COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL€¦ · 1135 INDEX Abortifacient, abortifacients aconite, 737 barbados nut,...
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1135
INDEX
Abortifacient, abortifacientsaconite, 737barbados nut, 829blister beetles, 972blue cohosh, 395camphor, 407, 408cantharides, 974cantharidin, 974colocynth, 443common oleander, 847, 850dogbane, 849–850mistletoe, 794nutmeg, 67oduvan, 755pennyroyal, 563–565pine thistle, 515rue, 579slangkop, Burke’s, red, Transvaal,
857tansy, 614turpentine, 667yarrow, 624–625yellow bird-of-paradise, 749yellow oleander, 854yew, 899
Abrin, 729–731camphor
cinnamomin, 409ricin, 409, 723, 730
Absorption, xviialoe vera, 380amatoxin-containing mushrooms
amatoxin poisoning, 273–275, 279
aspartame, 24
Medical Toxicology of Natural Substances, by Donald G. Barceloux, MDCopyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
bees, wasps, and antsepinephrine, 963
blister beetlescantharidin, 974
buckeyeβ-escin, 884
calamusβ-asarone, 405
camphor, 409–411cascara, 416–417catechols, 682castor bean
ricin, 719, 721colchicine, 694–896, 698clostridium perfringens, 115comfrey and other pyrrolizidine-
containing plantspyrrolizidine alkaloids, 453
cyanogenic foodsamygdalin, 48cyanogenic glycosides, 45prunasin, 48
daffodils and other emetic bulbsgalanthamine, 704
dogbane family and cardenolidescommon oleander, 849yellow oleander, 855–856
domoic acid, 214ephedra alkaloids, 547erythrosine, 29garlic
S-allyl cysteine, 473gastrointestinal viruses
viral gastroenteritis, 205ginger, 485
ginkgo, 492ginseng, 500goldenseal
berberine, 506hawthorn, 512hypericum extract, 602–603inky cap and coprine toxicity
coprine, 295ethanol, 296
isoxazole-containing mushrooms and pantherina syndrome, 298–302
jequirity bean and abrin, 730–731
jellyfi sh, 1088Jimsonweed and other belladonna
alkaloids, 779, 781jin bu huan and
tetrahydropalmatine, 519kaffi r lily
lycorine, 711kava, 528Laetrile®, 763lavender, 534licorice
glycyrrhetinic acid, 540limonene, 639ma huang
ephedra alkaloids, 548ephedrine, 547, 549
mayapplepodophyllotoxin, 789
milk thistlesilibinin, 555
mistletoe, 793
COPYRIG
HTED M
ATERIAL
INDEX
1136
Absorption (cont’d)muscarine-containing mushrooms
and muscarine toxicity, 306mycotoxins
afl atoxin, 329ergot alkaloids, 336, 337fumonisin, 342ochratoxin, 345trichothecene compounds, 353
neem oil, 651nicotine, 811peppermint oil
menthol, 655protozoa and intestinal parasites
Cryptosporidium parvum, 194rhubarb
oxalate, 86salmonella, 143scombroid fi sh poisoning, 257scorpions, 916Shiga enterotoxins, 152snow drop
galantamine, 714solanine, 80Vibrio species, 168sassafras
safrole, 584saw palmetto
oral absorption, 588sea snakes, 1076senna
rhein anthrone, 593sennosides, 592, 593
skullcap, 597–598St. John’s wort, 602terrestrial snakes, 1035tree tobacco and other piperidine-
containing plantsanabasine, 812nicotine, 811
ultraviolet, 731, 823water hemlock and water dropwort,
823yarrow, 624yohimbe bark and yohimbine, 629
Acceptable daily intake (ADI)food additives and sensitivities,
23–25limonene, 639
Acetaldehyde,coprine-containing mushrooms, 295false morel, 287food additives, 25peppermint, 654purple conefl ower, 570
Achelase I and II, caterpillar venom, 991
Aconite, 736
Acorus calamus. See CalamusAcquired immunodefi ciency syndrome
(AIDS)Cryptosporidium parvum, 194Cyclospora cayetanensis, 195–196
cyclosporiasis, 195gastrointestinal viruses, 206human immunodefi ciency virus
(HIV), 78, 128, 144, 187, 191, 194–197, 206, 571, 602, 793, 910, 911, 981
non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, 603
protease inhibitors, 473, 603suppression, 603
Salmonella, 146scabies mite, 910
Acromelalgia, 269Paxillus syndrome, 313–315
Acromelic acid A-E compounds, Paxillus syndrome, 313–315
Actaea racemosa. See Black cohoshAdult respiratory distress syndrome
(ARDS)ants, 961bees, 961colchicine-containing plants, 695–
696, 699hornets, 961Hymenoptera order, 961marine animals
palytoxin, 1098mycotoxins, 356peppermint oil, 655pine oil, 669toxic oil syndrome, 11turpentine oil, 669wasps, 961rattlesnake envenomation, 1031,
1034Afl atoxins, 327–332
cancer, 187, 331black pepper seed contaminant, 72food contaminant, 5microvesicular steatosis, 92
African blue lily, chemical composition and toxicity, 743–744
Airborne contact phytodermatitis, 685Akee fruit, 34–38Alfi meprase, copperhead snakes, 1042Alimentary toxic aleukia (ATA),
trichothecene mycotoxins, 354–355
Alkaloids. See also specifi c alkaloidsaconitum, 737–739black cohosh, 388–399blue cohosh, 394–396
Carolina jessamine, 841–842cat’s claw, 422–424death camas, 707–709ergot and related compounds,
332–340kaffi r lily, 710–711mescal beans, 733–734zephyr lily, 716–717
Allergic phytodermatitis, 678–679Allergic reactions
ant envenomation, 956, 958–959, 964, 1024
bee envenomation, 959, 961–962, 964, 1024
begonias, 748black locust
pollen, 881blister beetles
cantharidin, 974bugs
venom, 971burdock root, 401buttercup family, 691castor bean
dust, 722pulp, 719–720ricin
inhaled, 722cat’s claw
allergic interstitial nephritis, 424
centipede envenomation, 952chamomile tea, 427chaparral, 431–432chase tree, 436Clostridium botulinum
horse-derived antitoxin, 109clove
leaf oil, 440cinnamon oil, 42daffodils, 704dust mites, 355echinacea, 571–572eugenol, 440feverfew, 467–468fl y bites, 981fruit skin, 50garlic, 474ginkgo, 493–494grass pea, 64guar gum-containing products, 28hornet
vespid venom, 958horse chestnut
pollen, 884jequirity bean, 731jellyfi sh envenomation, 1089juniper, 523
INDEX
1137
lavender, 534limonene, 639Listeria monocytogenes
penicillin, 137lupine
seeds, 786milk thistle
extract, 556mosquito bites, 981mushrooms, 268
penicillin G, 279mycotoxins
airborne molds, 318, 320, 323antigen-specifi c IgA
concentrations, 358fungi, 324
damp environments, 355–356mold, 324, 326
nutmeg, 69peppermint
oil, 655philodendron, 771plant dermatitis, 677–679, 682, 684–
685, 687rosemary, 576rue
extract, 580saw palmetto
extract, 589Scheffl era species, 771scombroid fi sh, 258scorpion envenomation, 922sea urchin
spines, 1108senna, 594snake envenomation, 1059
antivenom, 1034–1038spider
antivenom, 930bites, 941
spongesDogger Bank itch, 1103
spurge family, 756dog’s mercury
pollen, 757St. John’s wort
hypericum extract, 604tansy, 615–616tea tree
oil, 661ticks, 912turpentine
oil, 669wandering Jew, 819wasp envenomation, 958, 1024
yellow jackets, 955yarrow, 624yew, 901
Allopathic medicine, senna, 591–592S-Allyl cysteine, garlic, 473Almonds
botanical description, 761Laetrile® extracts, 761–762poisonous parts, 762
Aloe vera, 370–380, 414Aloin, 378–380Alternaria species
in air, 320classifi cation and identifi cation,
320–324Amanita mushrooms
mycological identifi cation and classifi cation, 265–268
Pantherina syndrome, 298–302Paxillus syndrome, 312–315poisonous parts, 273–275silibinin as antidote, 554
Amanitinsamanita mushroom, 266–274
Amatoxinamatoxin-containing mushrooms,
265–284amatoxin poisoning, 268–280
Ambient airfungal spore concentrations,
321–324mycotoxins in, 319–320
Amebiasis, 191–192American short-tailed shrew, 1133American trypanosomiasis, kissing
bug, 971Amines, bee venom, 957–958α-Amino-5-methyl-3-
hydroxyisoxazolone-4-propionate (AMPA), domoic acid toxicity, 215
1-Aminocyclopropanol, coprine toxins, 295
β-Aminopropionitrile, osteolathyrism, 807–808
Amnesic shellfi sh poisoning and domoic acid, 212–217
Amphetamine derivatives, myristicin metabolites and, 68
Amphibians. See Frogs; Toads; specifi c species
Amygdalincyanogenic foods, 45–50fruit kernels, 45Laetrile® derivatives, 762
Anabaena species, neurotoxins, 184Anabasine, 810–813Analgesics, rattlesnake venom,
1039–1040Anaphylactoid reactions
ants, wasps, and bees, 961–963
fl y and mosquito bites, 981Latrodectus antivenom, 931rattlesnake venom, 1032
Anatoxin-a, cyanobacteria, 184Anemonin, physiochemical properties
and toxicity, 691–692Anethole, chemical structure, 608–609Angelica sinensis, 461–463Animals and animal products. See
also Insects; Reptilesafl atoxins, 327Bacillus cereus, 89Campylobacter jejuni, 94Clostridium botulinum, 104Clostridium perfringens, 114–115dog laurel toxicity and, 845–846Escherichia coli, 121food additives and sensitivities, 23fumonisins, 342–343gastrointestinal viruses, 204Giardia lamblia, 197–198grayanotoxins in, 871lantana toxicity in, 868Listeria monocytogenes, 133ochratoxins, 344–347oleander poisoning in, 849Salmonella in, 142Shiga enterotoxins, 151Staphylococcus aureus, 156–157Streptococcus species, 162tannins, 894–895tetrodotoxins in, 247–248Vibrio species, 167–168Yersinia enterocolitica, 175
Anisatin, chemical structure, 608–609Anthozoa, classifi cation and
characteristics, 1096–1098Anthranoid laxatives, cascara,
415–419Anthraquinone derivatives
cascara, 415–419mushrooms, 290–293rhubarb poisoning, 86
Antibiotics, food additives and sensitivities, 27–28
Anticholinergic signs,botulism, 106–107bulbs, 705burdock root, 401Datura species, 777–781Escherichia coli, 127European bittersweet, 804isoxazole-containing mushrooms,
301lupine, 786nutmeg, 68–69puffer fi sh, 249snowdrop, 712–714
INDEX
1138
Anticholinergic signs (cont’d)valerian, 620water hemlock, 824
Antidotesbelladonna alkaloid toxicity, 781ciguatoxins, 244colchicine toxicity, 699eugenol toxicity, 440–441nicotine toxicity, 813oleander toxicity, 853–854pennyroyal toxicity, 566ricin toxicity, 723–724
Antihistamineshymenoptera sensitivity reactions,
963–964toxicodendron dermatitis, 683
Antimicrobial agents, tea tree oil, 658–660
Antioxidantsfood additives and sensitivities,
25–26rosemary, 574–575
Antitoxins, botulism treatment, 108–109
Antivenin (Crotalidae) polyvalent rattlesnake antivenom, 1036–1038
Antivenomcobra, 1052Elapidae, Australia, 1057–1059jellyfi sh, 1090–1092
man-of-war, 1096Latrodectus envenomation, 930–931lionfi sh, 1119–1120Lonomia caterpillars, 993scorpionfi sh, 1119–1120scorpions, 915, 920–922snakes
Colubrid family, 1062coral snake, 1049–1051Crotalidae polyvalent immune
(Ovine) Fab antivenom, 1035–1036
rattlesnake, 1029, 1031–1043sea snake, 1076venom detection kit, 1056viper, 1013, 1018, 1020–1021, 1024
pit viper, 1044, 1046spiders, 930–934, 940stonefi sh, 1119–1120
Aortic aneurysms, neurolathyrism, 63–64
Aphanizomenon species, neurotoxins, 185
Apigeninbiapigenin
St. John’s wort, 601chamomile, 426–427
garlic, 472gingko tree, 490hawthorn, 511methyl apigenin
valerian, 618, 620passionfl ower, 559rosemary, 575–576skullcap, 597yarrow, 624
