CORNERED! -...

PEKING October 7, 1958

32

REVI EW

A

CORNERED! A R e n m i n Ribao ar t ic le on the E i s e n h o w e r - N i x o n - D u l l e s

pol icy t owards China (p. 11).

Firing of U.S. Guided Missiles Over Chinese Mainland Condemned

1--A Premedi ta ted Crime (p. 3).

2--Chinese Defence Ministry 's S ta tement on the Use of U.S. Guided Missiles by Chiang Kai-shek 's Air Force (p. 12).

China's Foreign Trade in 1958 An authori tat ive review by the Minister of Foreign Trade (p. 13).

A Nation Rejoices How the Chinese people celebrated the 9th bir thday of the People's Republic (p. 6).

One-Third of Humanity United as One

Archaeology, Theatre and Other Features

A W E E K L Y M A G A Z I N E OF C H I N E S - E N E W S A N D V I E W S

o ~ o 0 4 . , 4 , o ~ o o . , t o. o e , o ~ o . o e ~ . ~ ~ 4 . . o . . o . . o ~ ~ , o . 4 . . o , 4 . . g l ~ o *o • 4 , .oD.o- ,o , .4 ,4J~o o 0 4 ~ o ,4-o . , ,0 • o- o ~ o. • .o .o . .o .4 . . e~00 .4~

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PEKING REVIEW

( B E I J I N G Z H O U B A O )

A WEEKLY MAGAZINE OF CHINESE

NEWS AND VIEWS

October 7, 1958 Vol. 1 No. 32

CONTENTS

ROUND THE WEEK

Cha i rman Mao In te rv iewed; Trans i t ion to C o m m u n i s m ; Food Free in the Communes ; Sel f lessness

DOCUMENT

Premier Chou En-lai ' s Speech at Na- t ional Day Recept ion

ARTICLES

A Nat ion Rejoices - - Our Cor responden t

A Third of H u m a n i t y United as One - - Our Cor responden t

Cornered ! - - Tsui Chi

U.S. Missiles Fired over Chinese Main- land

China 's Foreign Trade in 1958 - - Yeh Chi -chuang

SIDELIGHTS

THEATRE, ARCHAEOLOGY

CHINA AND THE WORLD

Sino-Korean Economic Agreemen t s ; National Day Gues ts ; Ch ina - I r aq Fr iendship Associat ion; Terr i tor ia l Sea Note to Britain

FOREIGN TRADE NOTES

CHINESE PRESS O P I N I O N

U.S. "Cabine t -Making" in Lebanon ; F r ench Refe rendum; The Bagdad Trial

WHAT'S ON IN P E K I N G

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Printed In the People's Republic of China

A Premeditated Crime T HE ominously serious situation in the Taiwan Straits has

deteriorated further. The use of "Sidewinder" guided missiles by the air force of the Chiang Kai-shek clique, coupled with continued U.S. intrusions into China's air space and territorial waters in spite of repeated warnings by the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, has heightened the tension in that area.

The latest provocative act by Chiang Kai-shek's air force is an ext remely grave matter. It is the first t ime in the history of war that guided missiles have been employed. The warmongers in Washington have now confronted mankind with the new danger of guided missile warfare in their efforts to shore up the rotten Chiang Kai-shek regime which has long been repudiated by the Chinese people.

This crude provocation was clearly planned by the U.S. imperialists. Dulles resorted to the deceit of a two-faced liar when he tried to minimize this crime by describing it as "purely accidental."

The events preceding the firing of the U.S. guided missiles lead to the inescapable conclusion that it was all a premeditated move. Harry D. Felt, Commander-in-Chief of the U.S. armed forces in the Pacific, arrived in Taipeh on September 20. A series of top-level conferences followed. Among the U.S. brass- hats present were General Smoot, Commander of the U.S. Tai- wan. Defense Command, Admiral Beakly, Commander of the U.S. Seventh Fleet, General Laurence S. Kuter, Commander of the U.S. air forces in the Pacific, to name just a few. On September 23, the day before the missiles were fired, Felt and Kuter conferred with Chiang Kai-shek twice in a single day, once in the morning and again in the afternoon.

An Agence France Presse dispatch from Taipeh disclosed that high-level briefings of U.S. and Chiang Kai-shek officers "discussed ways and means of carrying out air attacks on Com- munist positions if ~he need arises." It is clear that the use of the missiles was planned by U.S. war plotters.

Fur ther light was shed by Dulles himself when he declared on September 25, the day following the firing of the "Side- winders," that " the use of force by either of the parties (the United States and the Chiang Kai-shek clique--" Ed.) in the area will be a mat ter of joint agreement." This shows that the use of guided missiles was sanctioned or ra ther planned by the United States. This fact stands out even more clearly if it is recalled that Chiang's air force has long been under U.S. command and has no guided missiles of its own.

UPI reported from Warsaw on September 29 that the use of the guided missiles was designed to s trengthen the bargaining position of U.S. Ambassador Beam in the Sino-American talks taking place in that city. Such tactics of applying mili tary pres- sure for blackmailing purposes got the U.S. nowhere during the armistice talks in Korea. They cannot hope to fare any better this time. In fighting for their territorial integrity the Chinese people will not be intimidated b y U.S. warships, mili tary planes or guided rfiissiles. The new U.S. armed provocation only arouses the Chinese people to greater indignation and reinforces their resolve to deal crushing blows to the Chiang Kai-shek clique and the U.S. aggressors.

ROUND THE WEEK

Chairman Mao interviewed C h a i r m a n Mao T s e - t u n g pa id a n ex -

t e n d e d vis i t to the Yang t se p r o v i n c e s of Hupeh , A n h w e i a n d K i a n g s u - - a n d a f t e r r e t u r n i n g to P e k i n g on S e p t e m b e r 29 g r a n t e d an i n t e r v i e w to a H s i n h u a cor- r esponden t . He told H s i n h u a h e h a d seen the t r e m e n d o u s e n e r g y of t he masses in act ion. W i t h such d a s h a n d dr ive, he said, t hey wi l l accompl i sh al l the t a sks t hey h a v e se t themse lves . The m a i n pa r t of C h a i r m a n Mao ' s i t i n e r a r y cen t r ed a r o u n d i ron and s tee l p roduc - t ion, bu t h e s aw m u c h else besides. He v is i ted W u h a n U n i v e r s i t y a n d C h i n a ' s larges t h e a v y mach ine - too l s p l a n t w h i l e in t h e t r ip le -c i ty on the Yangtse . He inspec ted people ' s c o m m u n e s a n d t he r ich crops g rowing in the fiel'_ls a n d ta lked to a good n u m b e r of worke r s , peasan t s , cadres , s t u d e n t s a n d t e a c h e r s in the t h r e e provinces .

First Heat of Iron. W h e n the No. 1 blas t f u rnace of the W u h a n I ron a n d Steel W o r k s was commiss ioned , C h a i r - m a n Moo was p r e s e n t to w i tne s s t he f i rs t hea t of i ron. He a sked the g e n e r a l manager a n d a s s i s t a n t g~nera l m a n a g e r de ta i l ed ques t ions a b o u t th is g i an t e n t e r - pr i se before zero h o u r for t he f i rs t hea t .

" E v e r y t h i n g u n d e r c o n t r o l ? " C h a i r - m a n Mao a sked H a n Ning- fu , the ass i s t - ant genera l m a n a g e r .

" N i n e t y - n i n e p e r cent . M a y b e t he r e ' s an off c h a n c e of a h i tch , bu t it seems ve ry un l ike ly , " c a m e t he answer .

" N e v e r mind . I f I don ' t see i t today, I c an come a g a i n tomor row. If I d o n ' t see i t t omor row, I c a n s t i l l come some other t ime. In a word, I ' l l no t give u p till I see you t u r n i n g out i ron . " S u c h w a s C h a i r m a n Mao ' s i n t e r e s t a n d con- f idence in the success of W u h a n ' s s tee l - workers .

C h a i r m a n Mao was to ld h o w m u c h copper could be e x t r a c t e d f r o m the m i n e s u n d e r W u h a n ' s a d m i n i s t r a t i o n , a n d t he n u m b e r of b y - p r o d u c t s the c o m p a n y could t u r n out in t h e year . "You can ve ry wel l cal l you r e n t e r p r i s e he r e ' i r on an d s teel and copper w o r k s , ' " C h a i r m a n Moo sa id w i t h a smi le to the gene ra l manager . Whi le on the subjec t , Cha i r - m a n Mao exp re s sed some of h i s ideas a b o u t the r u n n i n g of big e n t e r p r i s e s t he size of the W u h a n I r o n and Steel Works .

Integrated C o m p l e x . H e s u g g e s t e d t h a t t he c o m p a n y shou ld also go in fo r

a l i t t l e chemica l indus t ry , a l i t t l e m a c h i n e - b u i l d i n g i ndus t ry , a l i t t l e bu i ld - ing m a t e r i a l s indus t ry , a l i t t le of eve ry - th ing , so t h a t i t c a n g r a d u a l l y be t u r n e d in to a n i n t e g r a t e d complex. C h a i r m a n Mao t h o u g h t tha t , a p a r t f r o m indus t ry , big e n t e r p r i s e s shou ld t ake up agr icu l - ture , t r ade , e d u c a t i o n a n d cu l ture , and a mi l i t ia .

He told H s i n h u a t h a t t he c o u n t r y m u s t no t for a m o m e n t neg lec t a g r i c u l t u r e w h i l e i t is g o ' n g a l l ou t to w i n the b a t t l e for i ron and steel. T h e people ' s communes , h e po in t ed out, shou ld do a good job in p l a n t i n g w h e a t a n d r apeseed and deep p loughing . 1959 s h o u l d w i tne s s an e v e n b igger l eap in agr icu l tu re . B u t to a c h i e v e this , he said, m a n p o w e r in in- d u s t r y and a g r i c u l t u r e shou ld be wel l o rgan i zed a n d people ' s c o m m u n e s in t rg - duced t h r o u g h o u t t he count ry .

People ' s Mil i t ia: E x c e l l e n t Organiza- t ion. T h e n C h a i r m a n Mao g a v e h is im- p ress ions of t h e people ' s m i l i t i a d iv is ions t h a t n o w e m b r a c e h u n d r e d s of mi l l ions t h r o u g h o u t t he l e n g t h and b r e a d t h of China . T h e mi l i t i a is an exce l l en t o rgan iza t ion , C h a i r m a n Mao said, i t shou ld be popular ized . I t is a m i l i t a r y o rgan iza t ion , a l a b o u r o rgan iza t ion , a n educa t i ona l o rgan iza t ion , a n d a spor t s o rgan iza t ion . A t a t i m e w h e n t he impe r i a l i s t s a re bu l ly ing us in such a m a n n e r , we wi l l h a v e to deal w i t h t h e m ser iously . True , ,we h a v e a p o w e r f u l r e g u l a r a rmy , he said, bu t we st i l l need to o r g a n i z e the people ' s mi l i t i a on a g r a n d scale. W i t h a p o w e r f u l r e g u l a r a r m y a n d a n a t i o n w i d e mil i t ia , t h e impe r i a l i s t s wou ld f ind it d i f f icul t to m o v e a s ingle inch in o u r c o u n t r y in the e v e n t of invas ion .

Its D a y s A r e N u m b e r e d . I m p e r i a l i s m wi l l no t l a s t long, C h a i r m a n Mao con- t inued , b ecause it has b e e n cons i s t en t l y do ing a l l so r t s of evi l th ings . I t m a k e s

a po in t of g r o o m i n g and b a c k i n g up r e a c t i o n a r i e s aga in s t the people in v a r i o u s count r ies . I t seizes a n d occupies by force m a n y colonies a n d semi-co lonies a n d se ts up m i l i t a r y bases ove r a w ide area . I t t h r e a t e n s peace w i t h a tomic w a r f a r e . I n a s i t u a t i o n l ike this , sa id C h a i r m a n Mao, i m p e r i a l i s m has fo rced m o r e t h a n 90 p e r cen t of t he people of t h e w o r l d to r i se a g a i n s t i t or p r e p a r e to f ight it. I m p e r i a l i s m is s t i l l a l ive a n d k icking , s t i l l b l u s t e r i n g its w a y in Asia, A f r i c a and L a t i n A m e r i c a ; t he impe r i a l i s t s a r e s t i l l o p p r e s s i n g t he people of t h e i r o w n coun t r i e s in t he West , bu t

such a s i t ua t i on has to be changed , he con t inued . I t is the task of t he people of the wor ld to p u t an end to the a g g r e s s i o n a n d oppress ion p e r p e t r a t e d by i m p e r i a l i s m , and espec ia l ly by U.S. impe r i a l i sm , h e told the Hs inhua co r r e sponden t .

Transition to Communism Liu Shao-chi, Vice-Chairman of the

Communist Party's Central Committee and Chairman of the Standing Com- mittee of the National People's Congress, has also been out among the people to see how things are going. From Septem- ber 19 to 28 he travelled far and wide in the towns and countryside of Kiangsu Province, and before that he spent three days in Honan.

Honan, like other provinces, has been experiencing a shortage of labour since the big leap in agriculture and industry. When this was discussed, Liu Shao-chi told the provincial Party secretary that the strain on manpower must be con-

sidered a good thing. It means there was no longer any question of surplus labour in a country of so many hundreds of millions.

Five Essen t ia l s . A t p r e sen t t h e r e were f ive t h ings t h a t m u s t be done, and d o n e well , L iu Shao -ch i said. First , to e n a b l e e v e r y b o d y to t ake pa r t in l abour , a n d espec ia l ly phys ica l labour . w i t h i n t h e l imi t s of one ' s s t rength . E v e r y o n e ha s to ea t and be c lothed, and if some peop le do not w o r k to produce t he food and c lo th ing , th i s wil l pu t an e x t r a b u r d e n on o thers . I t is i m p o r t a n t for e v e r y b o d y to t ake some pa r t in phys i ca l l abour , as th is is a necessa ry cond i t ion for t he t r a n s i t i o n to com- m u n i s m , he s t ressed . Second, to m a k e a good j ob of r u n n i n g t h e c o m m u n i t y d in ing - rooms , n u r s e r i e s and ta i lo r ing un i t s so t h a t t he w o m e n can rea l ly be f r eed f r o m househo ld d r u d g e r y and t a k e p a r t in social p r o d u c t i v e work . Thi rd , to c a r r y f o r w a r d the t e c h n i c a l r evo lu t ion in o r d e r to economize on m a n p o w e r . Four th , to i m p r o v e the o rgan i za t i on of social l a b o u r a lso in o r d e r to economize on m a n p o w e r . F i f th , to ra i se the cul- t u r a l a n d t e c h n i c a l levels of t he people. Liu S h a o - c h i sa id t h a t C h i n a will t ake a g i an t s t r i de f o r w a r d w h e n al l t h e s e f ive t h ings h a v e been wel l accompl i shed .

A c c e n t on Soc ia l Education. On the ques t ion of educa t ion , he dec la red t h a t t he day n u r s e r i e s shou ld a im to deve lop in to l ive - in nurse r i e s . This appl ies equa l ly to t he p r i m a r y schools which should all b e c o m e b o a r d i n g schools. In b r ing ing up y o u n g ch i ld ren , Liu Shao -ch i said,

emphas i s shou ld be p u t on socia l educa - t ion r a t h e r t h a n on f a m i l y educa t ion , a l t h o u g h the l a t t e r is s t i l l necessary . W h e n Liu Shao -ch i w e n t on to K i a n g s u he took up the t h e m e of e d u c a t i o n aga in , bu t th is t i m e h e e l a b o r a t e d on t he r e l a - t ionsh ip b e t w e e n educa t i on and labour .

He said the sys t em of socia l i s t educa - t ion m e a n t c o m b i n i n g e d u c a t i o n w i t h p roduc t ive labour , and one of t he bes t ways to ca r ry th i s t h r o u g h was to m e r g e the fac tor ies a n d schools. Un t i l n o w schools and fac to r ies h a v e b e e n r u n s e p a r a t e l y ; in the fu tu re , they wil l be a m a l g a m a t e d s tep by step. W h e n a n e w fac to ry is opened, i t wi l l m e a n also t h e open ing of a new school. The w o r k e r s t a k e n on wi l l be en ro l l ed as s t uden t s too. They wil l come u n d e r a p a r t - w o r k , p a r t - s tudy s c h e m e al l t he way f r o m j u n i o r midd le school to the l a s t y e a r of u n i v e r - sity educat ion . The a d v a n t a g e s of such a sys tem, Liu S h a o - c h i po in ted out , are t h a t i t wil l cu t d o w n the t ime needed for w o r ke r s and p e a s a n t s to get a n educa - t ion; i t wi l l e l i m i n a t e t he d i f f e r ence b e t w een m e n t a l and m a n u a l l a b o u r m u c h qu icke r ; a n d it wi l l p roduce " r ed and ex- p e r t " in te l lec tua ls , t h a t is, i n t e l l ec tua l s loyal to the social is t cause and prof ic ien t in t he i r va r ious jobs.

Less Land, Better Cultivation and Great Output. D u r i n g h is v is i t to K iangsu , Liu Shao -ch i d i scussed w i t h local P a r t y secre ta r ies the ques t ion of the a r e a of l a n d to be pu t u n d e r cu l t iva t ion . He sa id t h a t I rom expe r i ence ga ined i t is n o w con- s idered more p rof i t ab le to c u l t i v a t e sma l l e r a reas of l and w i t h a h igh yie ld t han b i g g e r a reas of l and w i t h a low yield. Wi th m a n p o w e r and resources c o n c e n t r a t e d to e n s u r e h igh yie lds on sma l l e r a reas , C h i n a wil l be ab le in t he

nex t few yea r s to p u t only o n e - t h i r d of he r cu l t i va t ed l and u n d e r crops, p l a n t a n o t h e r t h i rd w i t h t rees a n d l eave the res t ly ing fal low. W h a t the C h i n e s e peas - ants h a v e been do ing in m a n y p a r t s of the cg u n t ry is to r educe the a r ea of l and cul t iva ted , to i m p r o v e cu l t i va t i on and a t the s a m e t ime to i~c rease produc t ion . I t is a ques t ion of f u n d a m e n t a l i m p o r - tance in ag ronomy , sa id L iu Shao-ch i .

