However this is only seen in poorer
communities3536, and may be because only 52% of
children can go to school37, due to the traditionally high
tuition38. With the exception of Martellys new system,
which will expand public schooling to 1 million
children39.
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Although 53% of the population is illiterate, Haiti is a nation of
articulate individuals, proactive in expressing their rights. Although the
international community sees the UNs presence in Haiti as a positive and
necessary force, the haitian population hasnt taken kindly to it. They see
the UNs presence as an invasion and occupation of their country. The
presence of the UN troops, is a constant reminder that their own country
is not allowed to form a military and thus incapable of operating without
the UNs aid. A few scandals have made the situation worse. Starting
with the widely believed accusation that the UN brought Cholera to
Haiti40, beget accidentally, by bringing in troops from previously infected
areas. The UNs position has been further compromised by the
prosecution of two pakistani soldiers for the rape of a young boy41.
The poverty rate is disastrous in Haiti, 78% of the population lives on less than two dollars a day42.
This have an exponentially destructive effect of the society, as issues cannot be remedied because of
insufficient funds, new developments arise that cause more costly problems. For example the sewer
system in Port-au-Prince was destroyed in the 2010 earthquake, this resulted in unsanitary conditions,
and could not be remedied in a timely fashion. This caused the Cholera epidemic, which requires an
efficient healthcare system to counter act the escalating situation43. Even before the earthquake medical
services left much to be desired. There are only 1.3 beds for each thousand persons in the country44. It
was expected that 1 out of 8 children would die
before age 545. Wealth disparity is a major
contributor to this cycle. Haiti has a long history
of the government embezzling money, and a
Gini coefficient of 0.5946 proving that they are
far from eliminating corruption.
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7Economy
Haiti is home to a diverse but limited economy. Port-au-Prince
generates 65% of the GDP, highlighting the centralization of their
economy. Industry is 16% of the economy; it includes: textile
production, sugar refining, flour milling, cement making and light
assembly (contracted by US in their care package, biased on imported parts). Agriculture is 25% of the
economy, 11.56% of land mass is utilized for this
purpose, despite 28% of the land is arable. Crops
include coffee, rice, corn, sugarcane, mangoes, and
sorghum.
Haiti is reliant on imported goods, for food,
manufactured good, machinery, transport
equipment, fuels and raw materials used in production. As
haiti lacks both the resources and infrastructure to produce
such products on scale that would allow them to be self
sufficient. It is crucial that they maintain good relations
with trade partners especially the US, The Dominican
Republic, and China; while Canada and France, should be
smaller considerations.
Service is by far the largest sector of the economy toping out at 59%. President Martelly wishes to
expand this sector by increasing the tourism market47. The reconstruction of Port-au-Prince already
reflect this decision, as shop and hotels are the first things to raise from the rubble48.
7 Rebuilding Haitis economy Haitians train for work in the garment industry- CNNMoney.com | Rapadoo Observateur.(n.d.). Retrieved May 16, 2012, from http://rapadoo.com/2011/01/21/rebuilding-haitis-economy-haitians-train-for-work-in-the-garment-industry-1-cnnmoney-com/
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When the earthquake struck in 2010, the
international response was pristine, pledging 4
billion dollars to combat the crises. Two years
later only 2.3 billion dollars of aid has been
delivered. This has inhabited Haitis recovery,
halting what projects the government was
heading. The inconsistency stems from the
international communitys, uncertainty in
Haitis political stability, however this reflects poorly on
the donors. The US itself has delivered less than a third of
what we promised in 2010, and while our citizens have
been by far the most generous independent donors, our
actions do not inspire trust in our reliability for the future.
This may lead Haiti to look towards other options, some
we may not approve of. As relations with Cuba grow
stronger, over the fight against Cholera49, we may wish to reassess, if we are more uncomfortable with
Haiti or Cubas government.
Although there is a strong presence of international
aid, the majority of it is being spent by independent
agencies50. While these agencies are unified it their
wish to help, there is no coordinating force to bind
them, leading to discrepancies and redundancies is aid
disbursement 51.
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8Technology
Development in Haiti is sporadic in
nature. The mountainous landscape
prevents a grid system from being a
legitimate option; transmissions have
become a welcome alternate. Cellphones, Radio and the internet are prevalent in Haitian society while
gas stoves have yet to make themselves available to the general population, the unrealistic price of
imported oil may affect this, as do the other restrictions of Haiti being the island nation that it is. A grid
system is unrealistic so radio is the prevailing form of entrainment and information, while TVs remain
a luxury item. Opinions and facts are often confused when radio is involved; as illustrated by an off
handed comment by a senator resulting is a nationwide panic (only relatable to the 1938 reading of the
war of the worlds52) resulting in the complete shutdown of the country on April 1st 201253.