Apyrases, bugs, 971Arctigenin, burdock root, 400–401Arctium lappa. See Burdock rootArgemone oil, epidemic dropsy, 9–10Argiope genus (black-and-yellow
garden spider), 941Aristolochic acid, 382–385Armed (banana) spider, 931–932Arrhythmia. See dysrhythmiaArthritis
aconite, 737aloe vera, 378Aristolochia species, 383borage, 397–398cactus, 838cat’s claw, 421–422Campylobacter jejuni, 98–99catfi sh, 1123capsaicin, 72chaparral, 430cinnamon, 40colchicine, 694comfrey, 450Cyclospora, 196echinacea, 568, 571feverfew, 466freshwater fi sh, 1125germander, 478Giardia lamblia, 198ginger, 483gingko tree, 489licorice, 538moths and butterfl ies, 992mycotoxins, 326Salmonella, 144–146Sea urchins, 1108Shigella species, 152Streptococcus species, 164Yersinia enterocolitica, 176–177
β-Asarone, calamus sources, 403–404Ascospores, fungal genera and species,
320–324Aspartame, clinical response to, 24–25Aspergillus species
afl atoxins in, 328in air, 320food sources, 318–319ochratoxins, 343–347patulin, 347–348
Assassin bugbehavior, 970–971clinical response, 971geographic distribution, 970identifying characteristics, 969venom composition and apparatus,
971Asteraceae family
airborne contact dermatitis, 685allergic contact dermatitis,
678–679burdock root, 400camomile, 425coltsfoot, 446milk thistle, 553feverfew, 465, 467pine thistle, 514purple conefl ower, 568–569, 572sunfl ower, 449, 451tansy, 614–616white snakeroot, 826yarrow, 623–624
Asthma preparations, Datura plants, 778–781
Astroviruses, taxonomy and classifi cation, 203
Asymptomatic carriage, Salmonella poisoning, 145
δ-Atracotoxins, 932–934Atractaspididae. See also specifi c
speciesclassifi cation and characteristics,
1013–1014Atractyloside
diagnosis and treatment, 516historical background, 514physiochemical properties, 515source, 514–515
Atrax/Hadronyche species, 932–934Atraxotoxin, Australian funnel-web
spiders, 932–934Atropine
aconite poisoning, 740belladonna alkaloids, 781burdock root, 400–401ciguatera poisoning, 244chemical structure, 778colchicine, 696Datura species, 778–779death camas, 709deadly nightshade, 780frogs, 1002jin bu huan, 520muscarine poisoning, 306oleander poisoning, 850, 853–854pantherina syndrome, 301pokeweed, 802puffer fi sh poisoning, 250
INDEX
1139
Rhododendron species, mad honey, 872
scorpion envenomation, 921Solanum species, 804snowdrop, 713tree tobacco, 813Veratrum alkaloids, 816–817
Attachment-invasion locus (Ail) factor, Yersinia enterocolitica, 175–176
Australian funnel-web spiders, 932–934
Autumn crocus, colchicine, 693–700Ayurvedic medicine
calamus, 404senna, 591–594
Azadirachtinchemical composition, 649–650toxicity, 649–651
Azaspiracid poisoning, 218–221
Bacillus cereus, 89–95Bacteremia
Campylobacter jejuni, 96–99Salmonella poisoning, 141–144
Baicalein, chemical structure, 597–598
Balkan endemic nephropathy, ochratoxins, 345–347
Barbados nut, 829–830Barbaloin, chemical structure,
415–416Barbourin, pygmy rattlesnake, 1041Bark scorpion, classifi cation and
behavior, 914–915Basidiomycetes, amatoxin
identifi cation and classifi cation, 265
Basidiospores, fungal genera and species, 320–324
Batrachotoxin, Colombian poison-dart frog, 1000–1002
Beaded lizard, 1008–1011Bedbug, 969–972Bees, 956–965Begonia species, 747–748Behavior patterns
bark scorpion, 914–915bees, 956bugs, 970–971caterpillars, 990–991catfi sh, 1122centipedes, 951classifi cation and toxicity,
1128–1130Colorado River toad, 997cone shells, 1078fi re ants, 957
fi re corals, 1094fl eas, 976Gila monster and beaded lizard, 1009jellyfi sh, 1087–1088Latrodectus spiders, 928lice, 984lionfi sh, scorpionfi sh, and stonefi sh,
1117Loxosceles spiders, 936mosquitoes and fl ies, 980Portuguese man-of-war, 1095rattlesnakes, 1027–1028sea snakes, 1074–1075wasps and yellow jackets, 956–957weever fi sh, 1120
Belladonna alkaloids, 776–783Benzoic acid, food additives and
sensitivities, 26Berberine, chemical composition,
505–506Berne virus, animal sources for, 204Bilobalide, toxicokinetics, 491–492Biomarkers
aconite poisoning, 739–740afl atoxin, 331akee fruit, 37S-allyl mercapturic acid, 474amatoxin, 277anisatin/veranisatin, 609aristolochic acid, 385Bacillus cereus, 92brevetoxins, 229–230camphor toxicokinetics, 410–411Campylobacter jejuni, 99Clostridium botulinum, 108Clostridium perfringens, 117colchicine, 697–698cyanobacteria, 187–188cyanogenic glycosides, 50, 765diarrhetic shellfi sh poisoning, 224domoic acid, 216eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome, 16ephedra alkaloids, 549epidemic dropsy, 13ergotism, 339Escherichia coli, 126eugenol, 440food additives and sensitivities,
29–30gastrointestinal viruses, 207ginkgotoxin, 493glycyrrhetinic acid, 542goldenseal, 507Listeria monocytogenes, 137nicotine, 812ochratoxins, 347oleander, 852–853puffer fi sh tetrodotoxins, 250
rhubarb poisoning, 86–87ricin, 723Salmonella poisoning, 145scombrotoxins, 258–259Shigella toxins, 153Staphylococcus aureus, 159Streptococci, 164toxic oil syndrome, 10–11turpentine, 670valerian, 621Veratrum alkaloids, 816–817Vibrio species, 170Yersinia enterocolitica, 177yusho/yu-cheng diagnosis, 7–8
Biotransformation/eliminationafl atoxins, 329amygdalin toxicokinetics, 764baicalin, 598camphor toxicokinetics, 409cascara anthrones, 417–419colchicine, 695cyanogenic glycosides, 50ephedra alkaloids, 547–548ergot and related compounds, 337ginger compounds, 485ginkgotoxin, 492glycyrrhetinic acid, 541–542hypericum extract, 603kava lactones, 528limonene, 639–640nicotine, 811pyrrolizidine alkaloids, 453–454
Bisabolol, chamomile, 426–427Bitis venom, composition and toxicity,
1018–1020Black cherry
botanical description, 761poisonous parts, 762–763
Black cohosh, 388–393Black locust, botanical description and
toxicity, 881–882Black pepper
aspiration, 74chemical composition and
properties, 72Blister beetles, 972–975Blue cohosh, 394–396Blue-ringed octopus, 1081–1082β-Methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA),
cyanobacteria, 181cycad seed toxicity, 54–56
Body lice. See LiceBorago offi cinalis, 397–399Boraginaceae
borage, 450pyrrolizidine-containing plants,
449–451comfrey, 449–451
INDEX
1140
Botulinum toxins. See also Clostridium botulinum, 103–110
Boxwood, botanical description and toxicity, 832
Breda virus, animal sources for, 204Brevetoxins
amnesic shellfi sh, 213ciguatera fi sh, 240, 242ciguatoxins, moray eel, 1113neurotoxic shellfi sh poisoning,
227–230Bromocriptine, medicinal uses, 336Bronchiolitis obliterans, diacetyl
exposure, 26Brown recluse. See Loxosceles (brown
recluse) spiderBuckeye, botanical description and
toxicity, 883–884Buckthorn, 834–836Budd-Chiari syndrome, pyrrolizidine
alkaloids, 454Bufadienolide
digitalis toxins, 774oleander, 848–849toads, 997–1000Urginea sanguinea, 857–858
Bufalin, toxicokinetics, 998Bufotenin, toads, 997–999Bugs, 970–975. See also specifi c types
of bugsBuilding-related illness
mold growth and, 323–324trichothecene mycotoxins, 357
Bulbs, 703–706Buttercup family, 690–692colchicine-containing plants,
693–701contact dermatitis from, 684–685daffodils, 703–706death camas, 707–709kaffi r lily, 710–711narcissus, 703–706snowdrop, 712–714zephyr lily, 716–717
Burdock root, 400–402
Cactus, 837–840Cade oil, basic properties, 522–524
CadF cell surface protein, Campylobacter jejuni, 97–99
Calamine lotionfl ea bites, 977–978toxicodendron dermatitis, 683
Calamus, 403–406Calcium channelsciguatera poisoning, 240
cone shellsclinical drugs, 1078, 1080conotoxin, 1079–1080
cyanobacteria, 185fi re corals, 1094peppermint oil, 655red whelk, tetramine 254scorpion venom, 920snake venom, 1029spider venom, 932St. John’s wort, 603
Calcium oxalateagave plant, 752begonia, 747–758cactus, 838–839century plant, 751–752cranberry juice, 458–459Dieffenbachia species, 769–771mandrake, 778narcissus, 704oleander, 850plant
dermatitis, 678mineral, 838
rhubarb, 85–87senna, 592spinach, 85tulip, 684
Caliciviruses, taxonomy and classifi cation, 201
Camphor, 407–413Campylobacter jejuni, 96–102Cancer references
afl atoxin, 325, 331allium vegetables, 442aristolochic acid, 384–385Aristolochia species, 385bladder
saccharin, 25sodium cyclamate, 25
breastcopperhead venom, 1042mistletoe, 792paclitaxel, 901
carcinogenesis andafl atoxin, 325, 327, 329–331aristolochic acid, 384–385Aristolochia species, 385butylated hydroxyanisole, 26calamus, 403–405cascara, 418cinnamon, 42citronella oil, 633comfrey, 454cycad fl our, 55–56dihydrosafrole, 584eugenol, 440food additives, 23–27
fumonisin, 325, 343glycyrrhizic acid, 541licorice, 541limonene, 641ochratoxin, 325polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs),
6pyrrolizidine alkaloids, 446, 452,
454,safrole, 462, 583–584sassafras, 583senna, 594tea tree oil, 661turpentine oil, 669
esophagealsafrole, 29
cinnamon, 29chaparral, 431–432colon
nitrates and nitrites, 27Color Additives Amendment
(1960), 22colorectal
pseudomelanosis coli, 418laxative abuse, 418senna, 594
coltsfoot, 447Food Additives Amendment (1958),
22garlic, 472gastric
chili pepper, 73nitrates and nitrites, 27
gyromitrin-containing mushrooms, 287
hepaticsafrole, 29
cinnamon, 29hepatitis B, 331
liverafl atoxin, 187, 331cyanobacteria, 187fumonisin, 343hepatitis B, 331safrole, 584
nitrates, 24oral
cinnamon-containing gum, 42nitrates and nitrites, 27
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 6renal
aristolochic acid, 384–385ochratoxins, 346
salmonellaantibiotics, 145
treatmentanguidine, 355Aristolochia species, 383
INDEX
1141
Barbados nut, root, 829cat’s claw bark, 421chaparral, 430
nordihydroguaiaretic acid, 429copperhead venom, 1042daphne, 843ginseng, 498goldenseal, 505IL-2 immunomodulation
chemotherapy, 158rhubarb, 84
Laetrile®, 760lavender, 534limonene, 637, 639–641mayapple, 788mistletoe, 792–793pokeweed, 800ricin, 721sassafras, 583skullcap, huang-qin, 596spurge family, 755squirting cucumber, 876Veratrum alkaloids, 815wisteria, 879yew, taxanes, 899, 901zephyr lily, 716
trichothecene mycotoxins, 354, 357–358
turpentine oil, 669urothelial
aristolochic acid, 384–385aristolochic acid-containing herbs,
346yu-cheng, 7
Cantharidin. See Blister beetles, 972–975
Capsaicin. See Pepper and capsaicin, 71–76
Capsid proteinsastroviruses, 203rotaviruses, 202–203
β-Carbolines, chemical composition, 559–560
Carboxyatractyloside, chemical composition, 515–516
Carcinogenesis. See Cancer referencesCardenolides
digitalis cross-reactivity, 774–775oleander, 848–849toads, 997–1000
Cardiac glycosidescommon oleander, 848–849diagnostic testing for, 850–852toads, 997–998yellow oleander, 854–856