He showed p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t in t he d i s t r ibu t ion s y s t e m p rac t i s ed by t he people 's c o m m u n e s a n d t h o u g h t h igh ly of the f if ty-fif ty s y s t e m - - p a r t supp ly a n d pa r t wages i n t r o d u c e d by t he c o m m u n e s in H o n a n Prov ince .

Food Free in the Communes In Honan , wb ich m o r e t h a n any o t h e r

p rov ince ha s g iven s h a p e a n d s u b s t a n c e to the people ' s c o m m u n e s , a l l c o m m u n e

m e m b e r s n o w get t h e i r food free, a n d m a n y get o t h e r f r ee benef i t s as well . Th i s is p a r t of t he n e w d i s t r i b u t i o n sys tem E f ree supp ly of p a r t of the da i ly neces- s i t ies of l i fe p lus wages a n d b o n u s e s - - t h a t is r ep l ac ing t he 01d s y s t e m of p a y - m e n t accord ing to w o r k d a y s w h i c h the f a r m co-ops sti l l use. Most c o m m u n e s n o w s u p p l y t h e i r m e m b e r s w i t h r ice or c e r t a i n o t h e r s t ap l e cereals . S o m e pro- v ide t h e m w i t h such cerea ls t o g e t h e r w i t h o t h e r s t ap le foods, such as oil, soya sauce, salt , etc. St i l l o the r s no t on ly pro- v ide f r ee food to t h e i r m e m b e r s b u t o t h e r basic da i ly necess i t ies , such as c lo thes as well.

In such c o m m u n e s m e m b e r s s i m p l y w a l k in to t he c o m m u n i t y d in ing - rooms , s i t d o w n a n d ea t t h e i r fill a n d w a l k a w a y w i t h o u t h a v i n g to b o t h e r a b o u t paying. I f t hey wish , they can also t ake t he food h o m e to eat.

The da i ly necess i t ies f ree ly supp l i ed v a r y w i t h t he c o m m u n e s ' r e sources a n d t he level of c o n s u m p t i o n of m e m b e r s . They m a y inc lude al l or some of the fol- l owing : food, c lo th ing, hous ing , educa t ion , med i ca l t r e a t m e n t , benef i t s or g r a n t s for m a r r i a g e , c h i l d b i r t h a n d bur ia l . In some c o m m u n e s m e m b e r s also en joy f r ee h a i r - cuts or ha i rd re s s ing , ba ths , t h e a t r e s a n d c i n e m a s and h e a t i n g a l lowances .

T o g e t h e r w i th the supp ly of these necessi t ies , t he c o m m u n e s p a y m e m b e r s basic wages for w o r k done. Wages a re classif ied in to d i f f e r e n t g rades accord ing to the i n t e n s i t y of work , w i t h bonuses for e x t r a good work , e x t r a p roduc t ion , etc. T h e income of c o m m u n e m e m b e r s is thus d iv ided into two par t s , one p a r t is rece ived on t he " s u p p l y sy s t em," acco rd ing to the p r i n c i p l e " to each accord ing to his needs" ; the o t h e r p a r t is r ece ived according to the p r inc ip l e "to each accord ing to his w o r k " in the f o r m of wages and bonuses . S ince t he n e w s y s t e m of dis- t r i b u t i o n of income ensu res t he pros- p e r i t y of t he w h o l e c o m m u n i t y a n d not j u s t t h e ind iv idua l s , i t has m e t w i t h a

g r e a t r e sponse f rom the peasan t s . Th i s is a n i n d i c a t i o n of t h e i r h i g h leve l of c o m m u n i s t u n d e r s t a n d i n g .

Selflessness C h a n g C h i u - l ~ i a n g is k n o w n f a r a n d

w ide o n t h e w e s t C h i n a p la ins as an e x c e l l e n t co t ton g r o w e r w i th m a n y h igh - yie ld records to h e r credi t , as a successful f a r m co-op d e p u t y c h a i r m a n in S h e n s i P rov ince , a n d as the f i rs t p e a s a n t w o m a n in C h i n a to h a v e b e e n a d m i t t e d to the S h e n s i I n s t i t u t e of A g r i c u l t u r a l Sc i ence as a specia l r e s e a r c h worke r . B u t th i s 49-year-o ld p e a s a n t w o m a n ' s

c l a im to f a m e res t s above all on hel ' self lessness, or c o m m u n i s t spir i t , as people he r e cal l it.

W h e n the co t ton g rowing season was a b o u t to begin, people al l ove r Shens i P r o v i n c e w r o t e to h e r or t r ave l l ed to he r v i l l age to a sk h e r a b o u t he r expe r i ence in r a i s ing p roduc t ion . C h a n g C h i u - h s i a n g passed on all she k n e w and v is i ted o t h e r count ies to exp l a in he r m e t h o d s so t h a t o the r s would benef i t f r o m he r successful exper ience . A n e m u l a t i o n c a m p a i g n a m o n g t he co t ton g r o w e r s in the p rov- ince was in i t ia ted . The g roup of cot ton g rower s t h a t she led compla ined t h a t by s h a r i n g h e r sec re t w i t h o the r s she was s imply he lp ing o t h e r people to bea t the r eco rd t hey held, t h a t she was going ou t of he r way to g ive l ec tu res and d e m o n s t r a t i o n s to he lp o tbers , a n d so fo r th . M u c h as t h e y a d m i r e d he r w o r k t hey b e g a n to g r u m b l e be t l ind h e r back.

W h e n C h a n g C h i u - h s i a n g h e a r d of th is she r e m o n s t r a t e d w i t h he r g roup a n d o t h e r m e m b e r s of the co-op who had s i m i l a r ideas. S h e told t h e m t h a t they h a d got the sp i r i t of socia l is t e m u l a t i o n al l wrong. The pu rpose of e m u l a t i o n was to r a i s e p roduc t ion , no t j u s t f r om a couple of m u of l and , or f r o m a couple of co-ops, bu t f rom a wide area . Social- ism, she said, a ims a t t he c o m m o n good, no t the good of j u s t a f ew indiv idua ls . We c a n ' t t ake a d v a n t a g e of o the r people ' s w e a k n e s s to press ahead , she s t ressed. Those w h o b a n k on th is to w in a re not w o r t h y of t a k i n g p a r t in social is t e m u - lat ion. C h a n g C h i u - h s i a n g w e n t on he lp- ing o thers , no t only o r d i n a r y cot ton g rower s bu t also those who were f a r a h e a d in the field a n d were l ike ly to " t h r e a t e n " t he pos i t ion of he r g roup as the r ecord holder .

One of the bes t h a n d s in co t ton g rowing in these p a r t s who was t h o u g h t a poss ib le m a t c h for C h a n g Ch iu -hs i ang was young and ab le Hs ieh Chun-hs iu . H e r co t ton fields we re d e v a s t a t e d by a t ige r one night . The young w o m a n was d i s t ressed , a n d people sugges ted t h a t she go to see C h a n g C h i u - h s i a n g for help. S h e went . A l t h o u g h i t was in the bus ies t season, C h a n g lef t w i t h Hs ieh C h u n - h s i u to he lp her . Ha l fway , people f r o m he r own v i l l age ove r took he r to give he r some bad news. He r son was ill. Bu t she r e fused to t u r n back. She said t h a t she was sure t h a t he r col lect ive would t ake ca re of he r son w h i l e she was a w a y bu t the co t ton of Hs i eh C h u n - hs iu needed he r a t t en t ion . C h a n g he lped h e r y o u n g e r c h a l l e n g e r to t r a n s p l a n t the co t ton to a n o t h e r field and p l an t m o r e seedl ings . By dex t e rous m a n u r i n g a n d o t h e r m e a s u r e s Hs ieh ' s cot ton b e g a n to revive . Th i s is the n e w spi r i t of m u t u a l he lp in C h i n a ' s coun t rys ide today.

National Day

A NATION REJOICES by OUR CORRESPONDENT

O N October 1, from end to end of the country, China turned out in its millions to greet the ninth birthday

of the People's Republic. It was a fitting celebration for the year of the great leap. Under the able guidance of their Communist Party, a year of hard work has brought remarkable gains in every field. A nation is advancing at a speed never before known in the history of mankind.

This tr iumphant feeling found expression in all the parades held in cities and countryside across the land.

Peking's parade was one of the most spectacular and gayest ever seen here. It was on a scale that befitted the capital, but in spirit it was no different from those held in Heilungkiang, Canton, Sinkiang or Shanghai. The People's Liberation Army men along the Fukien coast put up festive red arches within sight and gunshot of the enemy on Quemoy.

M i l i t a r y R e v i e w

Peking's celebration started with an impressive military parade at the Tien An Men Square. Marshal Peng Teh-huai, Vice-Premier and Minister of National Defence made the traditional inspection of the units of the People's Liberation Army gathered on the square and afterwards addressed all three services of the P.L.A.

He hailed the great victories achieved during the past year in all fields. As a result, the time needed for China to catch up with and surpass Britain in the output of major industrial products will definitely be very much shortened, he declared. Meanwhile, in agriculture, an unprecedented harvest has been gathered all over the country. Therefore, he said: "There is every reason to believe that within about three years, the people of our country will be able to enjoy a happy life of abundance."

Dealing with the international situation, Peng Teh-huai declared that there had been a further development of the situation in which the East wind prevails over the West wind. He condemned U.S. war provocations against China, saying, "We are determined to recover such coastal islands as Quemoy and Matsu to eliminate a direct threat to the mainland and the coastal areas of our country. We have every right to liberate Taiwan and the Penghu Islands and complete the unification of our country by methods and at a time of our own choosing . . . . If the U.S. aggressors ignore the warnings given by the Chinese people and the opposition of the people throughout the world, and impose war on us, then the people of this country, rallying under the sacred banner of defence of our great motherland, will battle aggression, will battle to preserve the sovereignty and territorial integrity of our motherland and battle to safeguard the peace of Asia and the world!"

Then, for fifty minutes, column after column of infan- try, sailors, air force men, parachutists and motorized

troops, tanks and artillery units of the People's Liberation Army, marched past Tien An Men in review. Jet fighters and bombers streaked overhead. It was evident that the people's armed forces have made fur ther advances in mechanization and technique and further strengthened their combat ability. Special applause greeted a contingent of armed militia marching in precise formation - - a new feature this year. This contingent, representing all the national militia forces, came mainly from counties in Hopei, Shansi and the Peking suburbs.

The military review was followed by a parade of 600,000 Peking citizens in a grand march past across the flag-decked Tien An Men Square. On the rostrum of the Tien An M e n - - t h e Gate of Heavenly Peace--Chairman Mao Tse-tung and his comrades-in-arms Liu Shao-chi, Chou En-lai, Chu Teh and other leaders of the Chinese Communist Par ty and the government stood to greet the marchers. On the eight reviewing stands around the square were over 10,000 spectators who included guests and visitors from over seventy different countries and areas, and members of the diplomatic corps. Under a brilliant sun, the school children, industrial workers, peasants, government cadres, students, teachers, professional men, artists, people from every walk of life, marched in a continuous flow for almost three and a half hours in a moving sea of flowers, coloured bunting and balloons. The paraders cheered "Long Live the Chinese Communist Party! . . . . Long Live Chairman Mao! . . . . Long Live Peace!" They sang and danced with sheer enthusiasm and joy at the achievements they have made in this year of the big leap. But they did not forget even at this hour of joy that the U.S. imperialists are threatening war against their

Symbols of steel, food crops and the machine-building industry the "Three Marshals," and of transport and tile power industry the "Two Advance Parties," being carried by paraders in Peking

Militia men and women joined National Day parade

young people's republic. They carr ied banners : "Taiwan Must Be Liberated! . . . . Quemoy and Matsu Must Be Liberated !"

" T h e T h r e e M a r s h a l s "

The various columns of workers and peasants, intel- lectuals and government cadres carr ied numerous coloured charts and diagrams showing the r emarkab le gains they have made in every field. Thousands of models of their new products, and actual samples of production, were displayed on floats. "The Three Marshals" and "The Two Advance Par t ies" led the way. They are the current popular designations for steel production, food crops, and the machine-bui ld ing i n d u s t r y - - " T h e Three M a r s h a l s " - - and the power indus t ry and communicat ions and t ranspor t - - " T h e Two Advance Part ies ." Running like a leit-motiv through the whole parade was the slogan "10.7 Million Tons of Steel!" This is the ta rge t set by the Central Com- mittee of the Chinese Communis t Pa r ty to double steel production this year. It has become a ba t t le slogan of the whole nation. Steel production has become a mass movement throughout the country. Two days ago the nation chalked up several new nat ional records. On September 29 the daily output of steel in the country reached almost 60,000 tons and near ly 300,000 tons for iron. The daily production of iron in nine provinces reached or surpassed 10,000 tons, and 73 counties were producing a thousand tons or more a day. On the eve of National Day, compared with August, the dai ly output of steel had increased by 165 per cent and iron by 1,020 per cent!

In the parade, workers and cadres of the metal lurgical depar tments displayed numerous models of various kinds of s teel-smelters and blast furnaces. The ones that a t t rac ted most at tention of all were a group of na t ive-s ty le blast furnaces. These are easy and cheap to build and are making a t remendous contr ibut ion to the nat ion 's steel output; 600,000 such furnaces are now dott ing the country.

Another big a t t ract ion of the day were scores of Chinese-made motor cars, lorries, buses and tractors. They indicated the speed of growth of China 's engineer ing industry. Last year China could tu rn out only one type of lorry and no tractors. This year it has a l ready produced

more than one hundred types of lorries, motor cars and other motor vehicles, and more than 200 types of tractors. A host of new machine- tools and precision tools, some of which compare favourably with the best in the world today, were also indicated by models, drawings or charts. China 's machine-bui ld ing indus t ry is forging ahead steadily. On the eve of National Day China 's first 60,000-kilowatt hydraul ic turbine genera tor and 25,000-kilowatt steam turbine genera tor were completed. The largest double- housing planer now produced in China is a giant job 14 metres in length, three metres wide and 2.5 metres high.

Spectators gave a rousing cheer for the ra i lway workers who had jus t presented a list of 6,000 achievements as their gifts to the state for Nat ional Day. They included a "Giant -Dragon" type 4,000-h.p. diesel locomotive and new types of passenger coaches. On September 28 ra i lway workers throughout the country set up a new r e c o r d - - they loaded 52,000 fre ight wagons, more than double the number in the corresponding period last year.

The coal-miners too got a big hand. In September, nat ional coal output hit 23,864,000 t o n s - - t h i s means it has a l ready surpassed the monthly output in Britain! It is es t imated tha t this year ' s coal output will reach 210 million t o n s - - 6 0 per cent more than 1957!

T h e G r e a t e s t H a r v e s t i n H i s t o r y

After the workers came the peasants. China 's farmers had extra reasons to be gay this year. They were cele- bra t ing the biggest harvest in history, and also the coming of the people 's communes. The music of hundreds of t radi t ional Chinese ins t ruments ~ sheng, hsiao, ti and kuan heralded their coming. Crowds of young people danced through the square. Peasan t women sang their favouri te song 1,000-Jin Counties All over the Country! A giant balloon rose into the sky with a long s t reamer on which was wri t ten "Here Comes Marshal Food Crops!" Another s t reamer read "Food Crops to Double Last Year 's!" Another balloon sailed upwards with a s t reamer announcing "Total Wheat Output: 80,000 mill ion fin. We've beaten the U.S.!" Another proclaimed, "We've doubled cotton output. Now we ' re the leading cot ton-producer in the world!"

• i

Columns of gymnasts before the Tien An Men

Many paraders carried signs and slogans praising the general line for building socialism. True, all the achievements are, in the last analysis, the result of the implemen- tation of this general line. The fundamental spirit of the general line is to have confidence in the masses, rely on the masses, mobilize the masses and lead them towards the goal of socialism. The reason why so many things could be done in so short a time is precisely because they are done by the whole people-- the whole mobilized masses.

The peasants also carried a slogan in huge characters "Renmin Gongshe Hao!"--"The People's Communes Are Good!" One of their charts announced that 90.4 per cent of the peasant households in Che country have joined communes. Bearing in mind that the first communes were established only a few months ago, the speed of this development shows how the peasants have taken to this idea.

Then came the students and teachers. Happy and confident, they too have made great gains while carrying out the directive of combining education with productive labour. The crowds clapped as a big balloon dragon was sent up by the students of Peking University.

P e o p l e ' s Mi l i t i a

The most impressive part of the demonstration was the militia units which marched across the square next.

To the strains of a march played by the military band, the Miiitia Division of the Capital marched in twenty-one groups across Tien An Men to be reviewed by Chairman Mao Tse-tung and other leaders of the government. These were organized only a month ago, when the whole nation was aroused by U.S. war provocations in the Taiwan Straits area. They came from the ranks of the workers, peasants, government cadres and students. Despite the fact that they have received only very brief training, these young men and women, with rifles and bayonets slung over their shoulders, carbines in their hands, or walkie-talkies on their backs, could well match any regular army in morale and discipline. Dressed in their varied everyday clothes, some even marched in Chinese cloth shoes, they epitomized the dauntlessness and determination of the Chinese people. These are the men and women and the children of the men and women who fought victoriously against the impe- rial Japanese forces during the War of Resistance only thirteen years ago.

The militia was followed by an 8,000-man contingent of artists, dancers and singers with innumerable dances and colourful tableaux.

