COST AND TIME STUDY OF KNOCK DOWN FORMWORK

Final Project Report

in fulfillment of the requirement for the degree

Bachelor of Civil Engineering

by:

CHRISTIEN PRATIWI PALAYUKAN

Student ID Number : 131314916

INTERNATIONAL S1 PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING UNIVERSITAS ATMA JAYA YOGYAKARTA

YOGYAKARTA 2017

ii

STATEMENT

I signed below stating that the final project with the title:

“COST AND TIME STUDY OF KNOCK DOWN FORMWORK“

It is the result of my own work and not a result of plagiarism of other people’s

work. Ideas, research data, and quotes directly or non-directly derived from the

writings or ideas of others expressly provided in this Final Project. If it is proven

later that this Final Project is the result of plagiarism, the graduation certificate

that I received will be cancled and returned to Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta.

Yogyakarta

Who made the remarks,

Christien Pratiwi Palayukan

iii

APPROVAL

Final Project Report

COST AND TIME STUDY OF KNOCK DOWN FORMWORK

by:

CHRISTIEN PRATIWI PALAYUKAN

Student ID Number: 131314916

has been approved by Supervisor,

Yogyakarta, .........................

Supervisor,

Ir. AY. Harijanto S., M.Eng., Ph.D

Department of Civil Engineering Chairman,

J. Januar Sudjati, S.T., M.T.

iv

APPROVAL EXAMINER

Final Project Report

COST AND TIME STUDY OF KNOCK DOWN FORMWORK

Oleh :

by:

CHRISTIEN PRATIWI PALAYUKAN

Student ID Number: 131314916

has been examined and approved by:

Name Signature Date

Chairperson : Ir. AY. Harijanto S., M.Eng., Ph.D

Member : Ir. Peter F. Kaming, M.Eng., Ph.D

Member : Ir. A. Koesmargono, MCM, Ph.D

v

MOTTO

“For I the LORD your GOD keep hold of

your right hand; [I am the LORD], Who says

to you, ‘Do not fear, I will help you.’

(Isaiah 41:13)

Delays are blessings.

Obstacles are intentional.

Destinies are personal and inevitable.

It’s all connected and it’s all necessary.

Trust this.

- Chantelle Agbro

I dedicated this Final Project to Jesus Christ and my Family

vi

PREFACE

Thank you to my Lord Jesus, because of His blessings, this final project

can be finished on time without any serious problem. The purpose of the final

project with the title “Cost and Time Study of Knock Down Formwork“ is to

complete the requirement of undergraduate program (S-1) in International Civil

Engineering Program, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,

Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta. For the completion of this final project, I also

would like to express my gratitute towards:

1. Prof. Ir. Yoyong Arfiadi, M.Eng., Ph.D as the Dean of Engineering

Faculty of Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta,

2. J. Januar Sudjati, S.T, M.T., as the head of Civil Engineering

Department of Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta,

3. Dr.Eng. Luky Handoko, S.T., M.Eng., as the Coordinator of

International Civil Engineering Program,

4. Ir., AY. Harijanto Setiawan., M.Eng., Ph.D., as my supervisor for his

advice and counseling. His constant support and advice have been

invaluable,

5. All the lecturers and staffs in the Civil Engineering Department,

especially in International Civil Engineering Program,

6. My Parents, Joni Palayukan S.H., M.H., and Rosalina Lolo Rumengan

for the love, support, and advices to finish this final project,

vii

7. My brother Romario Palayukan S.H., and my sister Mentari

Palayukan S.H., for the love, support, advices, and money to finish

this final project,

8. My friends, Diko, Dea, Brenna, Alpin, Harry, Yuli, Edwin, Itha and

Ody who encouraging and hearten me whenever I felt down,

9. My Friends, Tio, Alvin, Rio, Andreas, Dede, Thoban, Jeje, Laras, Lia,

Thea, Rikho, Ivan, and Yoan as the assistants of BPJ Laboratory for

the hard working in these past 6 months,

10. My friends, Tina, Siti, Devada, Yessy, Heru, Sendy for encouraging

me via group chat,

11. All my friends, seniors and juniors especially in the International Civil

Engineering Program.

I realize, this report may be flawed. Therefore I accept any form of

suggestion for further improvement. Thank you.