Cardiovascular system. See also Veno-occlusive disease
batrachotoxins, 1002
blue cohosh effects, 395–396cleistanthin, 757–758colchicine, 696–697digitalis, 774–775ergot alkaloid effects on, 338–341Gila monster venom, 1010jellyfi sh venom, 1089–1093jin bu huan, 519–520mycotoxins, 325oleander, 849–854, 856rattlesnake venom, 1030scorpion venom, 918–921taxine alkaloids, 900–902toad venom, 1000Veratrum alkaloid toxins, 817viper venoms, Middle and Near
East/African vipers, 1018–1020
Carolina jessamine, 841–842Cartilaginous fi sh, classifi cation and
toxicity, 1128–1130Cascara, 414–420Cascaroside, 415–419Cassava. See Cyanogenic foods, 44–53Casticin
chemical structure, 435medicinal uses, 434–435toxicity, 435–436
Castor bean, 718–726Catechols, toxicodendron dermatitis,
679–684Caterpillars. See Moths and
butterfl ies, 988–995Catfi sh, 1121–1124Cathartics (laxatives)
aloe vera, 379–380buckthorn, 834colocynth, 443–444cascara, 414–419colchicine, 696mayapple, 788pokeweed, 800rhubarb, 84senna, 591–594
Cat’s claw, 421–424Caulophyllum thalictroides. See Blue
cohoshCentipedes, 950–953Central nervous system (CNS)
amatoxins and, 270belladonna alkaloids, 779camphor toxicity, 409–410cicutoxin toxicity, 822–824colchicine, 697galanthamine/galantamine toxicity,
704–705jin bu huan toxicity, 519–520mycotoxins, 325
neurolathyrism in, 63–65Pantherina syndrome, 298–302podophyllotoxins, 790scorpion venom toxicity, 918–921star fruit intoxication, 612–613
Century plant, 751–753Cerastes venom, composition and
toxicity, 1018–1020Cerebrospinal fl uid (CSF), botulinum
toxins, 107Cereulide toxin, Bacillus cereus, 90–92α-Chaconine, solanine toxicity, 78–80Chagas’ disease, 971Chamomile, 425–428Chamonixin, Paxillus syndrome, 313Chan Su medicine, 997Chaparral, 429–433Chaste tree, 434–436Cheiracanthium (running or sac
spiders), 941–942Chelidonine, structure and properties,
874–875Chemotherapy, taxine alkaloids,
901–902Chiggers, classifi cation and toxins,
909–911Children, gastrointestinal viruses in,
205–206Chili peppers. See Pepper and
capsaicin, 71–76Chinaberry, botanical description and
toxicity, 886–887Chinese herbal medicine and
aristolochic acid, 382–386Chan Su, 997–1000clove, 437–441Datura plants, 778–781dong quai, 461–463ginger, 482–486ginkgo tree, 488–494ginseng, 497–501goldenseal, 505–507hawthorn, 510–513jin bu huan, 518–520jinyinhua, 863–864licorice, 538ma huang, 545–550star anise, 607–610Veratrum alkaloids, 815–817
Chirodropids (multitentacled box-jellyfi sh), 1090–1091
Chokecherrybotanical description, 761poisonous parts, 763
Cholera toxins, see Vibrio species, 167–173
Chrysaloin, chemical structure, 415–416
INDEX
1142
Cicutoxinphysiochemical properties, 822mechanism of toxicity, 822–824
Ciguatoxins. See also Ciguatera fi sh poisoning and ciguatoxins, 238–246
Moray eels, 1113Cinnamomin, 408–4091,8-Cineole, toxicokinetics, 646Cinnamomum camphora. See
CamphorCinnamon, 39–43Citreoviridin, cardiac/nervous system
damage, 325Citrinin, 332
renal toxicity, 325Citronella oil, 632–634Citrus oil, 635–643Cladosporium species
in air, 320classifi cation and identifi cation,
320–324Claviceps purpurea
ergot and related compounds, 332–333
sources, 335Cleistanthin. See Cleistanthin,
diterpene esters, and thespurge family, 754–759Clitocybe mushrooms
acromelalgia (erythromelalgia), 315classifi cation and identifi cation,
303–305poisonous parts, 305
Clostridium botulinum, 103–113Clostridium perfringens, 114–119Clove and eugenol, 437–442Cnidoblast, jellyfi sh venom, 1088–1089Coagulation and
amatoxin poisoning, 278, 280barbados nut, 829bees, wasps, and ants, 961, 964blister beetles, 974caterpillar venom, 993chinaberry, 887clove oil poisoning, 440colchicine poisoning, 697–698Colubridae venom, 1060–1062dong quai, 463Elapidae, Australia, 1054–1059Escherichia coli, 127
hemolytic-uremic syndrome, 124eugenol, 439garlic, 473germander, 480Gila monster, 1010ginger, 485gingko tree, 492
ginseng, 500gyromitrin poisoning, 288Loxosceles spider venom, 937–940mayapple, 791moths and butterfl ies, 991, 993mycotoxins, 325, 354pennyroyal oil, 565sea snakes, 1075spider bites, 933, 940terrestrial snakes
Australian elapid, 1056–1058Colubrids, 1059–1062pit viper venom
Asia, 1045–1046Central and South America,
1043–1044rattlesnake venom, 1030–1033,
1036–1041viper venom, 1014, 1018–1021
toxic oil syndrome, 11Cobras
Asia, 1052–1053Middle and Near East/Africa,
1051–1052Colitis, Entamoeba histolytica,
191–193Collagen tissue disease,
osteolathyrism, 807–808Colocynth, 443–445Colombian poison-dart frog,
1000–1002Colony-forming units (CFUs), fungal
spore concentrations, 321–324Colorado River toad, 996–1000Coloring agents, food additives and
sensitivities, 28–29Coltsfoot, 446–448Colubridae, 1059–1062
geographic distribution, 1059habitat/characteristics, 1059venom composition and apparatus,
1059–1062Comfrey. See Comfrey and other
pyrrolizidine-containing plants, 449–457
Complex muscle action potentials (CMAPs), puffer fi sh tetrodotoxins, 248
Cone shells, 1078–1081Conium alkaloids. See Poison
hemlock, 796–799Conotoxins, cone shell venom,
1079–1081Contact dermatitis. See DermatitisConvulsions. See SeizuresCopperhead snakes, 1041–1042Coprine. See Inky cap and coprine
toxicity, 294–297
Coralsfi re corals, 1093–1094hard coral, 1097soft coral, 1097–1098
Coral snakesCentral and South America,
1050–1051North America, 1046–1050
Coronavirus, taxonomy and classifi cation, 202
Cortinarius mushroomsclassifi cation and identifi cation,
307–308nephrotoxicity, 308–310poisonous parts, 308
Cottonmouth snakes, 1042–1043Cowitch. See Cowitch and horse eye
bean, 727–728Cranberry, 458–460Crotalidae polyvalent immune
(Ovine) Fab, rattlesnake antivenom (CroFab™), 1034–1036
Crotalinae. See Pit vipersCryptosporidiosis, mechanisms,
diagnosis and treatment, 193–195
Cryptosporidium parvum, 193–195Cucurbitacins
Begonia species, 747–748chemical structure and toxicity,
876–877colocynth, 443–444squirting cucumber, 876–877
Current Good Manufacturing Practices (CGMP), historical overview, 5
Cutaneous loxoscelism, 937–938Cyanobacteria, 181–199Cyanogenic foods, 44–53Cyanogenic plants, 760–767Cycad seeds, 54–58Cycasin, 47Cyclic AMP (cAMP), Vibrio species,
169Cyclospora cayetanensis, 195–197Cyclosporiasis, 195–197Cylindrospermopsin, cyanobacteria,
182–188Cytisine
Laburnum species, 889–890mescal beans, 733–734
Cytochrome P450 enzymes andafl atoxin biotransformation, 329aristolochic acid, 384–386cat’s claw, 423colchicine, 695–696cranberries, 459–460
INDEX
1143
eugenol, 439–440ginkgotoxin, 492–493limonene, 639nicotine and, 811pyrrolizidine alkaloid
biotransformation, 453–454valerian, 620
Cytokines, Staphylococcus aureus, 158
CytotoxicityLoxosceles spider venom, 936–939viper venoms, Middle and Near
East/African vipers, 1018–1020
Daffodils. See Narcissus bulbsDaphne, 843–844Datura. See Jimson weed and other
belladonna alkaloids, 776–783
Deadly nightshade. See DaturaDeath camas, 707–709Decontamination
aconite poisoning, 72Akee fruit, 37amatoxins, 276belladonna alkaloids, 781camphor, 411cicutoxin, 824ciguatoxins, 244colchicine, 699ergot, 340jellyfi sh, 1092nicotine, 812oleander, 853pennyroyal, 566podophyllotoxins, 790rhubarb poisoning, 89ricin, 723toxicodendron dermatitis, 683
Dehydration assessment, gastrointestinal viruses, 207
Dendrolimiasis, caterpillar venom, 992–993
Deoxynivalenol (DON), trichothecene, 349–358
Dermatitis. See also Skin effectscantharidin, 973–974caterpillar venom, 991–993century plant, 751–572daffodil bulbs, 704–705limonene, 639–641plant products, 677–687
airborne contact phytodermatitis, 685
allergic phytodermatitis, 678–679bulbs, 684–685irritant contact dermatitis, 677–678
phytophotodermatitis, 685–687toxicodendron dermatitis,
679–684trees, 685
sponge toxins, 1103spurge family toxins, 757–758tansy exposure, 615–616tea tree oil, 659–660Wisteria species, 879–880
Diabetes mellitus, germander, 477–479
Diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS)clinical responses to, 355trichothecene, 349–358
Diacetyls, bronchiolitis obliterans, 26Diarrheal toxins
Bacillus cereus, 90–92Yersinia enterocolitica, 174–178
Dieffenbachia species, 768–772Difuranocoumarin derivatives,
afl atoxins, 327Digitalis. See Digitalis-containing
fl owers, 773–775common oleander, 848–854epidemic dropsy, 13Veratrum alkaloids, 817yellow oleander, 854–856yew, 900
Dihydroergotamine (DHE), medicinal uses, 335–336
Dihydroergotoxine mesylate, medicinal uses, 336
Dihydrosanguinarine, epidemic dropsy, 12
Dinofl agellatesciguatoxins, 238paralytic shellfi sh poisoning,
saxitoxins, 231–232Dinophysistoxins (DTX1/DTX2),
diarrhetic shellfi sh poisoning, 222–224
Dinophysis, diarrhetic shellfi sh poisoning, 222
Distribution half-lifebaicalin, 598camphor, 409colchicine compounds, 695ephedra alkaloids, 547ergot and related compounds, 337ginkgotoxin, 492
Diterpene compoundsesters, 754
spurge family, 755–756Aristolochia species, 384Atractylis species, 515chaste tree, 485germander, 479juniper oil
α-Pinene, 523lactones
ginger, 483gingko tree,
ginkgolides, 490rhododendron
grayanotoxin, 870rosemary, 575–576skullcap, 598yellow bird-of-paradise, 749yew
taxicins, 900Djenkol bean, 59–61Dogbane family, 847–860
common oleander, 847–854odollam tree, 857–858Urginea sanguinea, 857–858yellow oleander, 854–857
Dogfi sh, 1124Dog laurel, 845–846Domoic acid. See also Amnesic
shellfi sh poisoning and domoic acid, 212–217
Paxillus syndrome, 313–314Dong quai, 461–463Dracotoxin, weever fi sh, 1120–1121Drug interactions
amatoxins, 275colchicine, 695Echinacea species 571–572ephedra alkaloid, 548ergot, 337–338feverfew, 467ginger, 485ginkgotoxin, 492–493ginseng, 500–501kava lactone, 528licorice, 541limonene, 639passionfl ower extract, 560peppermint oil, 655–656saw palmetto, 588silibinin, 555–556skullcap, 598St. John’s wort, 603–604valerian, 620
Dye materials, tung oil, 663–664Dysrhythmia (Arrhythmia)
aconite, 738–740anticholinergic poisoning, 781colchicine, 696coprine toxicity, 296death camas, 709ephedra alkaloids, 548epinephrine, 963ergotamine, 240ethanol, 296frog poisoning, 1002
INDEX
1144
Dysrhythmia (Arrhythmia) (cont’d)funnel-web spider envenomation,
933goldenseal, 507hawthorn extract, 512jellyfi sh envenomation, 1090,
1092ma huang, 548mistletoe tea, 794oleander poisoning, 853, 856–857pokeweed poisoning, 817puffer fi sh ingestion, 250Rhododendron species,
grayanotoxins, 871–872scombroid fi sh poisoning, 257scorpion envenomation, 919shigellosis, 153spurge family (Cleistanthus
