Corruption, Social Activism and Social Inclusiveness in ... · 16.8% 18.8% 20.5% 20.7% 23.0% 23.3%...

Corruption, Social Activism and

Social Inclusiveness in Jamaica

Presenter:

Balford A. Lewis

• Corruption victimization and perceptions of corruption

• Level of support for selected modes of social activism

• Social inclusiveness and sense of social responsibility

Presentation Agenda

Corruption Victimization and

Perceptions of Corruption

Corruption victimization in 2014

EXC2. Has a police officer asked you for a bribe in the last twelve months?

EXC6. In the last twelve months, did any government employee ask you for a bribe?

EXC11. In the last twelve months, to process any kind of document in your local

government, like a permit for example, did you have to pay any money above that

required by law?

EXC13. In your work, have you been asked to pay a bribe in the last twelve months?

EXC14. Did you have to pay a bribe to the courts in the last twelve months?

EXC15. In order to be seen in a hospital or a clinic in the last twelve months, did you

have to pay a bribe?

EXC16. Have you had to pay a bribe at school in the last twelve months?

*This series of corruption victimization is converted to an index and then the percentage of

respondents who were victims is calculated.

In 2010 to 2014, reports of corruption victimization

are much lower than in 2006 and 2008

34.4%

24.6%

7.8% 7.5%

9.6%

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

Co

rru

pti

on

Vic

tim

iza

tio

n

2006 2008 2010 2012 2014

Year

95 % Confidence Interval (with Design-Effects)

Source: AmericasBarometer, LAPOP; Jamaica LAPOP merge 2006-2014 (draft0612)

Percentage who report being victim of corruptionin the last 12 months, Jamaica 2014

Corruption Victimization – Comparative Perspective

21.3%

20.1%

19.0%

18.0%

19.8%19.4%

0

5

10

15

20

25

2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014

Corruption Victimization (regional percentages)

4.4%

5.3%

6.7%

7.8%

9.8%

9.8%

10.2%

13.6%

13.9%

14.7%

15.5%

15.8%

16.8%

18.8%

20.5%

20.7%

23.0%

23.3%

26.0%

26.4%

26.6%

27.2%

28.1%

30.2%

69.2%

Canada

Chile

Uruguay

United States

El Salvador

Jamaica

Trinidad & Tobago

Colombia

Brazil

Nicaragua

Costa Rica

Guyana

Argentina

Panama

Belize

Guatemala

Honduras

Dominican Republic

Ecuador

Peru

Venezuela

Mexico

Paraguay

Bolivia

Haiti

0 20 40 60 80

Corruption Victimization (2014)


Source: AmericasBarometer, LAPOP, 2004-2014; v.GM14_0912

12.4%

6.7%

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

Co

rru

pti

on

Vic

tim

iza

tio

n

Male Female

Sex

12.4%

7.2%

8.7%

7.5%

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

Co

rru

pti

on

Vic

tim

iza

tio

n

KMA Surrey Middlesex Cornwall

Primary Strata



Percentage who report being victim of corruption in the last12 months by gender and place of residence, Jamaica 2014

Men and capital city residents report higher rates of

corruption victimization

Nationalaverage:

9.6%

Corruption Perception

Most Jamaicans believe corruption is commonplace and these

perceptions are stable over time

EXC7. Taking into account your own experience or what you have heard, corruption among public officials is:

(1) Very common (2) Common (3) Uncommon or (4) Very uncommon?

Very Common46.1%

Common44.8%

Uncommon7.2%

Very Uncommon1.8%

2014

83.785.6

81.7

75.2 78.1

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0E

va

lua

tio

n o

f P

ub

lic

Co

rru

pti

on

2006 2008 2010 2012 2014

Year



Perception of Public Corruption

66.3

74.078.2

81.3

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

Ev

alu

ati

on

of

Pu

bli

c C

orr

up

tio

n

None Primary Secondary Post-secondary

Level of Education

75.677.8 77.2

80.979.2

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

Ev

alu

ati

on

of

Pu

bli

c C

orr

up

tio

n

1 2 3 4 5

Wealth Quintiles



Average perception of corruptionby education and wealth, Jamaica 2014

No statistically significant differences across

education or wealth subgroups classes in terms of

corruption perception

NationalAverage:

78.1

There are also no significant differences in

corruption perceptions by gender or region

NationalAverage:

