COST Action IC 1407 Training School Prague, April 1 …...COST Action IC 1407 –Training School...
Transcript of COST Action IC 1407 Training School Prague, April 1 …...COST Action IC 1407 –Training School...
COST Action IC 1407 – Training SchoolPrague, April 1-2, 2019
REVERBERATION CHAMBERS FOR TESTING WIRELESS DEVICES AND SYSTEMS
V. Mariani Primiani
Università Politecnica delle Marche
Dept. Information Engineering
60131 Ancona - Italy
Signal propagation in realistic environment
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( )T n n n
n
e e t u t
1
( )0
n
n
n
if tu t
if t
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Signal propagation in realistic environmentUrban environment Rural environment
Direct component (LOS)
Scattered component (NLOS)
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LTE; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access(E-UTRA);User Equipment (UE) radio transmission and reception (3GPP TS 36.101 version 10.3.0 Release 10)
Definition of Reverberation Chamber
A properly operating RC is an electrically large cavity, where the electromagnetic field is statistically uniform, isotropic and randomly polarised within an acceptable and predictable uncertainty and confidence limit
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Uniformity implies all spatial locations within RC (at sufficient distance from
metal surfaces) are equivalent
Isotropic implies that at given location in RC electromagnetic energy is
same in any direction
Random polarization implies that the phase relationships between polarized
components are equivalent
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…….electrically large cavity…Frequency Domain
0 0 0
222
0 0 02
~ 1
m n p
mnp
V
mnpmnp
V
mnp
m n p
mnp
V
mnp
V
mnp
edVekk
dVeJ
jfdVf
dVfJ
jE
2
2 2 1 m
m
kk k j
Q
Field stirring actions
8
SOURCE STIRRING Generator amplitude or phase variation (Hill, …) Frequency variation (frequency stirring) (T. A. Loughry, …) Moving transmitting antenna to change mode coupling (Huang, Carlberg, Kildal, …) ….
MECHANICAL STIRRING, i.e. boundary condition variations
Rotating paddles (NIST group, …..)
Moving walls (Capsalis, …)
Vibrating walls (VIRC by Leferink, ..)
………….
For a review and history of all techniques see R. Serra, A. Marvin, F. Leferink, V. Mariani Primiani, F. Moglie, M. O. Hatfield, Y. Huang. L. Arnaut, A. Cozza. M. Klinger, "Reverberation chambers a la carte: An overview of the different mode-stirring techniques," in IEEE Electromagnetic Compatibility Magazine, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 63-78, First Quarter 2017.
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2 20 0 0
mnp
Vmnp
m n pmnp mnp
V
J e dV
j ek k e dV
MechanicalSource stir.
Example of mechanical stirring
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Ensemble average , mean value ( <X>N)Maximum value Max/Mean ratioStatistical distributions: PDF and CDF.
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Example of mechanical stirring
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Ensemble average , mean value ( <X>N)Maximum value Max/Mean ratioStatistical distributions: PDF and CDF.
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Example of mechanical stirring
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Ensemble average , mean value ( <X>N)Maximum value Max/Mean ratioStatistical distributions: PDF and CDF.
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Example of mechanical stirring
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Ensemble average , mean value ( <X>N)Maximum value Max/Mean ratioStatistical distributions: PDF and CDF.
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…….electrically large cavity…Time Domain
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( )T n n n
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…….electrically large cavity…Time Domain
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…….electrically large cavity…Time Domain
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…….electrically large cavity…Time Domain
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…….electrically large cavity…Time Domain
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…….electrically large cavity…Time Domain
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…….electrically large cavity…Time Domain
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Statistical distributions in an ideal RC
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CHI-2DOF (χ2 )
Distribution of the received power PR or of
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2
iE
2
2CHI2-2DOF
ʃ
Statistical distribution of the total E-field
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CHI-6DOF χ6
Example of received power statistics
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CDF for the received power 1 GHz (Q=19600)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Pr/<Pr>
Theor.Exp.
2
2 1 expCDF s s
s = mean normalised received power
Chamber dimensions 6 x4 x2.5 mf0 = 45 MHz
Stirring ratio 42 dB
We have to move toward a non-ideal RC to create a realistic propagation channel
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Distribuzione di
Rayleighn
Rician distribution
Chamber Set-up for Rician Environment
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Antenna positioning toward the DUTAntenna positioning away from the DUT
By varying the characteristics of the reverberation chamber and/or the antenna
configurations in the chamber, any desired Rician K-factor can be obtained.
