Cosolvent Flushing and Enhanced Bioremediation at a Dry Cleaner Site By Michael D. Annable...
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Transcript of Cosolvent Flushing and Enhanced Bioremediation at a Dry Cleaner Site By Michael D. Annable...
Cosolvent Flushing and Enhanced Bioremediation
at a Dry Cleaner SiteBy
Michael D. AnnableDepartment of Environmental Engineering Sciences
1
2
Project Team
University of Florida• Mike Annable, James Jawitz, Mike Brooks• Suresh Rao, Irene Poyer (Purdue)
USEPA-NRMRL-SPRD-Ada• Guy W. Sewell, Lynn Wood, Susan Mravik • Frank Beck, Ken Jewell, Tony Lee, Steve Acree, Randal Ross
LFR Levine-Fricke• Kevin Warner• Randy Sillan
MSU• James M. Tiedje, Shannon Flynn
Project Funding – State of Florida, EPA-TIO, Florida Center for
Soild and Hazardous Waste Management, SERDP (FIBRC-WES)
3
Brief Cosolvent Flushing History•Before 1980 Cosolvents theory - Pharmaceuticals•Mid 1980s Cosolvents used to study transport of hydrophobic compounds in soils•Early 1990s Cosolvents investigated for remediation•1995 First Cosolvent Flood at Hill AFB (Florida)•1996 Second Cosolvent Flood at Hill AFB (Clemson)•1998 Cosolvent Flood at a Dry Cleaner Site (LFR, Sages)•1999 Cosolvent Flood at Dover AFB•2001 2nd Cosolvent Flood at Dover AFB (Clemson)•2002-3 Full-Scale Flood at Sages (Others?)
5
Pilot test at Jacksonville, FL (Sages): • Dry Cleaner PCE source zone• 8 to 9.5 m below ground surface• 7 m long by 3 m wide• Performanced based cores and tracers
6
Sages Site
Easting (ft)
MLS-1MLS-1MLS-2MLS-2
MLS-3MLS-3
MLS-4MLS-4
MLS-5MLS-5MLS-6MLS-6MLS-7MLS-7
466510 466514 466518 466522 466526 466530 466534 4665382193136
2193140
2193144
2193148
RW002RW002
RW003RW003RW004RW004
RW005RW005
RW006RW006RW007RW007
IW001IW001IW002IW002
IW003IW003
Nor
thin
g (f
t)• 3 Injection Wells (IWs)• 6 Recovery Wells (RWs)• 7 Multi-Level Samplers (MLSs)
7
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
Dep
th B
GS
(ft)
0 20000 40000 mg PCE/L MeCl
IW002 25
26
27
28
29
30
31 D
epth
BG
S (ft
)0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
mg PCE/L MeCl
RW007
High Frequency Soil Sampling at Sages
Thin lenses of DNAPL on
minor permeability
contrasts
9
Sages Site
Partitioning Tracer Test:SN = 0.26 %VPCE 50 L
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
0 20 40 60 80 100
methanol
2-ethyl-1-hexanol
Volume (kL)
C/C
0
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (d)
SN = 1.0 %RW007 MLS-4 Red
10
Sages Site
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Flo
wra
te (
gpm
)
0
2
4
6
8
10
Packer
Heig
ht
(ft)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 Time (days)
Cosolvent Flushing
95 % consumablegrade ethanol
11
Cosolvent Flushing
Total PCETotal PCERemovedRemoved67.4 kg67.4 kg41.5 L41.5 L
0
40
80
120
160
200
PC
E (
mg
/L)
0
4
8
12
16
20
Eth
an
ol
(%)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Volume (kL)
PCE
ethanol
RW002
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
PC
E (
mg
/L)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Eth
an
ol
(%)
0 10 20 30 40 50 Volume (kL)
PCE
ethanol
RW003
12
Sages Site
Waste Treatment: Air Stripping Macro Porous Polymer (MPP)
PCE recovered from effluentTrailer-mounted MPP system
13
Summary Results
Cosolvent Extraction:43 L PCE Removed (Mass Recovery)
~63 % PCE Removed (Partitioning Tracer)65% Removal based on Soil Core Data
14
Concentration (or Flux) Reduction in the Source Zone
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00
Post-Remediation Time (Years)
Ave
rage
Con
c. o
f PC
E (
mg/
L) Average = 49 mg/L
Average = 26 mg/L
Mass Reduction = 64% : Flux Reduction = 47%n = 35 sampling locations
15
Solvent Extraction Residual Biotreatment(source management)
• Remove more accessible fraction of DNAPL, lower dissolved concentrations/flux. Reduce time/distance needed to meet GW quality objectives.
