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1Presentation of environmental ethics Submitted toDR. Naila SafdarBy Maryam NajamSana JavaidFatima RiffatRamsha MalikSofia Aurangzaib

CORAL BLEACHING

CONTENTSBackgroundCausesConsequencesWorld wide effectsEthics applied against coral bleachingCoral..*A hard stony substance secreted by certain marine coelenterates as an external skeleton typically forming large reefs in warm seas.*Polyps.*Coral polyps*These polyps have microscopic algae called zooxanthellae living within their tissues .

5Coral reefs *Coral reefs are diverse underwater ecosystems held together by calcium carbonate structures secreted by corals* FORMATION*By colonies of tiny animals *By stony corals

Zooxanthallae*Internal symbiotic vegetable,garden.*Fixed the carbon compound*Photosynthesis*Providing nutrients*Provides colour

Bleachingtwo main causes * Density of zooxanthallae declines * Photosenhetic pigment in zooxanthallae fall.

CORAL BLEACHING*Coral bleaching is a process whereby the coral colonies lose their colour, either due to the loss of pigments by microscopic algae (zooxanthellae) living in symbiosis with their host organisms (polyps), or because these zooxanthellae have been expelled. >When coral bleaching occur? Ans ..* When the relationship between the coral and zooxanthellae breaks down * Without zooxanthellae the tissue of the corals animal appears transparent and the corals bright white skeleton is released.

Background:-*A growth rate decline in corals has occurred over the last 50 years.*Coral reefs are very old, living systems that co-existed with the dinosaurs, and they now appear to be collapsing and the primary cause appears to be the assaults that have been inflicted upon them by man.* Co-existence with man is proving to be exceedingly tough for the corals and other sea creatures. Never before, in all the ages of the reefs existence, have the land animals forcibly removed great quantities of marine life from the sea. Coral bleaching was first recognized on

* It is first recognized on the pacific coast of panama in 1982-83.

The case of 1980s*The only coral bleaching event recorded was due to flood from Hurricance flora that resulted in a large drop in salinity and bleached and killed many corals in Jamaica.

Causes Of Coral Bleaching

1 Global warming* Increase usage of refrigerators and sprays*Increase in number of Cfcs*These Cfcs deplete ozone layer*Depletion of ozone layer causes direct entrance of UV rays on earth*Temperature increase*Separation between zooxenthellae and corals*Coral bleaching

2. Ocean acidification*Increase usage of fossil fuel*Cause increase In co2 level in atmosphere*Co2 dissolve in rain *Rain fall in ocean*Acidity increase/Ph decrease*Zooxenthallites death*Coral Bleaching

3. Oil Spilling

*Oil spilling*Layer of oil above surface of water*Light cannot enter into water*As zooxenthellites are photosynthetic*So in absence of light they cannot prepare their food*Shortage of food*Death of zooxanthellites*Coral bleaching

4. Sedimentation

*Land clearing and deforestation*Increase density of suspended silt*Destruction of coral polyps*Destruction of zoxenthellae concentration*Coral bleaching 5. POLLUTION

*Waste material of industries*Chemical runoff into ocean*Causes coral to expel algae

6. Physical factors*Due to physical factors (storm)*Relationship weak *Corals are vulnerable to infectious bacteria*Immune system weak *Coral diseased*Separation between corals and zooxanthallae

Consequences Of Coral BleachingSocial And Economic ImpactsFisheries*Fishes feeds on zooxanthellae *Bleached corals separate the zooxanthellae*As a result fishing disturb*Fisherman cannot easily found the fishes*Economy declineTourism

*It strong the economy*Bleaching decrease the reefs*Due to climate change and other factors*Reef lose their interesting organisms*Loss ability to attract the tourists*Economy will be loss*Impacts on ecosystem Surrounding ocean biosphereTourism