Bronzed limbs flashing in the sun, the 15,000 young men and women of the athletics group wound up the mam- moth parade.

Socialist Solidarity

A Third of Humanity United as One by OUR CORRESPONDENT

O N the eve of China's National Day, Peking witnessed an eloquent demonstration of the solidarity of the

great socialist camp headed by the Soviet Union. At a mass rally held on September 30, ten new friendship associations were formed between China and Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, the Democratic Republic of Viet-nam, German Democratic Republic, Korean Democratic People's Re- public, Mongolia, Poland, Rumania and Czechoslovakia. A Sino-Soviet Friendship Association was inaugurated nine years ago, soon after the Chinese People's Republic was born.

The rally, attended by 8,000 people including Chinese Communist Par ty and government leaders, distinguished guests from the other socialist lands and Peking citizens, ?pened to the music of the Internationale in the Peking Gymnasium. Huge red banners inscribed with gold characters hung over the spacious hall. They read: "Long Live the Socialist Camp Headed by the Soviet Union!" "Long Live the Unbreakable Friendship of the Peoples of the Socialist Countries! . . . . Long Live Marxism-Leninism!" and "Long Live World Peace!"

It is at such moments that one feels most intensely aware of the robust existence of the socialist world, covering the great land mass stretching from tropical Hanoi to snow-bound Murmansk, from Pyongyang in the East to Berlin in the West. I t comprises one-fourth of the globe and a third of mankind. Its industry accounts for around

40 per cent of the world's production. Solidly united in its advance along the road lit by Marxism-Leninism, it is forging ahead, as Marx once prophesied, at such a pace that: " twenty years are concentrated in a day."

Tumultuous applause greeted tim announcement of the formal inauguration of the ten friendship associations,

-"jointly initiated by ten Chinese people's organizations. Peng Chen, Member of the Political Bureau and Secretary of the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, spoke for all when he declared in his speech:

Today, the great camp of socialism headed by the Soviet Union is more united and more powerful than ever before; the great theory of Marxism-Leninism, the noble ideal of building socialism and communism and the firm determination to safeguard world peace, unite the peoples of the countries in the socialist camp as one.

Establishment of these friendship associations, Peng Chen pointed out, will serve to deepen and broaden existing friendly unity, mutual help and co-operation.

Proletarian internationalism was the keynote as speaker after speaker took the floor to greet the occasion and pledge unity and friendship with the Chinese people. Albanian Vice-Premier and National Defence Minister Beqir Balluku said: "We are close and inseparable friends, united by a noble ideal." V. Chervenkov, Vice-Chairman of the Bulgarian Council of Ministers, emphasized: "We

are powerful because we are united." Recalling the support the Soviet Union, China and the other socialist countries gave to the Hungarian people during the trying days of the counter-revolutionary riots in 1956, Sandor Nogradi, Hungarian Ambassador to China, said that Sino-Hungarian friendship showed its full strength in those moments of danger. Nguyen Khang, Democratic Viet-nam's Ambas- sador, stressed that the neighbouring Viet-namese and Chinese peoples have always shared a common destiny. Democratic Germany's Ambassador, Paul Wandel, declared that a common world outlook, a common path and common destination have indissolubly linked our countries together. Li Joo Yun, Vice-Premier of Korea, recalled how the best sons and daughters of China fought shoulder to shoulder with their Korean comrades against the U.S. invaders. He said that that friendship between the Korean and Chinese peoples, sealed in blood, will live for ever. Sonomin Lubsan, Mongolian Ambassador, ex- pressed confidence that the formation of the friendship association will contribute immensely to the strengthening and development of the everlasting and unbreakable friendship between the Chinese and the Mongolian peoples. Burgin, head of the Poland-China Friendship Association, noted that "Poland and other socialist countries are united by a friendship and alliance founded on Marxism-Leninism." He declared that "the friendship and alliance between Poland and China are unbreakable." Rumanian Ambassador T. Rudenco greeted the founding of the friendship association as a great event in the relations between the Chinese and Rumanian peoples. Czech- oslovak Charge d'Affaires, Anton Vasek, described the inauguration of the friendship association as another signif- icant link forged in the course of consolidating and developing the friendship between our two socialist countries.

A burst of applause greeted the speaker from the Soviet Union, bulwark of peace and socialism. E. T. Cherednichenko, head of the delegation of the Soviet- Chinese Friendship Association, declared: "No force in the world can weaken the unbreakable and everlasting friendship between China and the Soviet Union." He recalled that the h i s to r ic talks between Comrades Mao Tse-tung and Khrushchov clearly demonstrated the fraternal friendship, common aims and unshakable solidarity of the Soviet and Chinese peoples.

Underlying these warm expres- sions of fraternity is a new type of international relations which has never existed before the emergence of the socialist camp. They are relations of complete equality, mutual benefit and comradely mutual aid. Such a relationship cannot be formed and is, indeed, inconceivable among the capitalist countries.

This new type of international relations has demonstrated its great vitality during the past nine years in fostering the friendship and co- operation between China and the other socialist countries. With the strengthening of their political unity, economic, cultural, scientific and

technical co-operation has also flourished between them. (The rapid expansion of trade, as reported elsewhere in the present issue of this journal, is one aspect of these growing and fruitful exchanges.) Various forms of co- operation and contacts between the socialist countries have now become an integral part of the life of our peoples.

D e d i c a t e d to World P e a c e By its very nature, this new type of international

relations among the socialist countries is dedicated to the cause of world peace and human progress. Hence, as Peng Chen pointed out at the Peking rally:

The unity of our socialist countries is in the interests of all nations and peoples who love peace, in the interests of the national independence struggles of all countries. It runs counter only to the interests of the bellicose imperialist bloc headed by U.S. imperialism. This is exactly why the imperialists and modern revisionists are trying in every way to undermine the unity of the socialist countries. Events in recent years have forcefully shown the

great importance of socialist unity for world peace. Thanks to their solidarity and strength, the Soviet Union, China, the Korean Democratic People's Republic and the Viet- nam Democratic Republic, along with the other peace- loving countries and peoples of the world, succeeded in extinguishing the flames of war kindled in Korea and Indo-China by the imperialist powers headed by the United States. United in action, the socialist camp gave powerful support to Egypt in opposing the Anglo-French- Israeli invasion, to Syria in unmasking and scuttling aggressive U.S. plots, to the Lebanese and Jordanian peoples against U.S.-British aggression, and to Iraq against threats from the same imperialist quarters. While repeatedly deterring the imperialists from their military adventures, the socialist countries have made a series of notable moves for peace.

The imperialist camp headed by the United States has spared no effort in its attempts to besmirch, disintegrate, subvert or even attack the socialist countries which have

proved to be the greatest obstacle to their aggressive ambitions. But

The Flowering Unity o f the Socialist Countries

Pos te r by Chien Ta-hs in

they have failed ignominiously. They burnt their fingers badly on the Korean and Indo-China battlefields. Their subversive plot against Hun- gary was smashed. Now the U.S. imperialists are extending their aggression and provocations against China in the Taiwan Straits area. But once again they have found themselves pitted against the impregnable socialist camp. At the Peking gathering, speaker after speaker sharply condemned the U.S. aggressors and warned that any invasion against China would be repulsed with the full might of the socialist camp.

To all who cherish peace and human progress, the significance of the founding of these ten friendship associations in Peking is that the socialist camp has forged new links of unity. For the plotters of war and aggression, it should be a sobering reminder that a third of humanity united as one are more than their match.

Document

PREMIER CHOU NATIONAL

EN-LAI'S SPEECH AT DAY RECEPTION

Following is the lull text ol the speech of Premier Chou En-lai at the National Day reception in Peking on September 3 0 . ~ Ed.

Comrades, friends! Tomorrow is the great day of the ninth anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China. We feel greatly honoured and encouraged by the presence here of our friends from more than 70 countries and regions who have come to celebrate this festival with us. Chairman Mao Tse-tung has said that the Chinese people have friends all over the world. This is borne out again by our gathering today. Our friends present here have brought with them the profound friendship of the peoples of their countries for the Chinese people. On behalf of the Chinese Government and people, I now heartily welcome and thank all our friends and through you convey the sincere friendship of the Chinese people for the other peoples of the world.

Our comrades and friends can now see that the Chinese people are transforming old China and building a socialist New China successfully and at a speed unprecedented in history. The broad mass of the Chinese people, led by the Chinese Communist Party, with a high degree of revolutionary enthusiasm and initiative, have pushed the big leap forward in every sphere of socialist construction to a high tide. Our country 's grain outpu~ this year will approximately double last year's. Our people are engaged in selfless work to double our output of steel this year, as compared with last year, to attain 10.7 million tons. The mounting movement to set up people's communes throughout the country will un- doubtedly carry our socialist constr~uction to a new and higher stage, and create favourable conditions for our country's transition to communist society. These facts illustrate conclusively that the time needed for our country to overtake and surpass the major capitalist countries in industrial output will be much shorter than originally estimated.

Because China was originally an economically back- ward country, the tasks confronting us are, of course, still arduous and we still have to overcome many difficulties. But with their heroic spirit of "making mountains bow their heads and getting rivers to give way" and their unlimited creative ability, the Chinese people, under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Par ty and Chairman Mao Tse-tung, will not only be able to advance by leaps and bounds but also to win in peaceful competition with the imperialist countries.

The Chinese people have always regarded the preserva- tion of world peace as their noble international obligation. But while the peace-loving countries and peoples of the world are making even greater efforts to preserve peace, the U.S. imperialists are persisting in a policy of aggression and war, are continuously creating tension all over the world, and thus seriously menace world peace. Not long ago, the United States committed armed aggression

10

and military threats against the Arab countries. And recently it has been concentrating huge naval and air forces in the Taiwan Straits area and engaging in military provocations in an attempt to extend its aggression against our country from Taiwan and Penghu to the islands of Quemoy and Matsu in our inland waters. The recovery of Quemoy and Matsu by the Chinese people is entirely an internal Chinese affair, in which the United States has no right to interfere. Playing with fire on the brink of war, the United States preposterously demands that China should "cease fire!" This is just a plot. Our people will absolutely not allow this plot to succeed.

China has always stood for the settlement of the dispute between China and the United States in the Tai- wan area by peaceful negotiations without resorting to the threat or use of force. It was in this spirit that we proposed to resume the Sino-American ambassadorial talks and placed hope in the talks. But the United States has consistently used peaceful negotiations in order to disguise its scheme to extend aggression. Since the resumption of the Sino-American talks in Warsaw, it has continued to deploy and concentrate armed forces from Japan and other U.S. military bases and to intrude into China's territorial sea and air space repeatedly. Lately, it has even directed Chiang Kai-shek's air force to use "Sidewinder" guided missiles it has supplied tb attack our air force. All this shows that the United States is not sincere in these negotiations, but is repeatedly provoking incidents and extending its aggression against our country. The question is now very clear. The key to eliminating the tension and war danger in the Taiwan Straits area is not the U.S. "cease-fire" trick, but that the United States must immediately stop playing with fire and withdraw all its armed forces from Taiwan, Penghu and the Taiwan Straits.

The determination of the Chinese people to recover the islands of Quemoy and Matsu which are within their inland waters and to liberate their own territories of Tai- wan and Penghu is unshakable. The Chinese people will certainly deal punitive blows to the Chiang Kai-shek clique for the crimes it committed at the instigation of the United States. The Chinese people are profoundly enraged by the war provocations of U.S. imperialism. The mighty demonstrations of several hundred millions of our people in the cities and countryside against U.S. aggression and the movement to arm the whole people which is spreading rapidly throughout the country are a forceful answer of the Chinese people to the U.S. aggressors. Should the U.S. aggressors ignore the Chinese people's repeated warnings, continue their armed provocations and extend their aggression against our country, then they will make the noose round their neck tighter and tighter to the point of no escape.

Comrades, friends! The people of all countries of the world are constantly strengthening their friendly co- operation in the interests of the common cause of defending

world peace and promoting the progress of humanity. In the present struggle against the U.S. imperialists' aggression and war threats, the peace-loving peoples of the world, including the peace-loving American people, have displayed broad unity and great initiative. The Chinese people are loyal to the cause of world peace, have an in- timate concern for, and give full support to, the peoples of Asia, Africa and Latin America in their struggles to win or 'safeguard national independence. The Chinese people, in turn, have received the sympathy and support of the peoples of the other countries of the world in their struggle to build their own country and safeguard their state sovereignty and territorial integrity. We are grateful to all the peace-loving countries and peoples, particularly the governments and peoples of the Soviet Union and the other socialist countries, for their powerful support to our people

in their struggle against U.S. aggression. We are grateful to India and other friendly countries for the efforts they have made for the restoration to our country of its rightful place in the United Nations at the current session of the General Assembly. The Chinese people will spare no effort to consolidate the fraternal solidarity of the socialist camp headed by the great Soviet Union. The Chinese people will persist unswervingly in developing friendly co- operation with the peoples of Asia, Africa, Latin America and other parts of the world in accordance with the five principles of peaceful co-existence. The Chinese people will do their utmost to promote mutual support among the peoples of the world in the cause of defending peace. We are convinced that the friendship of the peoples of the world will certainly consolidate and develop with each passing day!

CORNERED! by TSUI CHI

Following is a translation of an avticle published in "Renmin Ribao" (People's Daily), October 3, 1958.- -Ed.

CCORDING to the N e w Y o r k T i m e s of September 27, here has been a steady increase in the number of letters

from the American people to the State Department about the situation in the Taiwan Straits area and these letters run "heavily against the Administration's decision to help the Chinese Nationalists retain the offshore islands." An official there revealed that the State Department recently received more than 5,000 letters, 80 per cent of which "directly criticizes the Administration's policy or expresses fear that the policy will lead to war."

At the same time, the results of a recent Gallup poll showed that 91 per cent of Americans did not want the United States to "get more involved in a military way in the fight over Quemoy and Matsu."

Nixon, the U.S. Vice-President, "was shocked" by these reports and he felt compelled to speak out on the very day they were published in the N e w Y o r k T i m e s . He averred that the expression of opinion by people to their elected representatives, by mail or otherwise, "is constructive and helpful." But in the very next breath he roundly de- nounced the State Department official who had revealed the views of the electorate, saying that this was a "deliberate effort of a State Department subordinate to undercut the Secretary of State and sabotage his policy." Curioser and curioser! A second ago the opinions of the voters were "constructive" but as soon as they are made public by a State Department subordinate, they become de- structive. If the State Department subordinate "deliberately" undercut the Secretary of State by relaying the views of the voters, aren't those thousands of voters who have written direct to the State Department even more deliberately undercutting the Secretary of State? Nixon, with all this roundabout talk, is obviously trying to silence the voice of the people.

Nixon himself admitted that he was worried not only about the lack of discipline of a State Department official

but that there might be those who might think that the large number of letters written by the people should be a decisive factor in determining American foreign policy. And so he hastened to declare that he was resolutely opposed to this way of thinking. He said that the views of the electors "can never be considered the decisive factor in determining the course of policy." Not only that. "If we indulge in the kind of thinking which assumes that foreign policy decisions should be made on the basis of opinion polls," it would be tantamount to "surrendering our position of world leadership to the Communists and to becoming a second-rate nation." See the enormity of these "crimes"! At this rate those who like to "indulge" in opinion polls won' t dare do so any longer. Otherwise they'll just be asking for a visit from the Un-American Activities Committee.

This provokes two questions. First, both the Dec- laration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States lay it down that public opinion should be respected. The Declaration of Independence states that governments derive their just powers "from the consent of the governed," and should "have a decent respect for the opinions of mankind." Isn' t Nixon deliberately making a mockery of the Declaration of Independence and the Con- stitution of the United States?

Secondly, the ruling circles in the United States, Nixon included, are fond of singing the praises of U.S. "democracy." But now Nixon himself is showing up this "democracy" in its true co]ours. He's dragging the family skeleton out into the light of day.

Nixon passed on some personal experience in his attempt to convince those who want to respect public opinion of the error of their ways. I-Ie recalled that wl~en he was a member of the House from California the overwhelming preponderance of mail from his congressional district opposed the Truman Doctrine and also the Foreign Aid Pro- gram.

Nonetheless, he said, "substantial majorities for these programs were obtained both in the House and the Senate."

11

(It need hardly be added that Nixon himself belonged to the "majority.") Nixon was highly pleased .with himself, The majority of the voters said "No," but the Congressmen for the most part voted "Yes." How mysterious are the ways of this "democracy"! We would like to ask: is this bit of experience really worth bragging about? What lesson does it teach other than that Nixon and other "majority" Congressmen like himself have shamelessly be- trayed and fooled their constituents?

Nixon also tried to explain things away by declaring that the reason why the American people and the American Government don't see eye to eye is that the people often get the wrong "information." Nixon repeated what Eisen- hower and Dulles had said: "What is at stake in the For- mosa Strait is not Quemoy and Matsu and not just For- mosa but the whole free world position in the Far East." He declaimed: "I am confident that as the American people realize this, they will support the President in the firm position he has taken." But Nixon's explanation makes confusion worse confounded. Why does "the whole free world position in the Far East" depend on a few small islands in the inland waters of the Chinese mainland? Why do the Americans have to go thousands of miles away from their country and risk their lives to "protect" Chinese territory? Could it be that Quemoy, Matsu and Taiwan are American territories? And where does this "information" come from?

T HE fact is that although Eisenhower and Dulles have shouted themselves hoarse, day in and day out, declaring

that the United States is faced with "danger" and demand- ing that the American people support them in their acts of provocation against the Chinese people, the number of Americans who have grown suspicious and oppose such a policy continues to grow day by day.

