Cost Action FA 0905 - UMBCost Action FA 0905 . First Annual Meeting . Mineral Improved Crop...

Cost Action FA 0905 First Annual Meeting

Mineral Improved Crop Production

for Healthy Food and Feed

Belek – Antalya

TURKEY

1-5 November 2010

Local Organizing Committee:

Ismail Cakmak

Levent Ozturk

U. Baris Kutman

Bahar Yildiz

S. Bahar Aciksoz

First Annual Meeting of the COST Action FA 0905 Mineral Improved Crop Production for Healthy Food and Feed Antalya, Turkey, 1-5 November 2010

PROGRAM

Monday, 1 November 2010

14:00-24:00 Arrival of participants and check-in 14:00-19:00 Registration 19:00-20:30 Welcome Cocktail

Tuesday, 2 November 2010

(Conference Room: Ottoman-I) 08:00-09:00 Registration 09:10-09:30 Opening Speeches (Bal Ram Singh, Ismail Cakmak) 09:30-12.20 Session I:

Soil-Plant Interactions & Physiology (Working Group I) Chair: Bal Ram Singh, Norway

09:30-10:10 Keynote Lecture:

Philip J. White, UK

Contribution of Plant Mineral Nutrition to Sustainable Development and Global Health

10:10-10:30 Micronutrient Management Strategies - How to Utilize Local and

Site-Specific Resources to Produce High Quality Products? Ingrid Öborn, Sweden

10:30-11:00 Coffee Break 11:00-11:20 Roles of Nitrogen and Zinc Nutrition in Biofortification of Wheat

Grain Ümit Barış Kutman, Türkiye

11:20-11:40 Zn Uptake Kinetics of two Wheat Cultivars Differing in Zn

Efficiency and Development of the Permeation Liquid Membrane Technique (PLM) for Free Zn Measurements in Solutions

Anja Gramlich, Switzerland 11:40-12:00 Integrated Experimental and Modeling Approach to Identify

Processes Controlling Micronutrient Bioavailability in the Rhizosphere

Ellis Hoffland, Netherlands


12:00-12.20 Effectiveness of Iodine Biofortification and Mineral Composition of

Spinach Depending on Iodine Form and Method of its Application Wlodzimierz Sady, Poland

12:20-13:30 Lunch 13:30-15:00 Poster Session 15:00-17.30 Session II:

Soil-Plant Interactions & Physiology (Working Group I) Chair: Rainer Schulin, Switzerland


Steve McGrath, UK

Agronomic and molecular approaches to reduce accumulation of non-nutritive elements (e.g., cadmium and arsenic) in food crops

15:40-16:00 HarvestPlus-Global Zinc Fertilizer Project Ismail Cakmak, Türkiye 16:00-16:30 Coffee Break 16:30-16:50 Copper Uptake and Phenotypic Plasticity of Sunflower Mutant

Lines Michel Mench, France

16:50-17:10 Speciation and Si Influence on As in Lettuce

Maria Greger, Sweden 17:10-17:30 Exponential Decrease in the Concentration of Essential (Cu, Zn, Fe,

Mn) and Toxic (As, Cd, Pb) Trace Elements in Shoots during the Development of Field-Grown Maize and its Correlation with the Concentration in the Grain Christophe Nguyen, France

17:30-18:00 General Discussions

Wednesday, 3 November 2010

09:00-12:30 Session III:(Working Group II)

Molecular Biology, Genetics and Breeding

Chair: Jan K. Schjoerring, Denmark


Elsbeth L. Walker, USA

Molecular Biological Approaches to Improving Iron Concentration of Food Crops

09.40-10.00 Quantitative Localization of Iron in Arabidopsis thaliana Seeds

Magali Schnell Ramos, France


10.00-10.20 Identification of Zinc-Binding Proteins in Rice Endosperm

James Stangoulis, Australia 10.20-10.40 Modification of the Plant Zinc Deficiency Response towards

Increased Zinc Biofortification Mark Aarts, The Netherlands

10.40-11.10 Coffee Break 11.10-11.30 Learning from Extremes: Elevated Levels of Nicotianamine are

Important for Zn Accumulation in Arabidopsis halleri Stephan Clemens, Germany

11.30-11.50 Cadmium efflux from the root appears to be a major determinant

controlling cadmium accumulation in lettuce leaves Pierre Berthomieu, France 11.50-12.10 Tolerance and Detoxification Mechanisms of Arsenic in Plants:

Role of Antioxidant Enzymes Annabelle Austruy, France

12.10-12.30 Insights into the Ionomic and Transcriptomic Responses of Plants

to Magnesium Availability Christian Hermans, Belgium

12:30-13:00 General Discussions 13:00-14:00 Lunch 14:15-17:45 Excursion (Ancient Pamphylian Cities: Aspendos and Perge; attendance fee: 20 EURO including the entrance fees) 19:30-22:30 Conference Dinner

Thursday, 4 November 2010

09:00-12:10 Session IV:Working Groups 3&4

Plant Product Processing and Human Nutrition

Chair: Martin Broadley, UK


Jan K. Schjoerring, Denmark

Enhanced Content and Bioavailability of Iron and Zinc in the Endosperm of Rice Seeds by Activation-Tagging of Nicotianamine Synthase


09:40-10:00 Biofortification in Common Bean: Identification and

Characterization of a LPA (Low Phytic Acid) Mutant Francesca Sparvoli, Italy

10:00-10:20 In vitro Digestion Model of Food Components by Using Human

Gastrointestinal Enzymes Gerd Elisabeth Vegarud, Norway

10:20-10:50 Coffee Break 10:50-11:10 Evaluation of Iron Bioavailability from Potato Cultivars for

Human Consumption Lisa Miranda, Luxembourg

11:10-11:30 Identification and Quantification of Nutritionally Relevant Forms

of Iron within Cereal Endosperm to Assess Potential Bioavailability, Using Size Exclusion Chromatography Coupled with Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Tristan Eagling, UK

11:30-11:50 A Bread Wheat Zinc Biofortification Project: Chelating Action of

Food Additives in Fortified Flour and Technological Development of Alternatives to Potentiate Zinc Bioavailability Maria Manuela Abreu da Silva, Portugal

11:50-13:30 Lunch 12:30-14:00 MC Meeting 13:30-15:00 Poster Session 15:00-16:20 Session V:

Working Groups 3&4 Plant Product Processing and Human Nutrition

Chair: Elsbeth L. Walker, USA


Martin Broadley, UK

Agronomic Biofortification of Foods with Macro- and Micro-Mineral Elements

15:40-16:00 Chromium Uptake by Trigonella Foenum-Graecum, a Medicinal

Herb with Anti-Diabetic Activity Charlotte Poschenrieder, Spain

16:00-16:20 Practical Approaches to Increase Selenium as Essential Metalloid

in Human Diet Hassan Azaizeh, Israel

16:20-16:50 General Discussions

First Annual Meeting of the COST Action FA 0905 Mineral Improved Crop Production for Healthy Food and Feed Antalya, Turkey, 1-5 November 2010 16:50-17:20 Coffee Break 17:20-18:20 Conference Panel (Panelists: Stephan Clemens, Francesca Sparvoli, Steve

McGrath, Michel Mench, Lisa Miranda, Bal Ram Singh)

18:20-18:40 Poster Prizes and Closing Speeches (e.g., next meetings/activities) Peter Schröder and Bal Ram Singh

Friday, 5 November 2010

……-12:30 Check-out / Departures


POSTER PRESENTATIONS

1. Immobilization of Cadmium in Rhizosphere of Vegetables by Application of Compost Stefan SHILEV

, Todor BABRIKOV, Enrique D. SANCHO

2. Effects of Irrigation with Metal-Contaminated Water on Soil Solution Speciation and Metal Soil-Plant Transfer Fayçal KERBOUA,

Laurence DENAIX, Nancy ZAAROUR, Valérie SAPPIN-DIDIER

3. Effective Utilization of Crop Production at Low Contaminated Site in Czech Republic Šárka PETROVÁ

, Mikuláš MADARAS, Petr SOUDEK, Jan LIPAVSKÝ, Petr HUTLA, Tomáš VANĚK

4. Cd and Zn Speciation and Mobility in Contaminated Soil: Physical Micro-Characterization, Chemical Extraction and Isotopic Exchange Kinetics Methods Valérie SAPPIN-DIDIER

, Yann SIVRY, Marguerite MUNOZ, Jean RIOTTE, Laurence DENAIX, Bernard DUPRÉ

5. Uptake and Localization of Cadmium and Lead in Typha latifolia Lyudmila LYUBENOVA, Paula PONGRAC,

Peter SCHRÖDER

6. Quantification of Trace Element Fluxes (As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn) to Agricultural Fields Amended with Pig Slurry Laurence DENAIX, Christophe NGUYEN

, Julien HÉROULT, Corinne PARAT, Gaetane LESPES, Martine POTIN-GAUTIER, Regis COUDURE, Sylvie DAUGUET

7. Evaluation of the Soil Toxicity before and after Culture of Cannabis sativa L. Using Standardized Ecotoxicological Bioassays A. AUSTRUY

, Q. SICARD, P. VERNAY, C. GAUTHIER-MOUSSARD, A. HITMI

8. Associations between Soil P Dynamics and Buckwheat Biomass Yields

Saulius MARCINKONIS

9. Zinc Nutrition Effect on Antioxidative Responses to Cadmium of three Wheat Genotypes Differing in Zinc Efficiency A. SANAEIOSTOVAR, A.H. KHOSHGOFTARMANESH

, H. SHARIATMADARI, M. AFYUNI, R. SCHULIN

10. Elevated Concentration of Nitrogen Oxides in atmosphere as cause of nutrient leaching from vegetation Edita BALTRĖNAITĖ,

Pranas BALTRĖNAS


11. Microelements and Cadmium in Grain of Wheat Grown in Poland

Grzegorz SIEBIELEC

, Rafal GALAZKA, Tomasz STUCZYNSKI

12. Selenium in the Soil-Plant System from South-Eastern Part of Romania Radu LĂCĂTUŞU

, Anca-Rovena LĂCĂTUŞU, Mihaela Monica ALDEA, Mihaela LUNGU, Mihaela Venera STROE

13. The Plant Cell Wall in Plant Protection D. RICHTEROVÁ, Z. VATEHOVÁ, K. KOLLÁROVÁ, A. MALOVÍKOVÁ, I. ZELKO,

D. LIŠKOVÁ

14. Beneficial Effects of Nickel Nutrition: Nickel Ameliorates Toxicity Symptoms Caused by Foliar Urea Application in Soybean Bahar YILDIZ

, U. Baris KUTMAN, Ismail CAKMAK

15. Nitrogen Nutrition Increased Release of Phytosiderophores and Root Uptake of Fe(III)-Phytosiderophore Complex in Fe-Deficient Wheat Seher Bahar ACIKSOZ

, Levent OZTURK, Ozay Ozgur GOKMEN, Volker ROMHELD, Ismail CAKMAK

16. Influence of Fertilizers on Bioavailability of Lead and Persistent Organic Pollutants Lidiya MOKLYACHUK

, Nataliya MAKARENKO, Volodymyr MAKARENKO, Olexandr NIKITJUK

17. The Possible Interactions of Copper in Vineyards: Soil and Plant, Physiology and Biochemistry Tjasa JUG

, Denis Rusjan

18. Reaction of Root Tissues to Cadmium Treatment Alexander LUX

, Michal MARTINKA, Marek VACULÍK

19. Spatial Variability of Cadmium Absorption in Intact Roots of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Marie-Aline LAPORTE

, Laurence DENAIX, Sylvie DAUGUET, Francis FLENET, Stéphane THUNOT, Christophe NGUYEN

20. Agricultural Use Impact of Urban Waster; Chemical Study of Trace Metals Dynamics in Soil-Plant System Senda ZARROUK

, Naïma KOLSI BENZINA, Alain BERMOND

21. Relationship between Available Phosphorus and Total Cadmium under Different Land Uses Vladimir IVEZIĆ

, Bal Ram SINGH, Zdenko LONČARIĆ

22. Phytoremediation of Agricultural Soils Tommy LANDBERG

and Maria GREGER


23. Photosynthetic Performance in Barley – An Evaluating Tool of Cadmium Tolerance Fernando Cebola LIDON, Andon VASSILEV, Benvindo MAÇÃS, José Prates COUTINHO, Ana Sofia ALMEIDA, Ana Luisa FERNANDO, Maria Paula DUARTE, Maria Manuela ABREU DA SILVA, António Eduardo LEITÃO, Ana Isabel RIBEIRO,

José Cochicho RAMALHO

24. A Bread Wheat Zinc Biofortification Project – Genotypes Screening to Obtain a Prototype Ana Sofia ALMEIDA

, Benvindo MAÇÃS, José Prates COUTINHO, Ana Luisa FERNANDO, José Cochicho RAMALHO, António Eduardo LEITÃO, Ana Isabel RIBEIRO, Maria Paula DUARTE, Maria Manuela ABREU DA SILVA, Fernando Cebola LIDON

25. A Bread Wheat Zinc Biofortification Project – Nutritiotnal and Technological Flour Evaluation António Eduardo LEITÃO, Maria Paula DUARTE

, Maria Manuela ABREU DA SILVA, Benvindo MAÇÃS, José Prates COUTINHO, Ana Sofia ALMEIDA, Ana Luisa FERNANDO, José Cochicho RAMALHO, Ana Isabel RIBEIRO, Fernando Cebola LIDON

26. A Bread Wheat Zinc Biofortification Project – Physiological and Molecular Characterization of Grain Filling José Cochicho RAMALHO, Ana Isabel RIBEIRO, Benvindo MAÇÃS, José Prates COUTINHO, Ana Sofia ALMEIDA, Ana Luisa FERNANDO, Maria Paula DUARTE, Maria Manuela ABREU DA SILVA, António Eduardo LEITÃO,

Fernando Cebola LIDON

27. A Bread Wheat Zinc Biofortification Project – Assessment of Low-Technology Processing Methods to Reduce the Phytate Content of Cereals Ana Luisa FERNANDO

, Maria Paula DUARTE, António Eduardo LEITÃO, José Cochicho RAMALHO, Ana Sofia ALMEIDA, Benvindo MAÇÃS, José Prates COUTINHO, Maria Manuela ABREU DA SILVA, Ana Isabel RIBEIRO, Fernando Cebola LIDON

28. Is AtHMA4 a Good Candidate for Biofortification Strategies? Justyna RUDZKA

, Anna BARABASZ, Lorraine WILLIAMS, Danuta M. ANTOSIEWICZ

29. Evaluation of Andean Potatoes as Sources of Mineral Micronutrients; Focus on Iron Danièle EVERS

, Sylvain LEGAY, Isabelle LEFÈVRE, Cédric GUIGNARD, Joanna ZIEBEL, Torsten BOHN

30. Threats Concerning Consumption of Self-Provisioning Crops Produced in Areas with Elevated Concentrations of Pb and Cd in Soil

Jadwiga GZYL


31. Differences in Cadmium Concentration in Barley Grains Depending on Cultivars

and Sites Marta POGRZEBA

, Aleksandra SAS-NOWOSIELSKA, Jacek KRZYŻAK

32. In vitro Conversion of Selenium Species by Human Intestinal Microbiota R.V. Srikanth. LAVU,

Tom van de Wiele, Katrijn Van den Broeck, Filip Tack, Gijs Du Laing


ABSTRACTS OF

ORAL PRESENTATIONS


*S1.1. CONTRIBUTIONS OF PLANT MINERAL NUTRITION

TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND GLOBAL HEALTH

Philip J. White

Scottish Crop Research Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK

Keywords: Biofortification, Fertiliser, Genetics, Ionomics, Mineral

This lecture reflects on the definition of food security as having sufficient, safe and nutritious

food to meet the dietary needs of an active and healthy life. It provides an introduction to

plant mineral nutrition and explains how mineral elements are acquired by roots and

distributed within plants. It observes that crop production is often limited by low

phytoavailability of essential mineral elements and/or the presence of excessive

concentrations of potentially toxic mineral elements. It describes the strategies by which

plants strive to overcome these environmental limitations. It introduces the concept of the

ionome (the elemental composition of a subcellular structure, cell, tissue or organism), and

describes how the ionome is affected by environmental and genetic factors. It observes that

the activities of key transport proteins can determine tissue and cellular ionomes. It reviews

how current research in agronomy and plant breeding is addressing the problems of mineral

toxicities in agricultural soils to improve food security and the optimization of fertilizer

applications for economic and environmental sustainability. It concludes with a perspective

on how agriculture can produce edible crops that contribute sufficient mineral elements for

adequate animal and human nutrition through a combination of appropriate agronomic and

genetic strategies.