collinus), 757–758stingray envenomation, 1129stonefi sh envenomation, 1119toad venom, 999Veratrum alkaloids, 804Vibrio cholerae, 169–170water dropwort, 823water hemlock, 823yew berry ingestion, 901
E-cadherins, Listeria monocytogenes, 134–135
Encephalopathy, neem oil toxicity, 649–651
Echinacea species. See Purple conefl ower and other echinacea species, 568–573
Echis venom, composition and toxicity, 1018–1020
Eggplant. See Solanine toxicityEggs, Salmonella contamination,
142–143Elapidae
Asia, 1052–1053Australia, 1053–1059
geographical distribution, 1053–1054
habitats/characteristics, 1054venom composition and apparatus,
1054–1059Central and South America,
1050–1051Middle and Near East/Africa,
1051–1052North American coral snakes,
1046–1050geographic distribution,
1046–1048habitats and characteristics,
1048–1049
treatment, 1049–1050venom toxins and apparatus, 1049
Elderberry. See Cyanogenic plants and Laetrile®, 762–767
Eleostearic acid, chemical structure and toxicity, 664
Eliminationafl atoxins, 329–330amatoxins, 274baicalin, 598belladonna alkaloid toxins, 781camphor, 411cicutoxin, 824colchicine, 695ephedra alkaloids, 548ergot and related compounds, 337,
340ginkgotoxin, 492glycyrrhetinic acid, 541–542hypericum extract, 603kava lactones, 528limonene, 639nicotine, 812–813podophyllotoxins, 790rattlesnake venom, 1034
Emetic bulbs, 703–705Emetic syndrome
Bacillus cereus, 89–91Staphylococcus aureus, 158–159
Emulsifi ers, food additives and sensitivities, 28
Endotoxins, cyanobacteria, 183–188End-stage renal disease (ESRD),
enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), 124
Entamoeba histolytica, 191–193Enteric adenoviruses, taxonomy and
classifi cation, 203Enteric fever, Salmonella poisoning,
145Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli,
124–125Enterocolitis, Salmonella poisoning,
144Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC),
122–131Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC),
123–130Enteropathogenic E. coli, 123–131Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC),
123–131Environmental exposure
afl atoxins, 328Bacillus cereus, 89botulinum toxins, 103–105Campylobacter jejuni, 96Clostridium perfringens, 114cyanobacteria, 182–183
ergot and related compounds, 335Escherichia coli, 120food additives and sensitivities,
22–23fumonisins, 342gastrointestinal viruses, 204Listeria monocytogenes, 135ochratoxins, 344–345Shiga enterotoxins, 152–153Stachybotrys, 351–352Staphylococcus aureus, 156Streptococci, 162trichothecene mycotoxins, 352Vibrio species, 167Yersinia enterocolitica, 174
Eosinophilia, toxic oil syndrome, 11Eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome,
13–16Ephedra alkaloids. See Ma Huang,
546–552Ephedrine, chemical structure,
637–639Epidemic dropsy, 11–13Epinephrine
chemical structure, 637–639hymenoptera sensitivity reactions,
963Eptifi batide, pygmy rattlesnake, 1041Ergometrine, historical overview, 333Ergotamines, 335–338Ergot and related compounds,
332–340interactions, 337–338
Ergotism, historical overview, 5, 332–333
Erucism, caterpillar venom, 992Erythromelalgia, Paxillus syndrome,
315Escherichia coli, 120–132
cranberries, 459–460β-Escin, buckeye, 883–884Estimated daily intake (EDI), food
additives and sensitivities, 23–24
Eucalyptus oil, 644–647Eugenol. See Clove and eugenol,
437–442European bittersweet, 803–805Exendins, composition, 1009Exfoliatins A/B, Staphylococcus
aureus, 156–159Eye irritation, sea cucumbers, 1109
Fabaceae familybird-of-paradise, 749black locust, 881cassava
cyanogenic glycosides, 44–45
INDEX
1145
cowitch, 727cyanogenic glycosides, 760golden chain tree, 889grass pea, 62horse eye bean, 727hound’s tongue, 450, 452jequirity bean, 729licorice, 537lupines, 784mescal bean, 733pea, 806–807phytophotodermatitis, 686pyrrolizidine-containing plants, 449senna, 591sweet pea, 806Texas mountain laurel, 733wisteria, 879
Falcarinol, 865False lupine. See Lupines and false
lupineFalse morels, gyromitrin, 283–286Ferulic acid, dong quai, 462–463Feverfew, 465–469
airborne contact dermatitis, 685Fibrolase, copperhead snakes, 1042Fire ants, 956–965Fire corals, 1093–1094Fireworms, 1109–1110First aid protocols
chirodropids, 1091coral snake venom, 1049–1050Elapidae, Australia, 1057Irukandji syndrome, 1091–1093lionfi sh, scorpionfi sh, and stonefi sh,
1119rattlesnake venom, 1033–1034scorpion bites, 921sea snake venom, 1076
Fish poisoning. See also Shellfi sh poisoning
bony fi sh, 1115–1125cartilaginous fi sh, 1128–1130catfi sh, 1121–1124ciguatoxins, 238–246dogfi sh, 1124ichthyotoxic acute renal failure, 1125lionfi sh, scorpionfi sh, and stonefi sh,
1115–1120porcupine fi sh, 1124–1125rabbitfi sh, 1124scombrotoxin, 256–260tetrodotoxin, puffer fi sh, 245–252toadfi sh, 1124weever fi sh, 1120–1121
Flagellar antigens, Listeria monocytogenes, 134
Flavonoid, fl avonoidsAllium species, 472
garlic, 472antioxidants, 511cranberry, 459glycosides, ginkgo tree, 489–491hawthorn, 511passionfl ower, 559–560yellow bird-of-paradise, 749–750
Flavonolignanschemical structure, 554–555milk thistle, 553–557
Fleas, 976–978Fly agaric mushrooms
classifi cation and identifi cation, 298–302
Pantherina syndrome, 298–302poisonous parts, 301–302
Flies. See Flies and mosquitoes, 979–982
Food additives and sensitivities, 22–33aloe vera, 378calamus, 403–404cinnamon, 40–42cyanogenic glycosides, 50
Food allergies, Paxillus syndrome, 312–315
Food contaminationafl atoxins, 328aristolochic acid, 385Bacillus cereus, 90botulinum toxins, 104, 106–107Campylobacter jejuni, 96Clostridium perfringens, 115cyanobacteria, 183ergot and related compounds, 335Escherichia coli, 121fumonisin toxins, 342gastrointestinal viruses, 204Giardia lamblia, 197–198historical overview, 5Listeria monocytogenes, 133–134mycotoxins, 318–319ochratoxins, 345Salmonella, 142Shiga enterotoxins, 151Staphylococcus aureus, 157Streptococci, 162–163trichothecene mycotoxins, 352–355Vibrio species, 168Yersinia enterocolitica, 175
Food processingazaspiracid poisoning and toxins,
218–219Bacillus cereus, 90botulinum toxins, 104Campylobacter jejuni, 97ciguatoxins, 239Clostridium perfringens, 115eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome, 16
epidemic dropsy, 12Escherichia coli, 121–122gastrointestinal viruses, 204Listeria monocytogenes, 134paralytic shellfi sh poisoning,
saxitoxins, 232puffer fi sh tetrodotoxins, 248Salmonella, 143scombrotoxin, 256–257Shiga enterotoxins, 151Staphylococcus aureus, 157Streptococci, 163tetramine, in red whelk, 253–254toxic oil syndrome, 9Yersinia enterocolitica, 175yusho/yu-cheng epidemiology
and, 6Food storage recommendations,
food additives and sensitivities, 27
Foreign body removalcactus spines, 839Gila monster/beaded lizards,
1010–1011ticks, 912
FoxA receptor, Yersinia enterocolitica, 176
Frangula purshiana. See CascaraFrogs, Colombian poison-dart frog,
1000–1002Fructans, burdock root, 400–401Fruit kernels. See Cyanogenic foods,
44–53Fumonisin, 341–343Fungal poisoning. See Mushrooms,
Mycotoxinscactus, 838–839
Fungal spore concentrations, sampling techniques, 321–324
Fusarium fungifood sources, 318–319Kashin-Beck disease, 326reproductive system toxicity, 326trichothecene toxins, 351zearalenone toxins, 357–358
F wave latenciespuffer fi sh tetrodotoxins, 250saxitoxin-induced paralytic shellfi sh
poisoning, 235
Galanthamine/galantamine compounds
chemical structure, 704narcissus, 703–705snowdrop, 712–714
Galerina mushrooms, 267–271Gambierdiscus toxicus, ciguatoxins,
238–239
INDEX
1146
γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)cycad fl our, 56ginkgo tree
ginkgotoxin, 491kavalactones, 526–527mushrooms
Pantherina syndrome, 298–302St. John’s wort, 601star fruit intoxication, 612–613tetramine
red whelk, 254valerian, 618
Garlicbotanical description, 470historical overview, 470
Gastrointestinal effectsamatoxins, 274–275barbados nuts, 830belladonna alkaloids, 780–781black cohosh, 391–392blister beetle, 974camphor, 409–410cascara anthrones, 417–419cicutoxin, 822–824ciguatoxins, 242colchicine, 696ergot and related compounds,
336–339ginkgotoxin, 493goldenseal, 507jequirity bean, 730–731mistletoe, 793–794mushroom ingestion, 288–291narcissus bulbs, 704–705nicotine, 811–812oleander, 856podophyllotoxins, 790pyrrolizidine alkaloids, 454red baneberry, 745–746ricin, 720–724spurge family, 757–758trichothecene mycotoxins,
354–355turpentine, 669zephyr lily, 716–717
Gastrointestinal viruses, 202–211Gelsemium sempervirens
botanical description, 841mechanism of toxicity, 841–842
Gelsemine, structure and toxicity, 841–842
Germander, 477–481Giardia lamblia, 197–198Gibberella species
fumonisins, 341–343trichothecene toxins, 351
Gila monster, 1008–1012Gilatoxin, composition, 1009
Ginger, 482–487gingerols, 483–486
Ginkgo tree, 488–496Ginseng, 497–503Ginsenoside compounds
chemical structure, 499–500toxicokinetics, 500–501
Glory lily, colchicine, 693–700Glucans, fungal growth and, 324Glucomannans, aloe vera, 378Glycoalkaloids
content, 805nightshade, 804solanine, 77–82structure, 78
Glycoproteins, black locust, 881–882Glycyrrhetinic acid, 540–541Glycyrrhizic acid
chemical composition, 538–539medicinal uses, 538physical properties, 539
Golden chain tree, 889–891Goldenseal, 504–509Gonionemus vertens, classifi cation and
characteristics, 1093Gonyautoxins
paralytic shellfi sh poisoning, 231–235
mechanism of toxicity, 233Granulomata, cactus spines, 839Grass pea. See Grass pea and
neurolathyrism, 62–66Grayanotoxin. See Rhododendrons
and grayanotoxins, 870–873Guar gum, food additives and
sensitivities, 28Gummiferin, chemical composition,
515–516Gyromitrin. See False morel and
gyromitrin poisoning, 285–289
Haitian solenodon, 1133Hallucinogenic compounds
belladonna alkaloids, 778–781calamus, 405century plant, 751–752ergot and related compounds,
332–333mescal beans, 733–734myristicin and, 68–69Pantherina syndrome, 298–302
Hard coral, classifi cation and characteristics, 1097
Harmala alkaloids, passionfl ower, 560
Harvest mites, classifi cation and toxins, 909–911
Hawthorn, 510–512Head lice. See LiceHealth surveillance, ochratoxins, 347Helothermine, composition, 1009Helvellic acid, gyromitrin toxins,
283–286Hemlock. See Poison hemlock; Water
hemlockHemolysins
hemolysin BL (HBL), Bacillus cereus, 91–92
Listeria monocytogenes, 135Hemolytic-uremic syndrome
abnormalities, 126–127enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC),
123–125Shigella toxins, 151–152treatment, 127–128
Henbane. See Hyoscyamus niger (Henbane)
