Past exam questions and mark schemes for Core Studies 1 (2540)

2540 Mark scheme January 2008

Cognitive Psychology1. From the study by Loftus and Palmer outline one limitation of the laboratory method used to investigate memory. [2]Any one from: low ecological validity, demand characteristics, artificial etc 2 marksOther appropriate answers Term and Example related to study 2 marksPartially correct answer Term OR example 1 mark

2. In the study by Baron-Cohen, Leslie and Frith autistic children were studied:(a) Identify the other two groups of children who were studied. [2]Any two from: Downs syndrome, ‘normal’ 2 marks(b) Explain why it was necessary to have these other groups. [2]Any one from: to provide a baseline measurement/comparison to control for intelligence 2 marksPartially correct answer To show autistic children lack a theory of mind 1 mark

3. Outline one ethical implication of teaching Washoe to use sign language in the study by Gardner and Gardner. [2]Any one from: protection – she was alienated from her species, difficult to re integrate her after the study. 2 marksOther appropriate answers Consent, Right to withdraw with explanation 2 marksPartially correct answer Term identified without explanation eg. Only with Gardners 1 mark

4. Deregowski describes various experiments on pictorial perception carried out in Africa. Outline the procedure for two of these experiments. [4]Any two from: Hudson’s picture, cube construction, Gregory’s apparatus, trident illusion split elephant, anecdotal evidence 2 marks eachPartially correct answer Basic identification of task 1 markNOT Findings

Developmental Psychology5. From the study by Bandura, Ross and Ross on imitation of aggression:(a) Identify two of the independent variables in the study. [2]Any two from: gender of child, gender of modal, aggressive/non aggressive model, 1 mark each(b) Outline one weakness of conducting this study on children. [2]Any one from: ethics – consent, protection etc, difficulties in them understanding, 2 marksOther appropriate answers Identification AND description 2 marksPartially correct answer Identification OR description 1 mark

6. From the study by Hodges and Tizard identify two differences in the quality of relationships experienced by the ex-institutional adolescents and the control group. [2]Any two from: control group showed more affection, confiding etc 1 mark eachTo gain full marks for each the difference needs to be clear

7. Outline one way in which the study by Freud on little Hans may have been biased. [2]Any one from: Father may have interpreted Hans’s behaviour in subjective way;Freud may have interpreted father’s reports in biased way. Father was a supporter of Freuds theory 2 marksPartially correct answer Identification without explanation 1 mark

8. The table below shows some of the results from the study by Samuel and Bryant on conservation. Outline two conclusions that could be drawn from this table. [4]

Mean errors made in each condition across materialsAge Standard One judgement Fixed array5yr 9 7 76yr 6 4 67yr 3 3 58yr 2 1 6

Any two from: age affects conservation, number of questions asked affects conservation,seeing the transformation affects conservation. With evidence from table 2 marks each

Partially correct answer Conclusion without evidence 1 mark

Physiological Psychology9. Identify two measurements that were taken in the study on sleep and dreaming by Dement and Kleitman. [2]Any two from: EEG – measured eye movement/patterns, brain activity, REM or NREM dream recall, duration of dream 1 mark each

10. From the study by Sperry on split brain patients:(a) Identify two ways in which information could be sent to the left hemisphere. [2]Any two from: right visual field in either eye, right hand, right ear etc. 1 mark eachNOT THE EYE(b) Outline one difficulty Sperry may have experienced in attempting to present information to one hemisphere in the split brain patients. [2]Any one from: the participant’s eye/head may have moved so information went in to other hemisphere 2 marksOther appropriate answers Participants reluctant to use left hand 2 marks

11. From the study on murderers’ brains by Raine, Buschbaum and LaCasse outline how the PET scans worked. [2]Accurate description Two from: Tracer, headholder, glucose metabolism, mmslices,hotspots, different locations of the brain 2 marks

12. Outline two ways in which the study by Schachter and Singer on emotions lacked ecological validity. [4]Any two from: set in laboratory, unusual tasks, injections, stooge behaviour. 2 marks eachOther appropriate answers Identification AND example for 2 marks eachPartially correct answer Identification ONLY 1 mark

Social Psychology13. From the study on obedience by Milgram suggest one reason why the participants were given a sample shock. [2]Any one from: use of cover story, sample shock etc. 2 marksOther appropriate answers Made them believe machine worked 2 marks

14. From the subway study by Piliavin, Rodin and Piliavin:(a) Outline one finding about the helping behaviour of the bystanders. [2]Any one from: effect of race/state of victim, effect of early/late model, passengers reactions, etc MUST HAVE COMPARISON 2 marksPartially correct answer Statement of finding 1 mark(b) Outline one difficulty that may have been experienced conducting this field experiment. [2]Any one from: difficult to control extraneous variables, problems with observing behaviour, ethics, participants may have seen it before, less drunk trials etc. Must be linked to study for full marks. 2 marksPartially correct answer Not linked to study 1 mark

15. Suggest one way in which the study conducted by Tajfel could be considered reductionist. [2]Any one from: simplistic explanation of discrimination, laboratory experiment, tasks lackrelevance etc ANSWER AND EXPLANATION RELATED TO STUDY 2 marksPartially correct answer Definition of reductionism or answers not related to study 1 mark

16. Outline two pieces of evidence that suggest that the guards enjoyed their role in the prison simulation study by Haney, Banks and Zimbardo. [4]Any two from: they volunteered to do extra shifts, they were sad when the study ended early, they thought up inventive ways of punishing the prisoners. 2 marks eachOther appropriate answers Talked about situation/roles when not observed 2 marksPartially correct answer Responses from Q but no explanation 1 mark

Individual Differences17. From the study by Gould explain why the military recruits were given IQ tests. [2]To place them in military positions based on intelligence. 2 marksOther appropriate answers Yerkes wanted data to support his research 2 marksPartially correct answer No explanations eg. Blacks less intelligent than whites 1 mark

18. From the study by Hraba and Grant on racial preference:(a) Identify two features of their sample. [2]Any two from: 4-8 years of age, from Lincoln Nebraska, 160 children in total, 89 black 71 white children. 1 mark eachPartially correct answer Children AND half White half Black =1 Children AND one area of USA=1(b) Outline one reason why it could be difficult to generalise from this sample. [2]Any one from: all from one area, from one era PLUS description related to study 2 marksPartially correct answer Identification OR description 1 mark

19. From the study by Rosenhan (sane in insane places):(a) Describe one type of data that was gathered. [2]Any one from: qualitative data was collected e.g. on behaviour of the staff Quantitative data eg.number of times questioned, amount of eye contact, days in hospital etc. 2 marksPartially correct answer Identification ONLY 1 mark(b) Outline one advantage of this type of data. [2]Any one from: Indepth, Rich source of info. Comparison, Statistics etc. MUST relate to study 2 marksPartially correct answer if not related to study 1 mark