* S1.1: Session 1; 1. presentation


S1.2. MICRONUTRIENT MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES - HOW TO UTILIZE

LOCAL AND SITE SPECIFIC RESOURCES TO PRODUCE HIGH QUALITY

PRODUCTS?

Ingrid Öborn1

Robin Walker4, Christine A Watson4, Maria Wivstad1

, Jan Bertilsson1, Colin D Campbell2, A Sigrun Dahlin1, Anthony C Edwards3,

Jan Eriksson1, Bodil E Frankow-Lindberg1, Stephen Hillier2, Bodil Lindström1, Lisbeth

Linse1, David Lumsdon2, Atefeh Ramezanian1, Charlie Shand2, Alex H Sinclair4,

1Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden,

[email protected], 2Macaulay Institute, Aberdeen AB15 8QH, UK; 3Nether Backhill,

Aberdeenshire, UK; 4Scottish Agricultural College (SAC), Aberdeen, UK.

Keywords: forage crops, geochemistry, plant uptake, soil amender, soil mineralogy

There has been a significant increase in demand for organic products in recent years. In

addition, climate change conscious consumers show preference for local products with low

food miles. A greater emphasis on farming systems that rely upon local sources while being

environmentally friendly, may increase the longer-term risk of issues related to micronutrient

imbalances. How can these trends be combined with an effort to optimise food and feed

quality, e.g. in relation to micronutrients? This research is designed to gain knowledge on

how soils can be managed and plant species selected to supply the optimum micronutrient

(e.g. B, Co, Cu, Fe, Mo, Mn, Ni, Se and Zn) profile of forage crops and to contribute to the

development of sustainable farm management strategies based on local resources. The

potential of utilizing site specific properties, common and novel herbage species is explored

together with options for local micronutrient (re)cycling. A suite of complementary

approaches are used including national soil, plant and veterinary survey and monitoring data,

and long-term experiments from Sweden and Scotland. Soils of contrasting geochemistry and

mineralogy are used in experiments testing a range of forage species and varieties, and soil

amenders. Plant performance and quality, and soil-microbe interactions are examples of

aspects included in the studies.


S1.3. ROLES OF NITROGEN AND ZINC NUTRITION IN

BIOFORTIFICATION OF WHEAT GRAIN

Umit Baris Kutman1

Emin Bulent Erenoglu2, Ismail Cakmak1

, Bahar Yildiz1, Yasemin Ceylan1,

1Sabanci University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey 2Cukurova University, Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 01330, Adana, Turkey

Keywords: biofortification, wheat, zinc, nitrogen, iron

Deficiencies of zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) are widespread nutritional problems, caused mainly by

low dietary intake. Biofortification of cereal grains with Zn and Fe in order to alleviate the

health problems associated with these deficiencies is a global challenge. In this project, the

potential of N fertilization in biofortification of wheat grain was investigated. For this

purpose, wheat plants were grown with different N and Zn treatments under greenhouse or

growth chamber conditions. Increasing N application improved the grain Zn and Fe

concentrations by up to 100%. This impact of N on grain Zn concentration disappeared at low

Zn supply, whereas the combination of high N and Zn treatments gave rise to synergistic

results. Improving the N nutrition enhanced the Zn and Fe concentrations not only in the

whole grain but also the endosperm, the most widely consumed part of wheat grain. In both

short-term and long-term experiments, some of which utilized the radioisotope 65Zn, it was

clearly demonstrated that an improved N nutritional status is associated with enhanced

uptake, root-to-shoot translocation and remobilization of Zn. As an agronomic biofortification

tool, optimized N applications may rapidly and effectively contribute to the mitigation of Zn

and Fe deficiency problems in developing countries.


S1.4. ZINC UPTAKE KINETICS OF TWO WHEAT CULTIVARS

DIFFERING IN ZINC EFFICIENCY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE

PERMEATION LIQUID MEMBRANE TECHNIQUE (PLM)

FOR FREE ZINC MEASUREMENTS IN SOLUTIONS

Anja Gramlich1

, Susan Tandy1, Emmanuel Frossard2, Rainer Schulin1

1Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Switzerland 2Institute for Plant, Animal and Agroecosystems Sciences, ETH Zurich, Switzerland

Keywords: Free Zn, Organo-Zn-Complexes, Permeation Liquid Membrane, Uptake Kinetics,

Wheat

Organic ligands can increase the mobility of metals in soils. Little is known about whether

organo-zinc-complexes in the soil solution can also play a direct role in the uptake of zinc

(Zn) by plants. In a preliminary experiment for studying the role of soil organic ligands in Zn

uptake by wheat roots we studied the kinetics of Zn influx into seedlings of two Iranian wheat

genotypes: the Zn-inefficient cultivar Kavir and the Zn-efficient cultivar Back Cross Rushan.

Zinc influxes into roots and shoots were determined at free Zn concentrations between 0.005-

20 µM in short-term hydroponic uptake experiments using 65-Zn labeling and EDTA for

buffering free Zn concentrations. Michaelis-Menten constants (Km) were between 1-2 µM

Zn2+ in both cultivars. When comparing the effect of ligands on Zn-uptake, the free Zn in

solution is an important parameter. Free Zn concentrations were therefore modeled and the

predictions were verified experimentally using the Permeation Liquid Membrane (PLM)

technique, a method described in the literature for Cd, Cu and Pb speciation in aquatic

chemistry. However, the method has never been used for Zn speciation. At free Zn

concentrations, the method was stable and gave reproducible results, giving a pre-

concentration factor of 639±39 after 2h contact time at pH 7.2. We will now use the

determined Km values and the PLM method in subsequent experiments in which we are

comparing the influence of different organic ligands on Zn uptake by wheat.


S1.5. INTEGRATED EXPERIMENTAL AND MODELING APPROACH

TO IDENTIFY PROCESSES CONTROLLING

MICRONUTRIENT BIOAVAILABILITY IN THE RHIZOSPHERE

Ellis Hoffland

, Xiaopeng Gao, Andreas Duffner and Erwin Temminghoff

Wageningen University, Dept. Soil Quality

Our work should contribute to alleviation of micronutrient deficiency problems and aims at

identifying soil and plant factors affecting Zn and Fe bioavailability. In a project on Zn we

identified Zn mobilization mechanisms by rice. Genotypes with a higher Zn uptake responded

to Zn deficiency with increased root exudation of malate, but the increase was too small to

explain the higher Zn uptake. In a new project we aim to integrate rhizosphere chemistry,

physics and biology. Our methodology will be generalized such that it can be used to evaluate

rhizosphere metal bioavailability in a broader context, including contaminated soils.

Genotypes of rice and rapeseed will be grown in rhizoboxes for in situ sampling of

rhizosphere and bulk soil solution with micro-suction cups. High resolution analyses of

metals and low molecular weight organic acids and other relevant parameters (pH, DOC) will

be done. These rhizosphere parameters will be used to simulate rhizosphere conditions in

batch experiments to understand the chemical speciation of trace metals using the Donnan

Membrane Technique. A model will be developed for numerical studies on speciation and

transport processes in the rhizosphere and to connect the different scales of observation and of

controlling processes.


S1.6. EFFECTIVENESS OF IODINE BIOFORTIFICATION AND MINERAL

COMPOSITION OF SPINACH DEPENDING ON IODINE FORM AND

METHOD OF ITS APPLICATION

Włodzimierz Sady

, Sylwester Smoleń

Department of Soil Cultivation and Fertilization of Horticultural Plants

Faculty of Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Poland

Keywords: biofortification, biological quality, iodine, mineral composition, spinach

Objectives: Biofortification of vegetables with iodine can become an alternative (in reference to salt

iodization) method of introducing this element to human diet. Iodine is not an essential nutrient for

plants and its effect on plant growth and development has not yet been sufficiently examined.

Methods: In the present research, pot cultivation of spinach ‘Olbrzym zimowy’ cv. was carried on

heavy soil and differentiated iodine forms and ways of application were studied: 1- control (without

iodine application), 2- pre-sowing KI fertilization, 3- pre-sowing KIO3 fertilization, 4- fertigation with

KI, 5- fertigation with KIO3. In combinations no.2 and 3 iodine was applied in a dose of 1 mg I per 1

dm3 of soil. In combinations no.4 and 5, water solution of iodine in the concentration of 0.0004% was

used – total amount of ≈ 1 mg I∙dm -3 was introduced to soil throughout spinach cultivation. The

content of I, P, K, Mg, Ca, S, Na, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, Mo, Cd and Pb was determined in spinach

plants using ICP-OES technique, N-total by Kiejdahl method, while nitrates – with FIA technique.

Results: Introduction of iodine through fertigation proved to be much more effective in respect to

iodine biofortification of spinach than pre-sowing fertilization with this element (by 339% - 498%

with higher results obtained for KIO3 than KI). Soil fertilization with KI contributed to increased

concentration of nitrates in spinach. Lowered content of N-total and Ca as well as higher accumulation

of Fe were found in plants from combinations no. 2, 4 and 5. Generally, application of iodine in

spinach cultivation (combinations 2-5) reduced Na and Zn content in plants. Pre-sowing fertilization

with KI and KIO3 decreased Pb accumulation in spinach. No influence of iodine fertilization and

fertigation was found in reference to the content of P, K, Mg, S, B, Cu, Mn, Mo and Cd in spinach

plants.

Conclusions: Fertigation with iodine (particularly in the form of KIO3) turned out more effective for

biofortification of spinach with this element than pre-sowing fertilization. Higher iodine contents

were determined in plants treated with KIO3 than KI. Introduction of iodine to soil variously

influenced mineral composition of spinach plants.


S2.1. AGRONOMIC AND MOLECULAR APPROACHES TO REDUCE

ACCUMULATION OF NON-NUTRITIVE ELEMENTS

(e.g. CADMIUM, ARSENIC etc.) IN FOOD CROPS

Steve P. McGrath

and Fang-Jie Zhao

Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom

Keywords: accumulation, arsenic, cadmium, food, remediation

Cadmium and arsenic are non-essential for plants and harmful to human health. The European Food

Standard Authority has recently called for reductions in the intake of these elements by humans from

food. It is therefore important to understand the soil, agronomic and plant factors that influence the

accumulation of Cd and As in the edible parts of food crops. Both elements may be present in

agricultural soils at levels that are not phytotoxic but may lead to accumulation exceeding the current

limits. Plant species vary widely in the accumulation of Cd and As. Some vegetables are accumulators

of Cd whilst rice is particularly efficient in As accumulation. The bioavailability of both As and Cd is

strongly influenced by the redox conditions of paddy soil; aerobic cultivation can greatly decrease As

accumulation by rice but increase Cd accumulation. Recently, significant progress has been made in

understanding the molecular mechanisms of As and Cd accumulation in rice. Arsenite, the

predominant chemical species of As in anaerobic soil, is taken up by rice mainly through the silicon

pathway; two Si transporters which are strongly expressed in rice roots are able to transport arsenite

(Ma et al. 2008). Adding Si fertilizer can substantially decrease As accumulation by rice. A P1B-type

ATPase, HMA3, has been identified as a Cd transporter localised to the tonoplast of root cells of rice

(Ueno et al. 2010). Over-expression of this gene in rice enhances Cd sequestration in roots and reduces

its translocation to shoots. Some indica cultivars of rice possess a non-functional allele of this gene

and consequently a highly efficient Cd translocation from roots to shoots, a character that may be

exploited for the phytoremediation purposes. These new findings open the way for developing

strategies to decrease As and Cd transfer in the food chain.

References:

Ma JF, Yamaji N, Mitani N, Xu XY, Su YH, McGrath SP, Zhao FJ (2008) Transporters of arsenite in

rice and their role in arsenic accumulation in rice grain. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 105: 9931–9935

Ueno D, Yamajia N, Kono I, Huang CF, Ando T, Yano M, Ma JF (2010) Gene limiting cadmium

accumulation in rice. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 107: 16500-16505


S2.2. HARVESTPLUS: GLOBAL ZINC FERTILIZER PROJECT

Ismail Cakmak

Sabanci University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey

Keywords: agronomic biofortification, HarvestPlus, nitrogen, zinc, wheat

Zinc deficiency is a global nutritional problem in crop plants and human populations. In

general regions with Zn deficient soils coincide with the regions where Zn deficiency in

humans is widespread. This highlights the importance of soil Zn deficiency in widespread

occurrence of Zn deficiency in human populations. Since cereal grains have inherently low Zn

concentrations, growing them on micronutrient deficient soils further decreases grain Zn and

thus the daily intake of Zn through diets. Application of Zn-containing fertilizers (agronomic

biofortification) offers a rapid solution to the problem, and represents an important

complementary approach to genetic solutions. HarvestPlus Zinc Fertilizer Project, initiated on

April 2008, evaluates the potential of various Zn-containing fertilizers for increasing Zn

concentration of cereal grains and improving crop production in different target countries.

Based on the results to-date, grain Zn concentrations were significantly increased by foliar Zn

applications while soil Zn applications was less effective. Wheat has been found to be the

most promising cereal crop for increasing Zn in grains through foliar Zn fertilization. The

trials also showed that N-nutritional status of plants appears to be a very critical factor in

enrichment of grain with Zn. The project represents an excellent social responsibility project

and a successful global partnership that seeks a short-term solution to the well-known Zn

deficiency problem in human nutrition and also in crop production.


S2.3. COPPER UPTAKE AND PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY OF

SUNFLOWER MUTANT LINES

Mench M.

1, Kolbas A.1,2, Herzig R.3, Nehnevajova E.4

1UMR BIOGECO INRA 1202, Ecology of Communities, University of Bordeaux 1, Bât B8,

RdC Est, avenue des Facultés, F-33405 Talence, France. [email protected]; 2Brest

State University named after A.S. Pushkin, Boulevard of Cosmonauts, 21, 224016, Brest,

Belarus; 3Phytotech Foundation, Quartiergasse 12, CH - 3013 Berne, Switzerland; 4Institute

of Biology/Applied Genetics, Free University of Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 6, DE - 14195

Berlin, Germany

Keywords: copper, phenotypic trait, soil solution, sunflower, uptake

Sunflower mutant lines have been selected for metal uptake using a fast-track breeding method

(Nehnevajova et al. 2009). The purpose was to assess their Cu uptake and phenotypic plasticity vs.

total soil Cu and Cu concentration in soil pore water.

Sunflower cultivars and mutant lines were cultivated in 2008 and 2009 in field plots (n=31, 21-1170

Cu kg-1, Gironde, SW France). Concurrently, pot experiments were carried out on soils from the plots

and a soil series obtained by the fading technique (21-832 mg Cu kg-1). Soil pore waters were

collected using Rhizon MOM moister samplers.