Hepatic aminotransferase, yusho/yu-cheng diagnosis, 8
Hepatotoxicity (hepatitis, hepatotoxin)
afl atoxin exposure, 330–331amatoxins, 272–274, 277–278black cohosh, 391–392cascara, 417–419chaparral, 431chaparral leaf, 479clove, 439comfrey, 449–455cyanobacteria, 181–186, 183–186Echinacea species, 571gentian, 479hops, 479jin bu huan, 518–520kavalactones, 527–529mistletoe, 479mycotoxins, 325pennyroyal, 566–567pyrrolizidine alkaloid-containing
herbs, 479ricin, 723senna fruit extracts, 479skullcap, 479, 598tetrahydropalmatine, 518–520valerian, 479
Histaminesbee venom, 957–958scombrotoxin, 254–257
Holly, 861–862Honeysuckle, 863–864Hornets. See VespidsHorse eye bean, chemical structure
and toxicity, 727–728Hot fl ashes, treatment of
black cohosh extract, 391
INDEX
1147
Human botulism immune globulin (BabyBIG), 109
Human immunodefi ciency virus. See AIDS
Hyacinth bulbs, contact dermatitis from, 684
Hyaluronidase, bee venom, 957–958Hydrangea
botanical description, 761principal toxins, 762
Hydrastine, chemical structure, 505–506
Hydrazine compounds, gyromitrin, 284–286
Hydroids. See also specifi c speciesclassifi cation and characteristics,
1093–1096Hydroxyaloin, aloe vera, 378Hydroxyanthraquinone compounds,
rhubarb, 85Hydroxynitrile compounds,
cyanogenic plants, 763Hyoscyamus niger (Henbane), toxins
in, 779Hyperbilirubinemia
amatoxin-containing mushrooms, 278
castor beans, 721chaparral, 432colchicine-containing plants, 698germander, 480goldenseal, 507–508kava, 529pyrrolizidine alkaloids, 455spurge family, 757Water hemlock and water dropwort,
823Hyperforin, 603–604Hypericin, 603–604Hypericum extract
chemical composition, 601–602mechanism of action, 602medicinal uses, 600–601
Hyperkalemiabees, 961digitalis poisoning, 775
foxglove, 774hornets, 961mushrooms
amatoxin-containing, 279rhabdomyolysis, 314
odollam tree, 857oleander, 849–850, 852–854, 856pine thistle, atractyloside, 516rattlesnake envenomation, 1039,
1056rue, 581sea snake envenomation, 1075–1076
scorpion envenomation, 920spider envenomation, 940star fruit, 612toad
soap, 999venom, 999–1000
wasps, 961Hypernatremia
Bacillus cereus, 92Campylobacter jejuni, 99Clostridium botulinum, 108Clostridium perfringens, 117Escherichia coli, 126Listeria monocytogenes, 137pine thistle, atractyloside, 516Shiga enterotoxins, 153Staphylococcus aureus, 159Vibrio cholerae, 170Yersinia enterocolitica, 177
HyponatremiaBacillus cereus, 92Campylobacter jejuni, 99Clostridium botulinum, 108Clostridium perfringens, 117Colchicine poisoning, 698Escherichia coli, 126Listeria monocytogenes, 137oleander, 853–854pine thistle, atractyloside, 516scorpion envenomation, 920Shiga enterotoxins, 153Staphylococcus aureus, 159Vibrio cholerae, 170Yersinia enterocolitica, 177
Hyperoxaluria, rhubarb poisoning, 87Hypersensitivity reactions. See also
Anaphylactoid reactionsallergic phytodermatitis, 678–679ants, wasps, and bees, 957–965azadirachtin, 649–650begonia compounds, 748black locust toxins, 881–882bugs, 971jellyfi sh venom, 1089–1093mycotoxin-induced pneumonitis,
324–326neurolathyrism, 62rattlesnake antivenom, 1035–1038ricin/castor beans, 722tea tree oil, 659–660ticks, 912toxicodendron dermatitis, 679–684yarrow, 624–625
Hypertriglyceridemia, toxic oil syndrome, 11
Hypocalcemiaargemone oil, epidemic dropsy, 13colchicine poisoning, 698
beaded lizard envenomation, 1010dieffenbachia, oxalate-containing
plants, 771Gila monster envenomation, 1010mushrooms, orellanine-containing,
310rhubarb, 86
calcium oxalate, 86oxalate poisoning, 87
scorpion envenomation, 920sea snake envenomation, 1075–1076spurge family, 756–758toad venom, 999
Hypofi brinogenemia, rattlesnake venom, 1030
Hypoglycemia, Akee fruit, 37Hypoglycin A.
akee fruit, 35biomarkers, 37
HypokalemiaAkee fruit, Jamaican vomiting
sickness, 37Bacillus cereus, 92cascara, 417, 419cleistanthin, 757–758Campylobacter jejuni, 99Clostridium botulinum, 108Clostridium perfringens, 117colchicine, 698Escherichia coli, 126licorice, 539–542Listeria monocytogenes, 137Monkshood, aconite poisoning, 740mushrooms, gastroenteritis
producing, 292senna, 593–594Shiga enterotoxins, 153Staphylococcus aureus, 159Vibrio cholerae, 169–170Yersinia enterocolitica, 177
Hyposensitization, toxicodendron dermatitis, 683–684
Hypotensioncyanogenic compound ingestion, 49,
51cycad seed ingestion, 56food contamination
Staphylococcus aureus, 158Streptococcus species, 163
mushroom ingestionCoprinus mushroom, 296muscarine-containing mushrooms,
306Paxillus syndrome, 313, 315
seafood poisoningciguatera, 213, 238–245mussels, 216paralytic shellfi sh, 233–235
INDEX
1148
Hypotension (cont’d)puffer fi sh, 213, 249–250scombroid fi sh, 213, 257–258
solanine poisoning, 80
Ibotenic acidPantherina syndrome, 298–302mechanism of toxicity, 300
Ichthyotoxic acute renal failure, 1125Illudin S, mushrooms, 285–288Immune system, mycotoxins, 325Immunoassays, oleander toxicity
diagnosis, 850–853Immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies,
Yersinia enterocolitica, 177Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies
food additives and sensitivities, 27mycotoxins and, 324–326
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies, Yersinia enterocolitica, 177
Immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies, Yersinia enterocolitica, 177
Immunosuppressed patients, gastrointestinal viruses in, 205
Immunotherapy, hymenoptera sensitivity reactions, 965
Impilabotanical description, 514diagnosis and treatment, 516exposure sources, 514–515historical background, 514physiochemical properties, 515
Infant botulismdose response, 106–107mechanism of toxicity, 105–106treatment, 108–109
Infectious diseases, mycotoxins and, 324–326
Ingestion, turpentine toxicity, 668–669
Inhalationblack pepper, 74botulism, 108chili peppers, 74ricin/castor beans, 721–722turpentine toxicity, 668–669
Inky cap mushroomclassifi cation and identifi cation, 294poisonous parts, 295
Inocybe mushroomsclassifi cation and identifi cation,
303–306poisonous parts, 305
Insects, mites and ticks, 909–912Intercellular spread protein (IcsA),
Shigella toxicity mechanisms, 152
Internalin, Listeria monocytogenes toxicity, 134
Intestinal parasitesCryptosporidium parvum, 193–
195Cyclospora cayetanensis, 195–197Entamoeba histolytica and
amebiasis, 191–193Giardia lamblia, 197–198
Invasion plasmid antigen complex, Shigella toxicity mechanisms, 151
Involution, Paxillus syndrome, 313Ion channels, scorpion venom and,
916Irukandji syndrome, toxicity and
treatment, 1090–1093Ischemia
caterpillar venom, 991centipede envenomation, 952Clostridium perfringens, 116colchicine, 696cone shell envenomation, 1080epinephrine, 963gingko tree, 488–489jellyfi sh envenomation, 1096ma huang, 547, 549mycotoxins
ergot alkaloid, 336–340puffer fi sh, 250scombroid fi sh, 258scorpion venom, 916, 919snake venom, 1030–1031
antivenom, 1037spider venom, 936, 938–939, 941yew, taxine poisoning, 901yohimbine, 629
Isoergine, ergot and related compounds, 332–333
Isofl avonoids, Wisteria species, 879–880
Isoquinoline alkaloids, goldenseal, 505–506
Isoxazole toxins, Pantherina syndrome and, 298–302
Itai-itai, historical overview, 5Ivy, botanical classifi cation and
toxicity, 865
Jamaican vomiting sickness, 32–35Jatropha curcas, 829–830Jellyfi sh, 1085–1096Jequirity bean, 729–731Jimsonweed, 777–781Jin bu huan, 518–520Jinyinhua, structure and toxicity,
863–864Juniper oil, 522–524
Kaffi r lily, 710–711Karaka nut, botanical description and
toxicity, 892–893Karakin toxin, exposure and
toxicokinetics, 892–893Kashin-Beck disease, mycotoxins,
326Kava, 525–529KcpA protein, Shigella toxins, 151Keratoconjunctivitis, blister beetle
toxins, 974Ketones, camphor, 408–409Kidney dysfunction. See Renal
dysfunctionKissing bug, 969–971Kraits, Asia, 1052–1053
Laburnum species, botanical description and toxicity, 889–890
Lactone glycosides, cleistanthin, 756–757
Laetrile®
clinical response and treatment, 764–765
historical overview, 760sources, 761–762mechanism of toxicity, 763–764
Lancefi eld Group A, Streptococci toxins, 163
Lantadene, 867–868Lantana
botanical description, 867physiochemical properties, 867mechanism of toxicity, 868
Larrea tridentata. See ChaparralLatent period, amatoxins, 276Latex compounds, Jatropha curcas,
829–830Latrodectism, 929–931Latrodectus spiders, 926–931
antivenom, 930–931behavior, 928classifi cation and characteristics,
926–927clinical response, 929–930geographic distribution, 927–928supplemental care, 931mechanism of toxicity, 929venom composition and apparatus,
928–929Latrotoxins, 929–931Lavender, 532–535Laxatives. See CatharticsLepidoptera. See Moths and
butterfl iesLepidopterism, caterpillar venom,
992
INDEX
1149
Lepiota mushroomsmycological identifi cation and
classifi cation, 268–269poisonous parts, 273
Leptosphaeria sacchari, onyalai, 325Leukocidins, Streptococci toxins, 163Lice, 983–986Licorice, 537–541Lignans, burdock root, 400–401Ligustilide, dong quai, 462–463Lima beans, 47Limonene. See Citrus oil and
limonene, 635–643Linalool, chemical structure, 533–534Linalyl acetate, chemical structure,
533–534Linamarin, cassava, 47–48Linoleic acids, borage, 397–398Linolenic acids, borage, 397–398Lionfi sh, 1117–1120Lipidosterolic extract, chemical
structure, 587–588Lipoteichoic acid (LTA), Streptococci
toxins, 163Listeria monocytogenes 131–135Listeriolysin, Listeria monocytogenes,
133–135Listeriosis, 133–136Liver abscess, Entamoeba histolytica,
191–193Liver disease, milk thistle for
treatment of, 553–557Liver toxicity. See HepatotoxicityLizards. See Beaded lizard; Gila
monster“Locked-in” syndrome, puffer fi sh
tetrodotoxin, 245Locus of enterocyte effacement
(LEE), enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), 122
Loxosceles (brown recluse) spiders, 934–940
Loxosceles arizonica, 936Loxosceles laeta, 935–936Loxosceles reclusa, 935Loxosceles rufescens, 936
Lupaninephysiochemical properties, 785toxicokinetics, 786–787
Lupines and false lupine, 784–787Lycorine
kaffi r lily, 710–711zephyr lily, 716–717
Lycosa (wolf spider), 942Lyme disease, classifi cation and
pathology, 912Lyngbyatoxin A, cyanobacteria, 183,
185–186
Mace, botanical characteristics, 68–69
Ma huang, 545–550Malathion, lice treatments, 986Mammals
platypus, 1132–1133shrews, 1133
Mandragora offi cinarum (mandrake), 779–780
Margosa oil, 648–651Marine invertebrates. See specifi c
speciesMassasauga snake, 1040–1041Matricin, chamomile, 426–427Matsutake mushrooms, Paxillus
