Country Preparedness to Face Yellow Rust Epidemics: Situation in Developing Countries
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Transcript of Country Preparedness to Face Yellow Rust Epidemics: Situation in Developing Countries
Country Preparedness to Face Yellow Rust Epidemics: Situation in
Developing Countries
Wafa El Khoury Wheat Rust Disease Global Programme
FAO, Rome, ItalyInternational Wheat Stripe Rust Symposium
ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria, 18-20 April 2011
Yellow rust management
• Yellow rust could quickly reach epidemic levels and go out of control with favorable environmental conditions and presence of susceptible varieties
• Countries need to put in place a series of actions within a clear plan that would support its preparedness to face potential epidemics
Yellow rust management
• Resistant varieties
• Fungicidal application
• Cultural practices and reduction of early inoculum
Resistant varieties
Cultural practices
Fungicidal application
Adoption
Field testing
Application capacity
Cost effectiveness
Timing of application
Agronomic practicesReduction
of early inoculum
Landscape management green bridges
Varietal mixtures
Changing planting
dateEfficacy of fungicides
Accessibility to farmers
Popularization
Seed multiplication
Varietal release /
registration
Breeding
Availability Registration
Stakeholders involved
BGRI actions • Series of wheat rusts awareness-raising
meetings• Meetings involving all stakeholders (research,
plant protection, seeds, extension and farmers)
• Meetings covered countries of Central Asia, North Africa and the Near East
• Country reports prepared jointly by the multi-disciplinary national delegation
Situation in developing countries
• Some countries have full-fledged wheat breeding programmes
• In some, breeders are few, not working necessarily on wheat
• Genetic material commonly received from CG-centres, tested and adopted
• Other stress factors always considered in breeding• Race analysis capacities only in very few countries.
Lack of infrastructure, human capacity and funding• Gene deployment strategy non existent
Situation in developing countries
• Registration system often rigid and not efficient for rapid replacement of varieties
• Seed multiplication system mostly informal (ranges from 40% - 80%)
• Quality of seeds produced in informal system not controlled - capacity building needed
• Decision on varieties to be multiplied in the formal system depends on the requests of the farmers
Situation in developing countries
• Wheat varieties cultivated over large areas are often 2- 4 decades old
• Farmers often not aware of the benefits of new varieties
• Popularization of varieties through demonstration plots and farmers’ fields mostly done through researchers and breeders
• Extension agents not sufficiently involved• Farmers are rarely involved in varietal selection
Reasons for slow variety replacement
• Poor farmers are risk adverse• New varieties not always meeting local
farmers’ needs or preferences • Limited information on their availability• Limited availability or accessibility of quality
seeds
Situation in developing countries • Many do not have registered fungicides for wheat
rusts• Small-scale wheat farmers often cannot afford
cost of fungicides• Many farmers do not have sprayers and
protective clothing• Farmers lack knowledge on use and sprayer
calibration (training needed)• Information on disease onset not shared early
enough for effective control
Situation in developing countries
• Forged, illegal or smuggled fungicides, black markets common with emergency situations
• No efficacy tests of newly registered fungicides• No impact assessment done to evaluate cost
effectiveness of application (on yield, cost, disease)
• Limited research on timing and number of application based on disease appearance, severity and variety susceptibility
Situation in developing countries • General disease surveys commonly linked to
availability of public funds• Often, no specific wheat rusts surveillance done
unless linked to project funds• Information sharing when done, often not
immediate, through annual reports and meetings shared often with own institution
• Limited rust race analysis capacities: infrastructure, human and financial capacities
• Efficient solutions country-specific based on the local system (protection, research and extension)
Country preparedness actions includes
• Availability of resistant varieties that are known to and accepted by farmers
• Availability of sufficient quality seeds of these varieties for farmer use
• Availability, accessibility and affordability of effective fungicides and capacity of farmers to use them
Country preparedness actions includes• Reliable field surveillance and race analysis
for proper decision making
• Capacity of the breeding, seed and extension systems in the country to continuously provide farmers with a range of new resistant varieties
• thus maintaining field resistance to the changing rust virulence
Preparedness plans: Stakeholders
Preparedness plans: Elements
Thank you