• Activate reductive bio-transformations in high redox environments.
• Insure supply of e- donor, accelerate process and reduce uncertainty.
• Meet regulatory requirements.
16
Pre-Cosolvent Flush Site Characterization
• Aerobic Conditions
• Low levels of daughter products (TCE)
• DNAPL contamination identified at 26 to 31 ft. bgs
20
Sage’s Dry Cleaner SiteJacksonville, Florida
RW-006RW-007
C1C2
C3C4MW-505
MW-506
MW-507MW-508
MW-509MW-510
MW-511
MW-512MW-513MW-514
RW-002
RW-003RW-004
RW-005
CONCRETESLAB
ASPHALT
DNAPLAREA
0 ft. 20 ft. 40 ft. 60 ft. 80 ft.
MLS
21
PCEPCE
CONCRETESLAB
ASPHALT
ASPHALT
ASPH ALT
DNAPLAREA
C1/ 16 / 17 / 18C2 / 14
C3 / 15C4
C7/ 20
C10/ 19
C5/ 11
M W-505
M W-506
M W-507M W-508
M W-509M W-510
M W-511
M W-512M W-513M W-514
M W1
M W2
M W3
~1 M onth P ost-F lush
CONCRETESLAB
ASPHALT
ASPHALT
ASPH ALT
DNAPLAREA
C1/ 16 / 17 / 18C2 / 14
C3 / 15C4
C7/ 20
C10/ 19
C5/ 11
M W-505
M W-506
M W-507M W-508
M W-509M W-510
M W-511
M W-512M W-513M W-514
M W1
M W2
M W3
~2.5 M onths P ost-F lush
C ON C RE TES LAB
A SP H ALT
AS PH ALT
AS PH ALT
DNAPLAREA
C1/ 16 / 17 / 18C2 / 14
C3 / 15C4
C7/ 20
C10 / 19
C5/ 11
M W-505
M W-506
M W-507M W-508
M W-509M W-510
M W-511
M W-512M W-513M W-514
M W1
M W2
M W3
~4 M onths P ost-F lush
0 ug/L
10000 ug/L
20000 ug/L
30000 ug/L
40000 ug/L
50000 ug/L
60000 ug/L
70000 ug/L
80000 ug/L
CONCRETESLAB
ASPHALT
ASPHALT
ASPH ALT
DNAPLAREA
C1/ 16 / 17 / 18C2 / 14
C3 / 15C4
C7/ 20
C10/ 19
C5/ 11
M W-505
M W-506
M W-507M W-508
M W-509M W-510
M W-511
M W-512M W-513M W-514
M W1
M W2
M W3
Pre-E thanol F lush (w ith D ay 29 data)
80,000 µg/l = 480 µM
22
PCEPCE
0 ug/L
10000 ug/L
20000 ug/L
30000 ug/L
40000 ug/L
50000 ug/L
60000 ug/L
70000 ug/L
80000 ug/L
CONCRETESLAB
ASPHALT
ASPHALT
ASPH ALT
DNAPLAREA
C1/ 16 / 17 / 18C2 / 14
C3 / 15C4
C7/ 20
C10 / 19
C5/ 11
M W-505
M W-506
M W-507M W-508
M W-509M W-510
M W-511
M W-512M W-513M W-514
M W1
M W2
M W3
~25 M onths Post-F lush
CONCRETESLAB
ASPHALT
ASPHALT
ASPH ALT
DNAPLAREA
C1/ 16 / 17 / 18C2 / 14
C3 / 15C4
C7/ 20
C10 / 19
C5/ 11
M W-505
M W-506
M W-507M W-508
M W-509M W-510
M W-511
M W-512M W-513M W-514
M W1
M W2
M W3
~28 M onths Post-F lush
CONCRETESLAB
ASPHALT
ASPHALT
ASPH ALT
DNAPLAREA
C 1/ 16 / 1 7 / 18C2 / 14
C3 / 15C4
C7 / 20
C10 / 19
C5 / 1 1
M W-505
M W-506
M W-507M W-508
M W-509M W-510
M W-511
M W-512M W-513M W-514
M W1
M W2
M W3
~31 M onths Post-F lush
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cis-DCEcis-DCE
CONCRETESLAB
ASPHALT
ASPHALT
ASPH ALT
DNAPLAREA
C1/ 16 / 17 / 18C2 / 14