Reverberation Chamber Ricean Environment
• We see that K is proportional to D. This suggests that if an antenna with awell defined antenna pattern is used, it can be rotated with respect to theDUT, thereby changing the K-factor.
• Secondly, we see that if r is large, K is small (approaching a Rayleighenvironment); if r is small, K is large. This suggests that if the separationdistance between the antenna and the DUT is varied, then the K-factorcan also be changed to some desired value.
• Next we see that by varying Q (the chamber quality factor), the K-factorcan be changed to some desired value. The Q of the chamber can easilybe varied by simply loading the chamber with lossy materials.
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See Holloway et al, IEEE Trans on Antenna and Propag., 2006.
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How can we generate a Rician environment ?
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Parameters of interest for the channel emulation
Impulse Responses and Power Delay Profiles
One characteristic of the PDP that has been shown to be particularly important
in wireless systems that use digital modulation is the rms delay spread of the PDP
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Insertion of absorbing material to tune the PDP
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PDP of an oil refinery
By NIST
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τRMS = 20.64 ns
τRMS = 22.54 nsτRMS = 30.46 nsτRMS = 34.25 ns
Living room (St) Laboratory
Absorber positioning
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+ +
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The chamber coherence bandwidth
Average modal bandwidth
Coherence bandwidth
Subcarriers, Df = 15 kHz
Channel band
Bc
“Nokia Solutions and Networks” Flexi Multiradio 10 BTS
3 sectors RF modules; Maximum 80 W x antenna connector; band 20 (800 MHz) and band 3 (1.8 GHz);
6 x 4 x 2.5 m reverberation chamber
Over-The-Air tests in RC of a real Base Station
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Empty chamber Medium load High load
Reference signal received power (RSRP): is the average of the power of resource elements that carry cell-specific reference signals
Reference signal received quality (RSRQ): is based on the ratio of RSRP and RSSI (total wideband received power)
PDSCH net throughput: is the throughput measured at physical layer at the client in the data downlink channel, removing the re-transmissions of negatively acknowledged TBs.Signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR): is the ratio between the wanted part of the signal and the sum of interference and noise
Example of a transmission quality test
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Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) distribution
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Medium load1°/s 30°/s 80°/s
High load1°/s 30°/s 80°/s
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
high (70 Mbps)_em
pty_stirring_1 °/sec
high (70 Mbps)_em
pty_stirring_30°/sec
high (70 Mbps)_em
pty_stirring_80°/sec
high (70 Mbps)_m
edium_stirring_1 °/sec
high (70 Mbps)_m
edium_stirring_30°/sec
high (70 Mbps)_m
edium_stirring_80°/sec
high (70 Mbps)_high_stirring_1 °/sec
high (70 Mbps)_high_stirring_30°/sec
high (70 Mbps)_high_stirring_80°/sec
MCS code distribution
PDSCH_TRANS_USING_MCS28 (M8001C73)
PDSCH_TRANS_USING_MCS27 (M8001C72)
PDSCH_TRANS_USING_MCS26 (M8001C71)
PDSCH_TRANS_USING_MCS25 (M8001C70)
PDSCH_TRANS_USING_MCS24 (M8001C69)
PDSCH_TRANS_USING_MCS23 (M8001C68)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
very lo
w (1
0 M
bp
s)_e
mp
ty_stirrin
g_1
°/sec
very lo
w (1
0 M
bp
s)_e
mp
ty_stirrin
g_3