20. Identify two methods used to collect data in the study by Thigpen and Cleckley on multiple personality disorder. [2]Any two from: psychometric tests,projective tests, EEG, hypnosis, interviews etc 1 mark eachNOT INTERVIEWS AND SELF REPORT

2540 Mark Scheme June 2007

Cognitive Psychology1 From the study by Loftus and Palmer on eyewitness testimony:(a) Identify two of the verbs used to describe the car accident seen in the films. [2]Any two from: hit, smash, collided, contacted, bumped. 1 mark each (b) Outline one explanation for the different speed estimates given by the participants. [2]The participants may not have actually remembered the speed the cars were travelling at but gave an answer in accordance with the verb used in the question. (Demand characteristics), actual changes in memory, people are bad at estimating speed.Partially correct answer: finding: harsher the verb faster the speed estimate 1 mark

2 In his review on the perception of pictures Deregowski suggests that pictures do not offer a universal language for people of different cultures. Describe ONE finding from the review which would support this claim. [2]Any one from: different responses detailed in: the stories by missionaries, the Hudson antelope/hunter picture, the trident illusion, the cube construction, the preference for split style drawings.Partially correct answer: conclusions eg Africans did not perceive in 3D 1 mark

3 In the study by Gardner and Gardner Washoe used several combinations of words.Identify TWO of these combinations. [2]Any two from: gimme tickle, open food drink, please open hurry, gimme drink please, go in, go out, go sweet, open flower, open key, listen eat, listen dog, open out. (order not important) 1 mark each

4 Baron-Cohen, Leslie and Frith used three control questions in their study on autism.Outline TWO reasons why these control questions were used. [4]Any two from: the memory question to make sure that the children could remember what had happened in the experiment, the naming question to make sure that the children knew which doll was which, or the reality question to check that the children knew where the marble really was.Partially correct answer: eg general answer such as to check understanding, without specific reference to study, identification of questions ie naming, reality, memory. 1 mark each

Development Psychology5 Suggest ONE ethical issue raised in the study by Freud on little Hans. [2]Any one from: protection, privacy, withdrawal, consent 2 marksPartially correct answer: identification without explanation 1 mark

6 From the study by Samuel and Bryant identify TWO factors that were found to affect the children’s ability to conserve. [2]

Any two from: materials used (mass, volume, number), age of the child, one or two question version of the test, seeing the transformation. 1 mark each

7 From the study by Hodges and Tizard on social relationships:(a) Identify TWO characteristics that were used to match the comparison groupswith the ex-institutional adolescents. [2]Any two from: age (16), sex, one or two parent family, occupation of main breadwinner, position in family. Same sex classmate, nearest in age (b) Outline ONE limitation of establishing a comparison group at the age of 16 in this study. [2]Any one from: no control over children’s previous experiences, difficult to match variables eg different backgrounds. 2 marksPartially correct answer: lack of explanation 1 mark

8 Outline TWO controls used by Bandura, Ross and Ross in their study on the imitation of aggression. [4]Any two from: matched groups design, observation checklist, double blind design, standardised procedure, size of bobo doll, pre-levels of aggression, aggression arousal 2 marks eachPartially correct answer: identification without description 1 mark each

Physiological Psychology9 Briefly describe one of the tests carried out on the split-brain patients in the study by Sperry. [2]Any one from: Description of Visuo-tactile, speech, writing, visual tasks 2 marksPartially correct answer: identification with no description 1 mark

10 From the study by Schachter and Singer on emotion:(a) Describe the findings for ONE group of participants. [2]Any one from: explanation of findings for epi-ignorant, epi-informed, epi-misinformed, placebo group (identify group and finding) 2 marks (b) Explain how ONE finding from the study supports the two-factor theory of emotion. [2]Any one from: findings from any of the conditions related to two factor Theory, situation, arousal, cognitions 2 marksPartially correct answer: brief or vague answer (only one factor) 1 mark

11 Explain ONE way in which the study by Raine, Buchsbaum, and LaCasse on brainabnormalities in murderers is reductionist. [2]Any one from: studying the act of murder by looking at brain abnormalities, the use of equipment cannot be generalised to all murderers 2 marksPartially correct answer: brief or vague answer, definition of reductionism 1 mark

12 From the study by Dement and Kleitman on sleep and dreaming outline TWO conclusions that can be drawn from the table of results below: [4]Any two from: more dreams were reported during REM indicating relationship between REM sleep and dreaming, some dreams occurred during N-REM sleep indicating an inconclusive relationship between REM sleep and dreaming, there are vast individual differences in the amount of dreams individuals have 2 marks eachPartially correct answer: brief or vague answer or finding 1 mark each

Social Psychology13 From the prison study by Haney, Banks and Zimbardo, explain what is meant by the‘dispositional hypothesis’. [2]The idea that behaviour of prisoners and guards is determined by the personality/nature/traits, 2 marksPartially correct answer: opposite of situational hypothesis, not related to study 1 mark

14 Outline ONE weakness of the sample in the subway Samaritan study by Piliavin, Rodin and Piliavin. [2]Any one from: lack of control over individual differences of participants, inability to get consent, difficult to debrief. Also all from same area of America-affects generalisability May have seen experiment before. 2 marksPartially correct answer: identification without explanation 1 mark

15 From the study by Tajfel on intergroup discrimination:(a) Describe ONE way intergroup discrimination was demonstrated in this study. [2]

Any one from: allocating fewer points to member of out-group in intergroup choices (maximum in-group profit) Exp 1, allocating fewer points to own group in order to give other groups less (maximum difference in favour of the in-group) Exp 2,2 marks (b) Suggest ONE way in which the intergroup discrimination found in this study could be explained. [2]Any one from: in group/out group theory, Social Identify theory, ‘them and us’ mentality, demand characteristics ie the experiment led the participants to discriminate, competition, school boys compete 2 marks

16 From Milgram’s study on obedience:(a) Identify TWO findings from the study. [2]Any two from: extreme signs of tension shown by the participants sweating, trembling, digging nails into flesh. 65% obedience, 35% were not obedient, participants looked to the experimenter for support/instruction on what to do, participants were glad to have taken part 1 mark each (b) Suggest how the findings from this study could be used to explain ONE example of obedience outside the laboratory. [2]Any one example from everyday life. Could include: reference to Holocaust or other event in history or every-day example, reference to obedience/authority figure 2 marks

Individual Differences17 In the study by Hraba and Grant the black children showed greater preference for the black doll than those in the earlier study by Clark and Clark. Suggest ONE explanation for this finding. [2]Any one from: black pride movement, black dolls more common 2 marksPartially correct answer: identification without explanation 1 mark

18 From the study by Rosenhan (on being sane in insane places), explain ONE disadvantage of conducting a field experiment. [2]Any one from: lack of control over variables, ethics-no consent, withdrawal etc, not replicablePartially correct answer: disadvantage not related to Rosenhan study 1 mark