Yogyakarta, July 2017

Author

Christien Pratiwi Palayukan

(131314916)

viii

TABLE OF CONTENT

TITLE COVER PAGE .....................................................................................i

STATEMENT ....................................................................................................ii

APPROVAL PAGE ..........................................................................................iii

APPROVAL EXAMINER PAGE ...................................................................iv

MOTTO .............................................................................................................v

PREFACE ..........................................................................................................vi

TABLE OF CONTENT ....................................................................................viii

LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................x

LIST OF FIGURES ..........................................................................................xi

LIST OF APPENDIXES ..................................................................................xii

ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................xiii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background .............................................................................................1

1.2. Problem Statement ..................................................................................2

1.3. Problem Limitation .................................................................................2

1.4. Purposes of the Research .........................................................................3

1.5. Benefits of the Research ..........................................................................3

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Definitions of Formwork .........................................................................5

2.1.1 Functions of Formwork ...............................................................6

2.1.2 Formwork Requirements .............................................................6

2.2 Types of Formwork .................................................................................7

2.2.1 Conventional Formwork ..............................................................8

2.2.2 Semi System Formwork ..............................................................8

2.2.3 Full System Formwork ................................................................8

2.3 Time ........................................................................................................10

2.4 Cost ..........................................................................................................11

2.4.1 Direct Cost ...................................................................................12

2.4.2 Indirect Cost ................................................................................12

2.5 Productivity .............................................................................................12

2.5.1 Definitions of Productivity ..........................................................12

2.5.2 Work Productivity Method ..........................................................13

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Data ..........................................................................................15

3.2 Literature Study .......................................................................................16

3.3 Survey ......................................................................................................16

3.4 Time Study ..............................................................................................16

3.4.1 Data Collection for Time Study ..................................................17

3.4.2 Rating Performance .....................................................................19

3.4.3 Data Analysis...............................................................................23

3.5 Cost Study ...............................................................................................26

ix

3.5.1 Data Collection for Cost Study ....................................................26

3.5.2 Data Analysis...............................................................................27

3.6 Interview ..................................................................................................30

3.7 Conclusion and Suggestion .....................................................................30

CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS

4.1 Introduction .............................................................................................31

4.2 Malioboro Park View Apartment Project ................................................31

4.2.1 Projects Data ................................................................................31

4.2.2 Observation..................................................................................32

a. Duration Measurement ............................................................33

b. Average Duration Analysis .....................................................34

c. Performance Rating .................................................................36

d. Time Productivity and Workers Coefficient Analysis ............38

e. Materials Coefficient ...............................................................40

4.3 Kencana Shop and House Project ...........................................................42

4.3.1 Projects Data ................................................................................42

4.3.2 Observation..................................................................................43

a. Duration Measurement ............................................................44

b. Average Duration Analysis .....................................................45

c. Performance Rating .................................................................47

d. Time Productivity and Workers Coefficient Analysis ............49

e. Materials Coefficient ...............................................................51

4.4 Data Comparison .....................................................................................52

4.4.1 Productivity .................................................................................52

4.4.2 Worker Coefficient ......................................................................53

4.4.3 Unit Price .....................................................................................54

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION

5.1 Conclusion ...............................................................................................56

5.1.1 Total Duration .............................................................................56

5.1.2 Duration Differences ...................................................................56

5.1.3 Normal Time ...............................................................................56

5.1.4 Time Productivity ........................................................................57

5.1.5 Materials Price and Workers Wage .............................................57

5.1.6 Cost Differences ..........................................................................57

5.2 Recommendation .....................................................................................58

REFERENCES ..................................................................................................59

APPENDIXES ...................................................................................................61

x

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1. Comparison of Conventional and Knock Down ............................9

Table 2.2. Various Method of Productivity Data Collection ..........................13

Table 3.1. Duration Data Form for Knock Down Formwork Installation ......17

Table 3.2. Duration Data Form for Conventional Formwork Installation ......18

Table 3.3. Skill Rating ....................................................................................19

Table 3.4. Effort Rating ..................................................................................20

Table 3.5. Condition Rating ............................................................................21

Table 3.6. Consistency Rating ........................................................................21

Table 3.7. Normal Time Data Form for Knock Down Formwork ..................23

Table 3.8. Normal Time Data Form for Conventional Formwork .................24

Table 3.9. Materials and Workers Data Form of Knock Down Formwork ....26

Table 3.10. Materials and Workers Data Form of Conventional Formwork ....27

Table 4.1. Observation Schedule in Malioboro Park View Apartment Project

.......................................................................................................32

Table 4.2. Type of Column in Malioboro Park View Apartment Project .......33

Table 4.3. Duration of Knock Down Formwork Installation ..........................34

Table 4.4. Total Duration of Work Activities for Knock Down Formwork ...35

Table 4.5. Average Duration of Knock Down Formwork Installation ...........36

Table 4.6. Rating Performance Analysis for Knock Down Formwork ..........37

Table 4.7. Average Normal Time of Knock Down Formwork Installation ....38

Table 4.8. Worker Coefficient for 1 m2 Knock Down Formwork Installation

.......................................................................................................40