C3 / 15C4
C7/ 20
C10/ 19
C5/ 11
M W-505
M W-506
M W-507M W-508
M W-509M W-510
M W-511
M W-512M W-513M W-514
M W1
M W2
M W3
~1 M onth P ost-F lush
C ON C RE TES LAB
A SP H ALT
AS PH ALT
AS PH ALT
DNAPLAREA
C1/ 16 / 17 / 18C2 / 14
C3 / 15C4
C7/ 20
C10/ 19
C5/ 11
M W-505
M W-506
M W-507M W-508
M W-509M W-510
M W-511
M W-512M W-513M W-514
M W1
M W2
M W3
~2.5 M onths P ost-F lush
CONCRETESLAB
ASPHALT
ASPHALT
ASPH ALT
DNAPLAREA
C1/ 16 / 17 / 18C2 / 14
C3 / 15C4
C7/ 20
C10/ 19
C5/ 11
M W-505
M W-506
M W-507M W-508
M W-509M W-510
M W-511
M W-512M W-513M W-514
M W1
M W2
M W3
~4 M onths P ost-F lush
0 ug/L
2000 ug/L
4000 ug/L
6000 ug/L
8000 ug/L
10000 ug/L
12000 ug/L
14000 ug/L
16000 ug/L
C ON C RE TES LAB
A SP H ALT
AS PH ALT
AS PH ALT
DNAPLAREA
C1/ 16 / 17 / 18C2 / 14
C3 / 15C4
C7/ 20
C10 / 19
C5/ 11
M W-505
M W-506
M W-507M W-508
M W-509M W-510
M W-511
M W-512M W-513M W-514
M W1
M W2
M W3
Pre-E thanol F lush (w ith D ay 29 data)
16,000 µg/l = 165 µM
24
cis-DCEcis-DCE
0 ug/L
2000 ug/L
4000 ug/L
6000 ug/L
8000 ug/L
10000 ug/L
12000 ug/L
14000 ug/L
16000 ug/L
C ON C RE TES LAB
A SP H ALT
AS PH ALT
AS PH ALT
DNAPLAREA
C1/ 16 / 17 / 18C2 / 14
C3 / 15C4
C7/ 20
C10/ 19
C5/ 11
M W-505
M W-506
M W-507M W-508
M W-509M W-510
M W-511
M W-512M W-513M W-514
M W1
M W2
M W3
~25 M onths Post-F lush
C ON C RE TES LAB
A SP H ALT
AS PH ALT
AS PH ALT
DNAPLAREA
C1/ 16 / 17 / 18C2 / 14
C3 / 15C4
C7/ 20
C10/ 19
C5/ 11
M W-505
M W-506
M W-507M W-508
M W-509M W-510
M W-511
M W-512M W-513M W-514
M W1
M W2
M W3
~28 M onths Post-F lush
CONCRETESLAB
ASPHALT
ASPHALT
ASPH ALT
DNAPLAREA
C 1/ 16 / 1 7 / 18C2 / 14
C3 / 15C4
C7 / 20
C10 / 1 9
C5 / 1 1
M W-505
M W-5 06
M W-50 7M W-508
M W-509M W-510
M W-511
M W-51 2M W-513M W-514
M W1
M W2
M W3
~31 M onths Post-F lush
Next look at flux across a multilevel sampler transect
25
Total Plume Mass Load
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00
Post-Remediation Time (years)
Mas
s Lo
ad (
g/da
y)
PCE
TCE
c-DCE
26
Molar Based Total Load
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00
Post-Remediation Time (years)
Mo
lar
Mas
s L
oad
(m
mo
les/
day
)
PCE
TCE
c-DCE
Total
Increased mass flux caused by enhanced dissolution?
27
SUMMARYSolvent Extraction:
43 L PCE Removed (Mass Recovery)~64 % PCE Removed
Source Zone Flux47% reduction in PCE concentration in
the source zone multilevel sampler network
PCE Daughter Product FormationSignificant increase in cis-DCE mass
For additional indications of Biological ActivitySee the Sages Poster