19 The review by Gould outlines Yerkes use of IQ tests to measure intelligence:(a) Outline ONE strength of using quantitative data to measure intelligence. [2]Any one from: can compare people easily, less interpretation required to analyse, more objective, less bias in analysis, quick, must be linked to intelligence. 2 marksPartially correct answer: strength not related to measuring intelligence 1 mark(b) Outline ONE weakness of using quantitative data to measure intelligence. [2]Any one from: reductionist measure of intelligence, may not be valid, may lead to scientific racism where races are compared/discrimination linked to intelligencePartially correct answer: weakness not related to measuring intelligence 1 mark

20 Outline TWO differences found between the personalities of Eve White and Eve Black in the study by Thigpen and Cleckley on multiple personality disorder. [4]Any one from: IQ differences, memory differences, projective test differences, EEG, observed differences by therapist eg dress, mannerisms 2 marks eachOther appropriate answers: must be able to identify difference 2 marks eachPartially correct answer: identification without outline 1 mark each

2540 Mark Scheme January 2007

Cognitive psychology1 From the study by Loftus and Palmer outline one conclusion that can be drawn about eyewitness testimony. [2]Any one from: it is not reliable; memory is made up from information received at the time of the event and after, Eye Witness Testimony (EWT) is easily distorted by leading questions. 2 marksPartially correct answer: Finding e.g. about verbs without conclusion 1 mark

2 The term ‘quasi experiment’ can refer to a study where the experimental conditionsoccur naturally. Explain why the study by Baron-Cohen, Leslie and Frith on autismis a quasi experiment. [2]The Independent Variable was whether the children were Down’s Syndrome, autistic or ‘normal’ this variable occurred naturally rather than being created by the experimenters.

Must make reference to conditions. 2 marksPartially correct answer – lack of detail from the study 1 mark

3 From the review by Deregowski on perception of pictures:(a) Outline one example of cultural bias. [2]Any one from: The materials that were used were unfamiliar to some of the participants; the pictorial depth cues were western; reference to anecdotal evidence. 2 marksPartially correct answer: lack of relationship to the study, no examples from study. 1 mark(b) Suggest one advantage of conducting cross-cultural research. [2]Any one from: different cultures allow the role of environment to be studied; it is possible to see cultural universals. 2 marksPartially correct answer more generalisable 1 mark

4 From the study by Gardner and Gardner describe two of the training techniques used to teach Washoe sign language. [4]Any two from: imitation, babbling, instrumental conditioning, repetition. Answer must include description for full marks. 2 marks eachPartially correct answer: identification of training method with no description. 1 mark each

5 In the study by Hodges and Tizard a variety of self-reports were taken from the exinstitutional children and the comparison groups. Outline one limitation of any of the self-reports in this study. [2]Any one from: ethics of asking children questions about personal issues, children may not want to tell the truth about their personal lives, limitations of standardised tests such as Rutter B. 2 marksPartially correct answer: limitation of self reports not linked to study. 1 mark

Developmental Psychology6 Explain how the evidence from the study by Bandura, Ross and Ross could support the nurture view of aggression. [2]The finding that children who viewed the aggressive/non-aggressive model showed greater imitation of aggression; support for Social Learning Theory. 2 marksPartially correct answer no reference to effect of models 1 mark

7 From the study by Samuel and Bryant on conservation:(a) Identify two of the independent variables. [2]Any two from: Age of the children, one or two questions, materials (mass, number, volume) 1 mark each (b) Outline one way in which the study may not have been valid. [2]Any one from: ecological validity, laboratory setting, artificial nature of the task, OR problems with measurement including demand characteristics, predictive validity, face validity. Must give details from study 2 marksPartially correct answer: lacks explanation, reference to cognitive stages 1 mark

8 Freud suggested that little Hans was going through the Oedipus Complex. Describe two pieces of evidence from the study which would support this claim. [4]Any two from: His fear of horses was symbolic of his fear of his father (Oedipus Complex) as he was afraid of white horses with black around the mouth and wearing blinkers which Freud suggested resembled Hans’ father. Hans also said ‘daddy don’t trot away from me’ and ‘daddy you are so white’. Hans and his father also played horses. Hans’ fear that the horse would bite him was interpreted by Freud as symbolising the fear that his father would castrate him. Hans’ fascination with his widdler. His jealousy at the birth of his sister. Dream about giraffes. Dream about being married to his mother.Partially correct answer: feature of Oedipus Complex not linked to Hans/study OR detail from study not linked to Oedipus complex 1 mark each

Physiological Psychology9 Explain why in the study by Sperry, the split-brain patients had one eye covered during the visual task. [2]The eye was covered so that it was easier to control the left and right visual fields in the other eye.

10 From the study by Schachter and Singer identify two ways in which the emotional state of the participants was measured. [2]Any two from: Rating scales, observation. 1 mark each

11 From the study by Raine, Buchsbaum and LaCasse on brain abnormalities in murderers:(a) Explain why the murderers had been referred for a brain scan. [2]To obtain evidence relating to a Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity (NGRI) defense or to capability of understanding the judicial process (incompetence to stand trial), to obtain information for diminished capacity.2 marks(b) Identify two characteristics that were used to match the murderers with the control group. [2]Any two from: sex, age, schizophrenia. 1 mark each

12 From the study by Dement and Kleitman on sleep and dreaming outline two features of the procedure that increased reliability. [4]Any two from: the participants were woken over several nights, several participants were used, a tape recorder was used to record descriptions of their dreams, objective measurement. Any details of standard procedure e.g. doorbell to wake participants.Partially correct answer quantitative data with no explanation 1 mark each

Social Psychology13 From the study by Milgram on obedience, outline one piece of evidence which showed the participants were convinced of the reality of the situation. [2]Any one from: the severe reactions of the participants including digging their fingernails into their flesh; sweating and trembling. They claimed afterwards in post experimental interviews that they did believe the situation was real. 2 marks

14 Describe one way that the participants thought they had been divided into groups, in the experiments on intergroup discrimination by Tajfel. [2]Any one from: preference for Klee or Kandinsky picture, under or over estimators of number of dots on a screen. 2 marksPartially correct answer questions about the welfare of the learner, ‘stressed’ without example given 1 mark

15 From the study by Haney, Banks and Zimbardo:(a) Identify two features of the prison simulation that led to the negative behaviour of the guards. [2]Any two from: the uniforms, identification by number, the control over basic behaviour, too much power for the guards, arbitrary control, social isolation.1 mark each (b) Suggest one way that the findings from this study could be applied to real prisons. [2]Any one from: changes to distribution of power, uniforms, prison layout, activities.Partially correct answer: suggestion not based on findings of the study. 1 mark

16 Piliavin, Rodin and Piliavin used observations in their study on subway samaritans.Outline one strength and one weakness of using observations in this study. [4]Strengths: the observers were able to record unobtrusively posing as members of the public, they recorded a mixture of quantitative and qualitative data, observer effects were avoided, two observers were used (inter observer reliability)Weaknesses: view of the observers may have been obstructed on busy train, fear of being caught, may have missed some behaviour/responses of the public 2 marks eachPartially correct answer: strength or weakness of observations not linked to the study. 1 mark each

Psychology of individual differences17 From the review by Gould identify two ‘facts’ that emerged from the IQ testing on military recruits carried out by Yerkes. [2]

Any two from: the average mental age of White American adults stood just above the level of moronity: 13. European immigrants could be graded by their country of origin. The Negro lay at the bottom of the scale with an average mental age of 10.41. 1 mark each

18 From the study by Rosenhan identify two features of hospital life that resulted in thepseudopatients experiencing negative feelings such as powerlessness and depersonalisation. [2]Any two from: staff ignored patients, lack of privacy — no toilet door locks, lack of contact with staff, reliance on medication, lack of eye contact, deprivation of legal rights, restricted freedom of movement, no privacy over medical history, physical examination in semi public room, verbal and physical abuse were witnessed, impersonal environment.