Table 4.9. Materials Coefficient for 1 m2 Knock Down Formwork Installation

.......................................................................................................42

Table 4.10. Observation Schedule in Kencana Shop and House Project ..........43

Table 4.11. Type of Column in Kencana Shop and House Project ..................44

Table 4.12. Duration of Conventional Formwork Installation .........................45

Table 4.13. Total Duration of Work Activities for Conventional Formwork ...46

Table 4.14. Average Duration of Conventional Formwork Installation ...........46

Table 4.15. Rating Performance Analysis for Conventional Formwork ..........47

Table 4.16. Average Normal Time of Conventional Formwork Installation ...48

Table 4.17. Worker Coefficient for 1 m2 Conventional Formwork Installation

.......................................................................................................50

Table 4.18. Materials Coefficient for 1 m2 Conventional Formwork Installation

.......................................................................................................52

Table 4.19. Productivity Comparison between Knock Down and Conventional

Formwork .......................................................................................53

Table 4.20. Worker Coefficient Comparison Result between SNI and

Observation ....................................................................................53

Table 4.21. Unit Price Analysis for 1 m2 Knock Down Formwork Installation

.......................................................................................................54

Table 4.22. Unit Price Analysis for 1 m2 Conventional Formwork Installation

.......................................................................................................55

xi

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1. Conventional Formwork ................................................................10

Figure 2.2. Knock Down Formwork ................................................................10

Figure 3.1. Research Flow Chart ......................................................................15

Figure 3.2. Time Study Flow Chart ..................................................................18

Figure 3.3. Cost Study Flow Chart ...................................................................26

xii

LIST OF APPENDIXES

Appendix 1: Duration Analysis Data

Appendix 2: Rating Performance Analysis Data

Appendix 3: Time Productivity Analysis Data

Appendix 4: Worker Coefficient Analysis Data

Appendix 5: Material Coefficient Analysis Data

Appendix 6: Materials Unit Price and Workers Wage

Appendix 7: Cost Analysis Data

Appendix 8: Documentation

xiii

ABSTRACT

COST AND TIME STUDY OF KNOCK DOWN FORMWORK, Christien

Pratiwi Palayukan, Student ID Number 13.13.14916, 2017, Construction

Management, International Civil Engineering Program, Civil Engineering

Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Atma Jaya Yogyakarta.

Formerly, formwork was only made by plywood and timber, also known

as conventional system formwork. However, conventional formwork is

considered inefficient in term of time and price. Not only takes long time to

fabricate the formwork, but conventional formwork also result many wastes since

conventional formwork can only be used for maximum two times. So this became

an important issue in construction industry. Therefore, many of new formwork

innovations came up to overcome this issues, one of the innovations is knock

down formwork. Knock down formwork made of steel plate or specific plywood

and hollow iron. However, there might be some engineers have lack information

about knock down formwork. Therefore, it is needed to discuss about the cost and

time of knock down formwork compare to conventional formwork. Furthermore,

the engineer can choose which formwork is compatible for their project, by

considering the cost and time aspects. In this case, knock down formwork was

observed in Malioboro Park View Apartment project, while conventional

formwork was observed in Kencana Shop and House project.

The data collection was done for on-going building project. The data

collection was divided into two, time study and cost study. The data for time study

of knock down and conventional formwork was done directly in construction site

by measuring the duration to finish one formwork installation by using stopwatch

with accuracy of 0.01 seconds. The data for cost study of knock down and

conventional formwork was done directly in construction site by observe the

amount of workers and materials used to finish one formwork installation. After

that, those data were analyzed and calculated using some formula then finally got

the productivity, workers and material coefficient, and the unit price.

Based on the time data analysis, knock down formwork is 11 minutes and

5 seconds faster than the conventional formwork for 1 m2 formwork installation.

Furthermore, based on the cost data analysis, knock down formwork is

Rp.245,085 more expensive than conventional formwork. Based on the result

obtained from the observation, the writer conclude that the knock down formwork

is more efficient to use for high rise building rather than conventional formwork.

Despite the expensive price, the formwork can be used for multiple times (more

than 30 times) so it is still cheaper if compared to conventional formwork that

only can be used maximum 2 times (depends on its condition). In time aspects, the

installation of knock down formwork is also faster than the conventional

formwork. Because the making of formwork is only done once and used

continuously during the project construction.

Keywords : Knock down, conventional, formwork, time, cost.