The State Department subordinate described as having made a "patent and deliberate effort to undercut the Secretary of State" provided another important piece of information. He revealed that "most of the mail on the Quemoy situation had been received in the two weeks since President Eisenhower, in a nationally-televised speech, set forth the dimensions of the problem and the Administra- tion's resolve to prevent Communist seizure of the islands."

This is even clearer proof that the Eisenhower speech not only did not answer the questions put to the United States by world public opinion, but also failed to answer the questions put to the American Government by the Ameri- can people. Eisenhower's speech was a dud from start to finish.

N OW, even in this U.S. Congress in which Nixon takes the greatest pride, there are members who have voiced

disapproval of the policy of provocation pursued by the U.S. Government. Senator Wayne Morse (Democrat) declared on September 26: "We have no international law right on the Quemoys and Matsus and we will be an aggressor nation if we become militarily involved there." In the United States, even the Associated Press news commentator, William L. Ryan, had to admit: "The bulk of world opinion at the moment appears to see the U.S. position in the whole matter of the offshore islands as hope- lessly untenable . . . . Many of these ]United States'] allies view U.S. support of Chiang Kai-shek's dreams of recon- quering the mainland as a constant and growing menace to the peace of Asia and the world."

Serious rifts have occurred even within the North Atlantic Treaty bloc with regard to the Far East policy of the United States. On September 27, Dulles loudly appealed for a strengthening of unity at a meeting of the Association for the Atlantic Alliance. That makes it clear enough !

The "Dulles policy" which represents the interests of a handful of the most aggressive monopoly capitalists has landed itself in a tight spot; it is being attacked from all sides. Nixon tried to do Dulles a service. But it proved to be a dis-service. Nixon confessed of his own accord that the policy pursued by the U.S. Government is not only hostile to the people of China and the rest of the world, but is also diametrically opposed to the opinions of the American people. Nixon openly declared that the U.S. Government is not prepared to heed public opinion either at home or abroad, but is determined to go it alone. But who will this frighten? The only result is that the U.S. imperialists have placed more nooses round their own n e c k s - - a n d ,the nooses are becoming tighter and all the harder to get out of!

Grave War Move

U.S. MISSILES FIRED OVER CHINESE MAINLAND

O N September 29, a . spokesman of the Ministry of National Defence of the People's Republic of China

issued a statement on the use of guided missiles by Chiang Kai-shek's air force under the direct instigation of the United States, to attack the mainland air force. The full text of the statement follows:

On September 24, Chiang Kai-shek's air force flew 143 sorties o v e r our provinces of Fukien, Chekiang and Kwangtung to carry ou~ armed provocations. In air battle, Chiang Kai-shek's aircraft used U.S.-made "Side- winder" guided missiles and downed one of our aircraft. Chiang Kai-shek's a ir force launched five "Sidewinder"

I2

guided missiles between 09:30 hours and 09:40 hours on September 24. The missiles were launched in the air space above the area of Wenchow, Juian and Loching of Chekiang Province. Parts of the missiles have been picked up in the Wenchow area, including a nose part for receiving infra-red rays, the guidance system, an unexploded warhead and a solid propellent rocket; major portions have been brought to Peking for public exhibition.

The new armed provocation by Chiang Kai-shek's air force took place after the United States had equipped Chiang Kai-shek's air force with F-86F and F-100 aircraft, "Sidewinder" guided missiles and other modern weapons

WHERE CHIANG KAI-SHEK'S AIR FORCE USED U.S. - MADE GUIDED MISSILES

I ^ .olld prop,lle~ ,ockd J . J

I J /

~__.~ o, ;o..d h.,. J

• ,. ' . ~ , , ~

i ,.,,. ~ , ~ "t~%v,''0 • ~ ~ I | Inli.ile. were tound r ~ ' ~ [ - " ~ * ~ 1 " ~ [ I hm I ~. I Spliaee~ ot ¢~. [ (" ~ I ' ' ' \ I ° ' i d ' ~ " ' I sh.v, , .~ . I /

w i r e ([ound EeFFI ~ I WIIIIGi \ L " / ' " " ~ " I . . . . . . ~' " ~ . / \ / - / ~ " % , . ~ - I

CHEKIAN6 ~ ~ ~ ~ d ~ i n o i~,m-rod .... I

W ~ ¢ ~ : " ,Julan , I . e r l pick.d up here I

- ' i 7" / / x . j

Inscription on the body of the "Side-

winder" rocket

Pieces of the U.S.- made "Sidewinder" guided missiles. From left to right: the nose section for receiving infra - red rays. the guidance system, the unexploded warhead and the body of the solid

propellent rocket

and w h e n m i l i t a r y heads of the U n i t e d States and the Chiang K a i - s h e k c l ique w e r e ho ld ing a m e e t i n g at Taipeh. Hence this is an e x t r e m e l y ser ious matter .

The s p o k e s m a n of the Min i s t ry o f Nat iona l D e f e n c e is author ized to s tate s o l e m n l y that the C h i n e s e People 's Liberat ion A r m y is d e t e r m i n e d to deal p u n i t i v e b l o w s to Chiang Kai - shek's air force for this cr imina l act ion.

At a press conference given by the Informat ion De- par tment of the Ministry o f F o r e i g n Affairs on the night of September 29, the s ta tement was distr ibuted to Chinese and foreign correspondents. Parts of the missiles, picked up in the Wenchow area, Chekiang Province, were shown at the press conference. They included the nose par t for

receiving infra-red rays, the guidance system, an unexploded warhead, and a broken solid propellent rocket. A map was displayed showing the routes taken by Chiang Kai- shek's intruding air force planes and the places in the Wen- chow area, where the parts of the missiles were picked up.

This grave provocation has aroused a new wave of popular wra th throughout China. Soldiers, mil i t iamen and civilians alike say: "Give them a blow for a blow."

China's Foreign Trade in 1958 b y Y E H C H I - C H U A N G

Minister o~ Foreign Trade

1 9 5 8 is the first year of the Second Five-Year Plan for the development of China 's national

economy m t h e year which ha~ witnessed the al l-round leap forward in China's socialist construction. The swift expansion of our industrial and agricultural production in 1958 provides another example of the superiori ty of the socialist system. This contrasts sharply with the capitalist world which is afflicted with deepening and pro- longed economic crises. I t is eloquent proof that the East wind prevails, and will continue to prevail, over the West wind.

Foreign trade in China serves our industrial and agricultural production. The big jump in industrial and agricultural production is therefore a powerful impetus to the s w i f t expansion of our foreign trade. To meet the needs of the rapid expansion of production and construction,

most of which we ourselves supply, China also imports, in a planned way, large amounts of essential machinery, equipment and industrial raw materials . In 1958 imports of these goods increased sizably. With the rapid growth of our industrial and agricultural production, more goods are available for export; qual i ty and specifications are improving r emarkab ly and more varieties are available too. The total volume of China's foreign trade in 1958 is expected to increase by 14 per cent, as compared with 1957. To date, the number of countries and regions that have established t rade relations with China has increased f rom 82 in 1957 to 94.

T r a d e w i t h t h e S o c i a l i s t C o u n t r i e s

Trade with the Soviet Union and the People 's Democ- racies forms the most reliable basis of China's foreign

13

trade. The volume of trade with these countries occupies a predominant position in the total volume of China's foreign trade. In 1958 this trade was fur ther developed. This was done in accordance with the principles of close co-ordination, equality, mutual benefit and practicality, the principle of helping one another 's economic self-reliance and common progress; and carried out in the light of mutual needs and possibilities.

In a spirit of co-operation, China and the fraterfial countries have supplied each other with many kinds of goods and materials necessary for their current production and construction. This is of great benefit to the socialist construction of each. To help the Wuhan Iron and Steel Works complete and commission its No. 1 blast furnace ahead of plan, for instance, many machine-building and electrical engineering works in the Soviet Union rushed to manufacture large quantities of special equipment for the furnace ahead of schedule, and sent approximately 100 specialists to help solve technical problems on the spot. This has played an important part in ensur- ing that this top-grade blast furnace with a daily capacity of 2,500 tons started producing iron on September 13, much earlier than the date originally set.

China has also exported goods to the fraternal countries to the extent that it could to help supply the needs of their steadily expanding socialist economies. The goods supplied to them in 1958 increased remarkably both in variety and quantity.

In April this year China and the Soviet Union signed the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Commerce and Navigation. The economic and trade relations between the two countries which have been developing smoothly in the past few years on the basis of equality, mutual benefit and mutual assistance and co-operation, have thus been put in treaty form. The treaty provides favourable conditions for the further development of these relations. In 1958 China concluded long-term trade agreements covering 1959-1962 with Poland, Hungary, Rumania and the Korean Demo- cratic People's Republic respectively, in addition to the agreement concluded with Bulgaria in 1957. China is preparing to conclude such long-term trade agreements with other socialist countries. The signing of these long- term trade agreements marks the strengthening of trade relations and friendly co-operation between China and the other socialist countries. They are beneficial to the growth of the socialist economies in the various countries concerned and the mutual support among them on the basis of self-reliance, in order to promote a common economic upsurge in all these lands and cement further the friendship and political unity among them.

Trade wi th As ian-Afr ican Countries

In the past few years and particularly since the Bandung Conference, China's trade and economic co- operation with the Asian-African nationalist states has increased greatly on a basis of equality and mutual benefit and in accordance with the common desire to develop the independent economy of each and to promote world peace. In addition to consolidating and expanding its trade with India, Indonesia, Ceylon, Burma, Cambodia and the United Arab Republic, China has also developed its trade rela-

14

tions with the west Asian and African countries. On January 12, 1958, China signed a treaty of friendship, a treaty of commerce and an agreement for scientific, technical and cultural co-operation with the Yemen. Recently, on the invitation of the Government of Tunisia, China sent a government trade delegation to Tunisia. A trade agreement was signed between the Chinese delegation and the Tunisian government delegation. The Chinese delegation will soon visit Morocco on the invitation of the Moroccan Government. As a result of these visits, Sino- Tunisian and Sino-Moroccan business transactions will be further increased. China has established diplomatic relations with the Republic of Iraq, and on the invitation of the Iraqi Government, a Chinese trade delegation will be sent to Iraq to negotiate trade between the two countries.

Concerning the export trade with the Asian-African nationalist states, in addition to daffy necessities, we have supplied them with various kinds of machinery and complete sets of equipment at fair and reasonable prices, according to their need and our ability, and have given them technical assistance so as to support their efforts to develop national industries and build up independent economies.

China helped Burma enlarge a cotton textile mill with 20,000 spindles and 196 looms, supplying the complete equipment and sending specialists and technicians. Work began in 1956 and has now been completed. The mill will soon go into production. This project represents the joint efforts and friendly co-operation between the Chinese and Burmese departments and technicians concerned. In the past the imperialist countries, on the pretext that Burmese cotton had fibres that were too short and had too many impurities, claimed that it was not suitable for weaving and forced Burma to export cotton and import cotton piece-goods. This was detrimental to Burma. Before construction began the Chinese designing departments and textile machinery plants responsible for the job sent people to the cotton-growing areas in Burma to investigate on the spot. At the same time trial weaving with Burmese cotton was undertaken in China for quite a long while, to make sure that the designing and equipment for the factory would suit the Burmese weather and the special qualities of Burmese cotton. All this was done to enable the Burmese people to wear clothes made out of their own cotton, produced in their own factory and by their own hands. The trial production showed that Burmese cotton could be woven into yarn of 20 counts and that the Burmese people could master the textile technique as well as anybody.

In accordance with the Sino-Cambodian agreement for economic and technical assistance concluded on June 21, 1956, China undertook to provide 800 million riels (equivalent to 8 million pounds sterling} of aid to Cam- bodia without compensation in the form of goods and materials and technique. To imPlement this agreement China undertook to help Cambodia build a cement factory, a paper mill, a textile mill and a plywood factory in addition to supplying equipment, building materials and other goods needed by Cambodia and sending specialists and technicians. The surveying work and designing for these factories is now in full swing. The joint statement by

Premier Chou En-lai and Cambodian Premier Prince Norodom Sihanouk issued in August 1958 specified that China was ready to aid Cambodia without any compensation or conditions, according to the needs and capabilities of Cambodia, in building small-sized iron and steel works, prospecting for underground fuel resources, constructing other enterprises and prospecting for other relevant resources as deemed necessary.

Preparations for the highways and factories China undertook to build for the Yemen in the Sino-Yemeni agreement for scientific, technical and cultural co-operation concluded in January 1958 are now under way.

These facts demonstrate that we have always con- ducted trade with the Asian-African nationalist states on the basis of equality and mutual benefit and that in order to help them achieve self-support we are willing to supply them to the best of our ability with machinery, equipment and technical aid without attaching any political conditions. This has absolutely nothing in common with such imperialist tricks of economic aggression as the Washing- ton formula "Industrial United S t a t e s - Agricultural Latin Americal" and the Kishi government 's formula "Japa- nese technique, American capital and Southeast Asian resources!" We have no other desire but to see that the various countries in the world become independent, prosperous and live together in peace.

Many Asian-African countries have had to export raw materials and import industrial products as a result of long years of colonialist oppression. The colonialists deliberately force down the prices of raw materials by manipulating the markets, and sell their products at high prices. The Asian-African countries are denied the opportunity to develop their own independent national industries, and are forced into great economic difficulties. The deepening economic crisis of the capitalist world has brought further difficulties to them in selling raw materials and extreme fluctuations in the prices of the world market as a result of which they have suffered still greater losses. It is therefore quite understandable that the Asian-African countries urgently desire to establish and develop their independent economies and to industrialize quickly so as to free themselves completely from the economic shackles the colonialists have imposed on them.

Like the peoples of many Asian-African countries, the Chinese people have suffered long years of colonialist oppression and exploitation. We therefore extend our deep sympathy and support to the just aspirations of the Asian-African countries. We want to see the other Asian- African countries, as well as ourselves, prosperous, rich and strong so as to raise the living standards of the peoples of the various countries and strengthen the forces against colonialism and for world peace. We will carry forward the Bandung spirit, and in accordance with the needs and possibilities of both sides, continue to carry on the exchange of commodities at fairly stable and reasonable prices with the Asian-African countries on a basis of equality and mutual benefit. We are also willing to supply the friendly Asian-African countries complete sets of equipment and technical assistance to the extent of our ability as we have done in the past so as to help them build their independent industries, develop their econ-

omies and raise the well-being of their peoples. We believe that the economic co-operation and commercial ties between China and the Asian-African countries will develop even more with common economic growth and the strengthening of friendly co-operation. This will make an even greater contribution to peaceful co-existence, the strengthening of friendship, unity and the cause of world

peace.

In connection with China's trade with Japan it should be pointed out that the fourth Sino-Japanese trade agreement signed by. the Chinese and Japanese people's organizations in March 1958 resulted from the persistent efforts of the Chinese and Japanese peoples, and is beneficial to the peoples of both countries. But the Kishi government, flouting the will of the Japanese people and toeing the line of U.S. imperialism, has adopted the reactionary policy" of hostility to the Chinese people. It has played an active part in plotting the "two Chinas" scheme, connived with the Japanese thugs in insulting the Chi- nese national flag in Nagasaki, and thus caused the de- terioration of Sino-Japanese relations. Hence the inter- ruption of Sino-Japanese trade. Kishi regards China as a target for Japanese economic expansion, believing that even if the Chinese people are insulted and antagonized China will still have to do business with Japan. That is why he set out to obstruct the normalization of Sino- Japanese relations.

The words and deeds of the Kishi government have fully exposed the reactionary essence of latent Japanese imperialism. The responsibility for the suspension of Sino-Japanese trade rests entirely on the shoulders of the Kishi government. The Chinese people firmly oppose the hidden imperialist ambitions of Japanese monopoly capital and the Kishi government. But the Chinese people have always been friendly to the Japanese people. We support their just struggles to win Sino-Japanese friendship and bring about the normalization of Sino-Japanese relations. We are deeply convinced that the Japanese people will be able to overcome their difficulties and eventually triumph.

Trade w i t h the W e s t

China's trade with the Western countries in 1958 has also increased. This is particularly true of the trade with the countries in north Europe. There have been new developments in China's trade relations with Denmark, Sweden and Norway following the conclusion of govern- mental trade agreements between China and these countries. It must be pointed out, however, that the discrimi- natory trade policies adopted by certain Western countries against China and the existence of the much-discredited trade embargo, which has not been entirely removed yet, still seriously affect the normal growth of China's trade with these Countries.

We have always proposed to conduct trade with the Western countries on the basis of equality and mutual benefit. Equality and mutual benefit mean that there should be both buying and selling, that the commodities to be imported and exported should be those needed by both sides and the prices should be fair and reasonable. Only in this way can trade be developed normally. But

15

cer ta in Western count r ies h a v e adop t -

ed di rec t ly opposi te a t t i tudes in the i r

t rade wi th China. T h e y say tha t t hey

wan t to develop business t r ansac t ions

wi th China and yet they use tar i ff

barr iers , impor t quotas and i m p o r t

l icences to res t r ic t the i m p o r t a t i o n of

Chinese commodi t i es needed by the i r

indust r ia l and business circles and the

genera l public. They say they a re

wi l l ing to sell goods to us. Ac tua l ly

they sell us none or v e r y few of the

goods rea l ly needed by us, and t ry

ins tead to sell us the i r u n m a r k e t a b l e

surplus products. Res t r ic t ions on Chi -

nese expor t s mus t i nev i t ab ly resu l t in

our buying less f rom them. A n d the i r

a t t empts to sell surplus p roduc t s to

us are of course in vain.