19 In the study by Thigpen and Cleckley on multiple personality disorder a variety of methods were used including a projective test.(a) Describe what a ‘projective’ test measures. [2]Tests a person’s responses to ambiguous stimuli with the assumption that this will reflect their unconscious fears and motivations. 2 marksPartially correct answer: description of inkblot test, inkblot test 1 mark(b) Explain why a variety of methods were used to collect data in this study. [2]A variety of methods allows concurrent validity to be established; this provided more credible evidence for their diagnosis of MPD. So that a mixture of quantitative and qualitative data could be collected and compared. To increase certainty of diagnosis. 2 marksPartially correct answer to allow in-depth/detailed study 1 mark

20 Hraba and Grant examined the racial preferences of black and white children. Outline two problems of studying racial preference. [4]Any two from: ethics of studying racial preference on young children, problem of valid measurement, social desirability effect, demand characteristics, ecological validity.Partially correct answer: vague, lack of explanation, problem of study not linked to racial preference.

2540 Mark Scheme June 2006

Cognitive Psychology1 Deregowski in his study on perception describes a task which required participants to construct a model from a 2D drawing of cubes. Outline the difference between models constructed by the 2D and 3D perceivers.2D perceivers constructed a flat model and 3D constructed a 3D model. 2 marksPartially correct answer: if candidates draw the models = 1 mark 1 mark2D/3D models = 1 mark

2a From the study by Baron-Cohen, Leslie and Frith on autism, explain what is meant by the term ‘Theory of Mind’?The ability to understand that another person has a different belief to your ownPartially correct answer: low ecological validity, lacks realism 1 mark2b Outline one problem with using the Sally-Anne test to measure Theory of Mind.One from: not real people, dolls don’t think, more difficult for autistic children to stretch their imagination that dolls think, not an everyday situation, low ecological validity with example. 2 marksPartially correct answer, low ecological validity, lacks realism 1 mark

3 Outline one way in which Gardner and Gardner attempted to increase the reliability of their measurement of Washoe’s signing of new words.one from: Washoe had to use the sign for 15 consecutive days, had to be seen by more than one observer, had to be spontaneous, had to be in context. 2 marks

4 Loftus and Palmer claim that memories are reconstructed from information received at the time of witnessing an event and information received after it. Suggest how two findings from their experiments support this suggestion.

The participants’ estimates of speed were influenced by the verb used in the question; the participants were influenced by the verb they had heard in recalling whether they had seen any broken glass. 2 marks each

Developmental psychology5 In the study by Samuel and Bryant on conservation they used liquid, plasticine and counters in the conservation experiments. Outline one effect these materials had on the number of errors children made.Children made most errors with the volume followed by mass followed by number. Number was the easiest to conserve. Reference to two materials or one with explanation 2 marksPartially correct answer: e.g. reference to one material only 1 mark

6 From the study by Bandura, Ross and Ross on aggression, explain why a one-way mirror was used to observe the children.To prevent demand characteristics + explanation, to avoid the observers affecting the behaviour of the children + explanation. Must refer to effect of being watched 2 marksPartially correct answer: lack of explanation 1 mark

7 According to Freud, little Hans was in the phallic stage of development.(a) Identify two features of the phallic stage shown by little Hans.Obsession with ‘widdler’, fantasy about mother and father, Oedipus complex, castration anxiety, jealousy of his sister, possessiveness over mother 1 mark each (b) Suggest one weakness of the evidence Freud used to support his conclusions about little Hans.One from: biased/subjective interpretations, second hand information from the father, lack of reliability 2 marks

8 From the study by Hodges and Tizard outline two differences in the quality of the relationships experienced by the restored and adopted children.Two from: restored: had more problems with relations with siblings, less physical affection to parents, less confiding and support, less involvement in family activities. 2 marks each

Physiological Psychology9a From the study by Schachter and Singer on emotion outline how one ethical guideline was broken.One from: Informed Consent – some participants were not aware of the side effects of the injection, protection – some participants may have been harmed by the procedure. Deception + details from the study, withdrawal + details from the study 2 marksPartially correct answer: identification of ethical guideline 1 mark9b Explain why the researchers felt it was necessary to break this guideline.Demand characteristics, less validity, fewer participants willing to take part, must link to study for 2 marks 2 marksOther appropriate answers: must link to study for 2 marks 2 marks

10 Explain how one control was used in the study on sleeping and dreaming by Dement and Kleitman.One from: participants carried on as normal during the day, no caffeine or alcohol, woken by a bell, record dreams on tape recorder.Control with explanation for 2 marks. 2 marksPartially correct answer: conducted in laboratory 1 mark

11 Sperry, in his study of split brain patients, used an apparatus which allowed information to be sent to the left and right hemispheres of the brain separately(a) From the diagram identify which hemisphere (left or right) the word ‘case’ would be projected to.The left hemisphere 2 marks(b) Describe how this apparatus worked.Things seen to the left of a central fixation point with either eye are flashed to the right hemisphere and vice versa. 2 marksOther appropriate answers: only reference to visual task 2 marks

12 In their study Raine, Bushbaum and LaCasse identify a number of concerns about the use of brain scans as evidence in murder trials. Outline one of these concerns.Can be interpreted in different ways, not a direct causal link established, deterministic differences may not cause a person to commit murder, brain scans may vary depending on moods and activity so not necessarily reliable, new technique so may not be accurate, movement can distort scan, lack of scientific testing of technique 2 marksPartially correct answer: e.g. identification without explanation 1 mark

Social Psychology13 Identify two aspects of the procedure in the prison simulation study by Haney, Banks and Zimbardo that increased its ecological validity.Two from: The induction procedure, arrest, uniform, routine, bars, beds, parole board etc. 1 + 1 marks

14a From the subway Samaritan study by Piliavin, Rodin and Piliavin, briefly describe one quantitative measure recorded by the observers.Same race helping, time taken to help, number who helped blind/ill conditions. 2 marksPartially correct answer: e.g. statistical results 1 mark14b Outline one limitation of the quantitative data in this study.The term reductionist does not tell us anything about the bystanders, or how they were thinking or feeling. May have been other factors which affected their decision to help or not. Must be linked to study 2 marksOther appropriate answers must be linked to study 2 marksPartially correct answer: general limitation of quantitative data not linked to study 1 mark