(1) Shoot FW and DW, capitulum and seed yields, foliar and shoot elemental concentrations were

determined. At high Cu exposure, Cu removal peaked in mutant lines and one commercial cultivar.

(2) (1 month-old) mutant line 1 [6th generation, 1/67-35-190-04]: chlorophyll and carotenoid densities,

stem length, water content, leaf, stem and root biomasses, leaf area and asymmetry were determined.

Cu uptake indicators were computed: TF (translocation factor: shoot Cu conc. vs. root Cu conc.) and

BCF (bioconcentration factor: shoot Cu conc. vs. total soil Cu conc.). Phenotypic plasticity of

sunflower mutant lines, and leaf and shoot Cu concentrations are discussed in relation to Cu exposure.

Reference:

Nehnevajova, E., Herzig, R., Bourigault, C., Bangerter, S., Schwitzguébel, J.P. 2009a. Stability of

enhanced yield and metal uptake by sunflower mutants for improved phytoremediation. Int. J.

Phytorem. 4, 329–346.

mailto:[email protected]�


S2.4. SPECIATION AND SI INFLUENCE ON AS IN LETTUCE

Maria Greger

, Arifin Sandhi and Tommy Landberg

Department of Botany, Stockholm university, 106 91 Stockholm, SWEDEN

Among vegetables, lettuce has a high As accumulation. To humans, organic As like

monomethylarsonate (MMA) and dimethylarsinate (DMA) is more harmful than the inorganic

form, arsenite and arsenate. Arsenic speciation in lettuce was therefore focused on in this

work. Furthermore, since silicon (Si) influences accumulation of toxic elements in plants the

effect by Si on uptake and speciation of As in lettuce was investigated. Different experiments

on uptake and effect of As in lettuce were performed under controlled conditions. Plants were

treated with arsenite and arsenate with or without Si. The content of total As as well as As

speciation in root and shoot was analysed. Arsenic was accumulated, more in roots than in

shoots, especially when arsenite was added, and 48% was bound to cell walls. Silicon

increased the shoot:root ratio of As when arsenite was added. In short term studies, Si

decreased the uptake of As. Independently of how As was added, there was always higher

concentration of arsenate than arsenite in the plant. Only when arsenate was added lettuce

contained organic As, MMA but no DMA. Silicon decreased the content of MMA. Silicon

addition decreased the As toxicity to the plant when arsenate was added.


S2.5. EXPONENTIAL DECREASE IN THE CONCENTRATION OF ESSENTIAL

(Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn) AND TOXIC (As, Cd, Pb) TRACE ELEMENTS IN SHOOTS

DURING THE DEVELOPMENT OF FIELD -GROWN MAIZE AND ITS

CORRELATION WITH THE CONCENTRATION IN THE GRAIN

NGUYEN1 Christophe

, DENAIX1 Laurence, BUSSIÈRE1 Sylvie, COUDURE2 Régis,

HÉROULT3 Julien, PARAT3 Corinne, LESPES3 Gaëtane, POTIN-GAUTIER3 Martine,

DAUGUET4 Sylvie

1UMR 1220 INRA, TCEM, BP 71, F33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France,

[email protected]; 2Maïzeurop - 21 chemin de Pau - F64121 Montardon

France; 3Université de Pau et Pays de l'Adour/CNRS, LCABIE, UMR 5254 IPREM, 2 av. P.

Angot F64053 Pau cedex 9, France; 4CETIOM rue Monge, Parc industriel F33600, Pessac,

France

Keyword: Crop quality, Maize, Model, Trace element accumulation

It is important to understand the dynamics of accumulation of essential and contaminant trace

elements by food crops in order to improve both their quality and their safety. The same

maize cultivar was planted in 4 different farms having contrasted soil conditions. The

concentrations of essential (Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn) and toxic (As, Cd, Pb) elements in shoots and in

grain were determined at 6 growth stages covering the entire cycle.

Whatever the trace element, the concentration in shoots decreased with growth indicating a

dilution in biomass. The decrease was more important for toxic trace elements than for

essential ones. The concentration in shoots was also correlated with the soil concentration of

total metals in soil, with soil pH, soil carbon and soil Cation Exchange Capacity, the nature of

the variable depending on the element. Hence, the shoot concentration in trace element can be

described by the multiplicative exponential model Conc=α(Shoot biomass)β(Soil variable)γ

with β<0.

The concentration of trace element in grain was not correlated with that of shoot except for

As. The results suggest that trace element accumulation in grain significantly derived from the

further root absorption and subsequent translocation in addition to possible remobilisation

from shoots.


S3.1. MOLECULAR BIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO IMPROVING IRON

CONCENTRATION OF FOOD CROPS

Elsbeth L. Walker1

University of Massachusetts1; University of Nebraska2; Dartmouth College3

, Brian M. Waters2, and Heng-Hsuan Chu3

Keywords: Iron, Zinc, Copper, Yellow Stripe-Like, Nicotianamine

Objectives: An understanding of the biochemical and molecular mechanisms underlying

plant nutrient transport and storage is necessary before safe and effective biofortification

strategies can be implemented. To contribute to this understanding, we are characterizing the

Yellow Stripe-Like (YSL) family of metal-nicotianamine (NA) transporters.

Methods: A double mutant that has null lesions in AtYSL1 and AtYSL3 displays strong

chlorosis and iron deficiency. Reproduction is also severely affected in double mutant plants.

We have analyzed the metal content of double mutant plants, and furthermore have performed

grafting experiments to understand the roles of YSL1 and YSL3 in seed production and seed

metal content.

Results and Conclusions: The double mutants failed to mobilize zinc and copper from

leaves. Seeds produced by the double mutant plants contained reduced levels of zinc and

copper. This demonstrates a role for YSLs in the re-distribution of metals from shoots to

seeds. We used inflorescence grafting of ysl1ysl3 scions to WT rosettes, predicting that seed

development would occur normally, and that levels of metals would be restored to normal in

seeds. However, while seed weight was restored by grafting, the levels of Fe, Zn and Cu in

seeds remained low, indicating complex roles for YSLs in reproduction.


S3.2. QUANTITATIVE LOCALIZATION OF IRON

IN ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA SEEDS

Magali Schnell Ramos

1, Hicham Khodja2, Sébastien Thomine1

1Institut des Sciences du Végétal, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; 2Laboratoire d'Etudes des

Eléments Légers, UMR 3299 CEA/CNRS SIS2M, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

Keywords: elemental imaging, Fe, seed, µPIXE

Since plant seeds feed a large part of the global human population, the understanding of seed

storage and remobilization processes of essential micronutrients, such as iron (Fe), manganese

(Mn) or zinc (Zn) is crucial to improve seed nutritional quality. In particular, Fe deficiency is

a major problem for agriculture as well as for human health. AtNRAMP3 and AtNRAMP4

are tonoplastic transporters involved in Fe and Mn vacuolar remobilization1,2. The

nramp3nramp4 double knockout mutant fails to remobilize vacuolar Fe stores and thus

exhibits strong hypersensitivity to Fe deficiency during seed germination. To explore the

mechanisms controlling Fe storage and remobilization in seeds, we have i) initiated a genetic

screen for suppressors based on our knowledge of the mechanisms of Fe mobilization and ii)

developed a quantitative elemental imaging method for seeds of the model plant Arabidopsis

thaliana.

Previous imaging techniques of Arabidopsis seeds revealed that Fe localizes around

provascular tissues but provided either non-quantitative data or approximate quantification of

Fe concentrations in the different seed tissues 1,3,4. At the meeting, we will present the µPIXE

(Particle-Induced X-ray emission with the use of focused ion beams) technique we used to

localize and quantify Fe in Arabidopsis WT and nramp3nramp4 mutant seeds.

References: 1 Lanquar et al. (2005) EMBO J. 24, 4041-51 2 Lanquar et al. (2010) Plant Physiol 152, 1986-1999 3 Kim et al. (2006) Science 314, 1295-98 4 Roschzttardtz et al. (2009) Plant Physiol. 151, 1329-38


S3.3. IDENTIFICATION OF ZINC-BINDING PROTEINS IN RICE ENDOSPERM

James Stangoulis

, Georgia Guild and Eun Young Choi

School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Sturt Rd, Bedford Park, South Australia

5042, Australia

Keywords: proteomics, rice, zinc, zinc-binding protein

Unlike most cereals, rice is able to accumulate significant amounts of zinc (Zn) in the

endosperm of its seed. The mechanism associated with this retention is still not known. The

aim of this study was to identify Zn-binding proteins in the endosperm of rice which would

contribute toward a physiological dissection of the mechanism of seed endosperm, Zn

accumulation. The concentration of Zn present in the endosperm of rice was correlated (r =

0.65) to the concentration of protein bound sulfhydryl groups. Zn-containing protein fractions

in rice endosperm were identified by size-exclusion (SE) - Fast Protein Liquid

Chromatography (FPLC), anion-exchange (AE)-FPLC, and ICP-OES (Inductively Coupled

Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry). After the fractions were separated by SDS-PAGE, a

proteomics approach identified eighteen putative Zn-binding proteins. FPLC analysis was

also conducted on grains with high and low Zn concentration to enable a comparative

analysis. The absorbance at 254 nm (metal-thiolate charge transfer spectra) of the Zn-

containing peak was 2-fold greater in the Zn-dense genotype. Results suggest that an increase

in Zn-thiolate formation within protein structures may be associated with a higher density of

Zn in rice grains.


S3.5. LEARNING FROM EXTREMES: ELEVATED LEVELS OF NICOTIANAMINE

ARE IMPORTANT FOR ZINC ACCUMULATION IN Arabidopsis halleri

Ulrich Deinlein1, Michael Weber1, Ina Talke2, Ute Krämer3, Holger Schmidt1, Stefan

Rensch1, Aleksandra Trampczynska1,

Stephan Clemens1

1Department of Plant Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Germany 2Max-Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Golm, Germany 3Department of Plant Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany

A promising approach to dissect Zn distribution and Zn accumulation pathways in plants

focuses on the ability of certain plant species to hyperaccumulate Zn. One such plant is

Arabidopsis halleri, a close relative of A. thaliana, and growing, for instance, in old mining

areas in Central Europe. Comparative transcriptome studies revealed that key homeostatic

processes such as Zn transport and Zn chelation are regulated differently in metal

hyperaccumulators. Among these metal hyperaccumulation candidate genes are nicotianamine

synthase (NAS) genes. Their higher expression in A. halleri roots translates into elevated

levels of nicotianamine (NA), a chelator of transition metal ions. We confirmed this for

several A. halleri populations from both metallicolous and non-metallicolous sites. Recently,

we found evidence for in vivo formation of NA-Zn complexes. In order to determine the role

of NAS genes for metal hyperaccumulation we generated A. halleri RNAi lines. They show

strongly reduced nicotianamine levels in their roots. A. halleri lines with strong suppression

of NAS2 transcript levels translocate significantly less Zn into the shoots. This finding

supports the hypothesis that nicotianamine keeps Zn ions mobile in the root for loading into

the xylem and plays a key role in governing Zn accumulation rates in plants.


S3.6. CADMIUM EFFLUX FROM THE ROOT APPEARS TO BE A MAJOR

DETERMINANT CONTROLLING CADMIUM ACCUMULATION

IN LETTUCE LEAVES

Walid ZORRIG1;2, Catherine SARROBERT3, Aïda ROUACHED1, Brigitte

MAISONNEUVE4, Jean-Claude DAVIDIAN1, Chedly ABDELLY2, Pierre BERTHOMIEU

1

1Biochimie & Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR CNRS-INRA-Université

Montpellier II-Montpellier SupAgro, Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier Cédex 1, France; 2Laboratoire des Plantes Extrêmophiles, Centre de Biotechnologie, BP 901, Hammam-Lif

2050, Tunisie; 3Groupe de Recherches Appliquées en Phytotechnologie, DEVM, CEN

Cadarache, 13108 St Paul les Durance, France; 4Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et

Légumes, UR INRA, 1052 Domaine St Maurice, BP 94, 84143 Montfavet Cédex, France

Keywords: cadmium accumulation, cadmium transport, food security, lettuce

We aim at characterizing mechanisms controlling cadmium accumulation in lettuce, which is a food

crop showing one of the highest capacities to accumulate this toxic compound.

Starting from a phenotypic and transcriptomic analysis of 18 lettuce genotypes representing the

genetic diversity of the species, we identified trends linking cadmium and zinc accumulation in roots

an shoots, cadmium translocation from roots to shoot, cadmium tolerance, and expression of a dozen

of candidate genes proposed to be involved in cadmium transport. A positive correlation linked

cadmium accumulation and the mRNA accumulation of an heavy metal efflux transporter.

Interestingly, measurements of 109Cd influx in roots and 109Cd efflux from roots revealed that the

genotype displaying the least cadmium accumulation could be discriminated from the genotype

displaying the highest one by its markedly increased ability to efflux cadmium from the roots to the

culture medium. Progeny analysis from crosses between the genotypes displaying extreme

performances for cadmium accumulation or cadmium translocation from roots to shoots revealed that

these traits could be supported by single genetic determinism.

In conclusion, starting from the analysis of cadmium accumulation in a large set of lettuce genotypes,

a major determinant limiting cadmium accumulation in this species was revealed, that is the ability to

efflux cadmium from the root to the culture medium. A candidate gene has been identified for this

function, which paves the way towards the breeding for lettuce with reduced cadmium accumulation

in leaves.


S3.7. TOLERANCE AND DETOXIFICATION MECHANISMS OF ARSENIC IN

PLANTS: ROLE OF ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMES

Austruy A.1,2

, Gauthier Moussard C.1, Vernay P.1, Goupil P.2, Ledoigt G.2, Hitmi A.1

1Clermont Universités, IUT Clermont Ferrand, Laboratoire de Physiologie et Biotechnologies

Végétales, 100 rue de l’Egalité, F-15000 Aurillac Cedex, France 2PIAF UMR 547 Université-INRA, Physiologie et Génétique Végétales, Université Blaise-Pascal, 24

Avenue des Landais, 63177 Aubière Cedex, France

[email protected]

The soil is an essential resource for human societies and ecosystems. In the context, the

preservation of soils and the rehabilitation of polluted sites represent one of the major

challenges of sustainable development policy. The human activity, responsible for an

increasing contamination of water and soils, leads to structural and functional perturbations of

ecosystems. The plants, because of their immobility, are particularly exposed. It is interesting

to look into the toxicity of heavy metals and metalloids on vegetation and the tolerance

mechanisms to their adaptation and development on contaminated soil. This study focuses on

the impact of arsenic in plants and defence mechanisms brought into play by them to grow

and maintain in presence of the pollutant. Indeed, despite all the interest in arsenic by the

scientific community, the action mechanisms of this metalloid, as well as those that determine

its penetration into the plant or cells, are little known. Previous works have shown an impact

of arsenic on the development and physiological activity of plants characterizing the toxicity

from this metal in them. This work concentrates about tolerance mechanisms of sentinel plant

species, Vicia faba, sensible of arsenic, cultivated in hydroponic solution in presence of

inorganic arsenic (arsenite and arsenate). The early response of plants to increasing exposure

to inorganic As was used to determine the effects of this metal to short time of exposure with

a special:

- the uptake mechanisms of arsenic and its translocation to aerial parts (genes expression

coding for metallothionein and phytochelatins involved in the detoxification and sequestration

of metalloid, enzyme activities of phytochelatin synthase and arsenate reductase);


- the evolution of three stress bioindicators, the content of ascorbic acid, the lipid peroxidation

and the gaz exchange activities;

- the response of the plant to this exposure with the study of the activity of various antioxidant

enzymes (SOD, catalase, glutathione reductase), and the expression of genes coding for these

enzymes.