Weather conditions and the need to import most technology,
these restrictions have effects on the island itself, the persistent
use of wood fires, has led to deforestation so apparent it can be
seen from a satellite image,
Haiti now has 35% cell coverage, and some cities have
adopted the use of cellphones as credit cards; to prevent the
spread of cholera through dirty money54. Radio is the main source of information and entertainment, as
TVs are generally a luxury item55. This may have influenced former pop singer Martelly being elected
president.
8 The EKTA Foundation, Microsoft and Inveneo Commit to Building Haiti Back Better, Through Broadband Technology| Inveneo.org. (n.d.). Retrieved May 16, 2012, from http://www.inveneo.org/cgi-building-haiti-back-better
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Many new technologies are being utilized in the aid and recovery effort in Haiti. Lifestaws, personal
water filtration systems, are being distributed to help prevent the spread of Cholera56. A modular home
that has been designed, to be shipped in a flat box and assembled on sight, is adding to the efforts to
reduce the occupancy in refugee camps
57
. One Laptop per Child is attempting to bring education to
areas, isolated from proper schooling58.
Transportation in Haiti is limited at best,
there are two main highways to connect
Port-au-Prince to the rest of the country59,
and these were damaged during the earth
quake impeding travel. There is no public
transportation is Haiti; there population at
78% poverty, this severely restricts the majority of the populations ability to travel.
9
Haitis unique landscape creates optimal conditions for
alternate fuel sources; which could enable the country to
reduce their dependence on imported oil. The quickly
running streams created by the mountainous terrain are well
suited to providing hydro-power to surrounding
communities. Haitis proximity to a volcanic fissure is ideal
for geothermal power. The high altitudes and exposure to
tropical storms make wind-power a viable option as well.
9 HaitiXchange Teledjl Forum | Greetings from Haiti - 12-10. (n.d.). Retrieved May 16, 2012, fromhttp://www.haitixchange.com/index.php/forums/viewthread/5776/
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Geography:
1011
Neighboring
countries include Cuba
and The Dominican
Republic60. President
Martelly has been able
to quell relations with
The Dominican Republic61. Relations with Cuba are also friendly, as they have helped provide medical
support for the Cholera Epidemic62.
The Majority of the population is centered around Port-au-Prince, with more refugees arriving each
day, to gain the benefits of the foreign aid invested in the area. Port-au-Prince is by far the largest city
in the country, the epicenter of all industry in Haiti, and unfortunately also the epicenter of the
earthquake that devastated the country causing 8 billion dollars in damage 63. Part of the nations
recovery plans is to decentralize rebuilding satellite communities in areas less prone to disaster64.
Most of the country is mountainous, cut by only two under maintained highways, for all but the most
determined travelers Haiti is uncrossable65; which may have led to the centralization of development in
Haiti. The coast line is littered with ports, each an opportunity for a satellite community, prospering
with a self-sustaining economy. Haiti has other developed areas including: Port-au Prince, Gonaives,
Port-de-Paix, Fort-Liberte, Hinche, Jacmel, Les Cayes, Jeremie. Most travel to these places is done by
ship to port, as road travel can be perilous66.
10 CIA - The World Factbook. (n.d.). Retrieved March 9, 2012, from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ha.html
11 Haiti Maps - Perry-Castaeda Map Collection - UT Library Online. (n.d.). Retrieved May 16, 2012, fromhttp://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/haiti.html
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As Haiti is located just south of a fault line it will remain high risk for major earthquakes. This needs
to be put into consideration for Haitis development and the decentralization (by means of developing
alternate communities)it is essential; and well as finding a means to transport cheap alternate fuel for
cooking, as current practices cause deforestation, which makes the ground unstable increasing the
effects of an earthquake67.
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Comments
The attention caused by the earthquake ensures that, the worlds attention is still on Haiti, with that,
comes news reporters, and researchers. There were many experts reviewing the country so the analyst
had access to many comparable reports by experts which made gauging, political actions, recovery
plans, and international dealings, a feasible task for a non-expert.
Gauging popular opinion and reactions to events can be difficult, there are enough foreign reporters
of the ground to confirm events, but none of them seem to have a strong grasp on the general public
they are reporting about. Local news leaves much to be desired, as the most common way to receive
information is radio and English translations of these programs are hard to come by. These are by far
not the greatest problems with radio as the main source of information. Opinions and facts are often
confused when radio is involved; as illustrated by an off handed comment by a senator resulting is a
nationwide panic, only relatable to the 1938 reading of the war of the worlds68, the complete shutdown
of the country on April 1st 201269. No force is concerned with taking public opinion polls on the ground
and mass media being often misleading in Haiti, one must rely on blogs to gauge social standing. While
blog are good sources for gauging the opinions of the author, but one must infer, how much of the
population they represent.