15 Tajfel investigated inter-group discrimination. Suggest how his findings might explain one conflict in everyday life.Football fans fighting, religious groups fighting, political party demonstrations Must link to ingroups – outgroups/Tajfel’s study 2 marks eachPartially correct answer: identification without link to study 1 mark

16 Suggest two factors which might explain the high levels of obedience found in Milgram’s study of obedience.Two from: Experiment takes place on the grounds of a reputable university, assumed that personnel are competent and reputable, seems a worthy purpose, the participant thinks that the victim has volunteered and not an unwilling captive, the participant has volunteered, he has been paid to take part, presence/characteristics of authority figure: must have explanation 2 marks eachOther appropriate answers: must have explanation 2 marks each

Psychology of Individual differences17 Describe one way in which the IQ tests described by Gould were biased.One from: Many of the questions were based on white American history and culture; the tests required paper and pencil and were biased towards literate people. 2 marksPartially correct answer: e.g. any example of administration bias 1 mark

18a Describe what Hraba and Grant were measuring by asking children to: ‘Give me the doll that you want to play with’This question was measuring the racial preference of the children.Partially correct answer: all other relevant answers 1 mark

18b Suggest one limitation of the self report measures used in this study.May not have been a valid measure as the children may have liked the doll for other reasons may not be a measure of racial preference in everyday life. Reductionist. Forced choice. 2 marksPartially correct answer: limitation of self reports not linked to study 1 mark

19 In his study ‘Sane in insane places’ Rosenhan refers to ‘the stickiness of psycho diagnostic labels’.(a) Explain how this was demonstrated in the study.Once the pseudo patients had been admitted and given the diagnosis of schizophrenia the staff stuck with this label, even though the behaviour of the participants was normal they stuck to

the label that had been given. Even when the participants were released they were given a diagnosis of schizophrenia in remission: need specific example from study 2 marks(b) Suggest how labelling might affect people with a mental illness in their everyday lives.Once people have been labelled with a mental illness and it is on their records etc they are discriminated against and people judge their behaviour in view of previous mental illness e.g. employers. 2 marksPartially correct answer: discrimination without example, change in behaviour without example. 1 mark

20 Suggest one problem with the case study method as used in the study by Thigpen and Cleckley on multiple personality.One from: difficult to generalise from one person, ethics, too much involvement on the part of the researcher due to working closely with participant, researcher bias, time-consumingTwo marks for problem linked to study. 2 marksPartially correct answer: general problem of case study method with no reference to study 1 mark

2540 Mark Scheme January 2006

Cognitive Psychology1 (a) The table below shows the results from the second experiment by Loftus and Palmer. Outline one conclusion from this table.Any one from: the majority of participants did not report seeing broken glass therefore many people were not affected by the verb used in the earlier experiment. The control group was similar to the ‘hit’ group which indicates this verb had little effect on the participant’s memory. The verb ‘smashed’ had the strongest effect on whether participants reported seeing broken glass. (2)1 (b) Explain the purpose of the control group in this experiment.The control group allows a baseline for comparisons to be made regarding the effects of the verbs on the participants’ memory. The control group could show reliability of memory of events from the crash e.g. broken glass without the influence of the verbs used a week earlier. (2)Partially correct answer e.g. as a comparison – without qualification (1)

2 In the study by Baron-Cohen, Leslie and Frith on autism, the mental age of the children in all three groups was measured. Explain why this was done.This was done to control for intelligence rather than by chronological age as this enabled the groups to be compared in terms of their theory of mind. To show that intelligence was not related to theory of mind. Full answer for 2 marks. (2)Other appropriate answers and descriptions of questions (2)Partially correct answer e.g. used as a control, to make the groups comparable, to control for intelligence – with no explanation. (1) “matched” = 0

3 Gardner and Gardner attempted to teach Washoe sign language. Outline one reason why this study was conducted.To see if another species can use language as humans do. (or reference to using features of language e.g. differentiation) It helps us to understand the nature/nurture debate, to learn more about how children develop language.Partially correct answer: must refer to humans / language (1)0 marks – to see if chimps can ‘talk’ ‘speak’

4 From the study by Deregowski on perception, outline two difficulties involved in conducting cross-cultural research. (4)Two from: ethnocentrism, researcher bias, developing culturally fair materials and methods, language differences, interpretation of participants’ responses/behaviour, understanding cultural norms.Answer should be outlined/explained for two marks. (2 marks each)Partially correct answer – difficulty not explained/ not relevant to study (1) Time restraints

Developmental Psychology

5 The study by Samuel and Bryant on conservation highlights a criticism of Piaget’s original method of testing. Outline this criticism.Piaget originally asked two questions (pre and post transformation) which was thought to confuse the children. Samuel and Bryant asked only one question to compare. (2)Partially correct answer: ‘demand characteristics’ – without explanation (1)

6 (a) Explain how one control was used in the study on aggression by Bandura Ross and Ross.Any one from: standardised procedure, same models used, same toys, 3ft BoBo doll, staying with child, observation checklist, control group. Control with explanation for two marks, matching levels of aggression, aggression arousal (2)Partially correct answer identification of control, any of IV’s (1)6 (b) Suggest one reason why it is difficult to generalise from the findings of this study to aggression outside the laboratory.One from: Low ecological validity due to: Artificial nature of the study i.e. bobo doll/ no reason for aggression, demand characteristics, type of aggression viewed. (2)

7 Suggest an alternative explanation for little Hans’ phobia of horses other than the one given the study by Freud.Little Hans did see a horse fall down in the street which may have frightened him (behaviourist), he also heard a mother warn her child not to put his finger near the horse as it may bite him. Explanation supported by details in the study or other psychology 2 marksOther appropriate answers do not have to refer to information in the study (2)Partially correct answer – suggestion not supported by evidence from the study. (1)

8 Outline two weaknesses of the longitudinal approach as used in the study on socialrelationships by Hodges and Tizard. (4)Any two from: ethics, subject attrition, length of study, researcher involvement. Point about longitudinal approach plus link to study for 2 marks. (2 marks each)Partially correct answer: weakness of longitudinal approach not linked to study. (1)

Physiological Psychology9 (a) From the study by Schachter and Singer on emotion, outline one way in which the participants may have been harmed.One from: some of the participants who were not aware of the adrenaline injection and so may have been alarmed by the symptoms, they may have been stressed by being given an injection, some participants may have felt embarrassed by the questions asked in the angry condition. (2)9 (b) Explain why the researchers felt it was necessary to deceive the participants.The use of deception was necessary in order to separate the different factors of emotion i.e. cognitive and physiological factors, in order to see if the need for an explanation of the physical symptoms would lead to picking up situational cues i.e. angry/euphoric stooge, participants may not have agreed to take part. (2)Partially correct answer e.g. to avoid demand characteristics with no explanation (1)