This study focuses therefore to highlight the role of antioxidant metabolism in the

detoxification and adaptation of plants to arsenic. In the sensible specie, the high production

of ROS causes extensive damage (lipid peroxidation, DNA breaks, inhibition of physiological

activity). Parallel to these perturbations, modulations of antioxidant enzyme activities were

observed, notably an increase of catalase and SOD activity. All alterations of enzyme

activities studied are discussed in relation with the gene expression coding for these enzymes

and the perturbations observed at the physiological level.


S3.8. INSIGHTS INTO THE IONOMIC AND TRANSCRIPTOMIC RESPONSES

OF PLANTS TO MAGNESIUM AVAILABILITY

Hermans C

and Verbruggen N

Lab of Plant Physiology and Molecular Genetics, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium

[email protected]

Mg is one of the nine essential macronutrients that plants utilize in large quantities for their

growth. In addition, Mg is the 4th most common cation in the human body and half of its

dietary intake is from plant origin. Mg deficiency is a widespread problem, affecting

productivity and quality in agriculture [1]. In many plants, the earliest symptoms observed

within days to weeks consist of an impairment in sugar partitioning and an enhancement of

antioxidative mechanisms [2,3]. We are currently using two approaches to expand knowledge

on the mechanisms underlying Mg homeostasis in Arabidopsis thaliana, a domain relatively

unexplored up to date [4]. Our experimental outlines are (i) the exploitation of the Mg content

variation and (ii) the identification of transcriptome changes related to Mg availability. First,

we studied the natural variation in accessions as a source of biodiversity to find new genes

and new alleles controlling Mg content in tissues. Second, in a thorough description of the

early transcriptomic responses to Mg deprivation, we recently documented the perturbation of

the central oscillator of the circadian clock, and the triggering of the ethylene biosynthetic

pathway and the photoprotection of the photosynthetic apparatus [5,6]. Through the

understanding of Mg homeostasis mechanisms, this work may provide new tools to biofortify

Mg concentration and to improve the tolerance to Mg deficiency in Brassica crops.

References:

[1] Bennett WF (1997) Nutrients Deficiencies & Toxicities in Crop Plants. APS Press, The

American Phythopathological Society.

[2] Çakmak I. and Kirkby E. (2008) Physiol. Plant. 133: 692-704.

[3] Hermans C. and Verbruggen N. (2005) J. Exp. Bot. 56, 2153-2161.

[4] Hermans C. and Verbruggen N. (2008) Dietary Magnesium: New Research. ISBN 978-1-

60692-109-8, pg 159-175.

[5] Hermans C. et al. (2010) New Phytol. 187, 119-131.

[6] Hermans C. et al. (2010) New Phytol. 187, 132-144.


S4.1. ENHANCED CONTENT AND BIOAVAILABILITY OF IRON AND ZINC

IN THE ENDOSPERM OF RICE SEEDS BY ACTIVATION-TAGGING OF

NICOTIANAMINE SYNTHASE

Jan K. Schjoerring1

Un Sil Jeon2, Yoon-Keun Kim2 and Gynheung An2

, Sichul Lee2, Daniel P. Persson1, Søren Husted1, Thomas H. Hansen1,

1University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Plant Sciences, Plant and Soil Science Laboratory,

Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C; 2Department of Life Science, Pohang

University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea.

e-mail: [email protected]

Iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) deficiency in human populations is a widespread problem,

particularly in the developing world. This has stressed the need for development of new

strategies aiming at improving the content and bio-availability of these elements in the

edible part of the cereal grain; i.e. the endosperm. We have used activation tagging and

ectopic over-expression of nicotianamine synthase genes NAS2 and NAS3 to generate rice

lines with increased content of nicotianamine which is a key ligand involved in metal

transport and homeostasis in plants (Lee et al. 2009). Our results demonstrate for the first

time that not only the content but also the bioavailability of Zn in rice grain can be

improved by the use of biotechnology. A further novel aspect is that Zn bio-fortification

can be achieved without an accompanying increase in cadmium content and

bioavailability.

Rice seeds harvested from the activation-tagged rice plants had elevated amounts of both

Fe (2.9-fold) and Zn (2.2-fold), as well as NA (9.6 fold). The plants also showed an

increased tolerance to Fe and Zn deficiencies as well as to Zn, Cu and Ni toxicities.

Furthermore, when fed to anemic mice, Fe and Zn deficiencies were ameliorated within

two weeks, whereas the mice fed with WT seeds remained anemic.

In order to elucidate the chemical speciation of Fe and Zn, the rice seeds were milled, and

the remaining endosperm was extracted in an aqueous buffer prior to analysis by size

exclusion chromatography hyphenated to an inducively coupled plasma mass spectrometer

(SEC-ICP-MS; Persson et al. 2009). Compared to the WT, the seeds of the activation-


tagged lines contained 7-fold more Fe and 16-fold more Zn bound to a low molecular

weight complex. The elemental peaks were collected, lyophilized and re-injected onto a

hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) column, coupled to ESI-TOF-MS.

The mass spectrum confirmed that the main compound found in the collected Fe and Zn

peaks indeed was nicotianamine. In addition, deoxymugineic acid (DMA), a compound

traditionally regarded as a phytosiderophore in grasses, was present. Since NA and DMA

follow the same biosynthetic pathway, elevated content of DMA is not surprising. The

content of Cu, and Ni associated with the NA/DMA pool was increased 9.7 and 2.4-fold

relative to the WT. In contrast, this pool did not contain an increased level of cadmium.

It is concluded that over-expression of rice NAS genes can increase the content and

bioavailability of Fe and Zn in the endosperm of rice grain. This approach may prove to

be a successful strategy in the battle against global Fe and Zn malnutrition.

References:

Lee S, Jeon US, Lee SJ, Kim YK, Persson DP, Husted S, Schjorring JK, Kakei Y, Masuda

H, Nishizawa NK, An G 2009 Iron fortification of rice through activation of the

nicotianamine synthase gene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the

United States of America 106, 22014-22019.

Persson DP, Hansen TH, Laursen KH, Schjoerring JK, Husted S 2009 Simultaneous iron,

zinc, sulphur and phosphorus analysis of barley grain tissues using SEC-ICP-MS and IP-

ICP-MS. Metallomics 1, 418-426.


S4.2. BIOFORTIFICATION IN COMMON BEAN: IDENTIFICATION AND

CHARACTERISATION OF A LPA (LOW PHYTIC ACID) MUTANT

Panzeri D1, Cassani E2, Tagliabue G1, Daminati MG1, Doria E3,

Bollini R1, Nielsen E3, Pilu R2,

Sparvoli F1

1Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, CNR, Milano, Italy; 2Dipartimento di Produzione Vegetale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy;

3Dipartimento di Genetica e Microbiologia, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy;

Keywords: myo-inositol, Phaseolus vulgaris, phytic acid transporter, seed

Phytic acid (InsP6) represents the main phosphorous fraction of plant seeds, which is

undigested by monogastric animals ad thus largely found in manure. It’s reduction in feed

would be beneficial for both productivity and environmental aspect. InsP6 is also the main

responsible for poor micronutrient bioavailability to humans, in fact, it chelates various

mineral cations (i.e., calcium, iron, zinc), resulting in micronutrient deficiencies. In common

bean, InsP6 content is a serious problem for human nutrition, particularly in developing

countries.

Screening and EMS mutagenised population, we have identified a lpa (low phytic acid) 280-

10 line that carries a monogenic recessive mutation conferring a 90% reduction of InsP6

content. Differently from other lpa mutants, the bean lpa-280-10 apparently does not display

negative pleiotropic effects associated to the mutation.

Using SSRs markers, the mutation was mapped on the bean chromosome 1, in a region that

resulted syntenic to soybean chromosomes 19 and 3, where the lpa mutant CX1834 was

previously mapped and found to be in an ATP-binding cassette (ABC).

Our transcriptional and metabolic analysis of InsP6 pathway demonstrate the existence of a

negative feedback mechanism of InsP6 acting on genes coding for key enzymes of phytic acid

pathway and leading to a 30% reduction of myo-inositol. We show that the reduced content of

myo-inositol is responsible of the ABA hypersensitive response found in lpa-280-10 seed

germination, indicating a key role of this metabolite in the many pleiotropic effects often

reported for lpa mutants.


S4.3. IN VITRO DIGESTION MODEL OF FOOD COMPONENTS BY

USING HUMAN GASTRIOINTESTINAL ENZYMES

Gerd E. Vegarud

Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life

Sciences, P. Box 1432-Ås, Norway

In order to mimic human digestion, an in vitro model to degrade raw food, processed food or single

food components using human gastrointestinal enzymes has been developed. The digestion is

performed in the two following steps; Step 1 by human gastric juice (HGJ) at pH 2.0 (or pH 4 or pH 6)

and Step 2. using human duodenal juice (HDJ) at pH 7-8/370C. The human juices aspirated from 20

individuals have been charcterised with the following parameters HGJ: pH, volume and pepsin activity

(U) and HDJ: pH, total proteolytic (U), lipase (U), amylase (U) activities, bile salts (mg/ml), bilirubin

and total protein content.

A starting food sample food of is solubilized then HGJ is added and pH is adjusted to the gastic pH of

2 or 4 or to simulated adults or infants stomach at 370C under continues stirring. At different time 5-

10-20-30-60 min samples are taken out and used for further analysis. Futher digestion in step 2 as

comparable to the upper human duodenal tract is done by djusting pH to 7-8 and adding HDJ for

60min. more. By protein, mineral, fat or polysaccharide analysis during and after digestion it is

possible to understand the fate of degradation of components as protein degradation (SDS-PAGE) or

peptide formation/identification (Lc-MS, Maldi-MS etc), stability of fatty acids (GC-MS, Lc-MS etc),

mineral Fe release etc. and degradation of polysaccharides. This model digestion may be useful in

selecting new food/feed varieties or in designing spesific components in food products.

References:

Govasmark E., A. B.Kjelsen, J. Szpunar, K. Bierla, G. Vegarud and B. Salbu (2010). Bioaccessibilty

of Selenium from Se-enriched wheat and chicken meat. Pure and Applied Chemistry Vol 82, No 2;

461-471

Eriksen E, Halvor H, Jensen E and G. Vegarud (2010) Different digestion of caprine whey proteins by

human and porcine gastrointestinal enzymes. Brit J Nutr 104 (3), 374-381

H. Almås, H. Holm, Ragnar Flengsrud,Thor Langsrud and G. Vegarud (2006) . Model Digestion of

whey proteins by human gastric and duodenal juice. British Journal of Nutrition, 96 (3) 562-569


S4.4. EVALUATION OF IRON BIOAVAILABILITY FROM

POTATO CULTIVARS FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION

Lisa Miranda

, Johanna Ziebel, Torsten Bohn and Danièle Evers

Centre de Recherche Public-Gabriel Lippmann, Department Environment and Agro-

Biotechnologies, Rue du Brill 41, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg

Keywords: bioavailability, Caco-2 cells, iron, potato

Dietary iron deficiency is the most common nutritional disorder in the world. Increasing the

amount of bioavailable dietary iron could prevent iron deficiency and anaemia. Potato is one

of the most important crops worldwide and is rich in e.g. ascorbic acid, antioxidants and iron.

The aim of this work is to evaluate iron bioavailability for human consumption from different

potato cultivars and to study the impact of enhancers of iron bioavailability (e.g. vitamin C) or

inhibitors commonly present in potato. The final step is intended to study iron uptake from in

vitro digested potato in relation to enhancers and inhibitors present.

We used Caco-2 cells that acquire many characteristics from enterocytes during

differentiation and that have been used in several studies of intestinal iron uptake and

transport.

Preliminary ICP-MS results on Caco-2 cells show that Fe(II) and Fe(III) have different uptake

kinetics. Fe(II) is absorbed with almost no influence of vitamin C and does not seem to reach

a plateau. Fe(III) uptake is highly influenced by vitamin C and reaches a plateau. On the

protein level, iron uptake was confirmed by increased synthesis of heavy chain ferritin. Thus,

Caco-2 cells are a good model for iron uptake studies from food matrices.


S4.5. IDENTIFICATION AND QUANTIFACTION OF NUTRITIONALLY

RELEVANT FORMS OF IRON WITHIN CEREAL ENDOSPERM

TO ASSESS POTENTIAL BIOAVAILABILITY,

USING SIZE EXCLUSION CHROMATOGRAPHY, COUPLED WITH

INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA-MASS SPECTROMETRY

Tristan Eagling1

, Fangjie Zhao1, Andy Neal1 , Steve McGrath1, Peter Shewry1, Susan

Fairweather-Tait2

1Rothamsted Research; 2University of East Anglia

Keywords: Bioavailability, Endosperm, Iron, Nicotianamine, Phytate

Iron deficiency remains a prevalent nutritional disorder worldwide, disproportionally

affecting people of low and middle income countries due to the reliance on non-meat sources

in the diet. Cereals, a relatively poor iron source, account for over 50% of the energy intake in

developing countries, and are potentially an effective target for biofortification strategies

aimed at improving dietary iron content and utilisation.

Most minerals within cereal grains are localised in the outer layers which are often discarded

during preparation. Therefore many strategies currently target the endosperm, which although

naturally lower in iron, is much more widely consumed.

The effectiveness of a crop in tackling iron deficiency is largely dependent on the speciation

of iron, as different forms vary in their bioavailability. Size exclusion chromatography,

coupled with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry is a useful approach to identify

and quantify different forms of iron within whole grains. Here we discuss how the method can

be adapted to quantify nutritionally relevant forms of iron (ferric phytate, mono-ferric phytate

and ferrous-nicotianamine) within the endosperm, and its role in assessing the bioavailability

of iron in crops in conjunction with an in vitro Caco-2 cell model system.


S4.6. A BREAD WHEAT ZINC BIOFORTIFICATION PROJECT

CHELATING ACTION OF FOOD ADDITIVES IN FORTIFIED FLOUR AND

TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF ALTERNATIVES

TO POTENTIATE ZINC BIOAVAILABILITY

Maria Paula Duarte1, Maria Manuela Abreu da Silva2

, Benvindo Maçãs3, José Prates

Coutinho3, Ana Sofia Almeida3, Fernando Cebola Lidon1, , José Cochicho Ramalho4, António

Eduardo Leitão4, Ana Isabel Ribeiro4, Ana Luisa Fernando1

1GDEH, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Quinta da Torre,

2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; 2ESE Almeida Garrett, Grupo Universidade Lusófona, COFAC,

Palácio de Santa Helena, Largo do Sequeira nº 7, Lisboa, Portugal; 3Instituto Nacional dos

Recurso Biológicos, Estrada de Gil Vaz, Apartado 6, 7350-591 Elvas, Portugal; 4Centro de

Ecofisiologia, Bioquímica e Biotecnologia Vegetal, Instituto de Investigação Científica

Tropical, Quinta do Marquês, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal.

Keywords: Caco-2 Cell Line, Food Additives, Sequestrants, Zn Bioavailability, Zn

Biofortification

Zinc deficiency is an important cause of morbidity in developing countries. Zn absorption through the

intestinal epithelium is affected by several factors like the phytate/Zn molar ratio or the presence of

absorption inhibitors or enhancers. Mixes for bread and other bakery products and pastries require

food additives, namely those acting as sequestrants (sodium diacetate E262ii, acetic and fatty acid

esters of glycerol E472a, citric acid E330, tartaric acid E334, magnesium phosphates E343, disodium

pyrophosphate E450i, tetrasodium pyrophosphate E450iii, sodium and calcium polyphosphates E452).

