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Corinthian order - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 11/6/10 6:57 AM

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinthian_order Page 1 of 7

The Pantheon provided a prominentmodel for Renaissance and later

architects, through the medium ofengravings.

File:JerashCorinblahblahthian.jpgCorinthian columns in Jerash,Jordan

Corinthian orderFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Corinthian order is one of the three principal classicalorders of ancient Greek and Roman architecture. The other twoare the Doric and Ionic. When classical architecture was revivedduring the Renaissance, two more orders were added to thecanon, the Tuscan order and the Composite order. TheCorinthian, with its offshoot the Composite, is the most ornateof the orders, characterized by slender fluted columns and anelaborate capitals decorated with acanthus leaves and scrolls.


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The name "Corinthian" is derived from the Greek city ofCorinth, although the order first appeared used externally atAthens. Although of Greek origin, the Corinthian order wasactually seldom used in Greek architecture. It came into its ownin Roman practice, following precedents set by the Temple of

Mars Ultor in the Forum of Augustus (ca. 2 AD).[1] It isemployed in southern Gaul at the Maison Carre, Nmes(illustration, below) and at the comparable podium temple atVienne. Other prime examples noted by Mark Wilson Jones arethe lower order of the Basilica Ulpia and the arch at Ancona(both of the reign of Trajan, 98-117) the "column of Phocas"(re-erected in Late Antiquity but 2nd century in origin), and the"Temple of Bacchus" at Baalbek (ca. 150 CE).[2]

Contents1 Description1.1 Greek Corinthian order1.1.1 The Greek corinthian order was thelast Greek column and the most ornate.

The capital on it has carvings of acanthusleaves1.2 Roman Corinthian order1.3 Gandharan capitals1.4 Renaissance Corinthian order2 History3 Notable examples4 See also5 Notes6 External linksCorinthian order - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 11/6/10 6:57 AM

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Figure of the Buddha, within aCorinthian capital, Gandhara, 3-4thcentury, Musee Guimet.


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DescriptionGreek Corinthian orderThe Greek corinthian order was the last Greek column and the most ornate.The capital on it has carvings of acanthus leaves

.COLUMNSdoric ionic corinthianCorinthian

Roman Corinthian orderProportion is a defining characteristic of the Corinthian order: the"coherent integration ofdimensions and ratios in accordance with the principles ofsymmetria"are noted by MarkWilson Jones, who finds that the ratio of total column height to column-shaft height is in a6:5 ratio, so that, secondarily, the full height of column with capital isoften a multiple of 6Roman feet while the column height itself is a multiple of 5. In itsproportions, theCorinthian column is similar to the Ionic column, though it may bemade more slender, butit stands apart by its distinctive carved capital. The abacus upon thecapital has concavesides to conform to the outscrolling corners of the capital, and it mayhave a rosette at thecenter of each side.Gandharan capitalsMain article: Indo-Corinthian capitalIndo-Corinthian capitals are capitals crowningcolumns or pilasters, which can be found in thenorthwestern Indian subcontinent, and usuallycombine Hellenistic and Indian elements. Thesecapitals are typically dated to the first centuries ofour era, and constitute important elements of Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhara.

The classical design was often adapted, usuallytaking a more elongated form, and sometimes being combined withscrolls, generallywithin the context of Buddhist stupas and temples. Indo-Corinthiancapitals alsoincorporated figures of the Buddha or Bodhisattvas, usually as centralfigures surrounded,


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and often in the shade, of the luxurious foliage of Corinthian designs.Corinthian order - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 11/6/10 6:57 AMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinthian_order Page 3 of 7

Vincenzo Scamozzi offers hisversion of the Corinthian capital, ina portrait by Veronese (Denver ArtMuseum)

Corinthian capital at the GettyVilla, Malibu, California


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The Corinthian order asused in extending the USCapitol in 1854: the

column's shaft has beenomitted.

