Cost and Energy Efficient, Environmentally Friendly Micro ......Cost and energy efficient,...
Transcript of Cost and Energy Efficient, Environmentally Friendly Micro ......Cost and energy efficient,...
Cost and energy efficient, environmentally friendly micro and small scale CHP
Walter Haslinger
Key questions
■ What is the state-of-the-art in micro and small scale
biomass CHP?
■ What can we learn from the failures of the past?
■ What are the challenges for micro and small scale CHP
in the future?
Brussels, May 13 2014
5th AEBIOM European Bioenergy Conference 2014
Folie 2
Definitions
■ Micro scale CHP are
■ residential scale heating systems with electricity production
– grid independent / grid parallel operation, typical Pel < 5 kW
– serial product
■ cogeneration systems for small industries, the service sector,
micro grids, …
– base heat for >>2.000 hours / year, typical Pel < 50 kW
– serial product
■ Small scale CHP are
■ cogeneration systems for industries, service sector, DHC
– base heat for >5.000 hours / year, typical Pel < 250 kW
– plant rather than product
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5th AEBIOM European Bioenergy Conference 2014
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Status / state-of-the-art
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Technology Fuel Pel
kWel
Price
€/Wel Status
Internal
combustion
engine (IC)
natural gas 1 6 110.000 installed
natural gas, biodiesel, oil 5-5.5 4 >22.000 installed
Thermoelectrics fire wood & pellets < 1 8-15 R&D, incl. material research
Stirling
natural gas, biogas 1 15 commercially available
pellets 1 22-25 pilot to demo
pellets 2-3 10 R&D
pellets 5 5 concept
Steam or organic
rankine cycles
natural gas, pellets 0.2-2 >10 re-engineering, pilot
any heat source ~3-15 ~0.8-2.5 pilot, demo, field testing
(concentrated solar), natural
gas, oil, biomass 1-100
demo in automotive and
solar applications
any type of fuel 50-100 2.5-3 R&D
Gasification + IC
wood chips 30 5 -
solid fuels >30
125
5
7
pilot; demo
commercially available
wood chips, pellets, bio-
waste 50-500 -
wood chips <250 5 demo
5th AEBIOM European Bioenergy Conference 2014
Market potential
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5th AEBIOM European Bioenergy Conference 2014
Characterization and assessment criteria
■ Nominal electric power (kWel)
■ Power to heat ratio at nominal load and/or electric
efficiency (Q= Pel/Qth, ηel)
■ (Additional) specific investment costs (€/kWel)
■ Specific electricity production costs (€/kWhel)
■ Technology specifics and fields of application
■ Thermodynamic requirements (high temperatures,…)
■ Specific emissions (tar / hydrocarbons from gasification,…)
■ Widely different markets with different market needs
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5th AEBIOM European Bioenergy Conference 2014
Some lessons learnt from … failed developments
■ Avoid unrealistic performance expectations: (Solid) biomass ≠ natural gas
■ Efficiency (lower adiabatic flame temperature, deposit formation,
imperfect / uneven flame …)
■ Life time (fouling and corrosion)
■ Costs (more expensive materials, additional components / mechanisms
needed, …)
■ Avoid unrealistic expectations of operation time and operation
characteristics
■ Heat use is essentíal to make systems economic
■ Be prepared to overcome the valley of the death
■ Major share of funds required for the transformation of prototype / demo
units into serial product
■ Cooperation (reliable partners, complementary skills, sufficient capital)
■ Roadmapping
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5th AEBIOM European Bioenergy Conference 2014
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Thermoelectrics
■ Pel: 0.05-1 kW
■ Q = 0.005-0.02; ηel = 1.5-2% (↑ 4%)
■ Costs: 8-15 €/Wel; 0.4-0.7 €/kWhel
■ No moving parts (low maintenance
efforts, silent,…)
■ Stoves and small boilers with option
of grid independent operation
■ Challenges:
■ Development of thermoelectric materials for
up to 400-450 °C (today: 250 °C)
■ Optimum thermal integration / even and
reliable heat distribution
■ Re-design of electric components
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5th AEBIOM European Bioenergy Conference 2014
Stirling engine (as part of a common central heating system)
■ Pel: 1-5 kW
■ Q = 0.05-0.2; ηel = 5-15 %
■ Costs: 5-20 €/Wel, 0.3-1 €/kWhel
■ Fire wood, pellets and wood chip boilers
■ Challenges
■ Gas tightness and life time of Stirling
■ Heat exchanger integration at high
temperature position
– Deposit formation
– Cleaning
– Fouling and corrosion
■ Finding the compromise between
high performance and safety margins
■ Finding suited market segments
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www.okofen-e.com
patent of
Frauscher, Ing.
Josef 2010
www.hoval.com
5th AEBIOM European Bioenergy Conference 2014
Steam and ORC cycles
■ Pel: 0.2-5 kW (modulating)
■ Q = 0.125; ηel = 10%
■ Costs: 10-15 €/Wel; 0.5-0.7 €/kWhel
■ Small scale pellets boilers, other heat
sources
■ Challenges:
■ Optimum integration concepts
■ Proof of reliability in field tests
(Norwegian ORC)
■ Find balance between low risky
integration and economics
■ Optimum working machine (scroll
expanders, srew engines, pistons,…)
■ Market positioning, unclear policy
frameworks
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5th AEBIOM European Bioenergy Conference 2014
Gasification + IC engine (Clean staged gasification system)
■ Pel: (125-) 250 kW
■ Q = 0.57; ηth = >47 %; ηel = >27 %
■ Costs: 4.9 €/Wel
■ Fixed bed, staged gasification split into
■ pyrolysis
■ partial oxidation
■ and reduction zone
■ End up at highest producer gas
qualities and low demand on gas
cleaning as well as operational costs
■ Challenges ■ Proof of reliability in field demonstration
■ Tar and hydrocarbon emissions
■ Unclear market framework(s)
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Summary and conclusions
■ Failed developments are legion
■ Thermoelectrics (<1 kWel)
■ Thermal integration and re-design of electric components
■ Material research for TE materials up to 400/450°C
■ Stirling engines (1-5 kWel)
■ Transformation from natural gas proven technologies into pellets
boilers and burners on-going
■ Heat exchanger design, materials, cleaning essential for success
■ Steam cycles and ORC modules (1-5 kWel)
■ Fairly different status of different technology concepts
■ Differentiation in risk (integration temperature) and electric eff.
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5th AEBIOM European Bioenergy Conference 2014
Summary and conclusions
■ Others (ORC, EF-MGT, gasification+IC,…) (50-250 kWel)
■ Concepts under development or demonstration
■ Mostly for wood chips
■ No micro and/or small scale solid biomass fired CHP has
reached serial production yet
■ Success of on-going efforts unpredictable
■ Establishment of clear framework conditions (incentives,
Lot 15, requirements) must accompany development
efforts, otherwise risks for industry too high
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5th AEBIOM European Bioenergy Conference 2014
Thank you!
For further information:
Walter Haslinger, Area Manager
Bioenergy 2020+ GmbH, location Wieselburg
T: +43 7416 52238 20