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Source Reliability: 8
Analytical Confidence: 7.1
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Annex A
Link chart
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Haiti is a turbulent country with strong cultural ties, which reflect their political history. This leads to
the ideal of a strong militarized nation when one speaks of being self-reliant; this has led to civilian
militarization, and occupation of decommissioned military basses.70 The UN is appalled by the idea on
unauthorized gunmen patrolling the streets of Haiti
71
. While Haitian s, see UN intervention as an
invasion, one that may have caused the cholera outbreak72.
The current political situation is a constant battle between the players need to gain power and the
countries need to move forward. The earthquake has caused near irreparable damage, two years later,
very little has been done in terms of solidifying Haitis recovery strategy, each cause, operation, and
country; operate as separate endeavors.
Haiti is stranded between poverty and development, the country has cell coverage but paved roads
are rare. Haiti has a severely corrupted economic system, Gini 0.5973. The economy is centered on the
service market and industry gaps leave 40% of population unemployed74. Haitis has natural resources
but lacks the means to exploit them.
Cholera is becoming more widespread, amidst the lack of infrastructure75. Taking in account the
deteriorating social structure, I would think if Haiti cannot make large steps forwards it will simply
cease to be a country.
Source Reliability: 8
Analytical Confidence: 9
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Annex B: IBP
Earthquake:
76
Population:
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Economy(blue overlay of major cities):
Travel Restrictions:
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The Majority of the population is centered around Port-au-Prince. Port-au-Prince is by far the largest
city in the country, the epicenter of all industry in Haiti, and unfortunately also the epicenter of the
earthquake that devastated the country causing 8 billion dollars in damage 77. Most of the country is
mountainous, cut by only two under maintained highways, for all but the most determined travelers
Haiti is uncrossable78; which may have led to the centralization of development in Haiti. The coast line
is littered with ports, each an opportunity for a satellite community, prospering with a self-sustaining
economy. In fact Haiti has developed areas other than Port-au-Prince, beget underdeveloped. The top 8
major cities, clockwise starting from Port-au Prince, (most clearly seen on the population map) are as
follows: Port-au Prince, Gonaives, Port-de-Paix, Fort-Liberte, Hinche, Jacmel, Les Cayes, Jeremie. As
Haiti is located just south of a fault line it will remain high risk for major earthquakes. This needs to be
put into consideration for Haitis development, the decentralization, by means of developing alternate
communities, is essential; and well as finding a means to transport cheap alternate fuel for cooking, as
current practices cause deforestation, which makes the ground unstable increasing the effects of an
earthquake79.
Source Reliability: 10
Analytical Confidence: 9
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Annex C
MCDM
Pia Frascatore, Advanced Intelligence Analysis
18 April 2012
Country X Most Likely To Benefit By Economic and Health Investments Over The Next 5 Years
Executive Summary:
Due to popular support and, the strong executive branch support in Haiti, it seems the country will be focusing on education
and supplementing the economy with tourism. As there will be cooperate funding for the development of Haiti as a
destination, our support in this area should be recommendations that American companies to invest. Education will draw
foreign investment from across the board, international conglomerates, NGOs and national governments will be drawn to
this area if only to be able to say that they gave school books to the children of Haiti. Expansion of the police force Is the
next most likely course of action, if this is perused, The United States should contribute what arms and equipment may be
useful, however funding for this venture shouldnt be a problem for Haiti, as this is the UNs current pet project on the
ground. Infrastructure and the effective utilization of the NGOs (and their considerable funding), are tied as the next course
of action, these are not lime light problems in a time of crises, however they could be crucial to not only Haitis recovery but
also their development past the crisis, where funding will not be as easy to come by.
Requirement:
How will Haiti continue recovery plans? Where should 100 million dollars for the next 5 years go?