0°/se
c
very lo
w (1
0 M
bp
s)_e
mp
ty_stirrin
g_8
0°/se
c
very lo
w (1
0 M
bp
s)_m
ed
ium
_stirrin
g_1
°/sec
very lo
w (1
0 M
bp
s)_m
ed
ium
_stirrin
g_3
0°/se
c
very lo
w (1
0 M
bp
s)_m
ed
ium
_stirrin
g_8
0°/se
c
very lo
w (1
0 M
bp
s)_h
igh_
stirring_
1 °/se
c
very lo
w (1
0 M
bp
s)_h
igh_
stirring_
30
°/sec
very lo
w (1
0 M
bp
s)_h
igh_
stirring_
80
°/sec
MCS code distribution
PDSCH_TRANS_USING_MCS28 (M8001C73)
PDSCH_TRANS_USING_MCS27 (M8001C72)
PDSCH_TRANS_USING_MCS26 (M8001C71)
PDSCH_TRANS_USING_MCS25 (M8001C70)
PDSCH_TRANS_USING_MCS24 (M8001C69)
PDSCH_TRANS_USING_MCS23 (M8001C68)
PDSCH_TRANS_USING_MCS22 (M8001C67)
Empty chamber1°/s 30°/s 80°/s
MCS 22-28Modulation 64QAM for PDSCH
Ro
bu
stn
ess
Trans. B
lock Size
36696
31704
30576
28336
27376
25456
22920
Transport block size (for 50 PRBs)
TP >70Mbps
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Carrier aggregation
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Uplink in presence of interference and noise
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Maximum Ratio Combining (MRI) Interference Rejection Combining (IRC) Coordinated MultiPoint (CoMP)
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RS DTX RS DTX
DTX RS DTX RS
RS DTX RS DTX
DTX RS DTX RS
...........DTX DTX PBCH PBCH PBCH PBCH
DTX DTX PBCH PBCH PBCH PBCH
RS DTX DTX DTX RS DTX PBCH PBCH DTX
DTX DTX PBCH PBCH PBCH PBCH
DTX DTX PBCH PBCH PBCH PBCH
DTX RS SSS PSS DTX DTX PBCH PBCH RS
SSS PSS PBCH PBCH PBCH PBCH
SSS PSS PBCH PBCH PBCH PBCH
RS DTX SSS PSS RS DTX PBCH PBCH DTX
...........SSS PSS PBCH PBCH PBCH PBCH
SSS PSS PBCH PBCH PBCH PBCH
DTX RS SSS PSS DTX DTX PBCH PBCH RS
SSS PSS PBCH PBCH PBCH PBCH
DTX DTX PBCH PBCH PBCH PBCH
RS DTX DTX DTX RS DTX PBCH PBCH DTX
DTX DTX PBCH PBCH PBCH PBCH
DTX DTX PBCH PBCH PBCH PBCH
DTX RS DTX DTX DTX DTX PBCH PBCH RS
...........
RS DTX RS DTX
DTX RS DTX RS
RS DTX RS DTX
DTX RS DTX RS
TIME (2 slots = 1 TTI = 1 ms = 14 OFDMA symbols) - this is 1st TTI in 10 ms multiframe
fre
qu
en
cy (
1°
PR
B =
12
sub
carr
iers
= 1
80
KH
z)
fre
qu
en
cy (
50
° P
RB
= 1
2
sub
carr
iers
= 1
80
KH
z)ce
ntr
a 7
2 s
ub
carr
iers
= 6
PR
Bs
= 1
.08
MH
z
cen
tra
l6 P
RB
s
wh
ole
ba
nd
(5
0 P
RB
s)
resource elementsfor PHICH, PCFICH (these could be boosted via parameters) and PDCCH (control channel)
resource elements for RS (Reference Signals)
discontinuoustransmission
resource elements for broadcast channel (PBCH)
resource elementsfor primarysynchronization(PSS)
resource elementsfor secondarysynchronization(SSS)
resource elementsfor PDSCH (trafficchannel)
Uplink in presence of interference and noise
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MIMO 4x4 configuration
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0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
26.9 24.9 22.8 19.4 15.1 10.4 5.5 0.4 -4.8 -9.2
Mo
du
lati
on
uti
liza
tio
n %
SINR MIMO 4x4 [dB]
Modulation utilization %
Mod. CW1 256QAM Mod. CW1 64QAM Mod.CW1 16QAM Mod. CW1 Q-PSK
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
26.9 24.9 22.8 19.4 15.1 10.4 5.5 0.4 -4.8 -9.2
Ran
k u
tili
zati
on
[%]
SINR MIMO 4x4 [dB]
Rank utilization %
RANK 1 RANK 2 RANK 3 RANK 4
Duty
cycle
No
ise
ge
ne
rato
r
RC
QXDM
1800 MHz
LTE eNB transmitters
R&S
Attenuator array
Antennas transmitting useful
signal (S) 2 panels x-pol
Logperiodic
noise antenna
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High speed trains: effect of Doppler shift and fading on Throughput and Success rate
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High speed trains
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Improving signal orthogonality preservation by the so-called PRACH of a restricted set of cyclic shifts in the random access procedure.