10 Explain why the participants in the study by Sperry had previously undergone an operation to disconnect the two hemispheres of the brain.The patients were suffering from epilepsy and this operation allowed the epilepsy to be contained in one hemisphere therefore reducing the severity of the symptoms. (2)Partially correct answer: because the patient had epilepsy (1)

11 Outline one difference in brain activity between murderers and the control group in the study by Raine, Buschbaum and La Casse.One from: Murderers had lower glucose metabolism in both lateral and medial prefrontal cortical areas, and for left and right medial superior frontal cortex. Murderers had lower parietal glucose metabolism. Murderers had higher occipital lobe glucose metabolism, lower glucose metabolism in the corpus callosum, greater left and right amygdala activity, and greater right thalamic activity. Must mention parts of the brain. (2)Partially correct answer e.g. lower level of brain activity, difference in glucose. (1)

12 In their study on sleep and dreaming Dement and Kleitman used an EEG (electroencephalograph) to record data. Outline one advantage and one disadvantage of using this method. (4)One from Advantages: objective measurement, easier to measure, more scientific, more reliableOne from Disadvantages: may not be valid measure of dreaming, reductionist, may interfere with sleep patterns (2 marks each)Partially correct answer: advantage/disadvantage not linked to the study of sleep and dreaming. (1)

Social Psychology13 Outline how obedience was measured in the study by Milgram.One from: voltage administered to learner beyond willing level. (2)Partially correct answer: outline of procedure.(1)

14 (a) Identify two features of the uniform worn by the prisoners in the study by Haney, Banks and Zimbardo.Two from: smock, ankle chain and ball, stocking on head/number (2 marks each)14 (b) Suggest how the prisoners’ uniform was designed to bring about a ‘psychological state of imprisonment’.One from: emasculation, oppression, deindividuation or equivalent description (2)Partially correct answer: to make them feel like ‘real’ prisoners (1)

15 Give one reason for the lack of diffusion of responsibility found in the subway study by Piliavin, Rodin and Piliavin.One from: the emergency was unambiguous; there was no way for passengers to escape, costs of helping were low, in view of each other. (2)

16 (a) Identify two features of the sample in Tajfel’s study on inter-group discrimination.Two from: schoolboys, all from the same school, all knew each other, 64 in first study, and 48 in second study. (1 mark each)16 (b) Suggest two reasons why it would be difficult to generalise from this sample.Two from: schoolboys are more competitive, one school not generalisable, sample size.

Psychology of Individual Differences17 From the study by Gould, explain why the IQ of the army recruits was tested.The IQ testing was to place recruits in suitable positions in the army. Provided a large sample to test IQ tests on (2)0 marks – to measure intelligence/IQ

18 Outline why Hraba and Grant repeated the study conducted by Clark and Clark in 1939 on doll choice.The aim of the study was to see if the children’s racial identification and racial preference had changed with the changes in society since the earlier study. (2)Partially correct answer: to study ethnocentrism in black children (1)

19 (a) From the study by Rosenhan (sane in insane places) identify two ways in which the patients’ privacy was invaded.Patient quarters and possessions can be entered and examined by any member of staff at any time, for whatever reason. Personal history and anguish is available to any member of staff who chooses to read it regardless of their therapeutic relationship, personal hygiene may be monitored, toilets may have no doors, monitoring of patients (observation or notes) 1 mark each)19 (b) Give one reason why privacy of psychiatric patients may be invaded.Can either be from study/or in general Negative attitudes of staff toward people with mental illness, the idea that mentally ill people have fewer rights, fear of mental illness, dehumanisation of patients by staff and society, to protect from self harm, to make a diagnosis (2)

20 Suggest one strength and one weakness of the evidence gathered by Thigpen and Cleckley in their study of multiple personality. (4)

One from Strengths: very detailed data was obtained, variety of methods used, independent tester carried out psychological tests, physiological tests taken to back up qualitative data.One from weaknesses: interviewer bias, ethics too much involvement may have made Eve worse, psychological/physiological tests may not be reliable or valid. Acting / Faking (2 marks each)Partially correct answer: e.g. can’t generalise from one participant (1 mark each)

2540 Mark Scheme June 2005

Cognitive Psychology1 Describe how the trident illusion in the paper by Deregowski was used to test for 3D perception. [2]2 D perceivers took less time to draw the trident/ found it easier to copy/less difficult. 3D perceivers had to lift the flap more in order to replicate as a drawing because the illusion was confusing to them. (2)

2 Explain the psychological principle behind Gardner and Gardner’s use of tickling to encourage Washoe to use sign language. [2]Operant conditioning – Tickling was a reward for correct signing, positive reinforcement.(2)Partially correct answer: she enjoyed it, she liked it (1)

3 (a) Identify two of the three groups of children in the study by Baron-Cohen, Leslie and Frith in their study on autism. [2]Two from: Downs syndrome, Normal, autistic (b) Explain why the children in the three groups were different ages.The children were of different chronological ages to make the three groups comparable in terms of mental age and to compensate for the disabilities of the Down Syndrome and the Autistic group. Control for mental age/intelligence. To show intelligence had nothing to do with ToM.Partially correct answer: mention of mental age/intelligence (1)

4 From the study on eyewitness testimony by Loftus and Palmer outline two features of the procedure that were standardised. [4]The film clips were the same, the questions were the same, same time lapse in second experiment etc. All gave general account of what they remembered. (2)Partially correct answer: identification without comment OR vague answer e.g. standardinstructions, same lab environment. (1)

Developmental Psychology5 Outline how the children’s pre-existing levels of aggression were measured in thestudy by Bandura, Ross and Ross. [2]Any two details from: Children were observed before the experiment By their teacher and/or experimenter At nursery Using a checklist / scale. (2)

6 Outline one finding about the children’s ability to conserve in the study by Samuel and Bryant. [2]One from Number most easy to conserve – fewest errors made, next mass, next volume, fewer errors made as children get older, children do better with one question rather than two/ fixed array (2)Partially correct answer: vague answers e.g. methodology confused them. (1)

7 Outline two pieces of evidence used by Freud to suggest that Hans’s fear of horses was symbolic of a fear of his father. [4]Two from:The horse’s black mouth represented the father’s moustache and blinkers - glasses, ‘daddy don’t trot away from me’, fearful of horses falling down relates to death wish for father, fear of getting bitten relates to fear of castration by father (2)Partially correct answer: identification with no explanation e.g. blinkers (1)Two marks for each correct answer. Max [4]

8 (a) Outline one quantitative and one qualitative measure used in the study by Hodges and Tizard on ex-institutional children.One each from: Quantitative measures – Rutter scales, Social Difficulty Questionnaire (or accurate description) (1)Qualitative measures - interviews or questionnaires with parents, teachers, adolescents (1)Partially correct: two vague answers = 1 mark eg questionnaires and interviews (b) Outline one strength of using quantitative measures in this study. [2]

Strengths include – less interpretation involved, more objective analysis, easy to compare results, less biased with reference to study for two marksPartially correct answer: strength of quantitative data not related to the study (1)

Physiological Psychology9 Explain why the participants in the study by Raine, Buchsbaum and LaCasse were required to do a ‘continuous performance task’ before the PET scans were carried out.Has been shown to produce increases in relative glucose metabolic rates in the frontal, temporal and parietal lobes this could then be seen by PET scan. I.e. activates the brain To standardise brain activity, to make the brain active. (2)Partially correct answer: to reduce stress/ as a trial/ to show patterns (1)

10 Describe one problem with generalising from the sample in the split brain study by Sperry.The sample consisted of patients who had had split-brain operation to cure epilepsy and the epilepsy may alter the brain so not comparable to non-epileptic people. The sample was very small (11 patients) (2)Point with comment for 2 marks.