78.1

77.8 78.4

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

Ev

alu

ati

on

of

Pu

bli

c C

orr

up

tio

n

Male Female

Sex

79.5 73.6 77.9 78.2

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

Ev

alu

ati

on

of

Pu

bli

c C

orr

up

tio

n

KMA Surrey Middlesex Cornwall

Primary Strata



Average perception of corruptionby gender and region, Jamaica 2014

Tolerance for Corruption - Comparative Perspective

No67.6%

Yes32.4%

Paying a Bribe is Justified(Jamaica, 2014)

55.6%

38.7%

19.1%21.1%

32.4%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

2006 2008 2010 2012 2014

Paying a Bribe is Justified (Jamaica)


Source: AmericasBarometer, LAPOP, 2006-2014; v.JAM14ts_v2_temp

EXC18. Do you think given the way things are, sometimes paying a bribe is justified?

(1) Yes (2)No

Level of satisfaction with the fight against corruption

18.9%

14.1%

19.1%

21.9%

12.9%

5.6%7.4%

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

Pe

rce

nta

ge

Not at All 2 3 4 5 6 A Lot

Evaluation of Administration's Handling of CorruptionSource: AmericasBarometer, LAPOP, 2014.

Levels of satisfaction with the fight against corruption have

decreased in recent years

30.3

60.9

43.742.8

40.4

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

Go

ve

rnm

en

t C

om

ba

ts C

orr

up

tio

n

2006 2008 2010 2012 2014

Year



Average belief that government combats corruption in Jamaica

Support for Protest

Attitudes to Certain Illicit Acts

Average approval of participating in legal demonstrations decreased in 2014

E5. Of people participating in legal demonstrations. How much do you approve or disapprove?

76.7

68.9 71.373.0

66.1

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

Ap

pro

va

l o

f P

art

icip

ati

ng

in L

eg

al D

em

os

tra

tio

n

2006 2008 2010 2012 2014

Year



Average approval of participating in legal demonstration in Jamaica

Percentage Participation in Protest

3.1%

2.3%

2.9%

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

Pe

rce

nta

ge

2010 2012 2014

Participated in a Protest


Source: AmericasBarometer, LAPOP, .2006©\2014.; v.GM14_0912

Average approval of blocking roads during a protest increased in 2014

E15. Of people participating in the blocking of roads to protest. Using the same scale, how much do

you approve or disapprove?

21.1

23.725.5 25.0

36.3

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

Ap

pro

va

l of

Blo

ck

ing

Ro

ad

s d

uri

ng

Pro

tes

t

2006 2008 2010 2012 2014

Year



Average approval of blocking roads during protest in Jamaica

Increasing support for coup and vigilante justice

E3. Of people participating in a group working to violently overthrow an elected government. How much

do you approve or disapprove?

E16. Of people taking the law into their own hands when the government does not punish criminals.

How much do you approve or disapprove?

9.310.5

11.5

13.3

18.4

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

App

rova

l of G

roup

s A

ttem

ptin

g to

Ove

rthr

ow G

over

nmen

t

2006 2008 2010 2012 2014

Year

24.525.6

27.9

31.0

36.3

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

App

rova

l of V

igila

nte

Just

ice

2006 2008 2010 2012 2014

Year



Average approval of groups attempting tooverthrow government and approval of vigilante justice

Social Inclusiveness and Sense of

Social Responsibility

Average support for homosexuals having the right

to run for public office remains low in Jamaica

D5. And now, changing the topic and thinking of homosexuals, how strongly do you approve or

disapprove of such people being permitted to run for public office?

Recoded from 0-100, where 0 = strongly disapprove and 100 = the strongly approve

19.8

8.7

13.6

20.8

16.0

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

Ho

mo

se

xu

als

Ha

ve

th

e R

igh

t to

Ru

n f

or

Pu

bli

c O

ffic

e

2006 2008 2010 2012 2014

Year



Average support for homosexuals havingthe right to run for public office in Jamaica

7.4

14.6

29.4

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

Ho

mo

sexu

als

Ha

ve t

he

Rig

ht

to R

un

fo

r P

ub

lic

Off

ice

Primary Secondary Post-secondary

Level of Education

13.0

18.9

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

Ho

mo

sexu

als

Ha

ve t

he

Rig

ht

to R

un

fo

r P

ub

lic

Off

ice

Male Female

Sex


Source: AmericasBarometer, LAPOP; Jamaica LAPOP merge 2006-2014 (draft0612) *No Education dropped: too few cases

Average support for homosexuals having the rightto run for public office, Jamaica 2014

Those with post-secondary education levels and females have higher levels of support for the right of

homosexuals to run for public office

D5. And now, changing the topic and thinking of homosexuals, how strongly do you approve or

disapprove of such people being permitted to run for public office?