Possible Courses Of Action:
COA 1: Haiti will develop a military
COA 2: Haiti will expand their police force
COA 3: Haiti will focus on Education
COA 4: Haiti will focus on healthcare
COA 5: Haiti will focus on Infrastructure decentralized towns
COA 7: Haiti will focus of agriculture
COA 8: Haiti will focus of transportation
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COA 9: Will adopt reforms to prevent embezzling money
COA 10: Haiti will adopt command structure to organize active NGOs efficiently
Screening Criteria:
COA must not deter investors and grants
Remaining COAs (After Screening Applied):
COA 2: Haiti will expand their police force
COA 3: Haiti will focus on Education
COA 4: Haiti will focus on healthcare
COA 5: Haiti will focus on Infrastructure decentralized towns
COA 7: Haiti will focus of agriculture
COA 8: Haiti will focus of transportation
COA 9: Will adopt reforms to prevent embezzling money
COA 10: Haiti will adopt command structure to organize active NGOs efficiently
Evaluation Criteria:
Eval A: Popular Support ((Intuitive/Weight Of The Information, 1=low, 2=moderate, 3=high)
Eval B: Parliamentary Support (Intuitive/Weight Of The Information, 1=low, 2=moderate, 3=high)
Eval C: Presidential Support (Intuitive/Weight Of The Information, 1=low, 2=moderate, 3=high)
Eval D: International Support (Intuitive/Weight Of The Information, 1=low, 2=moderate, 3=high)
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Matrix:
Sources:
COA 1/2, Eval: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-11643348
COA 3, Eval : http://www.npr.org/2011/04/04/135119772/education-a-top-issue-for-voters-in-haiti
COA 4: Same as COA 1 and 2
COA 5: Eval A:http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/01/13/haitis-economy/
COA 6:http://www.haitilibre.com/en/news-4818-haiti-economy-in-davos-the-president-martelly-explains-the-potential-of-
haiti-to-investors.html
COA 7: Eval A:http://guardian.co.tt/business/2012-04-15/cardi-revive-haiti%E2%80%99s-agricultural-sector
Eval B: http://www.haitilibre.com/en/news-4373-haiti-agriculture-colombia-will-help-the-haitian-coffee-growers.html
COA 8: Eval: http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/lnacademic/
http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/datablog/2010/jan/14/haiti-quake-aid-pledges-country-donations
Eval B: http://www.rand.org/news/press/2010/08/13.html
COA 9:Eval A:http://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/detail?vid=5&hid=20&sid=cca5f631-62bd-4483-b1fb-
49703daf55a0%40sessionmgr14&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#db=a9h&AN=64464679
Eval B:http://countrystudies.us/haiti/64.htm
COA 10: Eval http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/01/13/haitis-economy/
Source Reliability: 9
Analytical Confidence: 8
http://countrystudies.us/haiti/64.htmhttp://countrystudies.us/haiti/64.htmhttp://countrystudies.us/haiti/64.htm -
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Annex D
ICP
Country Haiti ICPCreated By:
Pia Frascatore
Purpose
Source Name
Title ID
Type of Source Intelligence Type Periodicity
Utility Time Source Reliability
Comments
All
BBC Online
BBC 1
Online Newspaper Open Source As needed
Highly Useful 12:00 AM 7
Military updates, UN relations
CIA - The World Factbook
CIA - The World Factbook 2
Government Website Open Source Often
Highly Useful 10
CIA - The World Factbook
CIA - The World Factbook 3
Government Website Open Source Often
Highly Useful 10
CIA - The World Factbook
CIA - The World Factbook 4
Government Website Open Source Often
Highly Useful 10
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Discovery Service: Haiti's Rise From the Rubble
5
Journal Open Source Once
Useful 7
Discovery Service: Haiti's Rise From the Rubble6
Online Journal Open Source Once
Useful 7
http://countrystudies.us/haiti/64.htm
33
Research Center Open Source Once
Highly Useful 7
http://radiometropole.ht/
No translations 46
Online News Source Open Source Once
Not Useful 8
http://realtruth.org/articles/100210-004-americas.html
49
Online Newspaper Open Source More than Once
Useful 6
http://reason.com/archives/2012/03/12/port-au-princes-aid-economy
Port-au-Prince's Aid Economy - Reason Magazine 26
Online Magazine Open Source Once
Not Useful 6
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http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/LACEXT/HAITIEXTN/0,,contentMDK:22251393~pageP
Haiti - Country Brief 8
Corporate Website Open Source Often
Highly Useful 8
http://www.chicagotribune.com14
Online Newspaper Open Source Occasionaly
Useful 6
http://www.defend.ht/
35
Online News Source Open Source Weekly
Highly Useful 7
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/haiti
10
Online News Source Open Source Weekly
Highly Useful 7
http://www.haitian-truth.org/
45
Online News Source Open Source Weekly
Useful 7
http://www.haitilibre.com/
34
Online News Source Open Source weekly
Highly Useful 7
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http://www.lemoniteur.fr/
38
Online Newspaper Open Source Often
Useful 8
http://www.miamiherald.com/36
Online Newspaper Open Source Weekly
Highly Useful 8
http://www.msnbc.msn.com/
27
Online News Source Open Source Weekly
Highly Useful 7
http://www.npr.org
29
Online News Source Open Source Weekly
Highly Useful 9
http://www.nytimes.com/
11
Online Newspaper Open Source Weekly
Useful 7
http://www.rand.org/news/press/
52
Online News Source Open Source Often
Highly Useful 8
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http://www.redcross.org/haiti
50