These additives, which may have several functional uses, can complex metal ions and thus prevent

degradation processes (implicating enzymatic and oxidation catalysis by metal ions). However some

of these additives can also affect Zn absorption. The aim of this study is to characterize sequestrants

chelating interactions in biofortified Zn flour, produced from wheat genotypes to be selected (after a

thorough biochemical and physiological evaluation), and develop alternative technical procedures for

food additives (namely non chelating additives) applications, to potentiate human Zn bioavailability.

In this context, a model that includes in vitro simulation of gastrointestinal digestion and a human

colon carcinoma cell line (Caco-2 cell line), that shows many of the functional and morphological

proprieties of mature human enterocytes, will be used to estimate Zn uptake.


S5.1. AGRONOMIC BIOFORTIFICATION OF FOODS WITH

MACRO- AND MICRO-MINERAL ELEMENTS

Martin R. Broadley

Plant and Crop Sciences Division, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus,

Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK

Keywords

: Fertilisers, selenium, calcium, magnesium, potassium

Mineral malnutrition can be addressed through dietary diversification, food fortification,

supplementation, and by biofortification of edible crops, including fertiliser-based strategies.

Even where food is abundant and diverse, dietary surveys reveal evidence of widespread

mineral malnutrition, for example, ~9% of all UK and US adults consume Ca and Mg, and

14% of adults consume K, at quantities below the UK lower reference nutrient intake (LRNI)

and are at risk of deficiency. Increased vegetable consumption and agronomic biofortification

would improve dietary intakes of these elements (Broadley and White, 2010). The potential

for agronomic biofortification of staple crops is discussed using two case studies for Se. First,

UK Se intakes and status have declined as milling wheat sourced from North America, whose

soils are relatively high in Se, has been replaced with UK-grown wheat, whose soils are low

in Se. Data from a industry/government project (2005-2009) show the potential for using Se-

containing fertilisers in a UK context, as practiced for >25 years in Finland (Broadley et al.,

2010; Stroud et al., 2010). Second, soil and grain survey from Malawi show that dietary Se

intakes are extremely low; experimental data show that fertilisers again have considerable

potential for raising grain Se concentrations and dietary intakes.

References

Broadley MR, Alcock J, Alford J, Cartwright P, Fairweather-Tait SJ, Foot I, Hart DJ, Hurst

R, Knott P, McGrath SP, Meacham MC, Norman K, Mowat H, Scott P, Stroud JL, Tovey M,

Tucker M, White PJ, Young SD, Zhao FJ. 2010. Selenium biofortification of high-yielding

winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by liquid or granular Se fertilisation. Plant & Soil 332: 5-

18.

:


Broadley MR, White PJ (2010). Eats roots and leaves. Can edible horticultural crops address

dietary calcium, magnesium and potassium deficiencies? Proceedings of the Nutrition Society

69: doi:10.1017/S0029665110001588.

Stroud JL, Broadley MR, Foot I, Fairweather-Tait SJ, Hart DJ, Hurst R, Knott P, Mowat H,

Norman K, Scott P, Tucker M, White PJ, McGrath SP, Zhao FJ (2010). Soil factors affecting

selenium concentration in wheat grain and the fate and speciation of Se fertilisers applied to

soil. Plant & Soil 332: 19-30.


S5.2. CHROMIUM UPTAKE BY TRIGONELLA FOENUM-GRAECUM,

A MEDICINAL HERB WITH ANTI-DIABETIC ACTIVITY

Alba Moya, Josep Allué, Juan Barceló,

Charlotte Poschenrieder

Lab. Fisiología Vegetal, Facultad Biociencias, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, E-08193

Bellaterra, Spain. E-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: chromium, diabetes, fenugreek, 4-hydroxyisoleucine, nutrition

Chromium is an essential micronutrient for men and animals. Its main role is related to

glucose tolerance and Cr dietary supplements seem effective as a hypoglycaemic agent.

Trigonella foenum-graecum is a medicinal plant that also has been found effective in diabetes.

Here we report first data on the ability of fenugreek plants to take up Cr from either

hydroponics or soils amended with Cr-rich tannery sludge. The influence of fenugreek

cultivation on Cr fractionation in soil was assessed by sequential extraction. A first, semi-

quantitative approach was made to analyze the influence of Cr uptake on the levels of 4-

hydroxyisoleucine in T. foenum-graecum plants. This aminoacid is considered as one of the

active anti-diabetic compounds of fenugreek. According to our preliminary results, exposure

to Cr increased the levels of 4-hydroxyisoleucine in both roots and shoots of fenugreek.

Further analysis, including seeds and the influence of a Cr-fortified fenugreek-based diet on

the glucose levels in diabetic rats are in progress.

Acknowledgement: Supported by the Spanish MICINN project BFU2010-14873-BFI


S5.3. PRACTICAL APPROACHES TO INCREASE SELENIUM

AS ESSENTIAL METALLOID IN HUMAN DIET

Hassan AZAIZEH

Institute of Applied Research, The Galilee Society (Affiliated with University of Haifa), P.O.

Box 437, Shefa-Amr 20200, Israel. [email protected]; [email protected]

Keywords: Food supplementation, Glutathione peroxidase, Keshan disease, Selenium

Selenium (Se) is naturally occurring trace element that is essential to human and animals. Se

occurs naturally in all soils and biological materials with concentrations ranging from 0.005

up to 8000. Se in the human diet is acquired from nutritional sources where the amount of Se

available in foods is dependent upon the plant species and the Se soil content. Se deficient

soils can lead to Se deficient diets (i.e. Keshan disease) and high Se diets may lead to Se

toxication (devil's disease in human, "blind staggers" in cattle). Se provides protection against

diseases such as infertility, liver necrosis, muscular dystrophy, Keshan disease, cancer and

white muscle in livestock.

Se has been gaining household recognition and respect in recent years by virtue of its addition

to the list of nutritional antioxidants, which are substances that offer protection against human

diseases and aging. Indeed, Se, as a component of several enzymes, does help rid the body of

destructive oxidation products.

Among the richest dietary sources of Se are organ meats and Brazil nuts. But the most

important sources, based on quantities consumed, are cereal grains, meat and fish. The Se

content of foods grown in different parts of the world varies greatly. In some regions, Se is

declining in the food chain, and new strategies to increase its intake are required. Different

aspects will be discussed including: individual supplementation, food fortification,

supplementation of livestock, Se fertilization of crops and plant breeding (i.e. wheat and rice)

for enhanced Se accumulation.


ABSTRACTS OF

POSTER PRESENTATIONS


*P1. IMMOBILIZATION OF CADMIUM IN RHIZOSPHERE OF

VEGETABLES BY APPLICATION OF COMPOST

Stefan Shilev1

, Todor Babrikov2, Enrique D. Sancho3

1Dept. of Microbiology and environmental biotechnologies, 2Dept. of Vegetable growing

Agricultural University – Plovdiv, 12, Mendeleev Str., 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria, E-mail:

[email protected]; 3Dpto. Microbiología, E.T.S.I.A.M., Edif. C-6, Campus

Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 – Córdoba, Spain, E-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: cadmium, compost, vegetables, immobilization, food safety

Objectives: The main objective of present study was to decrease in folds cadmium content in

vegetables (tomato, peper and eggplant) grown on industrially contaminated soil.

Methods: Three Solanaceae crops, Bulgarian cultivars – tomato, pepper and eggplant were

grown in pots filled with soil from industrially polluted area. In this study we used compost

from Biovet Peshtera – leading European manufacturer and marketer of medicated and

nutritional feed additives, enzymes, etc. The compost was mixed to the soil in proportion 1:3.

The design consist in 4 replication per treatment. Total and DTPA-extractable Cd in soil

before and during the experiment was studied. Cadmium content in plant tissue was analysed

using AAS.

Results and Conclusions: Total Cd concentration in soil before study was determined to 14.2

µg g-1, while the DTPA-extractable Cd was 6.8 µg g-1. The content of cadmium in studied

crops was directly dependent on the presence or not of compost and on the type of studied

part of the plant. In general, in the treatments with addition of compost the accumulation was

lower. In the plant, lower Cd was accumulated in the fruits. No significant differences were

observed between the species.

In conclusions, the application of organic waste (compost) promoted the immobilization of

cadmium in the soil. About 60 % of the EDTA-extractable Cd was immobilized in harvest.

The application of the amendment not only reduced the extractable Cd from soil, but also

improved soil fertility, microbial activity and hence soil health.

* P1: Poster 1


P2. EFFECTS OF IRRIGATION WITH METAL-CONTAMINATED WATER ON

SOIL SOLUTION SPECIATION AND METAL SOIL-PLANT TRANSFER

Fayçal Kerboua,

Laurence Denaix, Nancy Zaarour, Valérie Sappin-Didier

INRA, UMR 1220 TCEM, Centre Bordeaux Aquitaine, 71 av. E Bourleaux, 33883,

Villenave d’Ornon Cedex, France, [email protected]

Keywords: Irrigation, cadmium, zinc, bioavailability, speciation

The effects of irrigation with water polluted by industrial waste on the speciation and

bioavailability of cadmium and zinc in soils were investigated in greenhouse study. Four soils

were collected around an industrial complex in the South-West of France. They were

cultivated with lettuces for four weeks and irrigated using two types of water: deionized water

or water from a contaminated river (Riou Mort). Once a week, the soil solutions were

extracted using microporous cups (Rhizon) and their chemical compositions were determined.

The metal concentrations of roots and shoots of lettuce were determined.

Irrigation with contaminated water increased significantly the cadmium concentration but not

the zinc concentration in the soil solutions except for the most contaminated soil. A

significant negative correlation between Cd or Zn concentration and pH in soil solutions was

evidenced. An increase in the concentration of chlorides and sulphates in solution was also

noticed after irrigation with contaminated water. Solution speciation was strongly modified by

irrigation with contaminated water. Shoot Cd concentration was positively correlated with the

total Cd concentration in the soil solution. But the polluted water had no significant effect on

the total metal concentrations in roots or shoots of lettuce.


P3. EFFECTIVE UTILIZATION OF CROP PRODUCTION AT LOW

CONTAMINATED SITE IN CZECH REPUBLIC

Šárka Petrová

1Laboratory of Plant Biotechnologies, Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Prague, Czech

Republic; 2Division of Field Trials, Crop Research Institute, Prague, Czech Republic; 3Research Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Prague, Czech Republic

1, Mikuláš Madaras2, Petr Soudek1, Jan Lipavský2, Petr Hutla3, Tomáš Vaněk1

Keywords: bioenergy, crop production, heavy metal, soil pollution

Low contaminated sites near the industrial plants are not suitable for food crops cultivation.

Contaminants accumulated in food crop may cause danger to human health. Though, low

contaminated sites seem to be applicable for other useful plants. Nowadays, there is a huge

energy demand. Therefore the aim of our work was to observe the vitality and metal

accumulation in a variety of energy crop plants that grew on contaminated soil. For our

research we chose low contaminated site near Bratkovice in Czech Republic. The site is next

to an old industry zone in an often flooded area and it is polluted by heavy metals such as

cadmium, lead, zinc, and arsenic.

A variety of crops were sown on the plot. After growing season, plant samples were collected

and analyzed for heavy metal content.

The energy characterization of harvested biomass was determined using combustion tests.

Considering the average energy production, efficiency of agricultural bioenergy systems

utilizing different energy crop were calculated.

Acknowledgement: This work was supported by project NPVII 2B08058.


P4. CADMIUM AND ZINC SPECIATION AND MOBILITY IN CONTAMINATED

SOIL: PHYSICAL MICRO-CHARACTERIZATION, CHEMICAL EXTRACTION

AND ISOTOPIC EXCHANGE KINETICS METHODS

SAPPIN-DIDIER1 Valérie

, SIVRY2 Yann, MUNOZ3 Marguerite, RIOTTE4 Jean, DENAIX1

Laurence, DUPRÉ3 Bernard

1INRA UMR 1220 TCEM, INRA Bordeaux-Aquitaine, av. E. Bourlaux, BP 81, 33883

Villenave d’Ornon, France; 2Laboratoire de Géochimie des Eaux, IPGP - UMR 7154,

Université Diderot - Paris7, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France; 3Université de Toulouse-UPS

(SVT-OMP), CNRS, LMTG, 14 av. E. Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France; 4Université de

Toulouse-UPS (SVT-OMP), IRD, LMTG, 14 av. E. Belin, 31400 Toulous, France

Keywords: cadmium, isotopic exchange, mineral phases, speciation, zinc

This study analyzed the fate of Cd and Zn in a soil contaminated by non-ferrous metallurgical

activities. The aims were to identify Zn/Cd mineral-bearing phases and to establish the link

between mineral-bearing and mobility of these metals.

We used an original approach using a combination of micro-characterization

physical/chemical method (XRD, MEB-EDS, Electronic microprobe, LA-ICP-MS, sequential

extraction) and isotopic exchange kinetics method (IEK).

Results showed large amounts of metals in mineral phases resulting from the industrial

activity. The main mineral phases detected were coal, coke, iron/multimetallic oxides, pure

metal alloys, sulphides, glass. Zinc was mainly extracted in the reducible pool (64%),

comprising reducible FeIII oxides, oxy-hydroxide (hematite, magnetite, multimetallic oxide

phases). Cadmium was detected in coke, alloys multimetallic, multimetallic oxides, slag glass.

Only 10% of Zn was extracted in the exchangeable pool, whereas 40% of Cd was extracted in

this pool and 46% in the reducible pool.

The IEK method showed that 60% of Cd and 4% of Zn were exchanged after one week. Zn

exchanges were quicker than Cd ones. Zn is preferentially located in anthropogenic mineral,

involving a low exchangeability. The high values of exchangeable Cd seem to be linked to its

presence in clay, coal and organic matter.


P5. UPTAKE AND LOCALIZATION OF CADMIUM AND LEAD IN Typha latifolia

Lyudmila LYUBENOVA1, Paula PONGRAC2,

Peter SCHRÖDER1

1Helmholtz Zentrum München, German research center for Environmental Health,

Department of Microbe Plant Interactions, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg 2Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, SLO-

1000 Ljubljana

As a consequence of the negative input of human activities on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems,

heavy metals are frequently mobilized from their natural reservoirs to soil and water.

Phytoremediation may be used to effectively to remove pollutants, but often the underlining

biological mechanisms remain unknown.

Plants take up essential elements from the soil through their roots and utilize multiple transporters

to distribute them across membranes. When heavy metals are transported by these transporters

and accumulate in plants due to their similarity with beneficial trace elements, they often cause

toxicity - oxidative stress by cell damaging or replacement of essential nutrients. Heavy metals

generally lead to reduced biomass production, enzyme inhibition, changes in the hormonal and the

water status. Under heavy metal stress plant enzyme activities change. Following these induction

or inhibition patterns may shed light on the mechanisms of plant tolerance or sensitivity toward

pollutants.

Plant samples of Typha latifolia were analysed by micro-PIXE. We demonstrate the uptake of

Typha latifolia (broad leaf cattail) for cadmium and lead, their distribution and deposition in plant

tissue and also give information about the plant stress response to these toxic metals. Cadmium

and lead accumulation, transport and distribution in the tissue can be followed easily and help us

to understand the processes of metal cycling, homeostasis of heavy metals, macro and micro

nutrient distribution. This leads to better application of the knowledge for green technologies and

further evaluation of hyperaccumulators to be used as a green filters in numerous contamination

sites.

Furthermore, the data on changes in the enzyme activities in Typha latifolia treated with cadmium

and lead give additional information about the substrates assisting the detoxification processes –

glutathione and ascorbate. In the specific case presented here, the enzymes utilizing glutathione as

a substrate are increased whereas those enzymes using or recycling ascorbate are found to be

inhibited under the chosen experimental conditions.