Nationalaverage:

16

Levels of support for same-sex marriage in 2014 are

consistent with levels in 2012 and remain very low

D6. How strongly do you approve or disapprove of same-sex couples having the right to marry?


3.5

5.1

5.1

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

Ap

pro

va

l o

f S

am

e-S

ex

Co

up

les

' th

e R

igh

t to

Ma

rry

2010 2012 2014

Year



Average support for same-sex marriage in Jamaica

10.5

16.0

18.0

18.4

20.1

25.3

31.1

31.7

34.4

34.4

34.5

34.7

35.9

36.9

40.5

46.0

49.1

49.7

50.3

59.7

60.8

66.3

71.6

78.2

80.2

Haiti

Jamaica

Belize

Guatemala

Guyana

Trinidad & Tobago

Panama

El Salvador

Bolivia

Paraguay

Dominican Republic

Nicaragua

Peru

Ecuador

Honduras

Venezuela

Colombia

Mexico

Costa Rica

Brazil

Argentina

Chile

United States

Uruguay

Canada

0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0

Homosexuals Have the Rightto Run for Public Office

5.1

6.7

7.6

8.5

10.8

13.9

14.1

14.4

14.5

16.4

20.8

22.0

22.2

25.0

26.4

28.2

29.6

34.7

43.9

45.5

47.9

51.1

57.5

70.6

Jamaica

Haiti

Guyana

Belize

Guatemala

El Salvador

Honduras

Trinidad & Tobago

Nicaragua

Ecuador

Paraguay

Dominican Republic

Bolivia

Panama

Peru

Costa Rica

Venezuela

Colombia

Mexico

Brazil

Chile

United States

Argentina

Uruguay

0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0

Approval of Gay Marriage


Source: AmericasBarometer, LAPOP, v.GM14_0912

Two-thirds of Jamaicans believe abortion is

justifiable when the mother’s health is at risk

W14A. And now, thinking about other topics. Do you think it’s justified to interrupt a pregnancy,

that is, to have an abortion, when the mother’s health is in danger?

Yes, justified65.9%

No, not justified34.1%

Abortion Justified When Mother's Health is at Risk


Social and Environment Protection

Support for Government policy intervention to reduce poverty

6.6%

2.9%

6.6%

15.5%

15.9%

11.8%

40.7%

0

10

20

30

40

2StronglyDisapprove

3 4 5 6 StronglyApprove

Government Should Implement Policiesto Reduce Income Inequality (2014)

76.0 78.1 77.6

71.6

0

20

40

60

80

2008 2010 2012 2014

Government Should Implement Policiesto Reduce Income Inequality (0-100 scale)


Source: AmericasBarometer, LAPOP, 2014; v.JAM14ts_v2_temp

ENV1. In your opinion, what should be given higher priority: to protect the environment, or

promote economic growth?

(1) Protect the environment (2) Promoting economic growth (3) [Don’t read] Both (88) (98) DA

Protect the Environment27.0%

Promote Economic Growth52.1%

Both20.9%

Protect Environment or Promote Growth

Source: AmericasBarometer, LAPOP, 2014; v.JAM14ts_v2_temp

Citizens’ Attitude to Domestic Abuse

Three-fourths of Jamaicans neither approve nor understand a

husband hitting his wife for neglecting household chores

DVW1. His wife neglects the household chores. Would you approve of the husband hitting his

wife, or would you not approve but understand, or would you neither approve nor understand?

Approve3.2%

Don't Approve but Understand21.2%

Neither Approve nor Understand75.6%

Approves of Husband Hitting Wife if She Neglects Chores


Only 69% of Jamaicans take a strong stance against

domestic abuse in the case of an unfaithful wife

DVW2. His wife is unfaithful. Would you approve of the husband hitting his wife, or would you

not approve but understand, or would you neither approve nor understand?

Approve5.6%

Don't Approve but Understand25.5%

Neither Approve nor Understand68.9%

Approves of Husband Hitting Wife if She is Unfaithful


The End

Thank You

.

Encuéntrenos en : www.lapopsurveys.orgSíganos en : Latin American Public Opinion Project

@Lapop_Barometro

http://www.lapopsurveys.org/

Corruption, Social Activism and Social Inclusiveness in ... · 16.8% 18.8% 20.5% 20.7% 23.0% 23.3%...

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