Institutional Website Open Source Often
Highly Useful 8
http://www.stanford.edu/group/ethnic/Random%20Narratives/HaitiRN1.2.pdf43
Institutional Website Open Source Once
Useful 7
http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/1982.htm
Haiti 32
Government Website Open Source Once
Useful 9
http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/1982.htm
Haiti 7
Government Website Open Source Often
Highly Useful 10
http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/minustah/leadership.shtml
51
Institutional Website Open Source Often
Highly Useful 8
Economics
Haiti : Public Expenditure Management and Financial Accountability Review
23
Online Journal Open Source Once
Useful 8
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Haiti in the Balance : Why Foreign Aid Has Failed and What We Can Do About It
Haiti in the Balance : Why Foreign Aid Has Failed and What We Can Do About It 24
Online Journal Open Source Once
Highly Useful 8
http://www.businessweek.com/ap/2012-04/D9UEO1F82.htm55
Online News Source Open Source More than Once
Useful 7
http://www.caribjournal.com/2012/03/06/haiti-to-receive-131-million-in-reconstruction-help-from-european-union/
Haiti to Receive $131 Million in Reconstruction Help from EU 25
Online Journal Open Source Once
Useful 7
http://www.economist.com/
28
Online News Source Open Source Weekly
Highly Useful 8
http://www.marketwatch.com/story/haitis-novel-decentralization-program-gives-a-voice-to-the-heartland-hundreds-
54
Online News Source Open Source Once
Useful 7
Geography
haiti - Google Maps
47
Corporate Website Open Source Once
Highly Useful 10
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http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/jrc/index.cfm?id=5620
Haiti earthquake January 2010: damage assessment - JRC - European Commission 48
Institutional Website Open Source Once
Highly Useful 9
Militaryhttp://www.policenationalehaiti.org/welcome.php
31
Government Website Open Source Once
Useful 8
http://www.psqonline.org/article.cfm?IDArticle=13851
Political Science Quarterly: Fall 1997: "Disobedient" Generals and the Politics of 44
Online Journal Open Source Once
Highly Useful 8
Political
http://blackagendareport.com/content/puppet-dictator-and-president-haiti-today-and-tomorrow
The Puppet, the Dictator, and the President: Haiti Today and Tomorrow | Black Agenda 40
Blog Open Source Once
Not Useful 5
http://countrystudies.us/haiti/64.htm
Haiti - Government and Politics 42Research Center Open Source Once
Highly Useful 7
http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=47515
Q&A: "The Elites Are Like a Huge Elephant Sitting on Haiti" - IPS ipsnews.net 39
Blog Open Source Once
Not Useful 6
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http://www.electionguide.org/election.php?ID=1704
IFES Election Guide - Election Profile for Haiti 37
Research Center Open Source Once
Useful 8
http://www.haiti.org/Welcome to the Embassy of Haiti In Washington DC 41
Government Website Open Source Once
Useful 8
Social
Haiti : Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper : Joint Staff Advisory Note
9
Online Journal Open Source Once
Useful 8
Haiti Society and Culture Complete Report
Haiti Society and Culture Complete Report 20
Online Journal Open Source Once
Useful 8
Haiti Women in Culture, Business and Travel
21
Online Journal Open Source Once
Useful 8
http://ueh.edu.ht/
Universit d'Etat d'Hati 30
Institutional Website Open Source Once
Useful 7
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http://www.haiticonference.com/
Sustainable Haiti Social Venture Capital/Social Enterprise Conference 13
Corporate Website Open Source Once
Useful 7
http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/04/04/united-nations-still-denies-its-troops-brought-cholera-to-haiti.htmlUnited Nations Still Denies its Troops Brought Cholera to Haiti - The Daily Beast 56
Blog Open Source Once
Useful 7
https://secure.clintonbushhaitifund.org/page/contribute/support-
Clinton Bush Haiti Fund | Support the Clinton Bush Haiti Fund 16
Institutional Website Open Source Once
Useful 8
Pamphlet Architecture, Volume 31 : New Haiti Villages
12
Online Journal Open Source Once
Useful 7
Time.com
Bill Clinton: What Haiti Needs - Video - TIME.com 15
Online Magazine Open Source Once
Useful 7
Technology
Haiti Media, Internet and Telecommunications Complete Profile
53
Online Journal Open Source Often
Highly Useful 8
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http://articles.philly.com/2012-04-01/news/31270678_1_president-michel-martelly-haitian-government-mario-andresol
With little openness, rumors rule in Haiti - Philly.com 22
Online News Source Open Source Once
Useful 7
One Laptop per Child (OLPC): Participate > Ways to Give19
Corporate Website MASINT Once
Not Useful 8
TOMS helps Haiti | TOMS Blog
18
Corporate Website Open Source Once
Not Useful 8
Vestergaard Frandsen : LifeStraw
17
Corporate Website Open Source Once
Not Useful 8
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Annex E
Acknowledgements
The production of this report was autonomous; however I would like to give credit to those who
assistance allowed me to complete this project. I would first like to thank the department of Intelligence
studies at Mercyhurst University for providing the software and online resources that enabled my
analysis. I would also Thank Professor Zidek, for his instruction inanalytical techniques. Last but not least I would like to thank our Grad-
advisors for their limit-less patience for the nearly nonsensical questions of
stressed freshmen.