As even t s in the past f ew years h a v e

shown, no d i sc r imina t ion or t r ade

embargo imposed by the Wes te rn coun-

tr ies can s tand in the w a y of the

g rowth of our indus t r i a l and agr icu l -

tura l product ion. On the cont ra ry ,

they are beneficial to the a t t a i n m e n t

of se l f - suppor t in our economic con-

s t ruct ion by cal l ing our ov~l po ten t i a l -

ities in to play. In doing so, we h a v e

a l ready scored br i l l i an t successes. We

can now produce m a n y of the goods

o n the embargo lists and in some cases

our t echnica l s t andards h a v e a l r eady

surpassed those of the Wes te rn coun-

tries. Those Wes te rn countr ies , in

res t r ic t ing both Chinese impor t s and

Chinese exports , are cu t t ing off the i r

noses to spi te the i r faces.

The U.S. imper ia l i s t s a re now con-

duct ing serious w a r p rovoca t ions

agains t the Chinese people. This

a d v e n t u r o u s act ion of the U.S. aggres-

sors is a g rave t h r ea t to peace in Asia

and the wor ld and to n o r m a l t r ade

re la t ions be tw e e n China and va r ious

count r ies as well. I t is we l l k n o w n

tha t no rma l t rade b e t w e e n na t ions is

conducive to the p r o m o t i o n of wor ld

peace and n o r m a l t r ade b e t w e e n na-

t ions can g r o w only in peace. The

Chinese people are wi l l ing to s tand

toge ther wi th all peace - lov ing peoples

the wor ld over in a c o m m o n effort to

smash the U.S. mi l i t a ry t h rea t s and

w a r provoca t ions in the Ta iwan area,

de fend peace in Asia and the wor ld

and develop n o r m a l t r ade b e t w e e n

nations.

SIIDELIGHTS Bud Has a N e w Home. Mengya (Bud),

the fortnightly edited by the Shanghai branch of the Chinese Union of Writers, has left its city premises and moved into the July First People's Commune, the first set up recently on the outskirts of Shanghai. With this change, the magazine breaks with a long-established tradi- t i o n - instead of sitting in the office and waiting for manuscripts, the editors are now out among the people, mixing with them intimately, organizing and helping them to wri te for the magazine. Every week they spend two half-days doing physical work with members of the commune. The whole staff thus lives with the peasants, works side by side with them, reads and studies l i terature with them, and, what is more, edits and brings out a magazine that is full of life, with their help. "You work, we write!" was the unspoken slogan of most l i terary magazine editors in the past. That atti- tude has go~e by the board. Now it's "We work, we write!"

Telegraph House Chimes. The new Telegraph House next to the Peking People's Council on Changan Boulevard is not a particularly tall or imposing building, as most buildings go. But it has a style of its own. Although barely a week old, it has won the hearts of residents in the western part of the city. Atop this 6-storey building is a big 4- faced clock with luminous hands and figures which one can see from afar after nightfall. It is a useful addition to Peking's night skyline, but what makes it popular is the delightful tune it gives out before it chimes the hours.

S h a n g h a i Televis ion. Shanghai is the second city in China, after Peking, to transmit television programmes. Shanghai TV went into trial operation on National Day. It covered the city's giant National Day parade from ~ , ~

anta! points. Its win, practical: ~ all : and produced in • .!

n Al{r. The Talien n

big ocean-going ve ~ load Lg I to~ and a " ~ - - ~ ' ~ ' - ~ " ~ e ' ~ ~ 2,10{ tons. It long with a

several vantage equipment was practically all designed China.

N e w Ocean Liner. shipyard

China's first liner. It will have a loading capacity of 13,400 tons and a displacement of 22,100 tons. It is 166.9 metres beam of 21.8 metres. It will have a speed of 18 knots.

a full load the liner will be able to travel 21,000 nautical miles, from any point on the Chinese coast to any port in the world, without refuelling. It has a strong

hull designed to break ice and is electri- cally and automatically controlled. The construction of this big ocean-going vessel is an indication of the growth of China's shipbuilding industry.

Methane Gas Popularized. Chinese peasants are taking to methane gas rapidly. In one county, in Anhwei Province, for example, at least 80 per cent of the population turned to using methane gas for fertilizing their fields, for lighting and cooking their meals. Centuries-old oil lamps are beginning to disappear from the peasant homesteads and much of the work on the farms has been expedited. The government has decided to popularize the use of methane gas in all parts of China in the next year or two.

Eat to Your Heart's Content - - No Charge! Like all counties in China, Lushan in Honan Province has gathered a record harvest this year- -2 ,000 million jin all told. This is 4,000 jin to every m u of land under cultivation, 10 times the output of last year. So, like other counties too, Lushan celebrated National Day with a big feast, with the whole population going on a spree. Meat and wine were plentiful for all members of the people's commune, which embraces the whole cou'nty. Some of the older people, who knew only lean and famine years in pre- liberation China, were shy of so much food, and wine too. 64-year-old Chat Hsing-wang had difficulty persuading his wife to eat her fill. He chopsticked a huge piece of pork and put it in her bowl. "Come on, you should have some yourself, too. Don't just pile it on the children's plate~. They will have plenty of meat as they grow up." But his wife just couldn't believe such good things were

possible until a comrade of the commune leadership reassured her again and again that not only is there no charge for the feast, but that from now on food is free for all commune members.

o . Y ,'L~,~ . l

Celebrating the Abundant ilarvest With woodcu t by Huang Yung-yu

I 6

TFII ATRE

S h a n g h a l W o r k e r s T a k e t o t h e S t a g e

T h e r e is a boom on in a m a t e u r t h e a t - r ica l ac t iv i t ies a m o n g the w o r k e r s of S h a n g h a i . Over 1,300 t h e a t r i c a l t r oupes h a v e been f o r m e d in the factor ies , offices an d hote ls of th i s b igges t c i ty in China . Over 400 p lays were p e r f o r m e d a t t h e week- long m o d e r n d r a m a fes t iva l r e - cen t ly he ld in t he S h a n g h a i W o r k e r s ' Cu l tu ra l Palace . Most of t h e m w e r e w r i t t e n by the w o r k e r s themse lves . In m a n y fac tor ies and en te rp r i ses , t h e a t r i c a l ac t iv i t ies h a v e become a m a t t e r of da i ly life, and s tage shows a r e g u l a r w e e k e n d fea ture .

As one e n t h u s i a s t has w r i t t e n in a recen t ly p u b l i s h e d poem, t h e r e is

The hum of the machines by day, Drama and singing at night.

As w i t h folk song a n d pa in t ing , th i s qu icken ing of w o r k i n g - c l a s s d r a m a t i c t a l en t is a r e su l t of the s p r e a d of t he cu l tu ra l r evo lu t ion and, of course, of t he t r e m e n d o u s a c h i e v e m e n t s m a d e in t h e yea r of the " g r e a t l eap . " I t is t he w o r k e r s ' a r t i s t ic r eac t ion to c h a n g i n g real i ty , an exp re s s ion of t h e i r h a p p i n e s s a n d wil l to do. Wi th voice, music , pen, b r u s h and pa in t , and now the s tage, S h a n g h a i worke r s a re us ing the a r t s as a m e d i u m to reflect and p a r t i c i p a t e in th is g rea t e ra of change .

As one would expec t t he se days, m o s t of these p lays a re closely l inked w i t h c u r r e n t poli t ical , social a n d p r o d u c t i o n quest ions . They are also p r o d u c e d in p o p u l a r fo rms t h a t su i t t he people ' s t as te and get t h e i r " m e s s a g e " across effectively. The t h e a t r e is once a g a i n p rov ing to be a n i n c o m p a r a b l e p rop - a g a n d a weapon. In t he p r e s e n t c a m - pa ign aga ins t U.S. aggress ion in t he Ta t - w an S t ra i t s a rea a n d in the Midd le East , these a m a t e u r t hea t r i c a l s h a v e p l ayed a n i m p o r t a n t p a r t in c l a r i f y i n g the issues and a l e r t i ng the r a n k and file to t he u rgency of the s i tua t ion . One old w o r k e r pu ts i t th is way : " T h e r e a re m a n y th ings I d o n ' t u n d e r s t a n d , bu t w h e n I see t h e m ac ted out on the s tage, they become c l ea r to m e a t once ."

M a n y p lays p roduced by the se a m a t e u r g roups h a v e successfu l ly c o m b i n e d e n t e r - t a i n m e n t w i t h se l f -educa t ion . W h e n t he T i e n r a n Hote l p u t on a p e r f o r m a n c e of i ts own play Better Service, t he who le s taff t u r n e d up in force to see it. Us ing s laps t ick comedy and sa t i re , t h i s p lay con t ras t s r i gh t and w r o n g a t t i t udes to guests. As one of t h e s taff said a f t e r - wards : " I t sets you t h i n k i n g ! "

In such plays, t ime l iness , top ica l i ty an d a p r o n o u n c e d local s l a n t a re o f t en

key fac to rs of success. This has led to t he w o r k e r - a c t o r s w r i t i n g the p lays themse lves , a n d in mos t cases, d i r e c t i n g a n d s t ag ing t h e m col lec t ive ly too. In t h e pa s t i t was accep ted t h a t a n a m a t e u r p e r f o r m a n c e was s o m e t h i n g for a gala occas ion only, i nvo lv ing c o n s i d e r a b l e p rep - a r a t i o n and expense . A su i t ab l e p lay would h a v e to be found, and some out- s ide e x p e r t wou ld h a v e to b e inv i t ed to d i r ec t it. R e h e a r s a l s wou ld t a k e m o n t h s , a n d then , as l ike ly as not, by r a t h e r s l av i sh ly t r y i n g to copy the p ro fes s iona l s tage, t he ac t ing would be forced o r stiff. Now the work ing -c l a s s t h e a t r e g roups h a v e succeeded in r idd ing t h e m s e l v e s of t h e " a c c e p t e d " ideas of w h a t a m a t e u r t h e a t r e should be and l a u n c h e d out in ways t h a t g ive scope to t he specia l qua l i t i e s t hey can b r i n g to t he t h e a t r e - - ac tua l i ty , rea l i sm, an in fec t ious socia l i s t spir i t . This is w h y mos t p lays a r e d i rec t ly l i nked w i t h the p r o b l e m s of t h e i r w o r k a n d da i ly life. A l m o s t al l t h a t h a v e b e e n s t a g e d r ecen t l y in S h a n g h a i w o r k e r s ' c lubs dea l w i t h even t s of the pa s t yea r : t h e rec t i f i ca t ion c a m p a i g n , t he s t rugg l e s a g a i n s t w a s t e a n d c o n s e r v a t i v e ideas, t he e n o r m o u s c h a n g e s b r o u g h t a b o u t by t he g rea t leap in indus t ry .

A f e w t i t les wi l l i nd i ca t e the m a i n t rends ' : To the Sound of Gongs and Drums, a n d Out Wi th the Old, In With the New a r e a b o u t t he c a m p a i g n for t e chn i ca l in- n o v a t i o n s ; Forging Ahead, New Forces a n d Whom Do We Serve? desc r ibe the changes in w o r k i n g - c l a s s out looks , the effor ts m a d e to l e a r n f rom the mos t a d v a n c e d sect ions of i n d u s t r y a n d the b a t t l e a g a i n s t c o n s e r v a t i s m ; Before and After Rectification, Spring and Better Service? c o n t r a s t old a n d n e w ways of do ing th ings , i m p r o v e m e n t s in w o r k r e s u l t i n g f r o m the rec t i f ica t ion c a m p a i g n a n d t he h e i g h t e n e d pol i t ica l consc iousness of the w o r k e r s t h a t has led to b e t t e r co- o p e r a t i o n a n d co -o rd ina t i on b e t w e e n them. A good p r o d u c t i o n of any of these p lays is a su re - f i r e h i t in t h e factor ies . Th.ese t h e m e s m a y be new to society, b u t t hey a r e the s tuff of work ing -c l a s s life. In h a n d l i n g t h e m the who le process of p r o d u c t i o n is g r ea t l y fac i l i t a t ed by th i s i n t i m a t e knowledge . Ve ry of ten p l ay w r i t i n g and r e h e a r s a l s go a h e a d s i m u l t a n e o u s l y once a sma l l p r o d u c t i o n g roup ha s dec ided on the t heme , the c h a r a c t e r s a n d the ou t l ines of the plot. T h e cas t w r i t e the p lay to a l a rge e x t e n t as they d iscuss i t or d u r i n g rehea r sa l s . " C h a r a c t e r s " t h e m s e l v e s improv i se a n d sugges t changes as r e h e a r s a l s proceed.

Th i s does not by a n y m e a n s s igni fy c o n t e m p t for more f in ished produc t ions . M o r e su s t a ined effor t i n v o l v i n g g r e a t e r care , m o r e r ehea r sa l s , t h e s t ag ing of p ro- f e s s iona l ly w r i t t e n plays, etc., of course , con t inue . B u t u n d e r p r e s e n t cond i t ions t h e accen t is o f ten on t he se " q u i c k i e s "

w h i c h h a v e g r e a t e f fec t iveness because of t h e i r top ica l i ty a n d s h e e r spon tane i ty . They h a v e p roduced m a n y u n o r t h o d o x bu t ap t so lu t ions to d r a m a t i c p roblems . In some t he u sua l d iv i s ions in to acts and scenes h a v e b e e n d i spensed with . In a few, gongs a n d d r u m s a n n o u n c e the in i t i a l a p p e a r a n c e of c h a r a c t e r s who, in t he c lass ical m a n n e r , m a k e a sho r t self- i n t r o d u c t o r y speech. Al l th is m a y be c o n t r a r y to the usua l ly accepted con- v e n t i o n s of t he m o d e r n thea t r e , bu t the a t t i t u d e of t he a u d i e n c e and actors is: " I t se rves t he d r a m a t i c pu rpose a imed a t - - s o w h a t ? " As in the factory, w h e r e i n n o v a t i o n s a n d i n v e n t i o n s a re the o rde r of t he day, so in t h e t hea t r e , bo ldness of a p p r o a c h is in the air .

Th i s a m a t e u r w o r k i n g - c l a s s t hea t r i ca l m o v e m e n t in S h a n g h a i reflects one of the l ead ing t r e n d s in t he a r t s i.n C h i n a to- d a y - its i nc r ea s ing ly socia l is t cha rac t e r . Th i s conce rns b o t h i ts social o rgan iza - t i ona l f o r m a n d i ts a r t i s t i c f o r m and con ten t . Social is t , a n d st i l l more , com- m u n i s t a r t a n d l i t e r a t u r e a r e cha r - ac te r i zed by t h e i r p o p u l a r c h a r a c t e r , w i th mi l l ions of the w o r k i n g people t a k i n g an i n c r e a s i n g l y ac t ive p a r t in l i t e r a ry and a r t i s t i c act iv i t ies . Th i s is one of the f e a t u r e s of t he c u l t u r a l r evo lu t ion t h a t is n o w going a ~ e a d .and t h a t is be ing consc ious ly fos te red a n d p l a n n e d for as a p a r t of C h i n a ' s soc ia l i s t cons t ruc t ion . Th i s is a n a t u r a l r e s u l t of t he social is t d e v e l o p m e n t of Ch ina . Because of the m o r e r a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n of society and t he h i g h e r p r o d u c t i v i t y of l abour , i t is b e c o m i n g poss ib le for peop le to deve lop t h e i r fu l l po ten t i a l i t i e s , t h e i r ful l per - sonal i t ies , to deve lop as m a n y - s i d e d c i t izens a n d w o r k e r - i n t e l l e c t u a l s ; and m a n u a l a n d m e n t a l l a b o u r a re be ing in t eg ra t ed .

Al l this , of course, and i ts ref lec t ion in a r t wi l l e m e r g e in ful l f lower a t a l a t e r s tage of socia l i s t d e v e l o p m e n t a n d u n d e r c o m m u n i s m , b u t we can a l r e a d y see i t in e m b r y o in these t h e a t r i c a l ac t iv i t ies of t he S h a n g h a i worker s .

~ W U P I N

ARCI-IAEOLOGY

~ i n g T o m b D i s e o v e r i ~ s

T h e s i te to t he n o r t h w e s t of P e k i n g w h e r e t h i r t e e n e m p e r o r s of t h e Ming d y n a s t y (1369-1644) l ie b u r i e d is aga in in the .news. A f t e r 22 m o n t h s of ca re fu l w o r k a g r o u p of Ch ine se a rchaeo log i s t s and h i s t o r i a n s f ina l ly opened a pa i r of m a s s i v e m a r b l e gates 21 m e t r e s u n d e r - g r o u n d a n d found a vau l t ed t o m b w h e r e lies t he r e m a i n s of t he E m p e r o r W a n Li, w h o re igned f r o m 1573 to 1620 A.D., w i th his t r e a s u r e s a n d h is two consorts .

17

The w o r k of e x c a v a t i o n h a d b e e n ca re - ful ly p l a n n e d and sc ient i f ica l ly c a r r i e d cu t to ob ta in t he m a x i m u m a m o u n t of m a t e r i a l for t he s tudy of t he h i s to ry of the Ming dynas ty , its hand i c r a f t s , a r ch i - tec ture , economy, impe r i a l b u r i a l cu s toms and m u c h else. The ca re t a k e n has pa id off. This is the b igges t and bes t p re - s e rved t o m b of a Ch inese e m p e r o r e v e r unea r thed .

In t he i r h e y d a y t he M i n g e m p e r o r s were abso lu te f euda l m o n a r c h s who l ived and died in f abu lous sp lendour . T h e i r u n d e r g r o u n d b u r i a l p laces we re some- t imes on an even g r a n d e r sca le t h a n the i r pa laces above g round . M e a n t to e n d u r e for ever , t hey w e r e bu i l t of h u g e blocks of m a r b l e and stone.

