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![Page 1: Core concerns Quality of service (QoS)Network designSelection among alternativesOngoing management (OAM&P)Network visibility (SNMP) © 2013 Pearson 1.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062516/56649e115503460f94afc9d6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Core concerns
Quality of service (QoS)
Network design
Selection among alternatives
Ongoing management (OAM&P)
Network visibility (SNMP)
© 2013 Pearson 1
Network Design and Management Topics
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Quality of service (QoS)
Network design
Network visibility (SNMP)
© 2013 Pearson 5
Network Design and Management Topics
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Networks today must work well.
Companies measure quality-of-service (QoS) metrics to measure network performance.
Examples:◦ Speed
◦ Availability
◦ Error rates
◦ And so on
© 2013 Pearson 6
4.4: Network Quality of Service
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Normally measured in bits per second (bps)
◦ Not bytes per second
◦ Occasionally measured in bytes per second
If so, labeled as Bps
◦ Metric prefixes increase by factors of 1,000 (not 1,024 as in computer memory)
© 2013 Pearson 7
4.5: Transmission Speed
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Prefix Meaning Example
kbps* 1,000 bps 33 kbps is 33,000 bps
Mbps 1,000 kbps 3.4 Mbps is 3,400,000 bps3.4 Mbps is 3,400 kbps
Gbps 1,000 Mbps 62 Gbps = 62,000,000,000 bps = 62,000 Mbps
Tbps 1,000 Gbps 5.3 Tbps = 5,300,000,000,000
© 2013 Pearson 8
4.5: Transmission Speed
*Note that the metric prefix kilo is abbreviated with a lowercase k
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Expressing speed in proper notation◦ There must be one to three places before the
decimal point, and leading zeros do not count.
© 2013 Pearson 9
4.5: Transmission Speed
As Written
Places before
decimal point
Space between number
and prefix?
Properly written
23.72 Mbps 2 Yes OK as is
2,300 kbps 4 No 2.3 Mbps
0.5Mbps 0 No 500 kbps
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Expressing speed in proper notation◦ There must be a space before the metric suffix.
◦ 5.44 kbps is OK
◦ 5.44kbps is incorrect (no space between the number and the metric prefix)
© 2013 Pearson 10
4.5: Transmission Speed
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Doing Conversions
◦ Decimal numbers have a number and a prefix
34.5 kbps
◦ Like two numbers multiplied together
c = a * b
34.5 * kbps
© 2013 Pearson 11
4.5: Transmission Speed
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Doing Conversions◦ If multiply one and divide the other by the same,
get the same value
c = a * b
c = a/10 * b*10
Example 2,500 Mbps
= 2,500/1000 * Mbps*1000
= 2.5 Gbps
© 2013 Pearson 12
4.5: Transmission Speed
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Doing Conversions
◦ If multiply one and divide the other by the same, get the same value
c = a * b
c = a*10 * b/10
Example .0737 Gbps
= 0.0737*1000 * Gbps/1000
= 73.7 Mbps
© 2013 Pearson 13
4.5: Transmission Speed
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Doing Conversions
◦ To multiply a number by 1,000 …
Move the decimal point three places to the right
.2365*1000 = 236.5
◦ To divide a number by 1,000 …
Move the decimal point three places to the left
9,340/1000 = 9.340
© 2013 Pearson 14
4.5: Transmission Speed
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Write the following properly:◦ 34,020 Mbps
.0054 Gbps
12.62Tbs
4.5 Transmission Speed
© 2013 Pearson 15
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Rated Speed◦ The speed a system should achieve,
◦ According to vendor claims or the standard that defines the technology.
Throughput◦ The speed a system actually provides to users
◦ (Almost always lower)
© 2013 Pearson 16
4.5: Transmission Speed
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Aggregate Throughput◦ The aggregate throughput is the total
throughput available to all users.
Individual Throughput◦ An individual’s share of the aggregate
throughput
© 2013 Pearson 17
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4.5: Transmission Speed
© 2013 Pearson 18
Individual throughput
Aggregate throughput
Rated speed
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Availability◦ The time (percentage) a network is available for
use
Example: 99.9%
◦ Downtime is the amount of time (minutes, hours, days, etc.) a network is unavailable for use.