Thank you
Pia Frascatore
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1 Haiti News - Breaking World Haiti News - The New York Times. (n.d.). Retrieved May 16, 2012, fromhttp://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/haiti/index.html
2 Haitis Poverty Stirs Nostalgia for Old Ghosts - New York Times. (n.d.). Retrieved May 9, 2012, fromhttp://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/23/world/americas/23haiti.html?_r=1
3 Haiti earthquake aid pledged by country: full data | News | guardian.co.uk. (n.d.). Retrieved May 14, 2012, fromhttp://www.guardian.co.uk/news/datablog/2010/jan/14/haiti-quake-aid-pledges-country-donations
4 Haiti earthquake aid pledged by country: full data | News | guardian.co.uk. (n.d.). Retrieved May 14, 2012, from
http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/datablog/2010/jan/14/haiti-quake-aid-pledges-country-donations5 Vaccinations Begin in a Cholera-Ravaged Haiti - NYTimes.com. (n.d.). Retrieved May 6, 2012, fromhttp://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/13/world/americas/vaccinations-begin-in-a-cholera-ravaged-haiti.html
6 CIA - The World Factbook. (n.d.). Retrieved March 9, 2012, from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ha.html
7 Political Science Quarterly: Fall 1997: Disobedient Generals and the Politics of Redemocratization: The ClintonAdministration and Haiti. (n.d.). Retrieved March 9, 2012, from http://www.psqonline.org/article.cfm?IDArticle=13851
8 (n.d.). Retrieved May 16, 2012, from http://www.policenationalehaiti.org/welcome.php9 United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH). (n.d.). Retrieved May 16, 2012, from
http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/minustah/
10 (n.d.). Retrieved May 16, 2012, from http://www.policenationalehaiti.org/welcome.php11 United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH). (n.d.). Retrieved May 16, 2012, from
http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/minustah/12 United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH). (n.d.). Retrieved May 16, 2012, from
http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/minustah/13 BBC News - Two Pakistani UN soldiers jailed for raping Haitian boy. (n.d.). Retrieved March 25, 2012, from
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-17351144
14 Haitis former soldiers demand reinstatement of army | World news | guardian.co.uk. (n.d.). Retrieved May 6,2012, from http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/may/01/haiti-soldiers-demand-reinstatement-army?newsfeed=true
15 President Michel Martelly Seeks to Re-create Haitis Army - NYTimes.com. (n.d.). Retrieved March 23, 2012,from http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/26/world/americas/president-michel-martelly-seeks-to-re-create-haitis-army.html?pagewanted=all
16 Haiti News - Breaking World Haiti News - The New York Times. (n.d.). Retrieved May 15, 2012, fromhttp://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/haiti/index.html
17 A new Haitian army? Fears abound - chicagotribune.com. (n.d.). Retrieved March 16, 2012, fromhttp://www.chicagotribune.com/site/newspaper/news/sc-nw-haiti-military-0310-20120309,0,4003387.story
18 Haiti - Rogue Force Refuses to Disband - NYTimes.com. (n.d.). Retrieved May 6, 2012, fromhttp://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/25/world/americas/haiti-rogue-force-refuses-to-disband.html
19 Haiti - Politic : Results of the visit in Dominican Republic of President Martelly - HaitiLibre.com, Haiti News,The haitian peoples voice. (n.d.). Retrieved March 28, 2012, from http://www.haitilibre.com/en/news-5261-haiti-
politic-results-of-the-visit-in-dominican-republic-of-president-martelly.html20 First year for Haitis President Michel Martelly yields modest gains despite big obstacles - The Washington Post.