P6. QUANTIFICATION OF TRACE ELEMENT FLUXES (As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn) TO

AGRICULTURAL FIELDS AMENDED WITH PIG SLURRY

DENAIX Laurence1, NGUYEN Christophe1

, HÉROULT Julien2, PARAT Corinne2, LESPES

Gaetane3, POTIN-GAUTIER Martine3, COUDURE Régis3, DAUGUET Sylvie4

1INRA/ENITAB UMR 1220 TCEM, BP 71, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France,

[email protected]; 2UPPA/CNRS- UMR 5254 – IPREM LCABIE, Hélioparc, 2, av.

Pr. Angot, 64053 Pau, France; 3Arvalis – Institut du végétal Agrosite de Pau-Montardon,

64121 Montardon, France; 4CETIOM rue Monge, Parc industriel F33600 PESSAC

The accumulation of trace elements in agricultural soils may have long-termimpact on quality

of crops. Pig slurry is a major source of copper or zinc input into the soil, because these trace

elements are supplemented in pig alimentation but little is known about arsenic, cadmium or

lead. The aim of our study was (1) to quantify the trace elements inputs by pig slurry

spreading, (2) to compare them to other sources of trace elements (fertilization, atmospheric

inputs) and (3) to estimate the balances. This analysis was performed on 24 fields located in

the South-West of France. We observed that the copper and zinc derived from pig slurry

corresponded to more than 90 % of the total input fluxes. The copper and zinc balance was

positive and the soil accumulated these elements with an annual increase in the metal stock of

0.5 % for copper and 0.3 % for zinc. For the cadmium and arsenic, the major source of input

was the phosphate fertilizers (70 and 60 % of the total inputs respectively). Their

accumulation in soils were low (2.6 g/year/ha for arsenic and 1.2 g/year/ha for cadmium). The

major contamination source for lead was the atmospheric inputs.


P7. EVALUATION OF THE SOIL TOXICITY BEFORE AND AFTER CULTURE OF

Cannabis sativa L. USING STANDARDIZED ECOTOXICOLOGICAL BIOASSAYS

AUSTRUY A.

, SICARD Q., VERNAY P., GAUTHIER-MOUSSARD C., HITMI A.

Clermont Universités, IUT Clermont Ferrand, Laboratoire de Physiologie et Biotechnologies

Végétales, 100 rue de l’Egalité, F-15000 Aurillac Cedex, France, [email protected]

clermont1.fr

The soil is an essential resource for the human societies and ecosystems. Then, it is put

through anthropogenic pressures increasingly important (agricultural and forestry production,

urban and industrial development, transport, entertainment...), the risks of contamination from

pollutants are increasingly high.

This study aims to develop a revegetation concept of polluted soils by human activities so as

to protect and restore the soil ecosystem and to reduce the risk of pollutants spread. It allows

also to evaluate the impact of vegetation on the toxicity of contaminated soil and to infer the

relevance of phytostabilization process of industrial sites.

In the optic of the valorisation of vegetal biomass, the hemp, Cannabis sativa L., has been

selected as vegetable cover to allow a revegetation of industrial soil polluted to arsenic. The

culture was carried out on two soils, polluted and control. The polluted soil presents a high

content of arsenic (2066 mg.kg-1).

Following one month of plant culture, two parameters were studied :

- The impact of soil characteristics on the development and physiological activities of hemp

(assessment of biomass, As content and photosynthetic activity in plants),

- The eventual modification of soil toxicity by using bioassay tests.

To screening and assessing the toxicity of soil elutriates, we used the rapid and normalized

ecotoxicological tests :

- The MICROTOX test on the bacteria Vibrio fisheri,(norme NFT 90-320),

- Two tests of growth inhibition on the protozoan Tetrahymena pyriformis, and on the

alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (norme NFT 90–375).

The study of the physiological activity of Cannabis sativa has showed a significant effect of

arsenic on the aerial biomass, the gas exchanges and chlorophyll a fluorescence. Indeed, the


high arsenic content in the soil have caused a decline of net photosynthesis rate, stomatal

conductance and photochemichal efficiency of photosystem II. The decrease of

photosynthetic activity of hemp is accompanied to a drop of aerial biomass production.

The results of soil toxicity show that the polluted soil elutriates before culture present a

significant toxicity. Only 10 % of elutriate sufficed to reach the EC50 for the organisms

studied except for Vibrio fisheri. The culture of Cannabis sativa on this polluted soil causes a

significant reduction of the elutriate toxicities. The elutriates of rhizosphere polluted soil

produce toxicity almost two times lower after culture for all tests. Besides, the heavy metal

contents of rhizosphere polluted soil elutriate are significantly lower than that measured

before culture. For example, the arsenic content was reduced from 20.2 to 9.6 mg.L-1 in

elutriate soils after plant culture. Cannabis sativa has thus an effect on the content and

speciation of arsenic in the soil. Indeed, some species tolerant to arsenic exudates several

compounds by roots systems, such as organic molecules, amino acids, sugars or phenols.

These ones cause a decrease of pH and chelate the arsenic inducing a modification of its

speciation in the rhizosphere and thereby reducing the bioavailable fraction of this element.

Despite an evident plant damage, the maintenance of physiological activity acceptable for its

development on the polluted soil and the significant impact of hemp on soil toxicity validate

its use in a process of revegetation of contaminated industrial wildland allowing the

establishment of a process phytosatbilisation as a method of rehabilitation of polluted soil.


P8. ZINC NUTRITION EFFECT ON ANTIOXIDATIVE RESPONSES TO

CADMIUM OF THREE WHEAT GENOTYPES DIFFERING IN ZINC EFFICIENCY

A. Sanaeiostovar1, A.H. Khoshgoftarmanesh2

M. Afyuni2, R. Schulin3

, H. Shariatmadari2,

1Soilless Culture Research Centre, Isfahan University of Technology, 84154, Isfahan, Iran 2Department of Soil Sciences, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156, Isfahan, Iran 3ETH Zurich, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Universitaetstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich,

Switzerland

Differential antioxidative response of wheat genotypes to Cd toxicity in relation with Zn

nutrition has less been studied. The aim was to investigate Zn nutrition effect on antioxidative

responses to Cd-toxicity of three wheat genotypes differing in Zn-efficiency. In a hydroponic

experiment, two bread wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L. cvs. Rushan and Cross) and

one durum wheat genotype (Triticum durum L. cv. Arya) were exposed to three levels of Zn2+

activities (10-11.11, 10-9.11, and 10-8.81 µM) and two Cd2 + activities (10-11.21 and 10-10.2µM). Zinc

nutrition increased root biomass in all wheat genotypes, while increased shoot biomass only

in ‘Rushan’ and ‘Durum’. In ‘Durum’, Zn increased concentration of root -SH in Cd-free

solution. In ‘Cross’ as Zn2+ activity decreased from 10-11.11 to 10-9.11 µM, root -SH was

increased but it decreased at Zn2+=10-8.81 µM. Regardless of Cd treatment, ‘Durum’ had the

highest root activity of catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and superoxide

dismutase (SOD). Root CAT and APX activity increased in ‘Durum’ plants exposed to Cd at

Zn2+ 10-9.11 µM and thereafter decreased with increased Zn activity. The differential tolerance

to Cd toxicity among wheat genotypes were not related to Zn-efficiency but to root -SH

groups and activity of antioxidant enzymes.


P9. ELEVATED CONCENTRATION OF NITROGEN OXIDES

IN ATMOSPHERE AS CAUSE OF NUTRIENT LEACHING

FROM VEGETATION

Edita Baltrėnaitė*

and Pranas Baltrėnas

Department of Environmental Protection, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Lithuania

*[email protected]

Keywords: air monitoring, atmospheric pollution, linden, nitrogen oxides, pine

Alterations in plant physiological and biochemical processes disrupting the flow of carbon,

water and nutrients to certain tree species occur at certain ambient levels of ozone and acidic

deposition. The leaching of nutrients from foliage is promoted by acidic deposition that

causes the displacement of cations due to ion exchange. The air pollution may become more

significant over time as a result of global climate change.

A major contributor to acid wet and dry deposition, as well as to limiting nutrient in some soil

and ocean ecosystems, is nitric acid (HNO3) which is formed primary by NOX in atmosphere.

Acidification of soil causes deficiencies of K, Ca, Mg and Mn in vegetative and soil nutrient

pools.

The pictures show changes in color of linden leaves and pine needles by traffic-intense road

intersection in a small city (45300 of population) in Lithuania. This and other cities belong to

a region where air quality monitoring is being carried out for the period of 2009–2012. The

NOX concentrations varied from 21.3 to 37.1 μg/m3 in 2009 and from 21.6 to 37.1 μg/m3 in

2010 and were close or slightly higher than critical level (30 μg/m3) set by EU for the

protection of vegetation (2008/50/EC). Variation of atmospheric concentration of NOX for

different seasons will be presented and discussed.


P10. MICROELEMENTS AND CADMIUM IN GRAIN OF

WHEAT GROWN IN POLAND

Grzegorz Siebielec

, Rafal Galazka, Tomasz Stuczynski

Institute of Soil Science and Plant Cultivation-State Research Institute

Keywords: cadmium, grain, microelements, soil, wheat

Cereals constitute a significant part of the human diet in European Countries. The objective of

this work was to learn the level of microelements and unwanted elements in wheat grain

throughout Poland. Furthermore the work provided information on relationships between soil

properties and accumulation of various elements in the grain. Grain and soil samples were

collected in five hundred locations distributed throughout arable lands of Poland. The

sampling locations were selected based on soil-agricultural digital map in order to correctly

represent soil productivity classes and soil texture categories. They were also evenly

distributed geographically to reflect organizational and economic level of agriculture which

affects input of mineral fertilizers, chemicals or manures. Microwave digestion in

concentrated nitric acid combined with ICP-MS measurements were applied for analysis of

such elements as cadmium, arsenic, lead, zinc, selenium, manganese, magnesium, iron,

copper and other in the wheat grain. Soil analysis included total content of microelements,

pH, soil texture, OM content, salinity – soils represents a wide range of these properties. The

relationships between soil characteristics and grain composition were analyzed. The grain

quality with reference to micronutrients and undesired elements was additionally analyzed

spatially in relation to intensity of agriculture, environmental pressures and biophysical

conditions. The results help to delineate areas with potential to produce grain of desired

quality.


P11. SELENIUM IN THE SOIL-PLANT SYSTEM FROM

SOUTH-EASTERN PART OF ROMANIA

Radu Lăcătuşu1, 2

Mihaela Lungu2, Mihaela Venera Stroe2

, Anca-Rovena Lăcătuşu2, Mihaela Monica Aldea2,

1“Al. I. Cuza” University Iassy, Romania 2National R&D Institute for Soil Science, Agrochemistry and Environment Protection

Bucharest, Romania

Keywords: selenium content, soil, wheat

In the south-eastern part of Romania frequent cases of myodystrophy in sheep, caused by

selenium deficiency in animal feed, was noted. In the South-Eastern Romanian Plain and

Central and Southern Dobrogea, researches concerning the abundance of total and mobile

selenium in the ploughing layer of the main soil types (Chernozem, Kastanozems, Regosols,

and Alluvial Soils) were carried out. It also determined the total selenium in wheat plants in

vegetation (5-6 stage on the Feeks scale) and at maturity, in grain.

All dosages of total and mobile selenium have been performed by atomic absorption

spectrometry method, in variants with hydrides.

The two areas of investigated territory, the South-Eastern Romanian Plain and the Central and

Southern Dobrogea, having contrasting content of selenium, about normal in soils and plants

of the first up to low in soils and plants of the second. The grains of wheat plants result from

the Romanian Plane selenium content was almost zero, less than 0.5 μg•kg-1.

The results outlines the need to bio-fortify with selenium the wheat flour obtained from

Central and Southern Dobrogea wheat or mixing it with other wheat that was cultivated in

other climatic zones.


P12. THE PLANT CELL WALL IN PLANT PROTECTION

D. Richterová1,2, Z. Vatehová1,3, K. Kollárová1, A. Malovíková1, I. Zelko1,

1Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava,

Slovakia, e-mail: [email protected]; 2Institute of Botany, Slovak Academy of Sciences,

Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia; 3Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of

Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Mlynská dolina B-2, 842 15

Bratislava, Slovakia

D. Lišková1

The plant cell wall is a dynamic extracellular structure with characteristics depending on the

species, developmental stage of the plant/cell cycle, type of the tissue, and growth conditions

(Carpita & Gibeaut, 1993). It provides cells with structural support and protection against

external/environmental stresses, e.g. the first response of plants to cadmium stress at cellular

level is immobilization of toxic ions by the cell wall (Nishizono et al. 1989), and the cell wall

is involved also in the regulation/signaling system of the plant cell. The first part of our work

is aimed on the cell wall function as a barrier filtering/immobilizing the entry of molecules

that may be toxic to the cell. Preliminary studies were performed on plant cell wall

polysaccharides changes after Cd treatment of two Zea mays cultivars, one tolerant (cv.

Almansa) and one sensitive (cv. Novania). The changes were followed in leaves and roots

separately. The second part of the studies is focused on possible activity of certain cell wall

components (galactoglucomannan-derived oligosaccharides) as molecules protecting the plant

against abiotic environmental stress (cadmium treatment) on the model plant Arabidopsis

thaliana, where certain structural parameters and root growth, as well as the content of

photosynthetic pigments have been followed.

Acknowledgement: This work was supported by grants – VEGA 1/0472/10, 2/0046/10 and

COST Action FA0905.


P13. BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF NICKEL NUTRITION:

NICKEL AMELIORATES TOXICITY SYMPTOMS

CAUSED BY FOLIAR UREA APPLICATION IN SOYBEAN

Bahar Yildiz

, U. Baris Kutman, Ismail Cakmak

Sabanci University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey

Nickel (Ni) is an essential micronutrient for plants and is known to act as the cofactor of

urease, which catalyzes the breakdown of urea to ammonia. Urea is one of the most widely

preferred nitrogen (N) fertilizers worldwide, due to its low cost and high N content. In the

literature, positive responses to Ni fertilization have been reported, but the potential of Ni for

global crop production is far from clear. To clarify the effects of Ni, soybean (Glycine max)

was grown in hydroponics with or without Ni supply from solution and with or without foliar

urea application, under growth chamber conditions. Nickel application caused a significant

increase in shoot Ni concentrations and resulted in significant reduction in the visible toxicity

symptoms of foliarly applied urea, with the effects being more dramatic in N-deficient plants.

Solute leakage analysis also revealed that membrane damage was significantly higher in Ni-

deficient plants after foliar urea application. According to dry weight analysis, N-deficient

plants fed with Ni grew better than N- and Ni-deficient plants after foliar application of urea.

Nickel fertilization is a promising agronomic tool to minimize the visible or hidden toxic

effects of foliarly applied urea.


P14. NITROGEN NUTRITION INCREASED RELEASE OF

PHYTOSIDEROPHORES AND ROOT UPTAKE OF IRON(III)-

PHYTOSIDEROPHORE COMPLEX IN IRON-DEFICIENCT WHEAT

1Seher Bahar Aciksoz

, 1Levent Ozturk, 1Ozay Ozgur Gokmen, 2Volker Romheld, 1Ismail

Cakmak

1Sabanci University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey 2Hohenheim University, Department of Plant Nutrition, D-70593 Stuttgart, Germany

Roots of graminaceous species secrete phytosiderophores (PS) when grown under iron (Fe)

deficiency. The secretion rate of PS from roots is influenced by various factors such as plant

genotypes, light intensity, temperature and microbial activity of the growth medium.