Renaissance Corinthian orderDuring the first flush of the Italian Renaissance, theFlorentine architectural theorist Francesco di Giorgioexpressed the human analogies that writers whofollowed Vitruvius often associated with the humanform, in squared drawings he made of the Corinthiancapital overlaid with human heads, to show the proportions common toboth.[3]

The Corinthian architrave is divided in two or three sections,which may be equal, or they may bear interestingproportional relationships, one with another. Above the plain,unadorned architrave lies the frieze, which may be richlycarved with a continuous design or left plain, as at the U.S.Capitol extension (illustration, left). At the Capitol theproportions of architrave to frieze are exactly 1:1. Above that,the profiles of the cornice moldings are like those of the Ionic


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order. If the cornice is very deep, it may be supported bybrackets or modillions, which are ornamental brackets used ina series under a cornice.

The Corinthian column is almost always fluted. If it is not, itis often worth pausing to unravel the reason why (sometimes

simply a tight budget). Even the flutes of a Corinthian columnmay be enriched. They may be filleted, with rods nestledwithin the hollow flutes, or stop-fluted, with the rods rising athird of the way, to where the entasis begins. The French liketo call these chandelles and sometimes they end them literallywith carved wisps of flame, or with bellflowers. Alternately,beading or chains of husks may take the place of the fillets in thefluting, for Corinthian isthe most playful and flexible of the orders. Its atmosphere is rich andfestive, with more

opportunities for variation than the other orders.Elaborating upon an offhand remark when Vitruvius accounted for theorigin of its acanthuscapital, it became a commonplace to identify the Corinthian columnwith the slender figureof a young girl; in this mode the classicizing French painter NicolasPoussin wrote to hisCorinthian order - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 11/6/10 6:57 AMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinthian_order Page 4 of 7

Model capital? from thetholos at Epidaurus


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(Archaeological Museum ofEpidaurus)doric ionicfriend Frart de Chantelou in 1642

The beautiful girls whom you will have seen in Nmes will not, I am

sure, havedelighted your spirit any less than the beautiful columns of MaisonCarre forthe one is no more than an old copy of the other".[4]Sir William Chambers expressed the conventional comparison with theDoric order:

The proportions of the orders were by the ancients formed on those ofthehuman body, and consequently, it could not be their intention to makea

Corithian column, which, as Vitruvius observes, is to represent thedelicacy ofa young girl, as thick and much taller than a Doric one, which isdesigned torepresent the bulk and vigour of a muscular full grown man.[5]

HistoryThe oldest known example of a Corinthian column is in the Temple ofApollo Epicurius atBassae in Arcadia, ca 450420 BC. It is not part of the order of thetemple itself, which has

a Doric colonnade surrounding the temple and an Ionic order within thecella enclosure. Asingle Corinthian column stands free, centered within the cella. This isa mysterious feature,and archaeologists debate what this shows: some state that it is simplyan example of avotive column. A few examples of Corinthian columns in Greece duringthe next centuryare all used inside temples. A more famous example, and the firstdocumented use of the

Corinthian order on the exterior of a structure, is the circular ChoragicMonument ofLysicrates in Athens, erected ca 334 BC.A Corinthian capital carefully buried in Antiquity in thefoundations of the circular tholos at Epidaurus wasrecovered during modern archaeological campaigns. Itsenigmatic presence and preservation have been explained by


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a sculptor's model for stone-masons to follow[6] in erectingthe temple dedicated to Asclepius, credited in Antiquity toPolykleitos the Younger, the son of the Classical Greeksculptor Polykleitos, the Elder. The temple was erected inthe 4th century BCE. These capitals, in one of the mostvisited

sacred sites of Greece, influenced later Hellenisticand Roman designs for the Corinthian order. The concavesides of the abacus meet at a sharp keel edge, easilydamaged, which in later and post-Renaissance practice has generallybeen replaced by acanted corner. Behind the scrolls the spreading cylindrical form of thecentral shaft isplainly visible.Much later, the Roman writer Vitruvius (c. 75 BCE c. 15 BCE) relatedthat the

Corinthian order had been invented by Callimachus, a Greek architectand sculptor whowas inspired by the sight of a votive basket that had been left on thegrave of a young girl.A few of her toys were in it, and a square tile had been placed over thebasket, to protectthem from the weather. An acanthus plant had grown through thewoven basket, mixing itsspiny, deeply cut leaves with the weave of the basket. ClaudeCorinthian order - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 11/6/10 6:57 AMhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinthian_order Page 5 of 7