(n.d.). Retrieved May 15, 2012, from http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/first-year-for-haiti-leader-yields-modest-gains-despite-big-obstacles/2012/05/12/gIQAAGLZKU_story.html
21 Haiti: President Claims to Have Authority to Revoke Elected Municipal Seats. (n.d.). Retrieved March 9, 2012,from http://www.defend.ht/politics/articles/presidential/2742-haiti-president-claims-to-have-authority-to-revoke-elected-municipal-seats
22 Garry Conille Resigns as Haitis Prime Minister - NYTimes.com. (n.d.). Retrieved March 9, 2012, fromhttp://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/25/world/americas/garry-conille-resigns-as-haitis-prime-minister.html
23 Can Haiti become a tourist spot again? - New York Daily News. (n.d.). Retrieved May 6, 2012, fromhttp://articles.nydailynews.com/2012-04-09/news/31314508_1_haiti-earthquake-tourist-first-cruise-ship
24 New hotels arise amid ruins in Haitian capital - BusinessWeek. (n.d.). Retrieved May 6, 2012, fromhttp://www.businessweek.com/ap/2012-04/D9UEO1F82.htm
25 As Haitian President Martelly recuperates in Miami, armed ex-soldiers stormed parliament grounds - Haitian Link -MiamiHerald.com. (n.d.). Retrieved May 16, 2012, from http://www.miamiherald.com/2012/04/17/2754435/as-haitian-president-martelly.html
26 President Martellys Surgery In Miami Was Successful. (n.d.). Retrieved May 16, 2012, from
-
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http://www.haitiobserver.com/messages.php/240127 Haitian Link | MiamiHerald.com. (n.d.). Retrieved May 16, 2012, from http://www.miamiherald.com/haitian-link/28 Haiti-President: If I were to take something it wouldnt have been something this small... (n.d.). Retrieved May 6,
2012, from http://defend.ht/politics/articles/presidential/2917-haiti-president-if-were-to-take-something-it-wouldn-t-have-been-something-this-small
29 Haiti-President: If I were to take something it wouldnt have been something this small... (n.d.). Retrieved May6, 2012, from http://defend.ht/politics/articles/presidential/2917-haiti-president-if-were-to-take-something-it-wouldn-t-have-been-something-this-small
30 Dominican authorities investigating Haitian contracts of senator - Haiti - MiamiHerald.com. (n.d.). Retrieved May6, 2012, from http://www.miamiherald.com/2012/04/02/2728451/dominican-authorities-investigating.html
31 EBSCOhost Discovery Service: Haitis Rise From the Rubble. (n.d.). Retrieved March 29, 2012, fromhttp://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/detail?vid=5&hid=20&sid=cca5f631-62bd-4483-b1fb-49703daf55a0%40sessionmgr14&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#db=a9h&AN=64464679
32 EBSCOhost Discovery Service: Haitis Rise From the Rubble. (n.d.). Retrieved March 29, 2012, fromhttp://ehis.ebscohost.com/eds/detail?vid=5&hid=20&sid=cca5f631-62bd-4483-b1fb-49703daf55a0%40sessionmgr14&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#db=a9h&AN=64464679
33 Q&A: The Elites Are Like a Huge Elephant Sitting on Haiti - IPS ipsnews.net. (n.d.). Retrieved March 29,2012, from http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=47515
34 Haiti Women in Culture, Business and Travel. (n.d.). Retrieved March 25, 2012, fromhttp://site.ebrary.com/lib/mercyhurst/docDetail.action?docID=10389077
35 Haiti Society and Culture Complete Report. (n.d.). Retrieved March 25, 2012, fromhttp://site.ebrary.com/lib/mercyhurst/docDetail.action?docID=10389118&p00=haiti36 Haiti Women in Culture, Business and Travel. (n.d.). Retrieved March 25, 2012, from
http://site.ebrary.com/lib/mercyhurst/docDetail.action?docID=10389077
37 CIA - The World Factbook. (n.d.). Retrieved March 9, 2012, from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ha.html
38 Education A Top Issue For Voters In Haiti : NPR. (n.d.). Retrieved March 25, 2012, fromhttp://www.npr.org/2011/04/04/135119772/education-a-top-issue-for-voters-in-haiti
39 Rebuilding Haitis Schools | Around Campus | George Washington Today | The George Washington University.(n.d.). Retrieved March 9, 2012, from http://gwtoday.gwu.edu/aroundcampus/rebuildinghaitisschools
40 HaitiLibre.com: News Haiti Haiti news, Haitian News, the voice of Haiti. (n.d.). Retrieved March 9, 2012, fromhttp://www.haitilibre.com/en/
41 BBC News - Two Pakistani UN soldiers jailed for raping Haitian boy. (n.d.). Retrieved March 25, 2012, from
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-1735114442 CIA - The World Factbook. (n.d.). Retrieved March 9, 2012, from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-
world-factbook/geos/ha.html43 Cholera Solutions for Haiti - NYTimes.com. (n.d.). Retrieved May 6, 2012, from
http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/06/opinion/cholera-solutions-for-haiti.html44 CIA - The World Factbook. (n.d.). Retrieved March 9, 2012, from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-