After the RC lab. testing, the benefit of using a larger separation between sequences was verified in the Northern Italy High Speed Rail Line between Bologna and Piacenza.
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5G Base Stations: a new challenge for the RC testing
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Higher frequency range (e.g. 28 GHz) Higher channel bandwidth (200 MHz-
400 MHz) Beam forming Beam steering Reduced beam width (6 deg.) Very compact equipment: base band
electronics, MW electronics, and antennas highly integrated.
The whole eN inside the RC: power supply, ventilation, safety, …..
References• IEC 61000-4-21, “Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 4-21: Testing and measurement techniques –
Reverberation chamber test methods”.
• David A. Hill, “Electromagnetic Fields in Cavities:Deterministic and Statistical Theories”, 2009, Wiley-IEEE Press
• Philippe Besnier, Bernard Démoulin, “Electromagnetic Reverberation Chambers”, Sep 2011, Wiley-ISTE.
• Stephen J. BoyesYi Huang, “Reverberation Chambers: Theory and Applications to EMC and Antenna
Measurements”, 2015, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
• R. Serra, A. Marvin, F. Leferink, V. Mariani Primiani, F. Moglie, M. O. Hatfield, Y. Huang. L. Arnaut, A. Cozza. M.
Klinger, "Reverberation chambers a la carte: An overview of the different mode-stirring techniques," in IEEE
Electromagnetic Compatibility Magazine, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 63-78, First Quarter 2017.
• F. Leferink, “High Field Strength in a Large Volume: The Intrinsic Reverberation Chamber”, IEEE EMC 1998,
Denver, CO, USA
• C. L¨otb¨ack Patan´e, A. Sk°arbratt, R. Rehammar, and C. Orlenius, “Basic and advanced MIMO OTA testing of
wireless devices using reverberation chamber,” in Proc. 8th Eur. Conf. Antennas Propag., The Hague, Netherlands,
Apr. 2014, pp. 3488–3492.
• X. Chen, “Measurement uncertainty of antenna efficiency in a reverberation chamber,” IEEE Trans. Electromagn.
Compat., vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 1331–1334, Dec. 2013.
• GPP, “Universal mobile telecommunications system (umts); lte; universal terrestrial radio access (utra) and evolved
utra (e-utra); user equipment (ue) over the air (ota) performance; conformance testing,” ETSI, Sophia Antipolis
Cedex, France, 3GPP Technical Specification TS37.544, V14.1.0, Apr. 2017.
•
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References, cont.• C. M. J. Wang, K. A. Remley, A. T. Kirk, R. J. Pirkl, C. L. Holloway, D. F. Williams, and P. D. Hale,
“Parameter estimation and uncertainty evaluation in a low Rician K-factor reverberation-chamberenvironment,” IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. 56, no. 5, pp. 1002–1012, Oct. 2014.
• C. S. L¨otb¨ack Patan´e, A. Sk°arbratt, and C. Orlenius, “Extending the reverberation chamber using achannel emulator for characterisation of over-the-air performance of multiple-input–multiple-outputwireless devices,” IET Science, Measurement Technology, vol. 9, no. 5, pp. 555– 562, 2015.
• A. Hussain and P.-S. Kildal, “Study of OTA throughput of 4G LTE wireless terminals for different systembandwidths and coherence bandwidths in rich isotropic multipath,” in Proc. 7th Eur. Conf. AntennasPropag., Gothenburg, Sweden, Apr. 2013, pp. 312–314.
• M. Barazzetta, D. Micheli, L. Bastianelli, R. Diamanti, M. Totta, P. Obino, R. Lattanzi, F. Moglie, and V.Mariani Primiani, “A comparison between different reception diversity schemes of a 4G-LTE basestation in reverberation chamber: a deployment in a live cellular network,” IEEE Trans. Electromagn.Compat., vol. 59, no. 6, pp. 2029–2037, Dec. 2017.
• D. Micheli, M. Barazzetta, C. Carlini, R. Diamanti, V. Mariani Primiani, and F. Moglie, “Testing of thecarrier aggregation mode for a live LTE base station in reverberation chamber,” IEEE Trans. Veh.Technol., 2016, available online. DOI: 10.1109/TVT.2016.2587662.
• Guidelines for evaluation of radio interface technologies for IMT– Advanced, InternationalTelecommunication Union - ITU Report M.2135-1, Dec. 2009.