Example: An average of 12 minutes per month
© 2013 Pearson 19
4.6: Quality of Service II
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Error Rates◦ Errors are bad because they require
retransmissions.
◦ More subtly, when an error occurs, TCP assumes that there is congestion and slows its rate of transmission.
◦ Packet error rate: the percentage of packets that have errors.
◦ Bit error rate (BER): the percentage of bits that have errors.
© 2013 Pearson 20
4.6: Quality of Service II
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Latency
◦ Latency is delay, measured in milliseconds.
◦ When you ping a host’s IP address, you get the latency to the host.
◦ When you use tracert, you get average latency to each router along the route.
◦ Beyond about 250 ms, turn-taking in conversations becomes almost impossible.
◦ Latency hurts interactive gaming.
© 2013 Pearson 21
4.6: Quality of Service II
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Jitter◦ Jitter is variation in latency between successive
packets. (Figure 4.7)◦ Makes voice and music speed up and slow down
over milliseconds—sounds jittery.
© 2013 Pearson 22
4.6: Quality of Service II
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Application Response Time (Figure 4.8)
© 2013 Pearson 23
4.6 Quality of Service II
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Application Response Time (Figure 4.8)
◦ Is not purely a network matter.
◦ To control application response time, networking, server, and application people must work together to improve user experiences.
© 2013 Pearson 24
4.6: Quality of Service II
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Service Level Agreements (SLA)
◦ Guarantees for performance
◦ Increasingly demanded by users
◦ Penalties if the network does not meet its QoS metric guarantees
© 2013 Pearson 25
4.6: Quality of Service II
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Service Level Agreements (SLA)◦ Guarantees are often written on a percentage of
time basis.
“No worse than 100 Mbps 99.95% of the time.”
As percentage of time requirement increases, the cost to provide service increases exponentially.
So SLAs cannot be met 100% of the time.
© 2013 Pearson 26
4.6: Quality of Service II
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Service Level Agreements (SLA)◦ SLAs specify worst cases (minimum
performance to be tolerated) Penalties if worse than the specified
performance Example: latency no higher than 50 ms
99.99% of the time
◦ If specified the best case (maximum performance), you would rarely get better Example: No higher than 100 Mbps 99% of the
time. Who would want that?
© 2013 Pearson 27
4.6: Quality of Service II
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Jitter◦ No higher than 2% variation in packet arrival
time 99% of the time
Latency◦ No higher than 125 Mbps 99% of the time
Availability◦ No lower than 99.99%
◦ Availability is a percentage of time, so its SLA does not include a percentage of time
© 2013 Pearson 28
4.6: Quality of Service II
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Quality of service (QoS)
Network design
Network visibility (SNMP)
© 2013 Pearson 29
Network Design and Management Topics
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To manage a network, it helps to be able to draw pictures of it.
◦ Network drawing programs do this.
◦ There are many network drawing programs.
◦ One is Microsoft Office Visio.
Must buy the correct version to get network and computer templates
© 2013 Pearson 30
Network Drawing Tools
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You must be able to compute what traffic a line must carry in each direction to select an appropriate transmission line.
© 2013 Pearson 31
4.9: Two-Site Traffic Analysis
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© 2013 Pearson 32
4:10: Three-Site Analysis
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© 2013 Pearson 33
4.11: Three Sites (No Redundancy)
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© 2013 Pearson 34
4.11: Three Sites (with Redundancy)
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Topologies describe the physical arrangement of nodes and links.◦ “Topology” is a physical layer concept.
Many standards require specific topologies.
In other cases, you can select topologies that make sense in terms of transmission costs, reliability through redundancy, and so on.
© 2013 Pearson 35
4.12: Major Topologies
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© 2013 Pearson 36
4.12: Major Topologies
How many possible paths arethere between A and B?
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© 2013 Pearson 37
4.12: Major Topologies
How many possible paths arethere between A and B?
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© 2013 Pearson 38
4.12: Major Topologies
In a hierarchy, each node has
one parent.
How many possible paths are there between A
and B?
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© 2013 Pearson 39
4.12: Major Topologies
How many possible paths are there between A and B?
