Cosmic Fireworks: Supernova Explosions
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Transcript of Cosmic Fireworks: Supernova Explosions
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Cosmic Fireworks:Supernova Explosions
Dr. Stephen C. Y. NgDepartment of Physics
超新星
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Outline
Why study supernova?
What is a supernova?
Why does it explode?
The aftermaths --- Supernova remnants
Will it destroy the Earth?
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Where do they come from?
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Mines?
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Supernova Explosions!
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Supernova Explosions!
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Gold, Silver & More
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Heavy Elements
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Building Blocks of Life
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Life from Exploding Stars!
Without supernovae to disperse elements made in stars, no planets, no life!!
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Why Study Supernova?They are cool
most powerful explosions in the Universe
1017J 1044J1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 =
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Why Study Supernova?
They are importantproduce heavy elements beyond iron, e.g. gold,
silver,…recycle materials into space, e.g carbon, oxygen,
…shock wave triggers new star formation
They can get you a Nobel prizeSN Type Ia as standard candles for cosmology
They are bombsshock wave physics
They are coolmost powerful explosions in the Universe
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What is a Supernova?Nova 新星 = new star
Supernova 超新星
Naming:
SN 2013A,…, SN2013Z, SN
2013aa,…
SN 2013ab,…, SN 2013ej,…
Death of a star, most powerful
explosion:1027 nuclear bombs
brighter than a galaxy (~1011 stars)
more energy than the entire lifetime of a star
SN 1994D
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Historical ClassificationSN
no H H
Si no Si
He no He
Type Ia Type Ib Type Ic Type II
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Physical Classification
Thermonuclear
Core Collapse
SN
no H H
Si no Si
He no He
Type Ia Type Ib Type Ic Type II
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Why do they explode?Stellar evolutionCore collapseThermonuclear
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Life of a Sun-like Star
Protostars
White Dwarf
Planetary Nebula
Red Giant
Sun-like Star
Star-Forming Nebula
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Life of a Massive Star
Protostars
Black Hole
SUPERNOVA
Red Supergiant
Massive Star
Star-Forming Nebula
Neutron Star
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self gravit
y
Pressure Balance
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self gravit
y
2,000,000,000xin 1 second!
Pressure Balance
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self gravit
y
gas pressure
Pressure Balance
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Stellar Alchemy
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Life of a Sun-like Star
Protostars
White Dwarf
Planetary Nebula
Red Giant
Sun-like Star
Star-Forming Nebula
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Massive Stars
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Stellar Onion
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Inert Iron Core
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Stellar Onion
not to scale
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self gravit
y
gas pressure
Core Collapse
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nuclear force
Core Bounce
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Core Bounce
energy: 1046J99% neutrinos1% kinetic energy0.01% visible light
produce heavy elements
recycle light elements
triggers new star formation
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Compact Core
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Physical Classification
Thermonuclear
Core Collapse
SN
no H H
Si no Si
He no He
Type Ia Type Ib Type Ic Type II
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How about SN Type Ia?
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White Dwarf
Main Ingredient: White Dwarf
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Mass Transfer
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Accreting White Dwarf
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Binary Merger
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Standard Candles
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Standard Candles
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When can I see a Supernova?
• Expect 1–2/century in our Galaxy, but long
overdue:
Cassiopeia A (~1680AD):peak magnitude = 6?too faint to see
G1.9+0.3 (~1868AD): not visible on Earth, too
far and obscured
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SN 1054
• 1054AD July 4
• Crab Nebula (Messier 1)
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Crab Nebula• Remnant of SN1054
• Harbors the Crab Pulsar --- most energetic neutron
star found in the Milky Way
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Historical Supernovae
Tycho’s SN•1572AD November
•as bright as Venus
•visible until 1574
SN 1006•1006AD May 1•brightest SN observed
•visible for ~18months
Kepler’s SN•1604AD October 9
•visible in day time for 3 weeks
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Can I See One Now?• Catch one in the act? Go extragalactic!
• As of today, 6000+ extragalactic SNe observed
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Extragalactic SNe
SN 2004et in NGC 6946
SN 1994D in NGC 4526
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SN 2013ej in M74
Taken here in HKU
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SN 1987A
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SN 1987A• 1987 Feb 23, in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• closest (hence brightest) SN observed in 300 yr, since invention of modern telescope
• ~11 neutrinos detected, 3 hr prior to visible light
• complex environment
Milky Way
LMC
SMC168,0
00 light y
ear
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Observations
Australia Telescope Compact Array
Chandra X-ray Observatory
Optical X-ray Radio
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Evolution
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Expansion
35,000 km/s
4000 km/s
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Next Supernova in Our GalaxyA major event will be observed by every
telescopes in all wavelengths
radio, IR, optical, X-ray, -ray,...
Multimessenger astronomy beyond EM radiationneutrino telescopesgravitational wave detectors
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~100,000 light years across
Artist’s Conception of our Milky Way Galaxy
Will it destroy the Earth?
location of our solar system
Nearest candidate (IK Pegasi): over 150 light years away!
Supernova: within 30 light years
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SummarySupernovae are important:
produce everything on Earth
Explosion mechanisms:
core collapse of massive stars
thermonuclear detonations of white dwarfs
The next supernova?
we are safe
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SNR G292.2-0.5
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Triple-ring Structure
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Triple Ring Nebula
Morris & Podsiadlowski (2007)