D u r i n g W a n Li ' s 48-year re ign, t h e longes t of the dynas ty , the mass of t h e Ch inese people w e r e i m p o v e r i s h e d as a resu l t of ru th l e s s exp lo i t a t i on by l a n d - lords and c o r r u p t officials. T h e i m p e r i a l t r e a s u r y i tself was dep le ted by p rod iga l expend i tu re s . I n sp i te of th i s t he e m p e r o r s q u a n d e r e d w e a l t h on th i s s u m p t u o u s u .nderground pa l ace of a tomb. I t was b e g u n t w e l v e yea r s a f t e r h e a scended t he th rone . He was t h e n s t i l l on ly 22 yea r s old. Accord ing to w r i t t e n records, he h imse l f chose t he s i te a n d app roved t he des ign fo r the t o m b w h i c h took six yea r s to bui ld. T o g e t h e r w i t h t h e pa lace above t he t o m b (des t royed d u r i n g the Ch ing dynas ty , 1644-1911), i t cost the e q u i v a l e n t of t he a v e r a g e na - t iona l income for two yea r s of t h e e m p e r o r ' s reign. Bu i ld ing m a t e r i a l s , such as ma rb l e , m e t a l s and m a s s i v e t r u n k s of r a r e c e d a r for co lumns , were t r a n s - po r t ed f rom S h a n t u n g , H o n a n and as f a r a w a y as S z e c h u a n in s o u t h w e s t China . Tens of t h o u s a n d s of so ld iers , a n d c iv i l ians w e r e d r a f t e d for t he work .

Bu i l t m a i n l y of m a r b l e , t h e t o m b h a s an u n d e r g r o u n d floor space of 1,250 s q u a r e met res . F r o m the e n t r a n c e , w h i c h took a yea r ' s ca re fu l p r o b i n g to find, a 74-met re - long a r c h e d pas sage leads t h r o u g h a fine ga te in to a wide v a u l t e d chamber . In t he c e n t r e of th is s t a n d s

The emperor ' s throne in the centra l c h a m b e r of the tomb

t h r e e w h i t e m a r b l e ~ ~ , i " ' ~ 5 ~ ~ th rones , t he l a rges t ~ ~ . ~ " . . . . ~"q~ .... . one in the c e n t r e was ~ . . , , , ) ~ : .,=,"' ~: ~ " ~,, , i f o r t h e e m p e r o r , t he -; " ~"- two s m a l l e r ones for ~ . . i ' .,.i." ~ , :~-i ~ l ~ ' " '

backs of al l t h r e e a re : .... - ' " *' ~. ~ ~I e l a b o r a t e l y c a r v e d into " , . " ~ ~ ,~ ' ' ~r- t he l ikeness of coi l ing ~ J ~ i ~ ; - : ~ ~ "~::~ ' • ! ~ ~ . , ~ " d ragons . E a c h t h r o n e ~ ~* ~ " . . . . . ° ha s be fo re i t a se t of me__~¢~" "' : " -* : : . ' ~ ~ ~ t he so-ca l led " F i v e ~ : ~ ~ ~ , ~ ( m m ~ , ~ ~ < , ~ , ~ , ,~<~ Offe r ings" w h i c h con- ~ ~ ~ l sists of a n incense b u r n e r in t h e cen t re , f l anked by two cand le - ~ ~ W ~ _ ~ . . . . . _ ~",: ~:~... ~ ~ s t icks w i t h cand les s t i l l on t h e m and two T h e m a i n c h a m b e r of the E m p e r o r vases . Di rec t ly in W a n Li's tomb w h e r e the b iers s tand

f r o n t of each is a wide - m o u t h e d j a r of b lue a n d w h i t e porce la in d e c o r a t e d w i t h a d r a g o n design. These " e t e r n a l l a m p s , " w h i c h d a t e b a c k to the r e ign of t he E m p e r o r Ch in Ch ing (1522- 1567), s t i l l c o n t a i n oil in f luid fo rm w i t h wicks. T h e y b e a r t r aces of h a v i n g b e e n lit, b u t w h e n t hey f l ickered out wi l l r e m a i n a mys te ry .

At fhe f a r end of th is long c h a m b e r is a second b e a u t i f u l l y p r o p o r t i o n e d gate. T h e g r e a t cross b e a m o v e r t he door, as in t he case of the o t h e r two, is m a d e of brass . T h e leaves a re of sol id s labs of u n b l e m i s h e d w h i t e m a r b l e c a r v e d w i t h m a s s i v e s tuds l ike those on wooden gates b e n e a t h t he T ien A n Men. This door leads in to t h e m a i n c h a m b e r w h e r e the t h r e e v e r m i l i o n - p a i n t e d b iers s t and on a r a i sed dais.

W h e n t he big d o u b l e coff in of the e m p e r o r was op~ned, h is r e m a i n s we re f o u n d c lad in a r i ch r o b e and shod in co loured d a m a s k boots. W h e n t he

e m p e r o r died, he w o r e a cap of b l a c k s i lk r i m m e d w i t h gold. T h e h a i r was done up w i t h go lden pins . Bes ide t he e m p e r o r lay a w h i t e j ade cup a n d a bowl, the l a t t e r on a go lden s a u c e r a n d cove red w i t h a l id of gold in l a id w i t h coral. In a ro t t ed w o o d e n box bes ide the r e m a i n s was t he e m p e r o r ' s c rown, exqu is i t e ly

w o v e n of gold t h r e a d s f o r m - ing a p a t t e r n of two d r a g o n s p l ay ing w i t h a pear l . M a n y bol ts of b r o c a d e w e r e found in the biers. Up t i l l now mos t of t he k n o w n M i n g d y n a s t y b r o c a d e w e r e found on covers of B u d d h i s t s c r ip tu re s pre - s e r v e d in the P a l a c e Museum. T h e r ich s tore of b r o c a d e now u n e a r t h e d wi l l be i n v a l u a b l e for a s t u d y of M i n g s e r i cu l t u r e a n d w e a v i n g t echn iques . The coffins also con t a in r i ch ly m a d e u tens i l s of gold, s i lver , jade, t i n a n d porce la in , f inely o r n a m e n t e d a n d jewel led .

T h e b ie rs of t he two e m p r e s s e s are smal le r . The h a i r of the dead a r e deco- r a t e d w i t h j a d e and gold o r n a m e n t s . T h e s e coffins a re a lso p a c k e d w i t h silk, cost ly u t ens i l s a n d jewels .

Bes ides the b iers a re t r u n k s fu l l of b u r i a l accessor ies . T h e s e inc lude the e m p e r o r ' s a r m o u r cas t in gold, a sword in l a id w i t h jewels , a bow a n d ar rows , w o o d e n t a b l e t s eu logiz ing the deceased e m p e r o r , and the c r o w n s of the two empresses . O v e r a t h o u s a n d wooden f igur ines of a t t e n d a n t s a n d wooden horses w e r e b u r i e d in the tomb. Most of these, howeve r , h a v e decayed. T h e r e is also a l a rge n u m b e r of gold a n d s i lve r ingots s en t as of fer ings b y va r ious provinces a n d coun t i e s ; on the backs of these ingots a r e c a r v e d the n a m e s of the donors , t h e i r w e i g h t and date .

E x p e r t s a re j u b i l a n t ove r th is un- r i va l l ed h o a r d of m a t e r i a l for the s tudy Of Ming t imes. A colour d o c u m e n t a r y f i lm has b e e n m a d e of the work of e x c a v a t i o n a n d t he t r e a s u r e s found. S o m e of t he se a re b e i n g e x h i b i t e d a t the P a l a c e Museum. L a t e r they will be m o v e d b a c k to the t o m b w h i c h is be ing t u r n e d in to a n u n d e r g r o u n d m u s e u m t h a t wil l soon be open to the publ ic .

E x c a v a t i o n w o r k wi l l beg in n e x t y e a r on t he t o m b of t he E m p e r o r Yunglo w h o

r e igned f r o m 1403 to 1425. Th i s is t he l a rge s t of the M i n g tombs. - - F A N G YUN

A Ming t o m b treasure: the e m p e r o r ' s jade b o w l w i th go lden saucer and cover

18

C H I N A AND THE

W O R L D

S i n e . K o r e a n E c o n o m i c A g r e e m e n t s

T h r e e i m p o r t a n t economic a g r e e m e n t s w e r e s igned in P e k i n g on S e p t e m b e r 27 b y g o v e r n m e n t de lega t ions of C h i n a a n d t h e K o r e a n Democra t i c Peop le ' s Re- public .

The first is a l o n g - t e r m t r a d e a g r e e m e n t cover ing the per iod 1959-1962. I t p rov ides for a s t eady inc rease in t r a d e b e t w e e n the two coun t r i e s and g r e a t e r co -o rd ina - t ion in t he i r l o n g - t e r m economic p l ann ing . Dur ing the f o u r - y e a r per iod, C h i n a wil l supp ly K o r e a w i t h t he fo l lowing m a i n i tems: coal, cot ton, co t ton ya rn , tyres , t in, rol led steel, f e r r o - m a n g a n e s e , su lphur , pa ra f f in , and gypsum; f rom K o r e a s h e wi l l rece ive i ron ore, copper , lead, zinc, h igh - speed steel, c a r b o n tool steel, cal- c ium carb ide , g inseng, m a r i n e and o t h e r products .

To m e e t the g rowing need for p o w e r for t h e i r economic cons t ruc t ion , t he two coun t r i e s h a v e also dec ided to bu i ld the U n b o n g Hydro-e lec t r i c P o w e r S t a t i o n on the uppe r reaches of the Yalu River . The cost of cons t ruc t i on wil l be s h a r e d on a n equa l basis. This is p rov ided for by the second a g r e e m e n t , u n d e r w h o s e t e r m s C h i n a wil l e x t e n d to K o r e a a l o n g - t e r m l ean to cover the cost of w o r k u n d e r t a k e n by t h e K o r e a n side. Th i s loan w i l l be repa id in goods ove r a t e n - y e a r pe r iod beg inn ing 19{}3.

The th i rd a g r e e m e n t covers a Ch ine se loan to K o r e a for the p u r c h a s e of Ch inese m a c h i n e r y a n d e q u i p m e n t for cons t ruc - t ion of a t ex t i l e mi l l and two c e m e n t p a p e r bag p lan ts . This loan wi l l be r epa id in goods over a t e n - y e a r pe r iod b e g i n n i n g 1961.

S i n e - K o r e a n t r a d e m a d e big s t r ides s ince peace was r e s to red to K o r e a in 1953. The v o l u m e of t r a d e in 1957 was seven t imes w h a t i t was in 1954. Th i s y e a r i t is expec t ed to i nc rease by a n o t h e r 50 p e r cent . D u r i n g th i s per iod, l a rge quan t i t i e s of Ch inese coal, coke, co t ton

a n d cot ton ya rn , as wel l as m a c h i n e r y , s teel products , g r a i n a n d va r ious l igh t indus t r i a l goods w e r e sen t to K o r e a to he lp r econs t ruc t ion in t h a t coun t ry . In r e t u r n , C h i n a received f r o m K o r e a specia l steel, non - f e r rous meta ls , c e m e n t a n d chemica ls .

A t t h e s a m e t ime, t he two coun t r i e s h a v e also deve loped an e x c h a n g e of

se ient i f ie a n d t echn i ca l knowledge , and co -ope ra t ed in f i shery a n d p r e v e n t i o n of floods .a long t h e i r c o m m o n border .

This y e a r w h e n bo th coun t r i e s s t a r t ed t h e i r big economic leap fo rward , t h e r e h a v e been m a n y i n s t a n c e s of p r o m p t and cord ia l m u t u a l help. To mee t an u r g e n t r e q u e s t f rom Ch inese a g r i c u l t u r a l de- p a r t m e n t s , K o r e a r u s h e d over 4,000 tons of exce l l en t r ice seed su i t ab l e for p l a n t - ing in n o r t h China . S h e wi l l s end a n e v e n l a r g e r q u a n t i t y of th i s t ype of seed in 1959.

T h e t h r e e a g r e e m e n t s s igned in P e k i n g wil l open a new s tage in S i n e - K o r e a n economic co-opera t ion . F r o m n o w on th is wi l l be closer, b e t t e r co -o rd ina t ed and on a l a r g e r scale.

N a t i o n a l D a y G u e s t s

Octobe r F i r s t a l w a y s sees P e k i n g c r o w d e d w i t h gues ts a n d de lega t ions come to tt~e N a t i o n a l Day ce lebra t ions , to see a t f i rs t h a n d C h i n a ' s p rogress in socia l i s t cons t ruc t i on and b r ing f r i end ly g ree t ings f r o m t h e i r peoples. This y e a r was no except ion . P e k i n g was hos t to 1,400 fo re ign de lega tes a n d v is i tors f r o m 76 coun t r i e s a n d a r ea s on al l t he five con- t inen t s .

D e m o n s t r a t i n g t he so l ida r i ty of the socia l is t c a m p was the l a rge n u m b e r of de lega t ions f r o m the f r a t e r n a l countr ies . T h e s e inc lude the B u l g a r i a n N a t i o n a l As- s e m b l y de l ega t ion led by V i c e - P r e m i e r V. C h e r v e n k o v ; the K o r e a n G o v e r n m e n t de l ega t ion led by V i c e - P r e m i e r Li Joe Yun ; t h r e e m i l i t a r y de l ega t ions : the Al- b a n i a n led by De fence M i n i s t e r B . B a l l u k u ; the R u m a n i a n led by M i n i s t e r of A r m e d Forces L. S a l a j a n a n d t he Mongo l i an led by M i n i s t e r of A r m y and Pub l i c Secu r i ty B. Dorzh ; f ou r Sov ie t de l ega t ions : a S o v i e t - C h i n e s e F r i e n d s h i p Assoc ia t ion de l ega t ion led by E .T . Chere , f ln ichenko; one of a tomic ene rgy w o r k e r s h e a d e d by D.V. E f r e m o v ; a n d two o the r s led b y M i n i s t e r of P o w e r S t a t i ons A. S. P a v l e n k o a n d by V i c e - M i n i s t e r of H i g h e r Educa t i on S. V. R u m y a n t s e v ; and a de l ega t ion of t he P o l a n d - C h i n a F r i e n d s h i p Assoc ia t ion led by J. Burg in .

M a n y d i s t i n g u i s h e d ind iv idua l s , rep- r e s e n t a t i v e s of g o v e r n m e n t s and peo- p le ' s o rgan i za t i ons also c a m e f rom the A s i a n a n d A f r i c a n count r ies . These in- c lude a n I r a q i cu l t u r a l de lega t ion led by Abood Za lza lah , I n s p e c t o r - G e n e r a l of the M i n i s t r y of E d u c a t i o n ; a n I r aq i People ' s F r i e n d s h i p de l ega t ion led by Mr. A. M a h m u d ; the Cey lonese M i n i s t e r of Agr i - cu l t u r e and Food, P h i l i p G u n a w a r d e n a ; t he M i n i s t e r of Hea l th , V i m a l a Wi je - w a r d e n e ; a.n I n d o n e s i a n N a t i o n a l Counci l de Iega t ion led by N o t o h a m i p r o d j o ; Mr. Z. A. A h m a d , T h i r d Depu ty S p e a k e r of t he I n d o n e s i a n P a r l i a m e n t ; the Indo-

nes i an M,P.s, A. T j o k r o a m i n o t o and K. D a c h l a n ; a J a p a n - C h i n a F r i e n d s h i p As- soc ia t ion de l ega t ion led by J i i ch i ro M a t s u m o t o a n d Yosh i t a ro Hi rano , and a de l ega t ion f r o m the J a p a n e s e Na t iona l Counci l for the Res to r a t i on of J a p a n - C h i n a Dip lomat i c Re la t ions led by A k i r a

, Kazami .

M a n y v is i tors a n d de lega t ions also c a m e th i s yea r f rom the La t in A m e r i c a n count r ies . A n u m b e r of guests and de lega t ions a re n o w l eav ing P e k i n g on e x t e n d e d tours of t he count ry .

C h i n a - l r a q F r i e n d s h i p A s s o c i a t i o n

A C h i n a - I r a q F r i e n d s h i p Associa t ion was f o u n d e d on S e p t e m b e r 29 a t a Pe - k ing m a s s ral ly. I t was a t t e n d e d by m e m b e r s of the I r aq i f r i e n d s h i p and cul - t u r a l de l ega t ions and I r a q i youth , t r ade u n i o n a n d peace de lega tes now v i s i t ing th is c o u n t r y a n d t h o u s a n d s of r e p r e s e n t a - t ives of p o p u l a r o rgan i za t i ons in C h i n a and the people of' Pek ing .

J o i n t l y sponsored by 16 m a j o r Chinese people ' s o rgan iza t ions , t he Assoc ia t ion a ims a t p r o m o t i n g c u l t u r a l i n t e r c h a n g e , m u t u a l u n d e r s t a n d i n g and f r i e n d s h i p be- t w e e n t he peoples of the two countr ies . I t s c h a i r m a n is Liu Ning-yi , P r e s i d e n t of the A l l - C h i n a Federa t iOn of T r a d e Unions .

A d d r e s s i n g the ral ly, L iu Ning-yi ex - p ressed the c o m m o n s e n t i m e n t s of t he 600 mi l l i on Ch inese people w h e n he de- c l a red : " T h e C h i n e s e people h a v e a p a r t i c u l a r l y s t rong fee l ing of f r a t e r n a l . sympa thy for t he hero ic s t rugg le of the I r a q i people, because for a long t ime in the past , t hey too su f f e red f rom aggres- s ion and opp re s s ion by the imper ia l i s t s and "their lackeys. W e feel f r om the b o t t o m of ou r h e a r t s t h a t the s t ruggle and v ic to ry of t he I r a q i people a re ou r own. We a re c o n v i n c e d t h a t no imper i - a l is ts can eve r s a b o t a g e th is f i rm f r i end - ship b e t w e e n the Ch inese a n d I r aq i peo-

i

ples ." He conc luded by r e i t e r a t i n g t he Ch inese people ' s fu l l s u p p o r t for t he n a t i o n a l i n d e p e n d e n c e s t ruggle of t he people of I r aq a n d o t h e r A r a b coun t r i e s and d e m a n d i n g the comple t e w i t h d r a w a l of the aggress ive U .S . and Br i t i sh forces f r o m Lebanon , J o r d a n a n d the Nea r and Midd le East .