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The origin of theCorinthian Order,illustrated in ClaudePerrault's Vitruvius, 1684

Maison Carre, Nmes, France, 14BCSimplified Corinthian capital at theCistercian monastery at Sacramenia,

Perrault incorporated a vignette epitomizing the Callimachus


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tale in his illustration of the Corinthian order for histranslation of Vitruvius, published in Paris, 1684 (illustration,left). Perrault demonstrates in his engraving how theproportions of the carved capital could be adjusted accordingto demands of the design, without offending. The texture and

outline of Perrault's leaves is dry and tight compared to their19th-century naturalism at the U.S. Capitol (below, left). ACorinthian capital may be seen as an enriched development ofthe Ionic capital, though one may have to look closely at aCorinthian capital (illustration, right) to see the Ionic volutes("helices"), at the corners, perhaps reduced in size andimportance, scrolling out above the two ranks of stylizedacanthus leaves and stalks ("cauliculi" or caulicoles), eight inall, and to notice that smaller volutes scroll inwards to meeteach other on each side. The leaves may be quite stiff,

schematic and dry, or they may be extravagantly drilled andundercut, naturalistic and spiky. In Late Antique andByzantine practice, the leaves may be blown sideways, as if by thewind of Faith. Unlikethe Doric and Ionic column capitals, a Corinthian capital has no neckbeneath it, just a ringlikeastragal molding or a banding that forms the base of the capital,recalling the base ofthe legendary basket.Most buildings (and most clients) are satisfied with

just two orders. When orders are superposed oneabove another, as they are at the FlavianAmphitheater the Colosseum the naturalprogression is from sturdiest and plainest (Doric) atthe bottom, to slenderest and richest (Corinthian) atthe top. The Colosseum's topmost tier has anunusual order that came to be known as theComposite order during the 16th century. The mid-16th century Italians, especially Sebastiano Serlioand Jacopo Barozzi da Vignola, who established a

canonic version of the orders, thought they detected a "Compositeorder", combining thevolutes of the Ionic with the foliage of the Corinthian, but in Romanpractice volutes werealmost always present.In Romanesque and Gothic architecture, where theClassical system had been replaced by a new


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esthetic composed of arched vaults springing fromcolumns, the Corinthian capital was still retained. Itmight be severely plain, as in the typical Cistercianarchitecture (illustration left), which encouraged nodistraction from liturgy and ascetic contemplation,

or in other contexts it could be treated to numerousfanciful variations, even on the capitals of a series ofcolumns or colonettes within the same system.

During the 16th century, a sequence of engravingsof the orders in architectural treatises helpedstandardize their details within rigid limits.Sebastiano Serlio; the Regola delli cinque ordini ofGiacomo Barozzi da Vignola (15071573); the Quattro libri di

Architettura of AndreaPalladio, and Vincenzo Scamozzi's Idea della Architettura Universale,were followed inthe 17th century by French treatises with further refined engravedmodels, such asPerrault's.

Pantheon prua istaknutemodel za renesanse, a kasnijearhitekti, kroz medijgravure.

Datoteka: JerashCorinblahblahthian.jpgKorintskih stupova u Jerash,JordanKorintski redFrom Wikipedia, slobodna enciklopedija

Korintske red je jedan od tri glavna klasinaredova drevne grke i rimske arhitekture. Druge dvijesu dorski i jonski. Korintski stil se pojavljuje u doba korintske klasike krajem 5. st. pr. Kr.Popularnost doivljava u kasnoj klasici, ali je vrhunac doivio u helenizmu i rimskoj umjetnosti.Tada on potiskuje dorski i jonski. Najvei broj hramova na Forum Romanumu je bio graen ba utom stilu, samo s tipinim rimskim tlocrtom.