• Propagation data and prediction methods for the planning of indoor radiocommunication systems andradio local area networks in the frequency range 900 MHz to 100 GHz, InternationalTelecommunication Union - ITU Recommendation P.1238-7, Feb. 2012.
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• C. L. Holloway, H. A. Shah, R. J. Pirkl, K. A. Remley, D. A. Hill, and J. Ladbury, “Early time behavior in reverberation chambers and its effect
on the relationships between coherence bandwidth, chamber decay time, RMS delay spread, and the chamber buildup time,” IEEE Trans.
Electromagn. Compat., vol. 54, no. 4, pp. 714–725, Aug. 2012.
• X. Chen, P.-S. Kildal, C. Orlenius, and J. Carlsson, “Channel sounding of loaded reverberation chamber for over-the-air testing of wireless
devices: Coherence bandwidth versus average mode bandwidth and delay spread,” IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 8, pp. 678–681,
2009.
• C. L. Holloway, D. A. Hill, J. M. Ladbury, P. F. Wilson, G. Koepke, and J. Coder, “On the use of reverberation chambers to simulate a Rician
radio environment for the testing of wireless devices,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 54, no. 11, pp. 3167–3177, Nov. 2006.
• K. A. Remley, R. J. Pirkl, C.-M. Wang, D. Seni´c, A. C. Homer, M. V. North, M. G. Becker, R. D. Horansky, and C. L. Holloway, “Estimating
and correcting the device-under-test transfer function in loaded reverberation chambers for over-the-air tests,” IEEE Trans. Electromagn.
Compat., 2017, accepted for pubblication, DOI: 10.1109/TEMC.2017.2708985.
• E. Genender, C. L. Holloway, K. A. Remley, J. Ladbury, G. Koepke, and H. Garbe, “Use of reverberation chamber to simulate the power delay
profile of a wireless environment,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Electromagn. Compat., Hamburg, Germany, Sep. 2008, pp. 1–6.
• O. Delangre, P. De Doncker, M. Lienard, and P. Degauque, “Delay spread and coherence bandwidth in reverberation chamber,” Electronics
Letters, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 328–329, 2008.
• L. Bastianelli, L. Giacometti, V. Mariani Primiani, and F. Moglie, “Effect of absorber number and positioning on the power delay profile of a
reverberation chamber,” in 2015 IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC), Dresden, Germany, Aug. 2015,pp.
422–427.
• ——, “Verification of radiated multi-antenna reception performance of user equipment (UE) (release 12),” ETSI, Sophia Antipolis Cedex,
France, 3GPP Technical Specification TR37.977, V12.1.0, Mar. 2014.
• P.-S. Kildal, C. Orlenius, and J. Carlsson, “OTA testing in multipath of antennas and wireless devices with MIMO and OFDM,” Proc. IEEE, no.
7, pp. 2145–2157, Jul. 2012.
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References, cont.
References, cont.• N. Janssen, K. A. Remley, C. L. Holloway, and W. F. Young, “Correlation coefficient and loading effects
for MIMO antennas in a reverberation chamber,” in Int. Symp. Electromagn. Compat. (EMC EUROPE),
Brugge, Belgium, Sep. 2013, pp. 514–519.
• P.-S. Kildal and K. Rosengren, “Correlation and capacity of MIMO systems and mutual coupling,
radiation efficiency and diversity gain of their antennas: Simulations and measurements in reverberation
chamber,” IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 42, no. 12, pp. 102–112, Dec. 2004.
• D. Micheli, M. Barazzetta, F. Moglie and V. Mariani Primiani, "Power Boosting and Compensation During OTA Testing of a Real 4G LTE Base Station in Reverberation Chamber," in IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 623-634, Aug. 2015.
• A. J. Pomianek, K. Staniec, and Z. Joskiewicz, "Practical Remarks on Measurement and Simulation Methods to Emulate the Wireless Channel in the Reverberation Chamber," Progress In Electromagnetics Research, Vol. 105, 49-69, 2010.
Many, many others .. sorry for missing.
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Dedicated sessions at Conferences• EMC Europe 2019, INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM AND EXHIBITION ON
ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY, 2-6 SEPT. 2019, BARCELONA,
SPAIN.
• IEEE EMCS Symposium on ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY,
SIGNAL & POWER INTEGRITY, 22-26 July, 2019, New Orleans,
Louisiana).