T e r r i t o r i a l S e a N o t e t o B r i t a i n

T h e Ch inese Fo re ign Minis t ry , in a note to t he Br i t i sh c h a r g e d 'a f fa i res in P e k i n g on S e p t e m b e r 29, ca l led a t t e n t i o n to t he u n r e a s o n a b l e a t t i t u d e adop ted by the B r i t i s h G o v e r n m e n t r e g a r d i n g t h e Ch inese G o v e r n m e n t ' s d e c l a r a t i o n on t he w i d t h of C h i n a ' s t e r r i t o r i a l sea.

I t po in t ed ou t t h a t B r i t a i n ' s note of S e p t e m b e r 13 ob jec t ing to the Ch inese d e c l a r a t i o n was a n u n r e a s o n a b l e i n t e r -

19

vent ion in t h e exe rc i se of s o v e r e i g n t y by the Chinese G o v e r n m e n t .

Th e no te dec la red : " T h e C h i n e s e Gov- e r n m e n t ' s d e c l a r a t i o n on C h i n a ' s t e r r i -

FOREIGN

to r ia l s ea a n d al l r e l a t e d p rov i s ions app ly to a l l f o re ign a i rc ra f t , vesse ls and indi - v idua ls . A b s o l u t e l y no v io l a t ions of these provisions a r e a l lowed . "

TRADE NOTES

• Canton Trade Fair Opens Hext Week

The Chinese E x p o r t Commod i t i e s Fa i r , j o in t ly sponsored by Ch ina ' s fo re ign t r a d e corporations, opens th i s a u t u m n f rom October 15 to N o v e m b e r 30 in Can ton , south China's l e ad ing c o m m e r c i a l centre . I t wi l l be the f i f th a n d the b igges t of i t s k ind eve r held in t h a t c i ty s ince the ser ies b e g a n in 1956.

T h e r e we re 1,900 v is i to rs f r o m 32 coun- t r ies and regions to the a u t u m n 1957 fair. The sp r ing fa i r th i s y e a r was v i s i t ed by wel l ove r 2,200 people f r o m 36 coun- t r ies and regions wh i l e the a m o u n t of bus iness t r a n s a c t e d i nc r ea sed by 142 pe r cent, r each ing a to t a l of 64 mi l l ion pounds sterl ing.

Vis i tors to the f o r t h c o m i n g a u t u m n f a i r will en joy improved faci l i t ies for do ing business . Whi le see ing t he exh ib i t ion , they wil l he ab le to e x a m i n e s a m p l e goods, d iscuss t e r m s a n d s ign c o n t r a c t s On t h e spot. Ch inese o rgan iza t ions rep- resented at the f a i r a re expec t ed to p u r c h a s e f r o m fo re ign f i rms s t i l l l a r g e r amounts of goods needed for China ' s economic cons t ruc t ion .

Respons ib l e officials of C h i n a ' s fo re ign t r ade co rpora t ions a n d r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s from i ndus t r i a l and o t h e r o rgan i za t i ons conce rned wil l be on h a n d to d iscuss bus iness t r a n s a c t i o n s w i t h vis i tors .

More t h a n 20,000 d i f fe ren t types of goods wil l be shown. These inc lude o v e r 5,000 n e w p roduc t s n e v e r be fo re e x p o r t e d from China . Th i s wil l be a b igger v a r i e t y of goods t h a n ha s been s h o w n a t a n y p rev ious fair . Vis i to rs wi l l also see a great i m p r o v e m e n t in t he qua l i ty , specifications, p a c k i n g a n d s ty l ing of e x p o r t p roduc t s w h i c h h a v e a l r eady m a d e a n a m e for t h e m s e l v e s ab road .

Fa i r o rgan ize r s h a v e s e n t ou t i nv i t a - t ions to m o r e t h a n 10,000 bus ines s f i rms all ove r t he world. Accep tances h a v e come f rom m a n y coun t r i es , a n d m a n y reques t s for i n v i t a t i o n s h a v e b e e n received,

Prospec t s a re exceed ing ly good for b r i sk bus iness in Can ton .

• Sino-Tunisian Trade Agreement The f i rs t S i n o - T u n i s i a n trade agree -

m e n t w a s s igned in Tunis on S e p t e m b e r 25. I t provides for an e x c h a n g e of goods on ,the bas i s of a ba lance of exports and imports b e t w e e n the t wo countr ies to a

to t a l of a r o u n d 9 mi l l ion Swiss f r ancs f r o m e a c h side. C h i n a wi l l s end T u n i s i a tea, tex t i les , s i lk fabr ics , newspr in t , m a c h i n e s , veh ic le s a n d o t h e r goods. T u n i s i a wil l send in r e t u r n phospha te s , o l ive oil, l ead ingots , etc. P a y m e n t s wil l be on a c l ea r ing basis.

The a g r e e m e n t is va l id for one yea r w i t h a u t o m a t i c r e n e w a l for a n o t h e r yea r if n e i t h e r s ide sugges t s a m e n d m e n t s or c ance l l a t i on t h r e e m o n t h s be fo re the da te of expi ry .

The . a g r e e m e n t was s igned by Lei J e n - min , Ch ine se V i c e - M i n i s t e r of Fo re ign T r a d e a n d A b d e s s e l a m Kenan i , T u n i s i a n U n d e r - S e c r e t a r y of S t a t e for P l a n n i n g .

Kenan i , in a s h o r t speech a f t e r the s ign ing no t ed t h a t i t was the f irst d i r ec t economic a g r e e m e n t b e t w e e n the two g o v e r n m e n t s . He exp re s sed g rea t sa t i s - f ac t ion t h a t t r a d i t i o n a l T u n i s i a n expor t s h a d n o w f o u n d a new m a r k e t . Lei J e n - m i n sa id t h a t th i s a g r e e m e n t opened a n e w page in economic and t r a d e re la - t ions b e t w e e n C h i n a a n d Tunis ia , and t h a t because it c o n f o r m e d to t he in t e re s t s of the two peoples, it wou ld not on ly p r o m o t e economic re l a t ions bu t also con- t r i b u t e to t he f u r t h e r d e v e l o p m e n t of f r i e n d l y r e l a t ions b e t w e e n t he two coun-

tr ies.

• Growing Chlna-Sudan Trade The C h i n a N a t i o n a l S u n d r i e s E x p o r t

C o r p o r a t i o n and t he A l e x a n d r i a Cot ton T r a d i n g Co. Ltd. of S u d a n h a v e s igned a n a g r e e m e n t a r r a n g i n g for a n e x c h a n g e of goods to the v a l u e of one mi l l ion p o u n d s s t e r l ing each way. S u d a n wil l o x p o r t co t ton to C h i n a a n d C h i n a in t u r n wi l l s end S u d a n co t ton cloth, silk, r u b b e r shoes, sugar , s tee l p roduc ts , c h e m i c a l s a n d o t h e r goods.

T r a d e b e t w e e n the two coun t r i e s ha s been g r o w i n g s tead i ly e v e r s ince t h e B a n d u n g Conference . In Apr i l 1956, a Ch inese g o v e r n m e n t t r a d e mi s s ion pa id t h a t c o u n t r y a f r i end ly vis i t a n d h a d t a lks w i t h t he S u d a n e s e G o v e r n m e n t . B o t h pa r t i e s e x p r e s s e d t he des i r e to deve lop c o m m e r c i a l r e l a t ions in ac- c o r d a n c e w i t h the B a n d u n g C o n f e r e n c e r e so lu t i on on economic co -ope ra t i on a n d on a bas i s of equa l i t y a n d m u t u a l benef i t . T h e two pa r t i e s also nego t i a t ed a con- t r a c t for Chinese purchases of co t ton a n d g u m arabic , t he ch ie f e x p o r t p roduc t s of Sudan . In D e c e m b e r 1957, a S u d a n e s e

g o v e r n m e n t t r a d e miss ion v i s i t ed this c o u n t r y a n d he ld t r a d e ta lks wi th the C h i n e s e G o v e r n m e n t . On J a n u a r y 9, 1958 in s i m u l t a n e o u s l y p u b l i s h e d com- m u n i q u e s c o n c e r n i n g the ta lks , the two c o u n t r i e s s t r e s sed t h e i r wi sh to provide all poss ib le fac i l i t ies to p romo te the i r m u t u a l c o m m e r c i a l re la t ions . In recent yea r s C h i n a has i m p o r t e d co t ton and g u m a r a b i c f r o m S u d a n a n d sen t in r e t u r n m o r e t h a n 20 types of commod i t i e s such as co t ton cloth, silk, sundr ie s , s t a t i o n e r y and bu i ld ing ma- ter ia ls .

• Chinose Dry Batteries for Export

I t was in J u l y th i s year , w h e n the Ch inese people w e r e ha i l i ng t he v ic tory of the I r aq i people, t ha t S h a n g h a i s en t its f i rs t s h i p m e n t of d ry ba t t e r i e s and o t h e r goods to t he n e w - b o r n I r aq i Republ ic . Ch ine se d r y b a t t e r i e s a re now be ing sold to 22 coun t r i e s a n d regions, bu t m a i n l y to the U n i t e d A r a b Republ ic , J o r d a n , S ingapore , Malaya , S u d a n , Ceylon, I r a q a n d Morocco.

Only a h a n d f u l of fac tor ies in old C h i n a t u r n e d ou t d ry ba t t e r i e s and these w e r e for m i l i t a r y use. A f t e r l ibera t ion , as m o r e and m o r e people in the count ry- s ide h a v e been ab l e to buy d ry ba t t e ry wi re less sets, t he d e m a n d for d ry bat - te r ies ha s g r o w n steadi ly . Th i s gave the g o - a h e a d to New Ch ina ' s b a t t e r y indus t ry . In t h e second h a l f of 1957, its p roduc t s b e g a n to find t h e i r way to H o n g k o n g a n d a few S o u t h e a s t A s i a n coun t r i e s and regions. This y e a r Chi - nese d ry b a t t e r y m a n u f a c t u r e r s announced t h a t they would t u r n out ba t - t e r i es of the s a m e qua l i t y as t he bes t of t h e Berec b r a n d of B r i t a i n or Eveready of t he U.S.A. W i t h t h a t cha l lenge , Ch ina i m m e d i a t e l y b e g a n to t u r n ou t dry ba t - te r ies in g r e a t e r v a r i e t y and of be t t e r qua l i t y b o t h for h o m e c o n s u m p t i o n and expor t . A m o n g t he b a t t e r y i ndus t ry ' s n e w p roduc t s now r e a d y for expor t a re d ry l aye r A B pack b a t t e r i e s and d ry l e c l anche AB pack ba t t e r i e s bo th of w h i c h a re for radios. A l k a l i n e ba t t e r i e s a n d p o t e n t i a l a i r -depo la r i zed ba t t e r i e s for l a m p s a r e also be ing t r i a l -p roduced . The t i m e of d i s c h a r g e of al l t hese ba t t e r i e s is b e t w e e n 250-300 hours . A new type of a i r - depo l a r i z ed ba t t e ry , we igh ing only 2.8 kg., is a l r e a d y a v a i l a b l e for expor t .

A t p resen t , t he re a re e l even fac tor ies in C h i n a t u r n i n g ou t t he fo l lowing five b r a n d s of d r y b a t t e r i e s for expor t : the Chung Hwa, Elephant, Flywheel, Light- house a n d Yangtse. All p roduc t s are c a r e f u l l y inspec ted be fo re they are a p p r o v e d for expor t . Expor t s a re h a n d l e d by t he T ien t s in b r a n c h of the C h i n a N a t i o n a l I n s t r u m e n t s I m p o r t Cor- pora t ion .

20

CHINESE PRESS OPINION

~. S. "Cal~inet-lffa king" in V.ebanon

U.S. Ambassador Robert McClintock's

brazen demand that the Lebanese

Government "assign four portfolios" in

the cabinet to the Chamoun clique is

branded by Renmin Ribao's Commen-

tator {October 4) "a monstrous interven-

tion" in the internal affairs of that

country.

Eisenhower, Commentator recalls,

o n c e declared that "United States forces

will be totally withdrawn whenever this

is requested by the duly constituted

Government of Lebanon." But now a duly constituted Lebanese Government

led by Premier Rashid Karami has

demanded the withdrawal of U.S. troops

at the earliest possible date, Washington

has come out with another condition for

withdrawal: It wants " the establish-

ment of order and security" in Lebanon

and "improvement in Lebanon's interna-

tional security." This gives the lie to

Eisenhower's statement and his claim

that U.S. forces were " invi ted" into

Lebanon.

Commentator points out that the

"crisis" which McClintock claimed

acquiescence in his demand would put

an end to, is really a U.S.-created crisis.

It is t h e United States which has sup-

plied "Kataeb," the fascist organization

of the Chamoun clique, with large

amounts of money and ammunition to

start up riots against the Karami govern-

ment. Now it is using .its fabricated

"crisis" as a pretext to delay withdrawal.

"But for U.S. intervention, the well-

hated Chamoun regime would have col-

lapsed long before it did. Similarly, but

for U.S. instigation, the Chamoun clique

which is now out of the government

would not dare to adopt its brazen at- titude,"

F r e n c h R e f e r e n d u m

"The adoption of the de Gaulle con-

stitution is a sign of the weakness of the

French capifalist class rather than its

strength," declares the Da Gong Bao in its September 30 leader.

F r a n c e is bogged down in such deep

crisis, the paper points out, that French

monopoly capital can no longer maintain

its ruling position except by resort to

violence; that is why it is taking to

fascist dictatorship. The reactionary de

Gaulle constitution is meant to pave

the way to this. The new constitution

cannot solve France's political and eco-

nomic crises, the main cause of which is

the colonial war in Algeria, the paper

adds. De Gaulle's constitution is aimed

at annexing Algeria, but the founding of

the Provisional Government of the

Algerian Republic and the intensified

struggle of the Algerian people for inde-

pendence have already dealt a severe

blow to this scheme. As long as the

Algerian problem is not solved, there

can be no end to France's crises. Nor is

there any chance that de Gaulle will

s u c c e e d - b y dictatorial means in sup-

pressing the French people's struggle to

defend democracy and the republican

system.

Adoption of the de Gaulle constitution

will bring desperate fascist assaults

against the democratic forces, neverthe-

less it "is merely a transient revival of

the dying rule of the reactionary French

capitalist class." In this fierce struggle

between the battle-steeled French peo-

ple and t he f a sc i s t forces, Da Gong Bao

predicts, "final victory will certainly go

to the great French people and not to

fascism."

The Bagdad Tr ia l Facts unearthed at the

trial of an ex-minister and generals of the deposed Iraqi monarchy has once again "proved that U.S. and British imperialists are the most sinister enemies of the people of Iraq and other Arab countries," writes Commenta- tor in the September 28 issue of Renmin R~bao.

The foreign minister of the Nuri Said regime, Fadhil Jamali , ex-chief of the general staff Rafiq Arif, ex-deputy chief of

the general staff Ghazi Daghistani and others have al l ,confessed at their trial

before an Iraqi special mili tary court

that for many years they took orders

from the United States and engaged in

subversive and aggressive activities

against Syria, Commentator notes. They

admitted that Dulles and U.S. Presidential

Envoy Loy Henderson personally gave

them directions to carry out specific

schemes of aggression. In addition, the

trial revealed that J~mali and others had

played an important part in engineering

the U.S. occupation of Lebanon, and that

the United States, on several occasions,

got the Nuri Said clique to give much-

needed support to Chamoun. Dulles per-

sonaUy told Jamali that he planned to

"internationalize" the Lebanese crisis,

using Article 51 of the United Nations

Charter and intervention by the Sixth

Fleet.

"Washington," Commentator remarks,

"has always pretended to be a 'friend'

of the Arab nations. Now, its hypocrisy

is completely exposed by the admissions

of its lackeys in Iraq."

But, Commentator warns: "Imperi-

alism will not take its defeat in Iraq

lying down. It is trying to undermine

that rejuvenated nation by disrupting

the unity of the Iraqi people." Recalling

the recent warning by Iraqi Prime

Minister Kassim about foreign attempts

to split the Iraqi people, he concludes:

"We are confident that the Iraqi people

with their glorious revolutionary tradi-

tion will stand united and win even greater victories in their fight against imperialist intervention and in defence of national independence."

I ~ '~ .G ' ~ " ' ~ , : . : I '~, u , ~ ~ .

Miss i l e d i p l o m a c y By Jack Chert

21

WHAT'S ON IN PEKING - - Highlights of Current Entertainment, Exhibitions, etc. - -

Programmes are subject to change. W h e r e t imes are no t Hated co nsu l t t h e a t r e or dai ly press .

P E K I N G O P E R A

• R E U N I O N T w o coup les s e p a r a t e d f r o m each o the r d u r i n g the w a r s a r e r e u n i t e d t h i r t e e n y e a r s l a t e r a f t e r m a n y s t r a n g e twis t s a n d tu rns . A t r ad i t i ona l P e k i n g opera . P r o d u c e d by the Ch ina P e k i n g Ope ra T h e a t r e .

Oct. 9, 7:30 p .m. R e n m i n T h e a t r e Oct. lO, 7:30 p .m . G u a n g He T h e a t r e Oct. 12, 7:30 p ,m. Jt X i a n g T h e a t r e

• D A U G H T E R S OF T H E P A R T Y - - s h o w s the Chinese p e a s a n t s ' d e e p - r o o t e d d e v o t i o n and s u p p o r t f o r the C o m m u n i s t P a r t y t h r o u g h the s t o r y of t h r e e y o u n g p e a s a n t w o m e n , Who faced m a n y dangers to f ind the P a r t y H.Q. in o r d e r to w a r n t h e m of a t r a i t o r in the i r mids t . P r o d u c e d b y t he " P e k i n g " P e k i n g Opera C o m p a n y .