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Kada klasina arhitektura je oivioTijekom renesanse, jo dva naloga dodan ukanon, toskanski red i poredak Composite.Korintski, sa svojim izdanak Composite je najvie okiennaloga, karakterizira vitkim fluted stupaca i

razraditi kapitela ukraen listovima i akantusovim svitke.Ime "korintski" dolazi od grkog gradaKorintu, iako bi se prvi put pojavio koristi izvana uAtena. Iako je grkog podrijetla, korintski red jezapravo rijetko koristi u grkoj arhitekturi. On je doao u svoje vlastiteu rimskom praksi, nakon presedana postavio hramMars u Ultor Forum Augusta (oko 2 Kr). [1] To jezaposlenih u junoj Galiji u Maison Carre, Nmes(Ilustracija ispod), a na istom postolju hrama uVienne. Ostali primjeri premijera istaknuo je Mark Wilson Jonesdonji red bazilike Ulpia i luka u Anconi(Oba vrijeme vladavine Trajana, 98-117), "stupac Phocas"(Ponovno podignut u kasnoj antici, ali 2. st. podrijetla), te"Hram Bakha" na Baalbek (oko 150 CE) [2].Sadraj1. Opis1,1 grki korintski red1.1.1 Grki korintski red jezadnji grki stupca i najvie okien.Glavni grad na njemu je rezbarija akantusovalie1,2 Roman korintski red1,3 Gandharan metropola1,4 renesanse korintski red2 Povijest3 Poznati primjeri4 Vidi takoer5 Biljeke6 Vanjske povezniceKorintski red - Wikipedia, slobodna enciklopedija 11/6/10 06:57http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinthian_order Stranica 2 od 7Slika Buddhe, u roku odKorintski kapitala, Gandhara, 3-4.stoljea, Musee Guimet.OpisGrki korintski redGrki korintski red je bio posljednji grki koloni, a najvie okien. Glavni grad na njemu jerezbarija akantusova lia.Stupcidorski ionske korintskiKorintski


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Roman korintski redOmjer je definiranje karakteristika korintske redom: "koherentna integracijadimenzija i odnosa u skladu s naelima symmetria "su primijetili MarkWilson Jones, koji smatra da je omjer ukupne visine stupca na stupac osovine visine u06:05 omjer, tako da, sekundarno, puna visina stupca sa kapitala je esto vie od 6

Rimskih stopa, dok stupac visine sam je vie od 5. U svojim proporcijama,Korintski stup slian je jonski stup, iako to moe biti vie vitka, alito se izdvaja po svojim prepoznatljivim isklesan kapitala. Abacus na kapital ima konkavanstrane da u skladu s outscrolling ugla kapitala, i to moe imati rozete nasreditu svake strane.Gandharan metropolaGlavni lanak: Indo-korintskih kapitalaIndo-korintski kapiteli kapitelima krunastupce ili pilastrima, koji se mogu nai usjeverozapadne Indijskog potkontinenta, i obinokombinirati helenistike i indijski elemenata. Tekapiteli su obino datirani u prvim stoljeimanae ere, a predstavljaju znaajne imbenike u grko-Budistiki umjetnosti Gandhara.Klasini dizajn esto je adaptiran, obinouzimanje vie izduenog oblika, a ponekad se u kombinaciji s svitaka, openitou kontekstu budistikih stupa i hramove. Indo-korintskih kapitela takoerugraeni figure Bude ili Bodhisattve, obino kao sredinje figure okruen,a esto u hladu, od luksuznih kronjama korintskih dizajna.Korintski red - Wikipedia, slobodna enciklopedija 11/6/10 06:57http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinthian_order Stranica 3 od 7Vincenzo Scamozzi nudi svojeverzija korintske kapitala, uportret od Veronesea (Denver ArtMuzej)

Korintski kapitala na GettyVilla, Malibu, Kalifornija

Korintske poretka kaose koristi u SAD-u proirenjeCapitol u 1854 podataka:stupac vratilo jeisputeni.Renesanse korintski redTijekom prve rumenilo od talijanske renesanse,Firentinski arhitektonski teoretiar Francesco di Giorgioizrazio ljudske analogije da pisci koji seslijedi Vitruvije esto povezan s ljudskim


