Core – Practice test 4 Genetics Remember what an inference is? An explanation based on...
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Transcript of Core – Practice test 4 Genetics Remember what an inference is? An explanation based on...
![Page 1: Core – Practice test 4 Genetics Remember what an inference is? An explanation based on observations.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032604/56649e6a5503460f94b66fef/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Core – Practice test 4
Genetics
![Page 2: Core – Practice test 4 Genetics Remember what an inference is? An explanation based on observations.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032604/56649e6a5503460f94b66fef/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Remember what an inference is?
• An explanation based on observations
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Sexual VS Asexual Reproduction
• Sexual – two parents
• Meisois
• Testies and ovaries
• Fusion of egg and sperm to form a zygote
• seeds, flowers
• Increase variation
• Evolution
• Changing environments
• Asexual – one parent
• Mitosis
• Somatic, body cells
• Cloning
• Exact copy
• No variation (unless mutation)
• Produce many offspring
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A normal human cell has 46 chromosomes. After a cell undergoes
meiosis, how many chromosomes will the resulting cells have?
• 23
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• In which organ of an animal's body would
meiosis occur?
• Testis and ovaries
• In a plant?
• flower
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In changing environments, is asexual or sexual better?
• Sexual. Why?• The increase in genetic
variability.• Why would some grasses be
able to grow on ground polluted by an oil spill
• Genetic variation within the grass species allows some to survive and reproduce.
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What do you know about the Irish Potato Famine?
• 1845 A fungus like protist destroyed the Irish potato crop which was the main source of food for one third of the population. This led to a 7 year famine. Why did one little fungus cause so much trouble?
• Potatoes grow by asexual reproduction therefore the potatoes lack variations that could have withstood the infection.
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When environmental conditions are bad or change, is sexual or asexual reproduction better?
• Sexual reproduction
• Why?• It increases genetic variation (like having more
choices).
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How does asexual reproduction help the survival of a species
• Asexual reproduction may result in many offspring with the same strong useful characteristics as the parent.
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• Mushroom reproduce by producing– • spores• Bacteria reproduce by– • fission• Hydra – • budding• Tulips (and things with bulbs) – • vegetative
Forms of Asexual Reproduction
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Reproduction/Plants
• Is it better to reproduce with spores or seeds?
• Seeds• Why?• Seeds contain stored
nutrients for nourishment and a hard protective coat.
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Chromosome number
• In sexual reproduction (meiosis) what happens to the chromosome number?
• It is cut in half (humans 46 to 23)
• In Asexual reproduction – chromosome number?
• Stays the same.
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From DNA to Protein
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DNA vs. RNA
• DNA (where?)• Nucleus only• How many strands?• Double stranded• What type of sugar?• De oxy ribose• Bases are . . . . . • A-T and • G-C
• RNA (where)• mRNA from nucleus to
cytoplasm• tRNA and rRNA – cytoplasm• How many strands?• Single stranded• What type of sugar?• Ribose• Bases?• A-U• G-C
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What does DNA look like?
• A twisted latter.
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How were discoveries of DNA made?
• A lot of people involved.
• Watson, Crick, Wilkins, Franklin and more
• What did they do?
• They did many experiments and Watson and Crick made a model.
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Central Dogma
• What is Replication?• DNA to DNA• Where?• Nucleus• What is Transcription?• DNA to mRNA
• Where (transcrition)• Nucleus• What is Translation?• RNA to Protein• Where?• Cytoplasm on the
Ribosome
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DNA to Protein
How does DNA get from the nucleus to the ribosomes?
• It jumps
• Just kidding – mRNA (messanger RNA) takes the message from the nucleus to the ribosomes.
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Patterns of inheritance1. Which trait usually shows dominant or
recessive?2. dominant3. Wavy hair is where both are dominant or
_________ dominance.4. codominance5. If I cross a white and red flower and get
pink. What is this?6. Incomplete dominance
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inheritance
• Eye color, hair color, height is what type of inheritance?
• Polygenic
• Blood type is what type of inheritance?
• Multiple allelic and codominance
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Words to know
• Hetero zygote• Different - Rr• Homo zygote dominant• Same - RR• Homo zygote recessive• Same - rr
• Gene o type• Genes RR, RR, rr• Pheno type• Physical stuff – red,
white, tall, short
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Punnet Squares
• If you cross a Green pea with a yellow pea and get all green peas, why is this?
• Green is dominant over yellow.
• Then, if I cross these kids, what will happen?
G G
g Gg Gg
g Gg Gg
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G g
G GG Gg
g Gg gg – some yellow will show up
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Genetic Technologies
• And genetic engineering.
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Selective breeding is also called what?
• Artificial Selection.
• Why?
• Humans select for certain traits instead of nature (as in natural selection)
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• An orchard in California makes really great oranges. They want to maintain this high quality. How should they do this?
• Clone the trees – Take cuttings from the already fabulous trees and make trees.
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What is the process called when an egg is removed, fertilized outside of the body, and then implanted in the
womb?
• in vitro fertilization
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Selective breeding
• Also called• Artificial selection• Breeder/farmer chooses only the best animals or
crops• Examples• Corn Hybrid• Race horses• Shetland pony• Siamese cat
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Genetic technologies
• How do we do genetic testing on fetus?
• Amniotic fluid can be taken to diagnose prior to birth (and possibly fix)
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DNA profiling (CSI)
• Also called?
• DNA fingerprinting and
• Gel electrophoresis
• Used for?
• Identify the killer
• Who’s the dad?
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Gene Therapy
• Also called?• Recombinant DNA?• What is it?• Insert a foreign gene
into a host • Being used for• (cystic fibrosis)
• Use bacterial plasmids to make?
• Insulin• Human Growth
Hormone (HGH)• Interferon• Other stuff.
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Other Genetic technologies
• Cloning
• Increase food supply, improve health, better medicines, transplants etc.
• Stem cell research
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On the board
• Punnet squares and pedigrees.