.Coral reefs provide shelter and protection to many species of fish*In terms of biodiversity:*Coral reefs are often compared with tropical rain forest*Bleached corals lose their ability to provide nourishment of many species*Result in loss of biodiversity of ecosystem*The animals that rely on coral reefs include parrotfish,sponges,shrimp etc*Coral reefs nourishment up to a million speciesSo it will be a loss of ecosystem in ocean due to bleachingBleached corals ruinfish camouflage

Fishes usually camouflage themselves among colour full coral reefs they hide from the predatorsFishes loosing their ability to hide from the predators as corals are bleached This is due to earths acidifying oceansIt results in loss of biodiversity and disturbance in ecosystem

Co2 level in ocean*Corals are very important in controlling how much Co2 in the ocean?*Coral polyps turn Co2 in the H2o into a limestone shell*Without corals the amount of Co2 in the water would rise dramatically*It results in the increase in acidity of worlds ocean*It will be a threat to the future coral reef ecosystem

INDIRECT IMPACT ON SLOWIND DOWN GREEN HOUSE EFFECT*Corals secrets calcium carbonate in their skeletons*The saturation of carbonites in sea will be lowered *This will make Co2 in air dissolve in to the sea *So that Co2 in air will be reduced*Which results in slowing down green hose effect*But when the corals bleached it cant help in slowing down green hose effectIndirect impact on the economy

*Coral many colours give it appeal for necklaces and other jewelry items*Intensely red coral prized as a gemstone *But when the bleaching of the corals occur it will be a disappearing of their colours *Indirect it will be impact on economy such as in import and export of jewelry items WORLDWIDE EFFECTS OF CORAL BLEACHING

Caribbean coral reef hurricane in 2005:*Great destruction*Deadliest Atlantic Tropical CycloneEFFECT ON PEOPLE*Destruction of coastal areasDeath of 20,000 people

Names Of Countries Effected By Coral Bleaching WorldwideMaldivesSrilankaKenyaTanzaniaIndian OceanApproximate Destruction On World Wide Scale60% Destruction Due To Human Activity24% On Under Imminent Risk Of Collapse26% Are Under Long Term Threat Of Collapse

28Panama Destruction*Salinity caused by coral bleaching *Death of 50% corals

Destruction Of Fish Industries*Economic Destruction*Domino Effect *Chain Of Destruction

Great Barrier Reef*Number of Islands*Area *Location *Tourism activity effected*decrease in economy*REEF MARINE PAK organization working for the conservation of island

WORLD WIDE EFFORTS*Project Of GEF And Mesa American Barrier working in Mexico*Partnership of UN with other countries*Working Of GCRMN*Working of UNCED*Working of WORLD METROLOGICAL ORGANIZATIONS

ETHICS REQUIRED AGAINST CORAL BLEACHING

*Coral bleaching is a very passive problem and it ties with many environmental issues if this problem continues for long enough ,coral reefs can suffer reduced population and growth rates and eventually mortality*By applying ethics on causes of coral bleaching we can protect corals from bleaching *There are some factors that are responsible for the promotion of coral bleaching Factors Promoting Bleach 1- Pollution 2- Global Warming 3- Ocean AcidificationPOLLUTION1.Avoid water pollution wherever possible. Do not dump chemicals(especially human waste) or oil in bodies of water.2. Minimize the use of chemically enhanced fertilizers,insecticides,pesticides 3.Water pollution must be limited .

GLOBAL WARMING1 Global warming is due to gradual increase in the over all temprature of the earths atmosphere 2.Take all possible measures to prevent actions that exacerbate global warming.3.Avoid deforestation which increases global warming..4.Global warming is also controlled by preventing ozone layer from depletion.5.Ozone layer is depleted due to CCL2F2 To avoid clorofloro carbon use less amount of aerosal sprays and oxides of gases that are produced by vehicles

OCEAN ACIDIFICATION By Avoiding the concentration of Carbon dioxide in the ocean results in to less ocean acidification Decrease the usage of fossil fuel because fossil fuels are sources of carbon dioxide.Respect and follow all these rules and regulations through these adaptation we will be able to protect corals from bleaching .