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obliku, na kvadrat crtei on je napravio od korintskihkapitala obloio s ljudskim glavama, pokazati razmjere zajedniki za oboje. [3]Korintski arhitrav je podijeljen u dva ili tri dijela,koje mogu biti jednaki, ili mogu imati zanimljiveproporcionalnog odnosa, jedna s drugom. Iznad ravnici,

neokien arhitrava nalazi se friz koji moe biti bogatoizrezbarenim s kontinuiranim dizajna ili lijevo obian, kao i na SADCapitol nastavak (ilustracija, lijevo). Na Capitolrazmjere arhitrava na frizu su tono 01:01. Iznad toga,profila vijenca letvica su poput onih iz jonskiporedak. Ako vijenca je vrlo duboko, moe biti podran od stranezagrade ili modillions, koji su ukrasni zagradama koriste userije pod vijencem.Korintske stupac je gotovo uvijek fluted. Ako to nije sluaj, onaje esto vrijedi zaustavio se rasplesti razlog (ponekadjednostavno uskoj proraun). ak i flaute od korintskih stupcamoe biti obogaen. Oni svibanj biti ipke, ipke s nestledunutar uplje flaute, ili prestati-fluted, s ipke dietrei je put do mjesta gdje se entasis poinje. Francuski kaonazvati tim chandelles, a ponekad su im na kraju doslovnos izrezbarenim wisps plamena, ili s bellflowers. Naizmjence,izvlaenja ili lanci ljuske moe uzeti mjesto fileti u lijebljenje, za korintski jenajvie zaigran i fleksibilan naloga. Njegova atmosfera je bogata i sveane, s viemogunosti za varijacije od drugih redova.Razraujui na improvizirano opaska kad Vitruvije inili porijekla svojih akantusovakapitala, postalo je uobiajena za identifikaciju korintski stup s vitkim figuraje mlada djevojka, u ovom nainu rada classicizing francuski slikar Nicolas Poussin pisaoKorintski red - Wikipedia, slobodna enciklopedija 11/6/10 06:57http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinthian_order Stranica 4 od 7

Model kapitala? izTholos na Epidaurus(Arheoloki muzejEpidaurus)dorski ionskeprijatelj Frart de Chantelou u 1642Prekrasne djevojke koje ete morati vidjeti u Nmes nee, siguran sam, imajuoduevio tvoj duh bilo manje od prekrasne kolone Maison Carre zajedan je ne vie od starog kopiju drugih ". [4]


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Sir William Chambers je izrazio konvencionalne usporedbi s dorski red:Proporcije naloga od strane drevnih formira na oneljudskog tijela, a time, to se ne moe svoju namjeru daCorithian stupac, koji, kao i Vitruvije primjeuje, jest da predstavljaju delikatnostmlada djevojka, kao debela i mnogo jai nego dorski jedan, koji je dizajniran za

predstavljaju najvei i vigor miine pune odrastao ovjek. [5]PovijestNajstariji poznati primjer korintskih stupca je u hramu Apolona Epicurius naBassae u Arkadiji, oko 450-420 godine prije Krista. To nije dio reda hrama sama, koja jedorski kolonade oko hrama i jonski red unutar cellom ograde.jedan korintski stup stoji besplatno, centrirana u Cella. To je tajanstveni lik,i arheolozi raspravu to to pokazuje: neki tvrde da je to jednostavno primjerzavjetni stup. Nekoliko primjera korintskih stupova u Grkoj tijekom sljedeih stoljeasu svi koji se koriste unutar hrama. Vie poznati primjer, a prvi dokumentirani koritenjeKorintski red na vanjskoj strukturi, kruna Choragic spomenikLysicrates u Ateni, podignut oko 334 godine prije Krista.Korintski kapitala paljivo pokopana u antici uTemelji krune Tholos na Epidaurus bio jenadoknaeni tijekom moderne arheolokih kampanja. Svojezagonetna prisutnost i ouvanja su objasnitikiparski model za kamenoklesarstvom slijediti [6] u podizanjehram posveen Asclepius, pripisana u antici naPolykleitos Mlai, je sin klasini grkikipar Polykleitos, Stariji. Hram je podignut u4. st. pr. Ovi kapiteli, u jednoj od mostvisitedsveta mjesta u Grkoj, pod utjecajem helenistike kasnijei rimski dizajna za korintski red. Konkavanstrane Abacus susreu na otar rub kobilice, lakooteene, koja je u kasnijim i post-renesansnog praksa uglavnom je bio zamijenjencanted kutu. Iza svitke irenje cilindrini oblik sredinje osovinejasno vidljiv.Mnogo kasnije, rimski pisac Vitruvije (oko 75 pne - 15 st. pne), u svezi da jeKorintski red je izumio Kalimah, grki arhitekt i kipar, kojije inspiriran oima zavjetni ko koji je ostavio na grobu mlade djevojke.Nekoliko joj igrake su u njemu, te trg crijep je smjeten preko ko, kako bi zatitiliih od vremenskih nepogoda. Akantusovim biljka je narasla preko tkani ko, mijeajui svojebodljikav, duboko izrezati lie s tkanjem u ko. ClaudeKorintski red - Wikipedia, slobodna enciklopedija 11/6/10 06:57http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinthian_order Stranica 5 od 7