1
4
3
2
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© 2013 Pearson 40
4.12: Major Topologies
What do you think will happen if A and Btransmit at the same time?
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© 2013 Pearson 41
4.12: Major Topologies
Many real networks have complex topologies incorporating the pure topologies we have just seen.
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© 2013 Pearson 42
4.13: Full Mesh vs Hub-and-Spoke
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© 2013 Pearson43
4.13: Full Mesh vs Hub-and-Spoke
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Full-mesh and hub-and-spoke topologies are opposite ends of a spectrum.
Real network designers must balance cost and reliability when designing complex networks.
© 2013 Pearson 44
4.13: Full Mesh vs Hub-and-Spoke
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Normally, network capacity is higher than the traffic.
Sometimes, however, there will be momentary traffic peaks above the network’s capacity—usually for a fraction of a second to a few seconds.
© 2013 Pearson 45
4.14: Momentary Traffic Peaks
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This congestion causes latency because switches and routers must store frames and packets while waiting to send them out again.
Buffers are small, so packets are often lost.
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4.14: Momentary Traffic Peaks
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Overprovisioning is providing far more capacity than the network normally needs.
This avoids nearly all momentary traffic peaks but is wasteful.
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4.14: Momentary Traffic Peaks
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With priority, latency-intolerant traffic, such as voice, is given high priority and will go first if there is congestion.
Latency-tolerant traffic, such as e-mail, must wait.
More efficient than overprovisioning; also more labor-intensive.
© 2013 Pearson 48
4.14: Momentary Traffic Peaks
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QoS guarantees reserved capacity for some traffic, so this traffic always gets through.
Other traffic, however, must fight for the remaining capacity.
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4.14: Momentary Traffic Peaks
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Overprovisioning, priority, and QoS reservations deal with congestion.
Traffic shaping prevents congestion by limiting incoming traffic.
© 2013 Pearson 50
4.15: Traffic Shaping
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© 2013 Pearson 51
4.15: Traffic Shaping
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Filtering out or limiting undesirable incoming traffic can also substantially reduce overall network costs.
© 2013 Pearson 52
4.15: Traffic Shaping
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Some traffic can be banned and simply filtered out.
Other traffic has both legitimate and illegitimate uses; it can be limited to a certain percentage of traffic.
© 2013 Pearson 53
4.15: Traffic Shaping
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Compression can help if traffic chronically exceeds the capacity on a line.
© 2013 Pearson 54
4.16: Compression
8 Gbps is needed.The line can carry only 1 Gbps.
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Data often contains redundancies and can be compressed.
© 2013 Pearson 55
4.16: Compression
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Must have compatible compression equipment at the two ends of the line.
© 2013 Pearson 56
4.16: Compression
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4.17: Natural Designs
Often, the design of a building naturally constrains the topology of a design.
© 2013 Pearson 57
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4.17: Natural Designs
In a multistory building, for in-stance, it often makes sense to place an Ethernet workgroup switch on each floor and a core switch in the basement.
© 2013 Pearson 58
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Core concerns
Quality of service (QoS)
Network design
Selection among alternatives
Ongoing management (OAM&P)
Network visibility (SNMP)
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Network Design and Management Topics
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4.19: Scalability
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4.18: Product Selection
There is a maximumexpected traffic volume.
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4.19: Scalability
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4.18: Product Selection
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Quality of service (QoS)
Network design
Network visibility (SNMP)
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It is desirable to have network visibility—to know the status of all devices at all times.
Ping can determine if a host or router is reachable.
The simple network management protocol (SNMP) is designed to collect extensive information needed for network visibility.
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4.26: Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
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Central manager program communicates with each managed device.
Actually, the manager communicates with a network management agent on each device.
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4.23: SNMP
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The manager sends commands and gets responses.
Agents can send traps (alarms) if there are problems.
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4.23: SNMP
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Information from agents is stored in the SNMP management information base.
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4.23: SNMP
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Network visualization programs analyze information from the MIB to portray the network, do troubleshooting, and answer specific questions.
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4.23: SNMP
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SNMP interactions are standardized, but network visualization program functionality is not, in order not to constrain developers of visualization tools.
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4.23: SNMP