world-factbook/geos/ha.html45 CIA - The World Factbook. (n.d.). Retrieved March 9, 2012, from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-
world-factbook/geos/ha.html46 CIA - The World Factbook. (n.d.). Retrieved March 9, 2012, from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-
world-factbook/geos/ha.html47 Can Haiti become a tourist spot again? - New York Daily News. (n.d.). Retrieved May 6, 2012, from
http://articles.nydailynews.com/2012-04-09/news/31314508_1_haiti-earthquake-tourist-first-cruise-ship
48 New hotels arise amid ruins in Haitian capital - BusinessWeek. (n.d.). Retrieved May 6, 2012, fromhttp://www.businessweek.com/ap/2012-04/D9UEO1F82.htm
49 Vaccinations Begin in a Cholera-Ravaged Haiti - NYTimes.com. (n.d.). Retrieved May 6, 2012, fromhttp://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/13/world/americas/vaccinations-begin-in-a-cholera-ravaged-haiti.html
50 Haiti earthquake aid pledged by country: full data | News | guardian.co.uk. (n.d.). Retrieved March 25, 2012, fromhttp://www.guardian.co.uk/news/datablog/2010/jan/14/haiti-quake-aid-pledges-country-donations
51 Haiti : Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper : Joint Staff Advisory Note. (n.d.). Retrieved March 25, 2012, fromhttp://site.ebrary.com/lib/mercyhurst/docDetail.action?docID=10302941
52 Welles scares nation History.com This Day in History 10/30/1938. (n.d.). Retrieved May 15, 2012, fromhttp://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/welles-scares-nation
53 Haiti News - Breaking World Haiti News - The New York Times. (n.d.). Retrieved May 15, 2012, from
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http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/haiti/index.html
54 Haiti Media, Internet and Telecommunications Complete Profile. (n.d.). Retrieved March 25, 2012, fromhttp://site.ebrary.com/lib/mercyhurst/docDetail.action?docID=10389046
55 Haiti Media, Internet and Telecommunications Complete Profile. (n.d.). Retrieved March 25, 2012, fromhttp://site.ebrary.com/lib/mercyhurst/docDetail.action?docID=10389046
56 (4) PIFP LifeStraws Distribution in Haiti. (n.d.). Retrieved March 9, 2012, fromhttp://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=492378938920
57 Modular home comes delivered in a 10 foot box and is assembled like an IKEA house. (n.d.). Retrieved March9, 2012, from http://www.gizmag.com/house-arc-modular-home/21486/58 One Laptop per Child (OLPC): Participate > Ways to Give. (n.d.). Retrieved March 25, 2012, from
http://laptop.org/en/participate/ways-to-give.shtml59 haiti - Google Maps. (n.d.). Retrieved March 9, 2012, from http://maps.google.com/60 haiti - Google Maps. (n.d.). Retrieved March 9, 2012, from http://maps.google.com/61 Haiti - Politic : Results of the visit in Dominican Republic of President Martelly - HaitiLibre.com, Haiti News,
The haitian peoples voice. (n.d.). Retrieved March 28, 2012, from http://www.haitilibre.com/en/news-5261-haiti-politic-results-of-the-visit-in-dominican-republic-of-president-martelly.html
62 Controversy Abounds in Haitian Reconstruction Investigations | The Indypendent. (n.d.). Retrieved May 6, 2012,from http://www.indypendent.org/2012/04/06/controversy-abounds-haitian-reconstruction-investigations
63 Haiti. (n.d.). Retrieved May 14, 2012, from http://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/where/acp/country-cooperation/haiti/haiti_en.htm
64 Nordenson, Guy and Associates Schuler, Matthias Holl, Steven Pamphlet Architecture, Volume 31 : New HaitiVillages, Princeton Architectural Press
65 Haiti. (n.d.). Retrieved April 15, 2012, from http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1134.html66 Haiti. (n.d.). Retrieved May 15, 2012, from http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1134.html
67 JSTOR: Journal of Vegetation Science, Vol. 12, No. 3 (Jun., 2001), pp. 417-426. (n.d.). Retrieved May 14, 2012,from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3236856
68 Welles scares nation History.com This Day in History 10/30/1938. (n.d.). Retrieved May 15, 2012, fromhttp://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/welles-scares-nation
69 Haiti News - Breaking World Haiti News - The New York Times. (n.d.). Retrieved May 15, 2012, fromhttp://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/haiti/index.html
70 Haitis former soldiers demand reinstatement of army | World news | guardian.co.uk. (n.d.). Retrieved May 6, 2012, from
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/may/01/haiti-soldiers-demand-reinstatement-army?newsfeed=true
71 In Haiti, Ex-Troops Agitate for a New Army - WSJ.com. (n.d.). Retrieved May 14, 2012, from
http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702303978104577364433503716486.html
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