Porijeklo


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Korintski red, ilustrirana u ClaudePerrault je Vitruvije, 1684

Maison Carre, Nmes, Francuska, 14

Prije KristaPojednostavljeno korintski kapitala naCistercitskog samostana u Sacramenia,

Perrault ugraen vinjete epitomizing KalimahPria u svom ilustracija korintske nalog za njegovoprijevod Vitruvije, objavljena u Parizu, 1684 (ilustracija,lijevo). Perrault pokazuje u svom graviranje kakoproporcije rezbarenog kapitala moe se podesiti premazahtjevima dizajna, bez vrijea. Tekstura ipregled Perrault-a lia je suh i iroka u usporedbi s njihovim19. stoljea naturalizma na US Capitol (dolje lijevo).Korintski kapital moe se promatrati kao obogatio razvojjonski kapitala, iako se moda morati gledati usko naKorintski kapitala (ilustracija, desno) da biste vidjeli jonski volutama("Spiralama"), na uglovima, moda smanjen u veliini ivanost, pomicanje gore dva reda stiliziraneakantusova lia i stabljika ("cauliculi" ili caulicoles), osam usve, i da se primjetiti da manje volutama pomaknite prema unutra za susretjedni druge na svakoj strani. Listovi mogu biti vrlo krut,shematski i suho, ili oni svibanj biti pretjerano buenih ipodrezati, naturalistiki i iljat. U kasne antike iBizantske prakse, lie moe biti otpuhan postrance, kao da je vjetar vjere. Za razliku oddorski i jonski the stupac kapiteli, korintski kapitala nema vratu ispod njega, samo ringlikeastragal kalupljenje ili Kantovanje koja tvori bazu kapitala, podsjeajui na bazulegendarni ko.Veina zgrada (kao i veina klijenata) su zadovoljni ssamo dvije narudbe. Kada su nalozi superpozicije jednaiznad druge, kao to su oni na FlavijevacaAmfiteatar-Colosseum-prirodnihprogresija od sturdiest i plainest (dorski) nadno, da slenderest i najbogatije (korintski) navrhu. Colosseum je najvii rang imaneobino da bi doao da bude poznat kaoKompozitni bi tijekom 16. stoljea. Sredinom16. stoljea Talijani, osobito Sebastiano Serlioi Jacopo Barozzi da Vignola, koji su uspostavilikanonski verzija naloga, misli su otkrili "Composite red", kombinirajuivolutama na jonski s kronjama korintske, ali u praksi rimski volute sugotovo uvijek prisutni.U romanikom i gotikom arhitekturom, gdje je


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Klasini sustav je zamijenjen novimestetski sastavljena od lunih svodova izvire izstupce, korintske kapitala jo uvijek bio zadran. Tomoe biti teko obian, kao u tipinim cistercitskogarhitektura (ilustracija lijevo), koja je potakla ne

distraction iz liturgije i asketski kontemplacije,ili u drugim kontekstima moglo bi biti tretirane na brojnimmatovite varijacije, ak i na glavnim nizastupaca ili colonettes u istom sustavu.

Tijekom 16. stoljea, niz gravuranaloga u arhitektonskom raspravama pomogaostandardizirati svoje podatke u krutim granicama.Sebastiano Serlio, Cinque Regola delli ordini odGiacomo Barozzi da Vignola (1507-1573), Quattro libri di Architettura od AndreaPalladio, i Vincenzo Scamozzi's Idea della Architettura Universale, bili primijenjeni u17. st. francuski rasprave s ugraviranim dalje profinjenim modelima, kao to suPerrault je.


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