The objective of this study was to examine the role of varied N nutrition on root release of PS

and root uptake of Fe from 59Fe-labeled Fe-hydroxide or 59Fe-labelled Fe(III)-deoxymugineic

acid (DMA) in wheat plants grown in a nutrient solution. Iron deficiency significantly

enhanced root release of PS, especially by increasing N supply (up to 9-fold). Enhancement in

N supply was also highly effective in increasing mobilization and root uptake of Fe from 59Fe-labelled Fe-hydroxide under low Fe supply, but not at adequate Fe supply. Root uptake

and shoot translocation of Fe from 59Fe-labelled Fe(III)-DMA was also promoted by

increasing N supply. Leaf concentration of methionine was strongly declined by low Fe

supply, particularly in high N plants. The results show that the PS release and root uptake of

Fe(III)-PS are largely affected by the N nutritional status of plants, possibly as a result of N

deficiency-related impairments in biosynthesis of PS and transport of Fe across the cell

membranes. This N effect might be important in enrichment of cereal grains with Fe.


P15. INFLUENCE OF FERTILIZERS ON BIOAVAILABILITY OF

LEAD AND PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS

Lidiya Moklyachuk1

Volodymyr Makarenko2, Olexandr Nikitjuk1

, Nataliya Makarenko1,

1Institute of agroecology of National Academy of Agrarian Sciences 2Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv

Keywords: toxic metals, mineral fertilizers, lead, pesticides residuals, POPs, mineral

bioavaialbility

Objectives: The aim of the study was to investigate plants’ bioaccumulation of lead and

POPs from the gray forest soils with low humus content under the influence of mineral

fertilizers.

Methods: Lead concentration was determined using atomic absorption

spectroscopy. Organochlorine pesticides were quantified by gas chromatography (GC) using

the electronic-capture detector.

Results: Bioavailability of lead was studied with the use of spring rape plants. Maximum

bioavailability of lead occurs when N150P100K100. Biological concentration factors (BCFs)

were calculated for each tissue compartment (root, shoot and grains). BCF for the root was

0,21; shoot - 0,18; grains - 0,09. The use of green manure under these conditions reduces the

accumulation of lead. Without fertilizers, these figures are 0.15, 0.13, 0.06, respectively.

Plants of the Cucurbita pepo family are able to accumulate large quantities of organochlorine

compounds (J. White, 2005). It is shown that fertilizers increase bioavaialbility of

DDT. When N45P60K45, BCF reaches 1,6; N60P90K60 – 3,8; N90P135K90 – 3,6; without

fertilizers −1,8.

Conclusions: Crops grown on gray forest soil with low humus content does not contain

adequate quantities of essential nutrients and other factors needed for good health The increase of

fertilizers’ doses leads to the increase of absorption of lead and DDT.


P16. THE POSSIBLE INTERACTIONS OF COPPER IN VINEYARDS: SOIL AND

PLANT, PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY

Tjasa Jug

, Denis Rusjan

University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Agronomy Department, Jamnikarjeva 101,

1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; [email protected]

Keywords: copper, grapevine, heavy metal, soil, vineyard

Long-term use of copper-based fungicides against downy mildew is the main source of

copper accumulation in vineyard. Cu content increases with the vineyard age and decreases

with soil depth. In Slovenian vineyards the average total Cu content in soils ranges from 62 to

120 mg kg-1. Plants absorb many toxic heavy metals through their root system but also via

leaves. The volume of the application of Cu (0.0-5.0 kg Cu/ha/year) on vines by spraying

influences its content in leaves (11-55 mg kg-1) and in berries (6-61 mg kg-1) as well. Frequent

Cu spraying slightly decreases the photosynthesis activity and also the chlorophyll (a+b)

content, whereby it increases the content of xanthophyll pigments (V+A+Z). The average

PPO activity in leaves and berries is higher at a frequent Cu application, especially at first

spraying. Cu application decreases the average sugar content in berries, where the number of

Cu spraying is immaterial regarding the decrease of sugar content. Cu is a pollutant but in the

meantime an essential micronutrient as well, however its high concentration leads to toxicity.

Therefore Cu application in vineyards should be considered with consistent attention,

especially in the near future, as biological production will increase and correspondingly the

Cu usage as well.


P17. REACTION OF ROOT TISSUES TO CADMIUM TREATMENT

Alexander Lux

, Michal Martinka, Marek Vaculík

Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in

Bratislava, Mlynská dolina B2, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia.

The root regulates entry of cadmium to xylem and subsequently to the shoot by protective

mechanisms in the symplasm and apoplasm. The main apoplasmic barriers are endodermis

and exodermis. Development of these barriers is related to the Cd translocation to the shoot.

Under Cd treatment impregnation of endodermal cell walls with suberin occurs closer to the

root tip. When only one side of a root is exposed to Cd, there is accelerated asymmetrical

deposition of suberin lamellae in the endodermis on the exposed side. Other mechanism was

found in some bulb species under Cd stress. Roots of monocotyledonous plants usually do not

form secondary meristems and secondary tissues. However, development of a wound

periderm can be induced by Cd in outer cortical layers. We propose that these mechanisms

prevent radial Cd transport both to the xylem and to the shoot.

Acknowledgement: Grant 1/0472/10 from the Slovak Grant Agency VEGA

Lux A., Martinka M., Vaculík M., White P.J. Root responses to cadmium in the rhizosphere –

A review. JXB in press


P18. SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF CADMIUM ABSORPTION IN INTACT ROOTS OF SUNFLOWER (Helianthus annuus L.)

LAPORTE1 Marie-Aline

, DENAIX1 Laurence, DAUGUET2 Sylvie, FLENET3 Francis,

THUNOT Stéphane1, Christophe NGUYEN1

1UMR 1220 INRA, TCEM, BP 71, F33883 Villenave d'Ornon

[email protected]

[email protected] 2CETIOM rue Monge, Parc industriel F33600 PESSAC 3CETIOM – Av. Lucien Brétignières, F78850 Thiverval-Grignon

Keywords: Cadmium, root absorption, spatial variability, Sunflower

Understanding the root absorption of Cadmium (Cd) is important to predict crop

contamination. This work tested the hypothesis of a spatial variability of root absorption

capacity for Cd in sunflower. The root system of intact 10-12 leaves plants grown in

hydroponics were exposed for 20 minutes to 109Cd labelled solution having Cd concentrations

ranging from 0.6 to 105 nM. After desorption, individual roots were subsampled and cut into

pieces to map the 109Cd influx. A preliminary experiment demonstrated that there was no

significant axial transfer of 109Cd during the 20 minutes of exposure.

Whatever the root part of first order laterals emerging from the root tap, the Cd influx

(nmoles/cm²/s) was a linear function of the Cd concentration in the solution. However, the

slope of the relationship differed between root segments showing a decrease in the capacity of

Cd absorption with the distance from the root tip: the Cd influx of the roots tips was about

twice higher than that of basal segments. Second order laterals and first order laterals have

similar Cd influx. The perspective will be to evaluate how this spatial variability impacts on

total Cd uptake by using a root architecture model.


P19. AGRICULTURAL USE IMPACT OF URBAN WASTE: CHEMICAL STUDY OF

TRACE METALS DYNAMIC’S IN SOIL-PLANT SYSTEM

Senda ZARROUK1, 2

1Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, UMR 214, AgroParisTech. 16, Claude Bernard street,

75005 Paris, FRANCE16 rue Claude Bernard, 75005 Paris, France

, Naïma KOLSI BENZINA 2 and Alain BERMOND 1

2Laboratory of Soil Science and Environment, INAT. 43, Charles Nicolle Avenue 1082 -

Tunis- Mahrajène Tunisia

Keywords: Bioavailability, contamination, nutritional state, organic urban waste, trace metals

Developping countries as Tunisia face an important urbanization mouvement which leads to

an increasing urban wastes amount. Use of organic urban waste as soil amendment may

contribute to trace metals soil enrichment. So the problem is: Does manuring with organic

waste entail soil to plant metal transfer?

Our work aim is to study these practices impact on speciation and trace element transfer in

soil-plant system.

Experiments have been conducted in a loamy-clayey soil. Italy Ray-grass was planted in pots

amended by Cd, Cu and Pb doped urban compost. Two cuttings were made to investigate

urban compost amendment effect on soil and plant composition (N, P, K and metals contents).

Ray-grass shoots and roots analysis reveals that compost improves plant nutritional state.

However, roots cupper contamination was noted. For soil, compost amendment contribute to

a significant increase metal content.

For a given metallic trace element, hazard is both for environment and plants and it depends

on metal mobility and bioavailability. This latter is modelled by plant uptake and compared to

metal soil contents.


P20. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AVAILABLE PHOSPHOROUS AND

TOTAL CADMIUM UNDER DIFFERENT LAND USES

Vladimir Ivezić1*

, Bal Ram Singh1 and Zdenko Lončarić2

1Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences,

1432 Ås, Norway (* corresponding author: [email protected]) 2Faculty of Agriculture, University of J.J. Strossamyer in Osijek, Trg Sv. Trojstva 3, Osijek,

Croatia

Keywords: cadmium, fertilization, land use, phosphorous

The relationship between phosphorus (P) fertilization and cadmium (Cd) concentration in soil

has been well recognized. Objective of this research was to examine the influence of different

land uses on the behaviour of Cd in relation to P concentration. Samples were collected from

the surface soil of Eastern Croatia, 53 samples from arable land and 21 from forest land.

Available P was determined by ammonium lactate– extractable phosphorus (AL-P) and total

Cd was determined by digestion of soil with ultra pure HNO3. Analysis of variance showed

significantly higher concentrations of available P in arable land than in forest land, we suggest

that this is mainly due to fertilization activities. In addition, the results showed good

correlation of available P and total Cd in arable land (p=0,000; r=0,57) while we have no

correlation in forest land. These findings confirm the connection of P fertilization and Cd

concentration; however the Cd levels showed not to be exceeding the maximum permissible

levels (MPC) neither in arable land nor in forest land. Total concentration of Cd were in the

following range 0,1 – 0,4 mgkg-1 (Avg=0,227 mgkg-1) for arable land and 0,11-0,67 mgkg-1

(Avg:0,225 mgkg-1) for forest land. We can conclude that P fertilization has influence on

cadmium concentrations in arable land of Eastern Croatia. However, it appears that

fertilization activities are conducted in accordance with sustainable management and therfore

pose no threat to soil contamination.


P21. PHYTOREMEDIATION OF AGRICULTURAL SOILS

Tommy Landberg and

Maria Greger

Dept. of Botany, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, SWEDEN

Large areas of agricultural soils have elevated levels of cadmium causing high levels of

cadmium in crops, like wheat. An economical plausible method for cleaning large areas of

contaminated areas is phytoremediation. However, due to too high uptake of other elements

than Cd phytoremediation may have negative side effects such as reduced crop production

and nutrient status in the following crop.

The aim was to investigate if phytoremediation with Salix affects the following wheat

cultivation on crop production and Zn content. Salix were cultivated 1-3 years prior to wheat

cultivation and wheat was cultivated after Salix during 1-3 years. Each year wheat-grains and

soil were analysed on Cd, Zn and grain biomass. Results showed decreasing levels of Cd in

wheat grains with 26% and in soil with 23 %. Data indicates that the phytoremediation effect

remains during at least 3 years of wheat cultivation. Thus Salix is effective as phytoextractor

in agricultural soils. The grain biomass was not affected by the phytoextraction. However, Zn

showed a significant decrease in soil with 8 %. This may alter Zn status in wheat after

phytoremediation. Choosing Salix clones with selective uptake of Cd might diminish this

negative effect.


P22. PHOTOSYNTHETIC PERFORMANCE IN BARLEY

AN EVALUATING TOOL OF CADMIUM TOLERANCE

Fernando Cebola Lidon1, Andon Vassilev3, Benvindo Maçãs4, José Prates Coutinho4, Ana

Sofia Almeida4, Ana Luisa Fernando1, Maria Paula Duarte1, Maria Manuela Abreu da Silva5,

António Eduardo Leitão2, Ana Isabel Ribeiro2, José Cochicho Ramalho

2


2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; 2Centro de Ecofisiologia, Bioquímica e Biotecnologia Vegetal,

Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical, Quinta do Marquês, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal; 3Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Agricultural University of Plovdiv,

Bulgaria; 4Instituto Nacional dos Recurso Biológicos, Estrada de Gil Vaz, Apartado 6, 7350-

591 Elvas, Portugal; 5ESE Almeida Garrett, Grupo Universidade Lusófona, COFAC, Palácio

de Santa Helena, Largo do Sequeira nº 7, Lisboa, Portugal.

Keywords: barley, cadmium, chlorophyll a fluorescence, leaf gas exchanges, lipid

peroxidation, photosynthetic electron transport

Crop-derived food or feed biofortification, potentially enhance human and animal health, yet

excessive applications of sewage sludge and manure have led to hazards accumulation of heavy

metals, namely Cd, in agricultural soils associated to cropping practices, threatening food safety.

Interestingly, barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) can tolerate high Cd concentrations, withstanding its

accumulation until the metal reaches the toxic tissue threshold level. Since the photosynthetic

performance may be used as a probe for plant tolerance assessment to Cd, this work evaluates

barley responses to Cd contamination and correlates toxicity threshold surpass with

photosynthetic related parameters.

After plant (H. vulgare L., cv. Ribeka) exposure to high Cd contents for 10 days, it was found that

root biomass accumulation was inhibited and biomass allocation within the plant was changed,

without noticeable effect on total biomass accumulation at the whole plant level. The maximal

shoot Cd concentration (41+8 mg Cd kg-1 dry weight) without any visual toxicity symptoms on

the shoots, was found at 28 mg Cd kg-1 sand. Reduced leaf gas exchanges, photosynthetic

pigments content and electron transport activity were detected for the high Cd treatment of 42 mg

Cd kg-1 sand, although thylakoid lipid peroxidation status did not change. The data confirmed

barley tolerance to Cd during growth and the concurrent maintenance of the photosynthetic

machinery.


P23. A BREAD WHEAT ZINC BIOFORTIFICATION PROJECT – GENOTYPES

SCREENING TO OBTAIN A PROTOTYPE

Ana Sofia Almeida

1, Benvindo Maçãs1, José Prates Coutinho1, Ana Luisa Fernando2, José

Cochicho Ramalho3, António Eduardo Leitão3, Ana Isabel Ribeiro3, Maria Paula Duarte2,

Maria Manuela Abreu da Silva4, Fernando Cebola Lidon2

1Instituto Nacional dos Recurso Biológicos, Estrada de Gil Vaz, Apartado 6, 7350-591 Elvas,

Portugal; 2GDEH, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Quinta

da Torre, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; 3Centro de Ecofisiologia, Bioquímica e Biotecnologia

Vegetal, Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical, Quinta do Marquês, 2784-505 Oeiras,

Portugal; 4ESE Almeida Garrett, Grupo Universidade Lusófona, COFAC, Palácio de Santa

Helena, Largo do Sequeira nº 7, Lisboa, Portugal

Keywords: bread wheat screening, Zn bioavailability, Zn biofortification

This project aims to include a new work line of breeding in the on-going Portuguese Wheat

Breeding Program, which is the development of new genotypes with better performance in the

Zn absorption from soil and higher accumulation of this nutrient in grain (biofortification for

Zn). Little information is available about: i) the Zn concentration in the soils on the

Portuguese wheat-growing regions; ii) grain Zn concentrations of the Portuguese old and

modern wheat cultivars and also in the wheat germplasm available and iii) on the most

effective application methods of Zn fertilizers. The project was designed in three work

outlines: 1) survey of the Zn status in the soil of the Portuguese wheat-growing regions; 2)

screening wheat Portuguese varieties, germplasm available included on the Portuguese

Germplasm Bank and advanced breeding lines developed for grain yield and disease

resistance and 3) testing foliar and soil+foliar Zn fertilizer application. Even considering that

the approach for improving wheat grain Zn concentration will combine breeding and fertilizer

strategies and not only breeding, the knowledge of the Zn concentrations in the Portuguese

soils is of most importance considering that the application of micronutrient fertilizers is an

additional cost for production. The project will follow an integrated approach considering

different fields of knowledge.