syndrome, 312–315Mayapple, 788–790Medical sources, botulinum toxins,
102Medicinal uses and. See also specifi c
plants and herbsAfrican blue lily, 743–744aloe vera, 378–380aristolochic acid, 383azadirachtin, 649–650black cohosh, 389–392borage, 397–398calamus, 404camphor, 408cantharidin, 972–974cascara, 414–415cat’s claw, 421–422chamomile, 426chaparral, 430–431chaste tree, 434citronella oil, 633–634citrus oil, 636–637, 639clove, 438colchicine, 694–695Colorado River toad, 997comfrey, 452–453cucurbitacins, 747–748cytisine, 889–890Datura plants, 778–781digitalis, 773–775echinacea, 569–570ephedra alkaloids, 545–550ergot and related compounds,
335–336eucalyptus oil, 644–646feverfew, 465–466galanthamine/galantamine, 704–705garlic, 471germander, 479ginger, 483ginkgo tree, 489, 491–492ginseng, 498goldenseal, 505
hawthorn, 510–511kava, 526–528lavender, 532–533licorice, 538milk thistle, 553–554mistletoe, 792–794neem/margosa oil, 886–887passion fl ower, 559pennyroyal, 564peppermint oil, 654phytolaccine, 801–802rosemary, 574–575rue, 579–580sassafras, 582–584saw palmetto, 586–587senna, 591–594skullcap, 596–597Solanum species, 804–805squirting cucumber, 876–877star anise, 607–610tansy, 614–615taxine alkaloids, 900–902tea tree oil, 658–660tung oil, 663–664valerian, 618, 620–621Veratrum alkaloids, 815–817yarrow, 623–624yohimbe bark/yohimbine, 627–628
Meliatoxins, botanical descriptions and toxicity, 886–887
Menthol compoundschemical composition, 654–655toxicokinetics, 655
Mescal bean, 733–734Methylazoxymethanol (MAM), cycad
seeds, 55–56Methylergonovine
medicinal uses, 336parenteral toxicity, 338
N-Methyl-N-formyl hydrazine (MFH), gyromitrin, 286–287
Methysergide, dose-response data, 336Mezerein, 843–844Microcystin toxins
cyanobacteria, 181–188in humans, 188in water, 187
Microcystis aeruginosa, 183, 186Milk sickness, white snakeroot
toxicity, 827Milk thistle
botanical description, 553clinical response, 557historical background, 553medicinal uses, 553–554physiochemical properties, 554–555toxicokinetics, 555–556
Millepora species, 1093–1094
INDEX
1150
Mistletoe, 792–794Mites, classifi cation and toxins,
909–911Mojave rattlesnake
antivenom, 1036–1037characteristics, 1026–1027
Molds. See MycotoxinsMonkshood, 736–739Monomethylhydrazine (MMH),
gyromitrin, 286Monosialosyl ganglioside (GM-1),
Vibrio species, 168Monosodium glutamate (MSG),
clinical response, 24Moray eel, 1112–1113Mortality
amatoxins, 276ants, wasps, and bees, 961snakebites, global distribution, 1015toxic oil syndrome, 9
Mosquitoes, 979–981Moths and butterfl ies, 988–993M proteins, Streptococci toxins, 163Multisystem failure
ants, wasps, and bees, 961–962colchicine, 696–700
Muscarine, 305–306Muscimol
Pantherina syndrome, 298–302mechanism of toxicity, 300
Musculoskeletal system, mycotoxins, 326
Mushrooms. See also specifi c mushroom species
amatoxins, 265–284Amanita species, isoxazole, 298–302ascomycetes, gyromitrin poisoning,
285–289clinical classifi cation, 268gastroenteritis-producing species,
290–293identifi cation of, 265–267muscarine-containing, 303–306orellanine-containing, 307–311Paxillus syndrome, 312–316specimen collection, 266spore identifi cation, 266–268structure, 266
Mu Tong, 382–384Mycetism/mycetismus, clinical
classifi cation, 268Mycophenolic acid, hematological and
immune system damage, 325Mycotoxic porcine nephropathy,
ochratoxins, 345–346Mycotoxins
afl atoxins, 327–332basic properties, 318
citrinin, 332classifi cation and identifi cation,
317–324ambient air sources, 319–320basic properties, 318colony-forming units, 320–321food sources, 318–319fungal spore concentrations,
321–323genera and species, 320–324occurrence, 318–320water damage and mold growth,
323–324ergot and related compounds,
333–340fumonisin, 341–343fungal genera and species, 320–
324historical overview, 317mold-related complaints, 326–327occurrence, 318ochratoxins, 343–347patulin, 347–348rubratoxins, 348target organs, 324–326trichothecenes, 348–358
alimentary toxic aleukia, 354–355building-related illness, 357carcinogenesis, 357–358clinical response, 354–358diacetoxyscirpenol, 355food-related illnesses, 354histology and pathology, 354pulmonary hemorrhage, 356–357scabby grain toxicosis, 355stachybotryotoxicosis, 356Stachybotrys mycotoxicoses,
355–357zearalenone, 358–359
Myotoxins, Paxillus syndrome, 313Myristicin, toxic characteristics, 68
Narcissus, 703–705Necine compounds, pyrrolizidine
alkaloids, 452Neem oil 648–650Nematocysts, jellyfi sh venom,
1088–1089Neoarctin, burdock root, 400–401Neoclerodane diterpenoids,
germander, 479–480Neocycasin, 45Neonatal listeriosis, clinical response,
133–134Nephrotoxicity (Renal dysfunction,
Kidney dysfunction/failure)afl atoxin, 329–330amatoxins, 271–272
aristolochic acid, 382–386Asian viper venom, 1021colchicine, 697djenkol beans, 59–60epidemic dropsy, 11ichthyotoxic acute renal failure,
1125mycotoxins, 325ochratoxins, 345–347orellanine, 307–310Paxillus syndrome, 313–315pennyroyal, 566–567pyrrolizidine alkaloids, 453–455rattlesnake venom, 1030star fruit, 612–613
Neuramidase, cholera toxins, 168–169Neurodegenerative diseases
cyanobacteria, 181cycad seed toxicity, 54
Neurolathyrism, 62–66Neuromuscular complications, toxic
oil syndrome, 10Neurotoxicity (Neurotoxin)
armed (banana) spiders, 931–932Australian funnel-web spiders,
932–934batrachotoxins, 1002blue-ringed octopus, 1081–1082botulinum, 105–106brevetoxins, shellfi sh poisoning, 229buckthorn, 834–835ciguatoxins, 240–241cone shell venom, 1079–1080coral snake venom, 1049cyanobacteria, 181–189Elapidae, Australia, 1054–1059ergot and related compounds,
337–338European viper venom, 1015–1018Latrodectus spiders, 929–931nicotine, 811–812osteolathyrism, 806–808Pantherina syndrome, psychoactive
mushrooms, 298–302Paxillus syndrome, 313–315pediculicides, 985–986puffer fi sh tetrodotoxins, 248–250rattlesnake venom, 1029scorpion venom, 916–918sea snake venom, 1075sea urchins, 1107–1108Theridiidae spiders, 930
Newts. See Salamanders and newtsNicotine
chemical structure and toxicity, 889–890
clinical response, 811–812dose response, 811
INDEX
1151
toxicokinetics, 810–811treatment, 812–813
Nitrates/nitrites, food additives and sensitivities, 27
Nit removal, lice treatment, 9863-Nitropropionic acid (3-NPA),
cardiac/nervous system damage, 325
N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor agonist
cone shell, 1079cycad seed toxicity, 54domoic acid toxicity, 215
Nonhemolytic enterotoxin (Nhe), Bacillus cereus, 91–92
Nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), chaparral, 429–432
Noroviruses, 201–203Norwegian scabies, chiggers and
harvest mites, 910–911Nutmeg, 65–67
Oaks, botanical description and toxicity, 894–895
Occupational exposure, chili peppers, 74
Ochratoxins, 343–347Octopus. See Blue-ringed
octopusOdollam tree, toxins in, 857Okadaic acid, diarrhetic shellfi sh
poisoning, 220–222Oleander
common oleander, 847–854yellow oleander, 854–857
Oleic acids, borage, 398Oleoresin compounds
capsicum, 72urushiol compounds, 681–684
OmpR-envZ, Shigella toxins, 151Onion and garlic, contact dermatitis
from, 684–685Onyalai, thrombocytopenic purpura,
325Open reading frames (ORFs)
astroviruses, 203caliciviruses, 203
Ophthalmia nodosa, caterpillar venom, 992
Orellanine, 308–310Orellanus syndrome, nephrotoxicity,
307–310Organic anion-transporting
polypeptide 1B3 (OATP1B3), amatoxins, 274
Organosulfur compounds, garlic, 470–471
Ornithogalum species, 850
Oroxylin, chemical structure, 597–598
OsmZ proteins, Shigella toxins, 151Osteolathyrism, botanical description
and toxicity, 806–808Oxalate-containing plants, 768–770Oxalic acid, structure and properties,
85–86Oxalosis, 843-N-Oxalyl-l-2,3-diaminopropanoic
acid (β-ODAP), neurolathyrism, 63
Paint materialstung oil, 663–664turpentine, 666–667
Palytoxin, soft corals, 1097–1098Panaxadiols/panaxatriols, chemical
structure, 499–500Pancreatitis, scorpion venom toxicity,
918Pancytopenia, mycotoxins, 325Pantherina syndrome, isoxazole
toxins, 298–302Paralytic shellfi sh poisoning,
saxitoxins, 231–237Paratyphoid, Salmonella poisoning,
145Parenteral toxicity
ergot compounds, 338ricin/castor beans, 721–722
Passionfl ower, 558–562Pasteurella multocida, afl atoxin and,
330Patulin toxins, 347–348Paxillus syndrome
clinical response, 314–315diagnostic testing and treatment,
315mushroom identifi cation, 312–313principal toxins, 313–314
PCDDs, yusho/yu-cheng, 6, 8PEB1 cell surface protein,
Campylobacter jejuni, 97Pederin, physiochemical properties,
973–974Pediculicide, lice treatments, 985–986Penicillin G, amatoxin therapy, 279Penicillium
in air, 320citrinin, 332classifi cation and identifi cation,
320–324food sources, 318–319mycophenolic acid, 325ochratoxins, 343–347patulin, 347–348rubratoxins, 348
Pennyroyal, 563–5672,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran
(PnCDF), yusho/yu-cheng diagnosis, 8
Pepper, 69–73Peppermint oil, 653–655Pepper tree, botanical description and
toxicity, 897–898Peptides, rattlesnake venom,
1028–1029Peripheral neuropathy, toxic oil
syndrome, 10Permethrin, lice treatments, 986Peruvoside, physiochemical properties,
854–855Peucetia viridans (green lynx spider),
942P-glycoprotein, hawthorn toxins,
512–513Phallotoxins, Amanita mushrooms,
268–271Phenethylamine derivatives, ephedra
alkaloids, 547–550Phenolic compounds
black cohosh, 389–392oaks, 894–895solanine toxicity, 79
Phenylketonuria (PKU), food additives and sensitivities, 24–30
Phidippus (black jumping spiders), 942–943
Phoneutria spiders, 931–932Phospholipases
Bacillus cereus, 91, 115–116beaded lizard, 1009bee venom, 957–958, 965catfi sh, 1122Clostridium perfringens, 114–116Gila monster, 1009Listeria monocytogenes, 134–136pepper tree, 897scorpion venom, 916sea snakes, 1075snake venom, 1015, 1020, 1028–
1030, 1043, 1053–1055, 1060spider venom, 936–937starfi sh, 1105wasps and hornets, 958
Physostigmine, belladonna alkaloid toxicity and, 781
Phytolaccine, 800–802Phytophotodermatitis, 685–687Picobirnavirus
HIV infection and, 206taxonomy and classifi cation, 203
Pine oil, 666–669Pine thistle, 514–516
INDEX
1152
Piperine, toxin structure and properties, 72
Pit vipers. See also Viperidae (vipers)
Asia, 1044–1046Central and South America,
1043–1044classifi cation and characteristics,
1021–1025copperhead species, 1041–1042cottonmouth, 1042–1043North America, 1021–1043pygmy rattlesnake and massasauga,
1040–1041scientifi c and common names,
1021–1024true rattlesnake, 1025–1040