Oct. 7, 1:00 p .m . G u a n g He T hea t r e

• B A T T L E OF W I T S , B O R R O W I N G T H E EAST WIND T w o ep i sodes f r o m R o m a n c e o f t he T h r e e K i n g d o m s dea l ing m a i n l y w i t h the i ngen ious tac t ics of s t r a t eg i s t Chuko L i a n g of the Shu K i n g d o m , a p o p u l a r , l e g e n d a r y f igure in Chinese h i s to ry . P r o - duced by the " P e k i n g " P e k i n g O p e r a Com- pany .

Oct. 8, 7:30 p .m. L a o d o n g T h e a t r e

• THE RIVERSIDE P A V I L I O N A p l a y wr i t - ten b y the f a m o u s Y u a n d y n a s t y p l a y w r i g h t K u a n Han-eh ing , ab o u t a . beau t i f u l w o m a n who ou twi t s the s c h e m e s of the p o w e r f u l Lo rd Y a n g to ge t r id of h e r h u s b a n d a n d possess he r . P r o d u c e d by t he " P e k i n g " P e k i n g Op e ra C o m p a n y .

Oct. 9, 7:30 p .m. Guang He T h e a t r e

• L I N T S E - H S U A n e w h i s to r i ca l ope r a abou t Lin Tse -hsu , the pa t r io t i c v i c e r o y ,of K w a n g t u n g an d K w a n g s l P r o v i n c e s in the la te Ching d y n a s t y , w h o d e s t r o y e d t he o p i u m sh ip p ed to China by Br i t i sh m e r - chants , P r o d u c e d by the " P e k i n g " P e k i n g Opera C o m p a n y .

Oct. 9, 7:30 p .m . C h a n g a n T h e a t r e

P I N G J U O P E R A

• T H E G I R L W I T H P I G T A I L S - - d e s c r i b e s the c o u r a g e a n d r e s o u r c e f u l n e s s of t he f e a r - less y o u n g gir l w h o r e c e n t l y h e l p e d to u n - cove r a n d b r i n g to Just ice a c o u n t e r - r e v o l u t i o n a r y c l ique in Pek i ng . P r o d u c e d b y the P ingJu Op e ra C o m p a n y of P e k i n g .

Oct. 8-13, 7:20 p . m . Da Z h o n g T h e a t r e

QuYI

• S O N G OF Y O U T H b a s e d on the p o p u l a r novel by Y a n g Mo. A f a i t h fu l p o r t r a y a l of the r e v o l u t i o n a r y y o u t h m o v e m e n t in P e k i n g univers i t ies , a g a i n s t the b a c k g r o u n d of p e r - secu t ion by the KlVlT in 1931-35. P r o d u c e d by the P e k i n g Quy i C o m p a n y a n d s t a r r i n g wel l*known ac t r e s s Wel Hs i -kue i .

Oct. II , 7:30 p .m . R e n m i n T h e a t r e

M O D E R N O P E R A

• T W O W O M E N S O L D I E R S W h e n t h e R e d A r m y had to m a k e a s t r a t eg i c r e t r e a t , t w o w o m e n sold iers r e m a i n e d b e h i n d the e n e m y lines. T h e y o r g a n i z e d t he loca l p e a s a n t s to fight c o u r a g e o u s l y ag a in s t the r e a c t i o n a r i e s unt i l the Red A r m y r e t u r n e d . P r o d u c e d b y the Cen t r a l E x p e r i m e n t a l O p e r a T h e a t r e .

Oct. 11 & 12, 7:30 p .m . Tianq tao T h e a t r e

T H E A T R E

• THE M A S S E S A S T I R - - desc r ibes h o w Chinese w o m e n , f o r the first t i m e in cen - tur ies , h a v e f r eed t h e m s e l v e s f r o m h o u s e - hold d r u d g e r y a n d Jo ined in socia l p ro- duct ion . E r h l u n g Road in P e k i n g is the scene of this p lay . P r o d u c e d b y the China Youth A r t T h e a t r e .

Oct. 9-13 China Y o u t h A r t T h e a t r e

• R E D C O M P O U N D A p lay w r i t t e n b y L a g Shah , t h e w e l l - k n o w n p l a y w r i g h t , de- s c r i b ing the n e w spi r i t of m u t u a l he lp a n d c o m r a d e s h i p w h i c h n o w p r e v a i l s a m o n g P e k i n g r e s iden t s s ince the rec t i f ica t ion c a m - pa ign . P r o d u c e d b y t he P e k i n g P e o p l e ' s Ar t T h e a t r e .

Oct. 7-13 S h o u d u T h e a t r e

• B E F O R E T H E D A W N A m o v i n g p l a y abou t the young S h a n g h a i w o r k e r , W a n g Hs iao-ho , w e l l - k n o w n f i g u r e in Chinese r e v o - l u t i o n a r y h i s to ry , w h o l ed the w o r k e r s in a s t a u n c h f ight aga in s t t h e K M T unt i l h is t r ag i c dea th . P r o d u c e d by the China C h i l d r e n ' s T h e a t r e .

Oct. 7-13 Be l j l ng Thea t r e

• T H E V I C T O R Y OF C O M M U N I S M T h e Cen t r a l D r a m a School ' s p r o d u c t i o n of a p l ay based on t h e n o w - f a m o u s e x p e r i e n c e of a S h a n g h a i s tee l w o r k e r . Su f f e r i ng f r o m acu te s e c o n d - d e g r e e bu rns , he is s a v e d by the c o n c e r t e d ef for ts of the hosp i t a l staff a n d h is o w n will to live. The socia l is t out - look of the m e d i c a l s taff w a s the dec i s ive f a c t o r in m a k i n g th is m i r a c l e poss ible .

Oct. 9-12 S h i y a n T h e a t r e

B A L L E T

• S W A N L A K E C hina ' s first ful l p r o d u c t i o n of T c h a i k o v a k y ' s bal let , p e r f o r m e d b y s tu- den t s ~of the P e k i n g School of Danc ing .

Oct. 7-10 Tianqiao T h e a t r e

F I L M S

N E W F I L M S F E S T I V A L

• B A L L A D OF T H E M I N G T O M B S R E S - E R V O I R A f i lm abou t the past , p r e s e n t a n d f u t u r e of the g r e a t Mine T o m b s Res- e rvo i r . P r o d u c e d b y the P e k i n g Film Studio. The l a s t p a r t of t he f i l m - - t h e f u t u r e -- is in colour .

Oct. 7 Da Hue, D o n e Dart W o r k e r s ' Club Oct. 8 X t n Jte K o u , P e k i n g Exh ib i t ion

C e n t r e Cinema, S h o u d u C inema Oct. 9-10 G u a n g A n Men, Be t j t ng W o r k -

ers" Club Oct. 11-12 Ertong, BetJing T h e a t r e

• T H E E V E R L A S T I N G B E A M A P.L.A. radio o p e r a t o r , s en t f r o m t h e l i b e r a t e d areas to set u p an underground radio transmission station in Shanghai, the heart of KMT re- action, successfully carries out his mission. A f e a t u r e f i lm b y the " A u g u s t 1" F i lm Studio.

Oct. 10-13 X t n J te K o u , P e k i n g Exh ib i t ion Cen t re Cinema, S h o u d u C i n e m a

Oct. 11 Z h o n g y a n g Oct. I1-13 Da H u e , D o n e Dan W o r k e r s "

Club, G u a n g A n Men , Be l t ing Worker s" Club

• H E R O E S W I T H THE C O U R A G E OF T I G E R S A th r i l l i ng s t o ry of t he e a r l y d a y s of l ibe ra t ion . H o w d a r i n g P.L.A. f igh te r s w i p e ou t a g r o u p of K u o m i n t a n g band i t s .

Oct. 8-10 X t n J ie K o u , P e k i n g Exh ib i t ion Cen t re Cinema, S h o u d u Cinema, Da Hua

Oct. 7, 8, 11 & 12 Z h o n g y a n g Oct. 11 Jiao Dao K o u

• O R D E A L B Y F I R E A N D I R O N A f e a t u r e f i lm b y T ian Ma F i l m Studio a b o u t the r evo- l u t i o n a r y u n d e r g r o u n d m o v e m e n t in S h a n g h a i in 1948.

Oct. 9 Jiao b a g K o u Oct. 10 x t n Z h o n g G a g

E X H I B I T I O N S

• E X H I B I T I O N of Chinese t r ad i t i ona l s ty le p a i n t i n g s b y P e k i n g a r t i s t s on the sub j ec t of th is y e a r ' s " b i g l e a p . " Open da i ly 9:00 a .m. - - 5:00 p .m.

At B e i h a t P a r k

• E X H I B I T I O N OF N E W S C I E N T I F I C A N D T E C H N O L O G I C A L A C H I E V E M E N T S Open daf fy ( excep t Mort.) 8:30 a . m . - - B : 0 0 p .m . till Nov . 15 a t t he n e w bu i ld ing of the Central M u s e u m oI Natura l His tory in T tench iao .

• N A T I O N A L E X H I B I T I O N OF I N D U S T R Y A N D C O M M U N I C A T I O N S Open dai ly (excep t Mon.) 9:00 a . m . - - 5 : O 0 p .m.

At P e k i n g Exh ib i t i on Cen tre and Building Cons t ruc t ion Exh ib i t i on Centre

• E X H I B I T I O N OF N E W A C H I E V E M E N T S IN T H E M E D I C A L F I E L D Open dai ly (excep t Mon.) 8:00 a . m . - - 6 : O 0 p .m.

At the W o r k i n g Peop le ' s Palace oy Culture a n d Z h o n g s h a n P a r k

P E K I N G P L A N E T A R I U M

Spec ia l s h o w i n g s : " T h e S p u t n i k " " T r i p T h r o u g h t he U n i v e r s e "

F L O W E R S H O W

N o w is the s ea son fo r c h r y s a n t h e m u m s . W a t c h fo r the a n n u a l c h r y s a n t h e m u m show

Join t ly s p o n s o r e d b y P e k i n g ' s pa rks . I t wil l o p e n soon a t Be iha i Pa rk .

V a r ious k inds of c h r y s a n t h e m u m s p l an t ed b y P e k i n g ' s e x p e r t g a r d e n e r s will be on d i sp lay .

L E C T U R E

• " T h e Life a n d W o r k s of M a y a k o v s k y " - - w e l l - k n o w n Sov ie t poet . S p o n s o r e d by the P e k i n g L i b r a r y . Oct. 11 a t the Cul tu ra l Club of the S ing-Sov ie t F r i e n d s h i p Assoc ia t ion .

S E L E C T E D T E L E V I S I O N P R O G R A M M E S

o c t . 7 7:45 p .m. The U n d e r g r o u n d P a l a c e - - a

d o c u m e n t a r y on the n e w l y d i scovered T i n g L ing at t he Ming T o m b s .

Oct. 9 7:30 p .m. T h e ba l le t S W A N L A K E per-

f o r m e d b y the P e k i n g School of Dancing .

P E K I N G R A D I O

S E L E C T E D M U S I C P R O G R A M M E S

T h e s ta t ions a r e l i s ted as fo l lows: I - - C e n t r a l P e o p l e ' s B r o a d c a s t i n g Station,

1st P r o g r a m m e I I - - C e n t r a l P e o p l e ' s B r o a d c a s t i n g Station,

2nd P r o g r a m m e I I I - - P e k i n g P e o p l e ' s B r o a d c a s t i n g Sta t ion

Oct. 7 6:15-6:25 p .m . ( I ) - P i a n o rec i ta l b y Li Ming-

ch i ang , w h o w o n first p r i ze at the G e o r g e E n e s c u I n t e r n a t i o n a l P i a n o Contes t he ld in B u c h a r e s t

Oct . 6 5:55-6:30 a .m. (1) -- G l i n k a ; R a c h m a n l n o f f 6:10-8:30 a,m, (IIl)--Musie and folk songs

f r o m S i n k i a n g 1:00-1:40 p .m. ( I I I ) - Music f r o m t r ad i t i ona l

Ch inese dances , t he L o t u s Dance, etc. 2:00-3:00 p .m. ( H ) - - M u s i c and songs f r o m

the n a t i o n a l m i n o r i t i e s Oct. 9 6:30--7:00 a .m. ( I I I ) - Songs and m u s i c f r o m

C z e c h o s l o v a k i a 8:10-8:30 a .m. ( I I I ) - Songs f r o m Mongol ia 2:00-3:00 p .m. (H) -- Schumann: Papt l lons;

No. 1 S y m p h o n y in B f la t Spring, etc. 6:00-7:00 p .m. ( I I I ) - S p a n i s h m u s i c a n d fo lk

songs Oct, 10 8:10-8:30 a .m. ( I I I ) - Songs f r o m V l e t - n a m 5:49-6:00 p .m. (I) -- Music a n d songs f r o m

B u r m a 6:00-7:00 p .m . ( H I ) - T c h a i k o v s k y ' s S y m p h o n y

No. 5 in E m i n o r OCt. 11 3:20-3:30 p .m. ( I I I ) - Songs f r o m Ind i a 6:00-7:00 p .m. (III) -- I n c o m m e m o r a t i o n of

V e rd i ' s 140th a n n i v e r s a r y : La Travia ta , A ct 1, Scene 1; se lect ions

f r o m A i d s ; c h o r u s f r o m Act 1 of Un Ballo in M a s c h e r a

Oct. 12 8:30-8:30 a.m. (I) -- Concert by the State Song

a n d D a n c e E n s e m b l e of the Aze rba i Jan Sovie t Social is t Repub l i c

22

Reactive Colours Direct Dyes Direct Fasl: Dyes Acid Dyes Vat Dyes Basic Dyes

"UNO" DYESTU FFS

DYE- INTERMEDIATES

Samples will be displayed ! For ~rticulars ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ at the Chinese Export y please write to: ~ ~

Co,,,,,,o,~itie, ,:alr to CHINA NATIONAL IMPORT & EXPORT CORPORATION be held in Canton from Oct. 15- ~ Tientsin Branch

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MI:AD OFFICE: 57 Li Shih I--lul:ung, Peking, China Cable Address: NATIONTEA PEKING

SHANGHAI BRANCH: 7z~ Tienchih Road, Shanghai, China Cable Address: NATIONTEA SHANGHAI

Supplement to PEKING REVIEW (No. 32), October 7, 1958

MESSAGE OF PENG TEH-HUAI, MINISTER OF NATIONAL DEFENCE, TO COMPATRIOTS

IN TAIWAN Following. is the text of the message of Peng Teh-huai, Minister of National

Defence of the People's Republic ol China, to the Chinese compatriots in Taiwan, issued at 1 a.m., October 6, 1958. r eed .

All compatriots, mil i tary and civilian, in Taiwan, Penghu, Quemoy and M a t s u !

We are all Chinese. Of all choices, peace is the best. The fighting round Quemoy is of a punitive character. For quite a long time, your leaders have been far too wild. They have ordered aircraft to carry out wanton raids on the mainland, dropping leaflets and secret agents, bombing Foochow and harassing Kiangsu and Chekiang, reaching as far as Yunnan, Kweichow, Szechuan, the Kangting area and Chinghai. How can this be tolerated? Hence the firing of a few shells, just to call your attention. Taiwan, Penghu, Quemoy and Matsu are Chinese territory. To this you agree, as proved by documents issued by your leaders, which confirm that they are decidedly not terr i tory of the Americans. Taiwan, Penghu, Quemoy and Matsu are p a r t of China, they do not constitute another country. There is only one China, not two, in the world. To this, you also agree, as proved by documents issued by your leaders. The mil i tary agreement signed between your leaders and the Americans is unilateral; we do not recognize it. It should be abrogated. The day will certainly come when the Americans will leave you in the lurch. Do you not believe it? History will bear witness to it. The clue is already there in the statement made by Dulles on September 30. Placed in your circumstances, how can you help but feel dismayed? In the last analysis, the American imperialists are our common enemy. It is hard for the 130,000 troops and civilians in Quemoy to stand for long the lack of supplies and the pestering hunger and cold. Out of humani tar ian considera- tions, I have ordered the bombardment to be suspended on the Fukien front for a tentative period of seven days, starting from October 6. Within this period, you will be fully free to ship in supplies on condition that there be no American escort. This guarantee wi l l not stand if there should be Amer-

ican escort. It is not good that f igh t ingbe tween you and us have been in progress for 30 years and have not yet ended. We propose that talks be held to effect a peaceful settlement. You were notified of this by Premier Chou En-lai several years ago. This is China's internal problem involving your side and our side; it is no issue between China and the United States. The issue between China and the United States is U.S. invasion and occupation of Taiwan, Penghu and the Taiwan Straits, and this should be settled through negotiations between the two countries, which are now being held in Warsaw. The Americans will have to pull out. It won' t do if they don't. For the United States, the sooner they go the better, because in this way it can have the initiative. Other- wise, it will be to its disadvantage, because it will then be always on the defensive. Why should a country in the East Pacific have come to the West Pacific? The West Pacific belongs to the people in this region, just as the East Pacific belongs to the people over there. This is common sense which the Americans should have understood. There is no war between the People's Republic of China and the United States of America, and so the question of cease-fire does not arise. Is it not a farce to talk about a cease-fire when there is no fire? Friends in Taiwan! There are flames of war between us. They should be stopped and ex- tinguished. To achieve this, talks are needed. Of course, it would not mat ter so much even if the fighting should continue for another 30 years. It is, however, better to secure an early peaceful settlement. The choice is up to you.

PENG TEH-HUAI

Minister ol National Defence

1 a.m., October 6, 1958

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