11 Explain what the study by Schachter and Singer tells us about emotion.The study tells us that emotion is made up of physiological arousal and cognitive labelling supported by findings from the study. Conclusion with details from study (3 - 4)Partially correct answer: Just findings from study OR conclusion with no supporting details from study. (1 – 2)(Conclusions include: role of physiological factors, cognitive factors, and environmental/situational factors)

12 From the study by Dement and Kleitman on sleep and dreaming:(a) Identify the two substances participants were instructed not to have on the day of the experiment.Caffeine and alcohol (2)Partially correct answer (1)No marks for cigarettes or medication(b) Outline one problem with controlling these substances.Participants may not have slept normally as their usual routine was altered due to withdrawal symptoms, can’t be sure they have not had substances, difficult to control as other products contain caffeine e.g. chocolate and paracetamol may still be in system from day before study. (2)

Social Psychology13 From the study by Tajfel on intergroup discrimination, describe one example of Ingroups - outgroups found in society.Examples include football supporters, political parties, religious groups etc. with elaboration. (2)Partially correct answer: identification with no elaboration e.g. football fans (1)

14 Explain one way the findings from the prison simulation study by Haney, Banks and Zimbardo support a situational explanation of behaviour. [2]The participants were randomly assigned to the roles of prisoner and guard and had no history of conviction or crime, yet when they were put into the prison situation their behaviour changed and they became pathological in their behaviour. This demonstrates the power of the situation. (2)Other appropriate answers: mention of situational vs. dispositional factors as above or feature of situation with effect on behaviour e.g. the uniforms made the guards feel powerful and exercise control over prisoners. (2)Partially correct answer: lab experiment, demand characteristics (1)

15 From the study by Milgram on obedience:(a) Outline one way in which the study had low ecological validity.Shocking people (task) was unusual not an everyday occurrence, OR the location was strange to the participants, OR the experiment is a unique social situation and so people may behave differently to everyday life and be prone to demand characteristics. (2)Must quantify with details from the study for full marks.(b) Outline one way in which the study had high ecological validity.Point with example from the study for 2 marksThe situation was similar to any other with an authority figure, the participants were fully involved in the study and there was a high level of experimental realism judging by the intense reactions of the participants. Post-experimental interviews also revealed a high level of realism. The participants believed the situation, realistic machinery and procedure. (2)

16 (a) Outline how one ethical guideline was broken by Piliavin, Rodin and Piliavin in their subway study. [2]One from: Guideline with explanation from: consent, deception, protection, withdrawal, and Debriefing, psychological harm. (2)Partially correct answer: identification only with no explanation (1)16 (b) Outline one way in which ethical guidelines were upheld by Piliavin, Rodin and Piliavin in the same study. [2]Not broken; physical harm, observation, confidentiality (2)Partially correct answer: identification only no explanation. (1)Psychological harm = no marks

Psychology of Individual differences17 From the review by Gould describe one of the IQ tests completed by recruits.Alpha, Beta, spoken test – with brief description for 2 marks, or full description of test without naming test. (2)Partially correct answer: identification only. (1)

18 Outline one problem with Hraba and Grant’s use of dolls to measure racial identification and racial preference.For two marks must explain the problemOne from: May not be a valid measure of racial preferences but merely familiarity with black/white dolls, dolls are not real people so may not reflect children’s real life views, so lacks ecological validityPartially correct answer: dolls not real people with no effect explained (1)

19 From the study by Thigpen and Cleckley on multiple personality disorder:(a) Identify two tests completed by Eve.Two from: Psychometric test OR Memory, IQ and personality testProjective test OR Rorschach OR drawing human figures (b) Explain why an independent tester analysed the results of the tests carried out on Eve.One from: A well experienced expert at conducting tests, to reduce any bias from the researchers, to add scientific weight to their diagnosis of multiple personality. Insufficient testing and analysis (2)Partially correct answer: Point without explanation e.g. reduce bias (1)

20 Rosenhan, in his study ‘on being sane in insane places’, refers to Type 1 errors ascalling a sick person healthy and Type 2 errors as calling a healthy person sick.(a) Suggest why health professionals made Type 2 errors in their diagnosis of thepseudo patients in the first experiment.Consequences of failing to identify illness could be more serious so better to err on the side of caution. They have an expectation that people are ill due to context. (2) (b) Describe how the health professionals made Type 1 errors in the second experiment by Rosenhan.Hospital staff were told to expect healthy patients and rated many genuine patients as being healthy. (2)

2540 Mark Scheme January 2005

Cognitive Psychology1 Give one reason why the paper by Deregowski supports the nurture view of picture perception.One from: The majority of findings are taken to support the nurture view of perception as there were cultural differences in perception including interpretation of the antelope picture, split elephant, differences in ability to draw trident, and construction of objects shown in 2D. (2)Partially correct answer: vague answer, western/non-western perceived differently supports nurture. (1) Pictures were not found to be a universal language. Reference to anecdotal evidence

2 Give one reason why Gardner and Gardner chose to use American Sign Language to communicate with Washoe.One from: Chimps don’t have appropriate vocal chords and their hands are similar to humanhands/fingers (2)Grammatically most similar to spoken language.Partially correct answer most widely used so would allow comparison with deaf children, chimps can’t talk. (1)

3 From the study by Loftus and Palmer:(a) Outline one finding which would challenge the accuracy of eyewitness testimonies.

Some participants reported seeing broken glass when there was none (even control group), estimations of speed were influenced by the verbs used in the question. (2)Partially correct answer: general comment without finding e.g. leading question affects memory. (1)(b) Outline one finding which would support the accuracy of eyewitness testimonies.Overall the majority of participants did not report seeing broken glass. For one of the film clips the mean speed estimate was very close to actual. (2)

4 From the study by Baron-Cohen, Leslie and Frith on autism:(a) Identify two of the questions asked in the Sally-Anne test.Two from: Memory question, reality question, belief question, naming question or description of the question. (2) (b) Explain why one of these questions was asked.One from: Memory question – to check that the children could remember where the marble was originally, belief question to check whether the children could appreciate another persons viewpoint (theory of mind). Naming question – to check that the children knew the names of the dolls accurately. Reality question - to check that the children know where the marble really is. (2)Partially correct answer: ‘theory of mind with no explanation.’ (1)

Developmental Psychology5 From the study by Bandura, Ross and Ross explain why in the second stage of the experiment the researchers removed attractive toys from the children after allowing them to play with them for a few minutes.This was ‘mild aggression arousal’ to provide a stimulus to provoke aggressive behaviour so that the effect of the agg/non-agg model on the child’s response could be seen. (2)Partially correct answer: shows some understanding. (1)To provide a distraction to reduce demand characteristics.