behavior and senses, 1027–1028clinical response, 1030–1032diagnostic testing, 1032–1033geographic distribution, 1026species differences, 1026–1027treatment, 1033–1040venom composition and apparatus,
1028–1029Platypus, 1132–1133Podophyllotoxins
clinical response, 790–791toxicokinetics, 789–790
Poison hemlock, 796–798Poison ivy, poison oak, poison sumac,
toxicodendron dermatitis, 679–684
Pokeweed, 800–802Polyacetylene, ivy and falcarinol, 865Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
biomarkers, 7–8dose response, 6–7food processing, 6yusho epidemiology, 6
Polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs)
biomarkers, 7–8dose response, 6–7food processing, 6yu-cheng epidemiology, 6
Polychlorinated quaterphenyls (PCQs), yusho/yu-cheng, 6–7
Polymers, aloe vera, 378Polypeptides, rattlesnake venom,
1028–1029Polyphenolic compounds
red baneberry, 745–746rosemary, 575–576
Polysialogangliosides (GD1b/GT1b), botulinum toxins, 106
Porcupine fi sh, 1124–1125
Portuguese man-of-warclassifi cation and characteristics,
1094–1095clinical response and treatment,
1096geographic distribution and
behavior, 1095venom composition and apparatus,
1095Potassium channels, scorpion venom
and, 916–918Potatoes, 75–80Pregnancy
amatoxin toxicokinetics in, 275–276
camphor toxicokinetics, 410ciguatoxin sequelae in, 243hymenoptera-related anaphylaxis,
962podophyllotoxins and, 790St. John’s wort and, 604
Preservatives, clinical response to, 26–27
Prevention, hymenoptera sensitivity reactions, 964–965
Prickly pear cactus, as food source, 838
Procyanidins, hawthorn, 511–513Propionic acid, food additives and
sensitivities, 27Prorocentrum species, diarrhetic
shellfi sh poisoning, 213, 222–223
Protein phosphatases, cantharidin inhibition, 973–974
Protein synthesis, amatoxin mechanisms and, 274
Protoanemonin, 690–692Protoperidinium crassipes, azaspiracid
poisoning, 218–220Protozoa
Cryptosporidium parvum, 193–195Cyclospora cayetanensis, 195–197Entamoeba histolytica and
amebiasis, 191–193Giardia lamblia, 197–198
Psilocybe mushrooms, 308Psychoactive mushrooms, Pantherina
syndrome, 298–302Pubic lice. See LicePuffer fi sh and tetrodotoxin, 247–249Pulegone
chemical structure, 564diagnosis and treatment, 566–567mechanism of toxicity, 565–566
Pulmonary edemaclove toxicity, 439toxic oil syndrome, 10
Pulmonary hemorrhage, trichothecene mycotoxins, 356–357
Pulque, century plant, 751–752Purple cornfl ower, 568–572Pygmy rattlesnake, 1040–1041Pyrethrins, lice treatments, 986Pyrrolizidine alkaloids
borage oil, 398,chaparral, 431chemical structure, 451–452coltsfoot, 446–447comfrey, 449–455Echinacea species, 571hepatitis, 431, 479hepatotoxicity, 479plants, containing, 449–455tansy ragwort, 614
Quinovic acid glycosides, cat’s claw, 422–424
Rabbitfi sh, 1124Ranunculin, physiochemical
properties and toxicity, 691–692
Rapeseed oil, eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome, 14
Ratfi sh, classifi cation and toxicity, 1130
Rattlesnake (true rattlesnake), 1025–1040. See also Pygmy rattlesnake
behavior and senses, 1027–1028characteristics, 1026–1027clinical response, 1030–1032diagnostic testing, 1032–1033geographic distribution, 1026species differences, 1026–1027treatment, 1033–1040venom composition and apparatus,
1028–1029Reactive arthritis, Salmonella
poisoning, 144Red baneberry, chemical composition
and toxicity, 745–746Red tides, saxitoxins, paralytic
shellfi sh poisoning, 231–236Red whelk, tetramine, 253–255Refractory hypotension, hymenoptera
sensitivity reactions, 963Regulatory guidelines
aloe vera, 378aristolochic acid, 383borage, 398calamus, 404cascara, 415chamomile, 426chaparral, 430
INDEX
1153
chaste tree, 434cinnamon, 40citronella oil, 633citrus oil, 637clove, 438cranberries, 459dong quai, 462echinacea, 570ephedra alkaloids, 546feverfew, 466garlic, 471ginger, 483ginkgo tree, 489ginseng, 498–499goldenseal, 505hawthorn, 511hypericum extract, 601juniper oil, 523kava, 526lavender, 533medicinal uses, 659passion fl ower, 559passionfl ower extract, 559peppermint oil, 654rue, 580saw palmetto, 586–587senna, 592–594silymarin, 554star anise, 608teucrin A, 478valerian, 618yarrow, 624yohimbe bark/yohimbine, 628
Reiter’s syndrome, Salmonella poisoning, 142
Respiratory dysfunction. See also Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); Pulmonary edema; Pulmonary hemorrhage
blue-ringed octopus venom, 1081–1082
brevetoxins, 229clove toxicity, 439echinacea, 570jellyfi sh venom, 1089–1093mycotoxins, 326peppermint oil toxicity, 655–656rattlesnake venom, 1030–1031scorpion venom toxicity, 919–921turpentine toxicity, 669
Reye’s syndromeafl atoxin exposure and, 330–331neem oil toxicity, 649–651pyrrolizidine alkaloids, 454
Rhabdomyolysisamatoxin-containing mushrooms,
269
Bacillus cereus, 92bees, wasps, and ants, 959, 961–962,
964belladonna alkaloids, 781centipedes, 952colchicine-containing plants, 696,
698gyromitrin-containing mushrooms,
287licorice, 541Paxillus and other mushroom
syndromes, 314–315poison hemlock, 798ricin, 723–724sea snakes, 1075–1076scorpions, 920soft coral, palytoxin poisoning,
1098spiders, 933terrestrial snakes, 1017, 1021, 1033,
1038–1039, 1041, 1044, 1046, 1050, 1054, 1056–1057
water hemlock and water dropwort, 823
Rhamnus species, cascara and, 414Rhinitis, tansy exposure, 615–616Rhododendrons, 870–872Rhubarb, 82–85Ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP),
camphor, 408Rice oil disease. See Yusho (rice oil
disease)Ricin. See Castor bean and ricin,
718–726Robinetin, structure and toxicity,
881–882Rosemary, 574–576Rotaviruses, 202–207Rubratoxins, 348Rue, 579–581Russell’s viper, venom composition
and apparatus, 1020–1021
Saccharin, clinical response, 25Safrole
chemical structure, 583food additives and sensitivities, 29mechanism of toxicity, 583–584
Seizures (convulsions)Aconitum species, aconite
poisoning, 739akee fruit, Jamaican vomiting
sicknesss, 36angel’s trumpet fl ower/tea ingestion,
779bee envenomation, 961borage oil ingestion, 398botulism, 107
camphor poisoning, 407, 409–411Carolina jessamine ingestion,
841chinaberry fruit, 886ciguatera fi sh poisoning, 242clove oil ingestion, 439colchicine-containing plant
ingestion, 697contaminated mussels, 216coral snake envenomation, 1049cyanogenic
foods, 51plants, 765
ephedra alkaloids, 548–549ma huang, 548
ergot alkaloids, 338–339Escherichia coli infection, 124eucalyptus oil ingestion, 646fi re ant stings, 962food additives
aspartame, 24fungus, 317germander, 478gingko seed consumption,
491–494golden chain tree seeds, 889goldenseal, 507horse chestnut ingestion, 884jequirity bean ingestion, 731Jerusalem cherry ingestion, 804jimsonweed intoxication, 780–781karaka nut ingestion, 892–893lice infestation
treatment, 985Listeria monocytogenes infection,
135Laetrile®, 763man-of-war sting, 1096mushroom poisoning, 269–270, 286–
288, 331–332mayapple ingestion, 790neem oil ingestion, 649–651nicotine ingestion, 811–813oxalate-containing plants, 86pennyroyal, 563–566pine thistle ingestion, 516poison hemlock, 798pokeweed leaf tea, 801puffer-fi sh poisoning, 250Rhododendron species, mad honey
ingestion, 871St. John’s wort, 603–604Salmonella infection, 145scabies infestation
treatment, 911scorpion envenomation, 918–919,
921Shigella infections, 152
INDEX
1154
Seizures (convulsions) (cont’d)shrew venom, 1133snake envenomation, 1031, 1056solanine poisoning, 80spider envenomation, 929, 939star anise tea, 608–610star fruit ingestion, 612stingray envenomation, 1129stonefi sh envenomation, 1119tansy oil ingestion, 616toad poisoning, 999treatment
colocynth, 443valerian, 618
turpentine ingestion, 668–670Veratrum intoxication, 817Vibrio cholerae infection, 169water hemlock/dropwort ingestion,
823–824white snakeroot, milk sickness,
827yew seed ingestion, 899
Shockaconite poisoning, 739anaphylactic
bee stings, 960–961burdock, 401snake envenomation
epinephrine, 1037vasopressors, 963yew needles, 901
bee stings, 959epinephrine, 963
camphor poisoning, 411cardiogenic
colchicine-containing plants, 697–699
oleander poisoning, 850, 852, 856scombroid fi sh poisoning, 258scorpion envenomation, 919–921yew leave ingestion, 901
ciguatera fi sh poisoning, 242Coprinus atramentarius mushroom
ingestion, 296electric
ciguatera fi sh poisoning, 243snake envenomation, 1033spider envenomation, 940
horse chestnut, 884hypovolemic
castor beans, 721Laetrile®, 763mistletoe tea, 794mushroom syndromes, 314pennyroyal oil, 565puffer fi sh poisoning, 250
burdock, 401scorpion envenomation, 918
septicricin, 722
snake envenomation, 1016–1017, 1034, 1056
star fruit, 612toxic shock syndrome
foodborne infections, 164Staphylococcus aureus, 156, 158
Vibrio species, 169St. Anthony’s Fire, ergot and related
compounds, 332–333St. John’s wort, 600–604Salamanders and newts
geographic distribution, 1003identifying characteristics,
1002–1003venom composition and apparatus,
1003–1005Salmonella, 141–149
garlic, 474Moray eel consumption, 1113
Salt, Clostridium perfringens inhibition, 115
Sambunigrin, physiochemical properties, 762
Sanguinarine, epidemic dropsy, 11–13Saponins
buckeye, 883–884Wisteria species, 879–880
Sapovirus, taxonomy and classifi cation, 203
Sassafras, 582–584Satratoxin, trichothecene toxins,
349–353Saw palmetto, 586–589Saxitoxin/neosaxitoxin
blue-ringed octopus, 1081–1082cyanobacteria, 186paralytic shellfi sh poisoning,
229–233Scabies, chiggers and harvest mites,
910–911Scabby grain toxicosis, trichothecene
mycotoxins, 355Scalded skin syndrome,
Staphylococcus aureus, 156Scheffl era species, calcium oxalates in,
769–771Scillaren A, chemical structure and
toxicity, 857–858Scombrotoxin, 254–257Scopolamine
chemical structure, 778toxicokinetics, 779–781
Scorpionfi sh, 1116–1120Scorpions, 914–924Sea anemones, classifi cation and
characteristics, 1096–1097
Sea cucumbers, identifying characteristics and toxins, 1109
Sea snakes, 1074–1076Sea urchins, 1106–1108Sedatives, skullcap, 596–598Senkirkine, coltsfoot, 446–447Senna, 591–594Sennosides, chemical structure,
592–594Sensory nerve action potentials
(SNAPs), puffer fi sh tetrodotoxins, 250
Sepsis, colchicine, 694–700Serotype B-E Clostridial perfringens,
115Serum sickness
bees, wasps, and ants, 959, 961Latrodectus, 931scorpions, 921terrestrial snakes, 935, 1036, 1038,
1040, 1050Sesquiterpene compounds
citronella oil, 633coltsfoot, 446–447mushrooms, 290tansy, 615–616valerian, 618–619
Sexual stimulantscantharidin, 972–974toad venom, 997–999
Shake lotions, Toxicodendron dermatitis, 683
Sheng Ma, 389Shigella species (Shiga enterotoxins),
