Correlation v. Causation Correlation RELATIONSHIP b/w the variables EX:????? Causation CAUSE &...
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Transcript of Correlation v. Causation Correlation RELATIONSHIP b/w the variables EX:????? Causation CAUSE &...
![Page 1: Correlation v. Causation Correlation RELATIONSHIP b/w the variables EX:????? Causation CAUSE & EFFECT (X Y) – direct relationship EX: smoking/lung cancer.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022072016/56649ee45503460f94bf2b12/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: Correlation v. Causation Correlation RELATIONSHIP b/w the variables EX:????? Causation CAUSE & EFFECT (X Y) – direct relationship EX: smoking/lung cancer.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022072016/56649ee45503460f94bf2b12/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Correlation v. Causation
Correlation• RELATIONSHIP b/w the
variables• EX:?????
Causation• CAUSE & EFFECT (X Y) –
direct relationship• EX: smoking/lung cancer
![Page 3: Correlation v. Causation Correlation RELATIONSHIP b/w the variables EX:????? Causation CAUSE & EFFECT (X Y) – direct relationship EX: smoking/lung cancer.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022072016/56649ee45503460f94bf2b12/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Correlations
Correlational studies use statistical techniques to measure the relationships between variables
• Positive correlation: Both variables go in the same direction – up OR down– EX: Studying & grades
• Negative correlation: The variables go in opposite directions (more of X correlates with LESS of Y)– EX: working out & weight
• http://www.correlated.org/189
![Page 4: Correlation v. Causation Correlation RELATIONSHIP b/w the variables EX:????? Causation CAUSE & EFFECT (X Y) – direct relationship EX: smoking/lung cancer.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022072016/56649ee45503460f94bf2b12/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
• Correlational Coefficient a # that measures how strong a correlation is (-1 to +1)
• Anything below 0 = neg; above = pos (0 = no relationship)
• The farther from 0, the stronger the cor is in either direction: -.84 is stronger than .12
• Absolute value = distance from 0 in either direction
![Page 5: Correlation v. Causation Correlation RELATIONSHIP b/w the variables EX:????? Causation CAUSE & EFFECT (X Y) – direct relationship EX: smoking/lung cancer.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022072016/56649ee45503460f94bf2b12/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Using Correlations (or Not)
Advantages• Simple to do & understand• 90% of research = survey-based• Sometimes can allow us to study
things that cannot be manipulatedEX: teen TV & sex life
Disadvantages• They DO NOT show cause &
effect– EX: murder rate & ice cream
• The third variable issue (CVs)• The directional issue – don’t
know which direction the correlation is in (don’t know whether it was the chicken or the egg)– EX: auto workers & living in
Detroit
![Page 6: Correlation v. Causation Correlation RELATIONSHIP b/w the variables EX:????? Causation CAUSE & EFFECT (X Y) – direct relationship EX: smoking/lung cancer.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022072016/56649ee45503460f94bf2b12/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Correlation v. Causation Correlation RELATIONSHIP b/w the variables EX:????? Causation CAUSE & EFFECT (X Y) – direct relationship EX: smoking/lung cancer.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022072016/56649ee45503460f94bf2b12/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Sample Problem
• Dr. Durant wanted to test how people’s happiness affected their self-esteem. He picked the first 50 people that walked into Target on a Saturday and gave them hugs. Then he gave them a questionnaire that asked how they felt about themselves. Dr. Durant then went over to Wal-Mart and gave out questionnaires to the first 50 people he saw. The people at Target reported a higher level of self-esteem on their questionnaire than those at Wal-Mart. Dr. Durant concluded that happiness causes higher self-esteem.