P24. A BREAD WHEAT ZINC BIOFORTIFICATION PROJECT – NUTRITIONAL

AND TECHNOLOGICAL FLOUR EVALUATION

António Eduardo Leitão1, Maria Paula Duarte2

, Maria Manuela Abreu da Silva3, Benvindo

Maçãs4, José Prates Coutinho4, Ana Sofia Almeida4, Ana Luisa Fernando2, José Cochicho

Ramalho1, Ana Isabel Ribeiro1, Fernando Cebola Lidon2

1Centro de Ecofisiologia, Bioquímica e Biotecnologia Vegetal, Instituto de Investigação

Científica Tropical, Quinta do Marquês, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal; 2GDEH, Faculdade de

Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Quinta da Torre, 2829-516 Caparica,


Helena, Largo do Sequeira nº 7, Lisboa, Portugal; 4Instituto Nacional dos Recurso Biológicos,

Estrada de Gil Vaz, Apartado 6, 7350-591 Elvas, Portugal.

Keywords: bread wheat, nutritional evaluation of flour, technological evaluation of flour, Zn

bioavailability, Zn biofortification

Zn deficiency in human dietary is very widespread throughout the world, affecting nearly one

billion people. Cereals might serve as a main staple food for a large proportion of world

population, but have the shortcoming of being low in Zn and other essential nutrients.

Through Zn biofortification of bread wheat this problem can be reduced, yet the industrial

flour production and consumption requires a nutritional and technological evaluation. This

study aims at to determine, in wheat naturally biofortified flour, the related technological

properties and the antagonistic and synergistic accumulation of micro and macronutrients

triggered by higher Zn levels. In view of the industrial production of the Zn biofortified wheat

flour, reproducibility tests will also be conducted, following calibration standards of quality.

In this context, the patterns of aminoacids, fatty acids and carbohydrates, as well as the

technological characteristics for baking will be measured. Stability studies will be further

conducted on wheat flour by measuring tolerances and abnormalities (according to the

Portuguese Law - Ordenance 254/2003 Nº 9 and 18, respectively), testing and quantifying

amino acids, carbohydrates, fatty acids and changings.


P25. A BREAD WHEAT BIOFORTIFICATION PROJECT – PHYSIOLOGYCAL

AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF GRAIN FILLING

José Cochicho Ramalho1, Ana Isabel Ribeiro1, Benvindo Maçãs2, José Prates Coutinho2, Ana

Sofia Almeida2, Ana Luisa Fernando3, Maria Paula Duarte3, Maria Manuela Abreu da Silva4,

António Eduardo Leitão1, Fernando Cebola Lidon

3

1Centro de Ecofisiologia, Bioquímica e Biotecnologia Vegetal, Instituto de Investigação

Científica Tropical, Quinta do Marquês, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal; 2Instituto Nacional dos

Recurso Biológicos, Estrada de Gil Vaz, Apartado 6, 7350-591 Elvas, Portugal; 3GDEH,

Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Quinta da Torre, 2829-

516 Caparica, Portugal; 4ESE Almeida Garrett, Grupo Universidade Lusófona, COFAC,

Palácio de Santa Helena, Largo do Sequeira nº 7, Lisboa, Portugal

Keywords: bread wheat, photosynthesis, gene transcription, Zn bioavailability, Zn

biofortification

Considering that a goal of biofortification is to develop genotypes that have an increased

content of bioavailable nutrients in their edible parts, the production and mobilization of

photoassimilates to the seeds might be understood as a key issue. This study aims at to design

a physiological and molecular model to further understand the metabolic pathways of grain

filling driven by photosynthesis. Thus, during the vegetative growth of genotype with high

potential to biofortification in Zn, the kinetics of leaf gas exchange (mainly, leaf stomatal

conductance, net photosynthesis and photosynthetic capacity) and chlorophyll a fluorescence

(to evaluate the impact on the capture, use and dissipation of the collected light energy: Fo,

Fv/Fm, Fv’/Fm’, φe, qP, qN and NPQ) will be measured and related with the patterns of nutrient

accumulation in the grain at the end of the reproductive process. In this process, to access the

change in Zn level between wheat genotypes, the patterns of gene transcription and the

abundance of proteins involved in transport and storage will also be determined by

biochemical and molecular tools (through the transcriptional analysis of a set of genes

involved in Zn metabolism, mostly in transport and storage, complemented by Western blot

studies).


P26. A BREAD WHEAT ZINC BIOFORTIFICATION PROJECT

ASSESSMENT OF LOW-TECHNOLOGY PROCESSING METHODS

TO REDUCE THE PHYTATE CONTENT OF CEREALS

Ana Luisa Fernando1

, Maria Paula Duarte1, António Eduardo Leitão2, José Cochicho

Ramalho2, , Ana Sofia Almeida3, Benvindo Maçãs3, José Prates Coutinho3, Maria Manuela

Abreu da Silva4, Ana Isabel Ribeiro2, Fernando Cebola Lidon1


2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; 2Centro de Ecofisiologia, Bioquímica e Biotecnologia Vegetal,

Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical, Quinta do Marquês, 2784-505 Oeiras, Portugal; 3Instituto Nacional dos Recurso Biológicos, Estrada de Gil Vaz, Apartado 6, 7350-591 Elvas,


Helena, Largo do Sequeira nº 7, Lisboa, Portugal

Keywords: cereals, fermentation, germination, mineral bioavailability, phytate

Improving the nutritional quality of food crops and animal feedstuffs involves not only increasing the

concentration of minerals through breeding and fertilization initiatives (biofortification) but also

improving their bioavailability, since only 5-15% of the mineral content in unprocessed seeds is

absorbed by humans or animals. The main reasons for this low bioavailability are the cell

compartmentalisation and the natural occurrence of absorption inhibitors (such as phytate and phenolic

compounds). Processing techniques can be improved in order to maximize the bioavailability of

minerals, but the fortified crop and food must be supervised in order to avoid mineral contaminants.

In developing countries, the major part of the population lives in rural areas and the access to centrally

processed food is quite limited. As a result, home-based strategies to reduce antinutritional factors,

such as phytate and phenolic compounds, may be the most feasible methods to improve mineral

bioavailability. In this work, several methods of decreasing the phytate content of cereals with

relatively low technological requirements will be compared in Zn biofortified wheat genotypes (to be

selected after a thorough biochemical and physiological evaluation). These methods include

fermentation, germination and soaking. Products will be compared in terms of nutritional, dietary bulk

and acceptability criteria. Soaking may be a more effective method at the household level as the

dependent factors are non-biological, easier to control and culturally more acceptable. But removal of

other water soluble nutrients (such as vitamins) should be further elucidated.


P27. IS AtHMA4 A GOOD CANDIDATE FOR BIOFORTIFICATION STRATEGIES?

Justyna Rudzka1

, Anna Barabasz2, Lorraine Williams2, Danuta M. Antosiewicz1

1University of Warsaw (PL), 2 University of Southampton (UK)

Keywords: HMA4, Zn sensitivity, Zn-regulated genes

HMA4, a PIB ATPase from A. thaliana - was introduced, under the 35S promoter, to tomato

(Solanum lycopersicon, var. Beta) to investigate its impact on Zn accumulation and root-to-

shoot translocation. Transgenic plants and WT were grown at a range of Zn concentrations.

HMA4-transformants were more sensitive to Zn excess, manifested by the appearance of

necrosis within the leaf blades.

Root-to-shoot Zn translocation in transgenic plants was dependent on external Zn supply. At

10µM Zn, less Zn was translocated to the shoots of transgenics compared to WT; however,

the opposite trend was detected at 20µM, 50µM, 100µM Zn.

In order to explain the mechanism underlying the sensitivity to Zn observed for transgenic

plants, Zn expression of selected tomato endogenes was analyzed at 0.5µM and 10µM Zn

concentration. At 0.5µM LeNRAMP2 and LeNRAMP3 were down-regulated in transgenic

plants in comparison to WT. Under the same conditions, transcription of a cDNA sequence

homologues to A. thaliana YSL2 was up-regulated. NRAMP3 and NRAMP4 are responsible

for remobilization of metals from the vacuole whereas the major role of YSL2 appears to be

in the lateral movement of metals in the vasculature. YSL2 expression is reduced under Zn

deficiency. This may suggest that 0.5µM Zn concentration is Zn-sufficient for AtHMA4

plants and Zn-insufficient for wild type.

In summary, our results suggest that AtHMA4 gene may not be a good candidate for

engineering tomato for biofortification purposes.


P28. EVALUATION OF ANDEAN POTATOES AS SOURCES OF

MINERAL MICRONUTRIENTS: FOCUS ON IRON

Danièle Evers

Cédric Guignard, Joanna Ziebel, Torsten Bohn

, Sylvain Legay, Isabelle Lefèvre,

Centre de Recherche Public-Gabriel Lippmann, Department Environment and Agro-

Biotechnologies, 41, rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg

Keywords: iron storage, iron transport, mineral micronutrients, potato

Potato is the world fourth most important staple food and it has been reported to be a good

source of high quality proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins as well as minerals, including iron.

Mineral micro- and macronutrients were investigated by ICP-MS in tubers of 21 Andean

potato cultivars. Mineral contents in potato tubers were highly variable; some were

significantly and positively correlated, the most noteworthy associations being Na-Ca, Mn-

Mg and Zn-Fe.

Fe contents ranged from 456 to 1199 μg/ 150 g FW and were in average 784 μg/ 150 g FW.

As these results point to significant levels of iron in some potato cultivars, and as iron

deficiency is an important nutrient deficiency among humans, impacting most severely

children and pregnant women, we further investigated the regulation of iron uptake by

potatoes. This is particularly interesting since one of the ways to address mineral malnutrition

is through an optimization of the plant’s ability to acquire mineral elements. To this end, we

performed, in silico, an estimation of the ferritin (iron storage) and NRAMP (iron transport)

gene copy number in order to study their expression patterns in potato tubers and to detect

putative candidate genes for enhanced iron accumulation.


P29. THREATS CONCERNING CONSUMPTION OF

SELF-PROVISIONING CROPS PRODUCED IN AREAS

WITH ELEVATED CONCENTRATIONS OF LEAD AND CADMIUM IN SOIL

Jadwiga Gzyl

Environmental Risk Team, Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas, 6 Kossutha St., 40-844

Katowice, Poland, e-mail: [email protected]

Keywords: cadmium, consumers’ exposure, edible plants, lead

There is a high probability that the consumption of self-provisioning crops produced in the

areas with elevated concentrations of Pb and Cd in soil creates additional undesirable intake

of these metals.

This group of consumers is particularly exposed to Pb and Cd due to the following factors:

- consumption of their own edible plants (this kind of food is not controlled by sanitary

bodies because it does not enter the market.)

- higher intake of Pb and Cd from other sources, like different kinds of locally produced

food, in that higher intake from air and water

The problem of elevated concentrations of Pb and Cd in soil can be observed in many

European countries.

Based on the available concentrations of Pb and Cd in crops produced in the industrial region

of Poland (Upper Silesia) potential threats for the consumers will be presented.

The mean exposure to Pb and Cd from food in Poland (obtained from EFSA opinions

concerning European population) will be compared with exposures simulated for

consumption of crops from Upper Silesia.


P30. DIFFERENCES IN CADMIUM CONCENTRATION IN BARLEY GRAINS

DEPENDING ON CULTIVARS AND SITES

Marta Pogrzeba

, Aleksandra Sas-Nowosielska, Jacek Krzyżak

Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Phytoremediation Team, Institute for Ecology

of Industrial Areas (IETU), 6 Kossutha Street, 40-833 Katowice, Poland,

mail:[email protected]

Keywords: barley cultivars, grains cadmium concentration, heavy metal contaminated sites

Barley in Poland is mainly cultivated for grain, in food industry and for beer production.

About 4% is used for direct human consumption. Cadmium accumulation and distribution

within plants is strongly affected by the soil type and plant species/cultivar and various with

stages of plant development. The goal of the presented study is evaluation of cadmium uptake

on different soils conditions by barley cultivars commonly available on the market is.

Two clean soils and one medium contaminated with heavy metals were chosen for the

experiment. Physical and chemical soil properties were analyzed using ISO methods. The pot

experiment was performed in a vegetation room and five barley cultivars were investigated.

At the end of barley growth the grains were collected and analyzed for Cd concentration.

Total cadmium concentration in clean soils ranged from 0.47 mg kg-1 up to 1.73 mg kg-1,

while in case of medium contaminated soil the mean concentration was about 12 mg kg-1.

Bioavailable fractions of Cd ranged from 0.07 mg kg-1 to 0.23 mg kg-1 for clean soils and

were approximately 0.56 mg kg-1 for contaminated site. Only one cultivar may be

recommended for food production, while all one’s can be use for feed purposes, when

growing on clean soils. All barley cultivars grown on contaminated soil exceeded value limit

for food production but three of them may be use as a feed. As a solution for diminishing Cd

uptake by barley chemostabilization process is suggested.


P31. IN VITRO CONVERSION OF SELENIUM SPECIES

BY HUMAN INTESTINAL MICROBIOTA

R.V. Srikanth. Lavu1

Filip Tack1, Gijs Du Laing1

, Tom van de Wiele2, Katrijn Van den Broeck1,2,

1Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry and Applied Ecochemistry; 2Laboratory of Microbial

Ecology and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure

Links 653, B-9000 Gent, Belgium.

E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

Keywords: biofortification, human gut, selenium, speciation, transformation

Selenium-enriched food crops and food supplements are often used to counteract low dietary

uptake of Se. In these foodstuffs and supplements bioavailability and activity of Se have been

shown to depend on speciation, the form in which Se occurs. The speciation can not only

change during food crop processing prior to consumption, but also within the human

gastrointestinal tract during digestion. This needs be taken into account when assessing Se

bioavailability and bioactivity in Se-enriched food supplements and crops. Therefore, we

studied kinetics of changes in speciation of Se released from food supplements and Se-

enriched food crops (mainly leek) in the gastrointestinal tract. Suspensions sampled from the

stomach and intestine compartments of an in vitro system simulating the human intestinal

tract (i.e. SHIME, the Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem) were spiked

with Na-selenite, Na-selenate, Se-methionine, Se-cystine and Se-Me-Se-cystine reference

compounds, as well as commercially available Se food supplements (containing selenate and

selenomethionine), and Se-enriched leek. After different sampling times, samples were taken

and filtered. The filtrate was analyzed for Se species using HPLC-ICP-MS to assess kinetics

of Se release from the matrix as well as changes in Se bioaccessibility and speciation. The

results illustrate that Se speciation and food matrix significantly affect the bioavailability and

behaviour of Se in the gastrointestinal tract. Similar experiments focusing on other types of

Se-enriched food crops will be conducted in the future.

Cost Action FA 0905 - UMBCost Action FA 0905 . First Annual Meeting . Mineral Improved Crop...

Documents

Transcript of Cost Action FA 0905 - UMBCost Action FA 0905 . First Annual Meeting . Mineral Improved Crop...