150–155enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) and,
120–121Shogaol compounds
chemical composition, 483–484toxicity, 485–486
Shrews, 1133Sicarius species (six-eyed crab
spiders), 943Silibinin
amatoxin therapy, 279toxicokinetics, 555–556
Silicristin, chemical structure, 554–555
Silymarin complexamatoxin therapy, 279chemical structure, 554–555milk thistle, 553–557
Skeletal deformities, neurolathyrism, 63
Skin and. See also DermatitisAfrican blue lily, 743–744blister beetle toxins, 974
INDEX
1155
caterpillar venom, 991–993catfi sh toxins, 1122–1123chaparral toxicity, 431–432chiggers and harvest mites, 909–911chili peppers, 73–74fi re corals, 1094fl ea bites, 977–978Gila monster/beaded lizard venom,
1010hard corals, 1097hymenoptera sensitivity reactions,
961–965Latrodectus spider toxins, 929–931Loxosceles spider venom, 936–940plant dermatitis, 677–687podophyllotoxins, 790–791rattlesnake venom, 1029–1031sponge toxins, 1103starfi sh toxins, 1106trichothecene mycotoxins, 325–326turpentine toxicity, 669
Skullcap, 596–598Snakes. See also specifi c species
classifi cation, 1013sea snakes, 1074–1076terrestrial
Atractaspididae, 1013–1014Colubridae, 1059–1062Crotalinae, 1021–1046Elapidae, 1046–1059Viperidae, 1014–1021
Snowberry, botanical description and toxicity, 874–875
Sodium channelsarmed (banana) spider toxins,
931–932batrachotoxin mechanisms, 1002ciguatoxin mechanisms in, 240puffer fi sh tetrodotoxins, 248–249saxitoxin-induced paralytic shellfi sh
poisoning, 234scorpion venom and, 916–918Urginea sanguinea toxicity, 857–858
Sodium cyclamate, clinical response, 25
Soft coral, classifi cation and characteristics, 1097–1098
Soft tissue infection. See also Tissue damage
rattlesnake venom, 1029–1030Salmonella poisoning, 145
Solanine toxicity, 75–80Solanum species, botanical description
and toxicity, 803–805Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive
factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex, botulinum toxins, 106
Somatic antigens, Listeria monocytogenes, 134
Sorghum, toxic parts of, 47Sparteine
physiochemical properties, 785toxicokinetics, 786–787
Sphingomyelinase D, Loxosceles spider venom, 936–937
SpidersArgiope species, 941armed (banana) spider, 931–932Australian funnel-web spiders,
932–934Cheiracanthium species, 941–942Latrodectus species, 926–931Loxosceles (brown recluse),
934–940Lycosa (wolf spider), 942necrotizing arachnidism, 941overview, 925Peucetia viridans (green lynx), 942Phidippus (black jumping spiders),
942–943Sicarius (species), 943Tegenaria agrestis (hobo spider),
943Theridiidae species, 930
Sponges, 1102–1103Spore concentrations, mycotoxin
measurements, 322–324Sporidesmin, liver toxicity, 325Squirting cucumber, botanical
description and toxicity, 876–877
Stabilizers, food additives and sensitivities, 28
Stachybotryotoxicosis, historical overview, 349
Stachybotrys fungirespiratory tract, 326, 356–357
Stachybotrys mycotoxicoses, 355–356Stachybotryotoxicosis
clinical effects, 356hematological and immune system,
325Staphylococcus aureus, 154–157Star anise, 607–610Starfi sh, 1105–1106Star fruit, 611–613Sterigmatocystin, afl atoxins, 327Steroids
rattlesnake venom, 1040toxicodendron dermatitis, 683
Stingray, classifi cation and toxicity, 1128–1130
Stonefi sh, 1115–1120Streptococcus, 160–163
Streptolysins, Streptococci toxins, 163
Sugarcane poisoning, cardiac/nervous system damage, 325
Sulfi tes, food additives and sensitivities, 26–27
Superantigens, Staphylococcus aureus, 158
Sweet peas, botanical description and toxicity, 806–808
Sweet potatoes. See Solanine toxicitySynaptosomal-associated protein
(SNAP-25), botulinum toxins, 106
Synaptotagmins I and II, botulinum toxins, 106
Synephrine, chemical structure, 637–639
Syntaxin, botulinum toxins, 106
Tanninsoaks, 894–895yellow bird-of-paradise, 749–750
Tansy, 614–616Tarantula
ophthalmia nodosa, 992Taste enhancers, 24–25Taxifolin, chemical structure,
554–555Taxine alkaloids
chemical structure, 900–901clinical response, 901–902toxicity, 901–902
Tazettine, chemical structure and toxicity, 716–717
Tea tree oil, 658–660Tegenaria agrestis (hobo spider), 943Terpene trilactone compounds, ginkgo
tree, 489–491Terpenoid compounds
calamus, 404mushrooms, 290turpentine, 666–670yellow bird-of-paradise, 749–750
Terpinen-4-ollavender, 533tea tree oil, 659–660
Tetrahydropalmatine, 518–520Tetramine. See Red whelk and
tetramine, 253–255Tetrodotoxin. See Puffer fi sh
poisoning and tetrodotoxin, 247–252
blue-ringed octopus, 1081–1082poison frogs, 1001–1002salamanders and newts, 1004–1005
Teucrin Achemical structure, 478–479toxicity mechanisms, 478–479
Theridiidae spiders, 930
INDEX
1156
Thermostable direct hemolysin, Vibrio toxins, 169
Thevetia cardenolidesphysiochemical properties, 854–855mechanism of toxicity, 855–856
Thrombocytopenia, rattlesnake venom, 1030
Thrombocytopenic purpura, onyalai, 325
Thromboembolism, toxic oil syndrome, 10
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)
abnormalities, 124–125enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC),
124treatment, 127–128
Thujone, chemistry and toxicity, 615–616
Tick paralysis, 912Ticks, classifi cation and toxins,
911–912Toadfi sh, 1124Toads, Colorado River toad, 996–1000Tomatidine, solanine toxicity, 79Tomatoes, 77–83Torovirus
animal sources for, 204taxonomy and classifi cation, 202
Toxicodendron dermatitispoison ivy, oak, and sumac, 679–684trees as source of, 685
Toxic oil syndrome, 6–9Toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1),
Staphylococcus aureus, 156–158
Toxi-Epi study, toxic oil syndrome, 9Transplantation, amatoxin therapy,
275Tree tobacco, 809–813Tremetone, 826–827Trichoderma species, mycotoxins, 319Tricholoma mushroom, Paxillus
syndrome, 312–315Trichothecenes, 348–358
alimentary toxic aleukia, 354–355building-related illness, 357carcinogenesis, 357–358clinical response, 354–358diacetoxyscirpenol, 355diagnosis and treatment, 358dose response, 353exposure sources, 351–353food-related illnesses, 354histology and pathology, 354historical overview, 348–349pulmonary hemorrhage, 356–357scabby grain toxicosis, 355
stachybotryotoxicosis, 356Stachybotrys mycotoxicoses,
355–357structure and physiochemical
properties, 349–351toxicokinetics, 353–354
Trimethoxyamphetamine (TMA), calamus, 405
Triterpenesblack cohosh, 389–392blue cohosh, 395cat’s claw, 422–424pepper tree, 897–898
Trombiculidae, classifi cation and toxins, 909–911
Tropane alkaloids, Hyoscyamus niger, 779
Trophozoitesamebiasis, 191–192Giardia lamblia, 197–198
Tropical ataxic polyneuropathy, cyanogenic glycosides, 47–48
l-tryptophan, eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome, 14–16
Tulip bulbs, contact dermatitis from, 684
Tung oil, 663–664Turkey X disease, afl atoxins, 327Turpentine, 666–670Tussilagone, coltsfoot, 447Type A Clostridia enterotoxin, 115Type-III secretion system (TTSS),
enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), 122
Typhoid, Salmonella poisoning, 145
Uncaria tomentosa. See Cat’s clawUpper respiratory tract infections
(URI), echinacea, 570Urginea sanguinea, 857–858Urinary tract abnormalities
cranberries, 458–460djenkol bean poisoning, 60saw palmetto, 586–588
Urushiolsdecontamination and treatment,
683ginkgo tree, 493toxicodendron dermatitis, 679–684
Valencene, chemical structure, 637–639
Valerenic acids, 618–619Valerian, 617–620V-antigen, Yersinia enterocolitica, 176Venom composition and apparatus
bees, 957–958bugs, 971
caterpillars, 991catfi sh, 1122centipedes, 951–952cobras and kraits, 1052–1053Colombian poison-dart frog, 1001cone shells, 1079–1080copperhead snakes, 1042Elapidae, Australia, 1054–1059fi re ants, 958Gila monster and beaded lizard,
1009–1010jellyfi sh, 1088–1089Latrodectus spiders, 928lionfi sh, scorpionfi sh, and stonefi sh,
1117–1118Loxosceles spiders, 936–937mosquitoes and fl ies, 980pit vipers
Asia, 1045–1046Central and South America,
1043–1044Portuguese man-of-war, 1095pygmy and massasauga rattlesnakes,
1041rattlesnakes, 1028–1029
grading system for, 1032salamanders and newts, 1003–1005scorpions, 916sea snakes, 1075sea urchins, 1107–1108stingray, 1129–1130toads, 997–998vipers
Asian vipers, 1020–1021European, 1015–1018Middle and Near East/African
vipers, 1018–1020wasps and hornets, 958weever fi sh, 1120–1121winged hymenoptera, 958–959
Veno-occlusive disease, pyrrolizidine alkaloids, 453–455
Veranisatin A, chemical structure, 608–609
Veratridine, physiochemical properties and toxicity, 816–817
Veratrum alkaloids, 707–709, 815—817
Vesicle-associated membrane protein complexes (VAMP/synaptobrevin II), botulinum toxins, 105–106
Vespids (wasps), 956–965Vibrio species, 167–169Vicianin, physiochemical properties,
762Viperidae (vipers). See also Pit vipers
Asia, 1020–1021
INDEX
1157
classifi cation and characteristics, 1014
European, 1014–1018geographic distribution, 1014–1015Middle and Near East/Africa,
1018–1020venom composition and apparatus
Asian vipers, 1020–1021European, 1015–1018Middle and Near East/African
vipers, 1018–1020Virotoxins, Amanita mushrooms,
272–273Viscerocutaneous loxoscelism,
938–939Viscotoxins, mistletoe, 793–794Vitamin K, pyrrolizidine alkaloid
toxicity, 455
Wandering jew, botanical description and principal toxins, 819–820
Wasps (vespids), 956–965Water contamination
cyanobacteria, 181–188
noroviruses, 203–204Vibrio species, 167–170
Water-damaged building, mold growth and, 323–324
Water dropwort and water hemlock, 821–824
Water moccasins, 1042–1043Weever fi sh, 1120–1121Western Diamondback rattlesnake,
characteristics, 1026–1027
Western Pacifi c amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/Parkinsonism-dementia complex
cyanogenic glycosides, 54cycad seed toxicity, 54–58
Wheel bug, 969–971White snakeroot, 826–827Widow spiders. See Latrodectus
spidersWieland-Meixner test, amatoxin
analysis, 277Wisteria species, botanical description
and toxicity, 879–880
Wogonin, chemical structure, 597–598Wolf spider. See Lycosa (wolf spider)
Yarrow, 623–625Yellow bird-of-paradise, botanical
description and principal toxins, 749–750
Yersinia enterocolitica, 172–176Yew, 899–901Yohimbe bark/yohimbine 627–630Yop effectors, Yersinia enterocolitica,
174ystA gene, Yersinia enterocolitica, 174Yst enterotoxin, Yersinia
enterocolitica, 176Yu-cheng, 3–6Yusho (rice oil disease), 3–6
Zearalenonereproductive system, 326structure and effects of, 358–359
Zephyr lily, 716–717Zoanthids, palytoxin, 1097–1098Zoonoses, Giardia lamblia, 197–198