6 From the study by Hodges and Tizard on social relationships, outline one difference found between the adopted and restored groups of ex-institutional children.One from: Adopted group more attached/bonded to parents; get on better with siblings, more affectionate, less disagreement over control and discipline, less aggressive. (2)Other appropriate answers: specific difference required. (2)Partially correct answer: vague answer e.g. ‘better’ relationship with parents, ‘happier’ (1)

7 (a) Identify two techniques used to gather information in the study of little Hans, reported by Freud.Two from: dream analysis, transcripts OR letters from father, interviews OR self reports OR questions, observations. (2) (b) Outline one difficulty, which may arise when psychologists study children.One from: Ethical issues including consent, withdrawal, protection (or descriptions of). Children get bored easily; find it difficult to concentrate, more prone to experimenter effects e.g. pleasing the experimenter, children’s thinking is qualitatively different to adults. (2)Partially correct answer: difficulty with no explanation, demand characteristics. (1)Emotional involvement

8 From the study by Samuel and Bryant on conservation outline two conclusions about how children think. (4)Two from: Details of cognitive developmental stages, concrete/abstract thought, children improve cognitive skills with age. (2)Partially correct answer: findings from the study without conclusion. (1)

Physiological Psychology9 Explain what is meant by the term ‘left visual field’ as used in the paper by Sperry on split brain patients.What is seen by both eyes to the left of a central fixation point. (From each eye for 2 marks)Partially correct answer: information sent to the right hemisphere. (1)

10 From the study by Dement and Kleitman on sleep and dreaming describe one finding that shows the relationship between the direction of eye movements and the content of dreams.One from: A relationship was found between the direction of eye movements and the content of dreams, specific examples include someone dreaming of throwing tomatoes (horizontal), playing basketball and climbing a ladder (vertical). Watching something in the distance Staring at same object e.g. driving (no movement), fighting, talking (mixed movement.) (2)

11 From the study by Raine, Buchsbaum and La Casse on brain scans:(a) Explain what ‘positron emission tomography’ (a PET scan) measures.Flurodeoxyglucose tracer was injected into the subject, and taken up by the brain as a tracer of metabolic rate. Or, uses glucose to measure brain activity or metabolic activity in different parts of the brain. (2)Partially correct answer: measures brain activity/hotspots, glucose levels in the brain. (1)(b) What can such measures tell us?Abnormal activity in the left and right hemisphere can be identified and specific areas of the brain can be studied to identify abnormal brain processes that may predispose to violence in murderers pleading NGRI. Answers may also focus on the limitations of brain scans. (2)Other appropriate answers: differences between NGRI and control group. (2)Partially correct answer: specific areas of the brain can be identified – no expansion (1)

12 Describe how two ethical guidelines were broken in the study by Schachter and Singer on emotion. [4]Two from: Deception – participant’s did not know they were being injected with adrenaline or that fellow participant was a stooge, protection –participant’s may have been stressed by the injection and content of the questionnaire. Informed consent, misinformed etc. (2)Can have same guideline.Partially correct answer: specific areas of the brain can be identified – no expansion (1)

Social Psychology13 Identify two details that were recorded by the observers in the subway Samaritan study by Piliavin, Rodin and Piliavin.Two from: Race, sex and location of every passenger, seated or standing, number who gave assistance, latency of first helper, spontaneous comments made by passengers. (2)Partially correct answer: one or more findings from study (1)

14 In the second experiment by Tajfel, the majority of the participants opted for ‘maximum difference’ rather than ‘maximum in-group profit’ when making their intergroup choices. Explain how this finding demonstrates discrimination.Participants were willing to award members of their own group less for the sake of having the maximum difference between their own and the other group. (2)

15 (a) Identify how Milgram obtained the sample in his study on obedience.Volunteer sample or self-selected sample from a newspaper article, he then selected from this pool of applicants based on age and occupation (2) (b) Outline one disadvantage of the way he obtained this sample.One from: Biased sample as same type of people apply to take part (2)Partially correct answer: biased sample/not representative – no explanation (1)(weakness of sample e.g. all males 1 mark) more likely to obey as volunteered

16 From the prison study by Haney, Banks and Zimbardo explain what is meant bythe terms:(a) ‘pathological prisoner syndrome’ pathological prisoner syndrome’ - the prisoners become passive and dependent, excessive obedience. (weak, depressed, do as they are told) (2)Partially correct answer: one characteristic without full description or just details from the study (1)(b) ‘pathology of power’. ‘pathology of power’ – the guards want more and more power and despise weak prisoners, increasing need to control prisoners lives, aggression. (2) (enjoyment of power e.g. working extra shifts)Partially correct answer: one characteristic without full description or just details from the study. (1)

Psychology of Individual Differences17 Describe one way Hraba and Grant measured racial identification and preference in their study.One from Questions:Give me the doll that you want to play with, give me the doll that is a nice doll,give me the doll that looks bad, give me the doll that is a nice colour, give me the doll that looks like a white child, give me the doll that looks like a coloured child, give me the doll that looks like a negro child, give the doll that looks like you. (2)Other partially correct answers e.g. ‘use of dolls’, ‘asked questions’, close variations of actual questions. (1)

18 Explain one problem with using the evidence from the study by Thigpen and Cleckley to support the diagnosis that Eve had multiple personality disorder.

One from: Some evidence may have been biased due to therapists’ involvement, physiological measurements are reductionist. (2)Partially correct answer e.g. problems of case study method. (1)

19 From the study by Rosenhan:(a) Identify two behaviours displayed by the pseudopatients, which werelabelled as abnormal by the hospital staff.Two from: Writing notes, queuing for lunch, asking questions, hearing voices (2)(b) Outline one reason why it is difficult to define abnormality and normality.One from: Cultural differences in behaviour, everyone has abnormal behaviours to a degree, bias and expectations. (2)Other appropriate answers: specific problems with study, stickiness of labels.

20 From the study by Gould suggest how the use of IQ tests may actually have been a form of social control.By giving the immigrant recruits a test, which was biased towards native Americans, immigrants and uneducated Americans were bound to do less well. This in turn allowed control over their status in the military and immigration to be controlled in a seemingly legitimate way (2+2)Partially correct answer e.g. the tests were biased, some recruits not literate etc. controlled military positions and immigration. (2)Total mark for this paper = [60]