Copyright © SEL 2010 Advancements in Transmission Line Protection and Fault Location Brian Smyth...
-
Upload
jessie-burke -
Category
Documents
-
view
221 -
download
0
Transcript of Copyright © SEL 2010 Advancements in Transmission Line Protection and Fault Location Brian Smyth...
![Page 1: Copyright © SEL 2010 Advancements in Transmission Line Protection and Fault Location Brian Smyth Lead Product Engineer.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf731a28abf838c7f31c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Copyright © SEL 2010
Advancements in Transmission Line Protection and Fault Location
Brian Smyth
Lead Product Engineer
![Page 2: Copyright © SEL 2010 Advancements in Transmission Line Protection and Fault Location Brian Smyth Lead Product Engineer.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf731a28abf838c7f31c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Today’s Focus
• Need for better line protection
• Multiterminal 87L over Ethernet
• Using time in critical applications
• Traveling wave fault location
• Validating complex protection schemes
![Page 3: Copyright © SEL 2010 Advancements in Transmission Line Protection and Fault Location Brian Smyth Lead Product Engineer.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf731a28abf838c7f31c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Line Protection Challenges
• Stressed power systems demand more from protection
• Transient stability margins
• Unusual system conditions
• 87L schemes address many problems
![Page 4: Copyright © SEL 2010 Advancements in Transmission Line Protection and Fault Location Brian Smyth Lead Product Engineer.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf731a28abf838c7f31c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Multiterminal SEL-411L Over Ethernet
![Page 5: Copyright © SEL 2010 Advancements in Transmission Line Protection and Fault Location Brian Smyth Lead Product Engineer.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf731a28abf838c7f31c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Multiterminal 87L SchemesImplementation Requirements
• Communication of current signals
♦ One-to-many data transmission
♦ Many-to-one data reception
• Current data alignment
• Algorithm suitable for multicurrent differential zones
![Page 6: Copyright © SEL 2010 Advancements in Transmission Line Protection and Fault Location Brian Smyth Lead Product Engineer.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf731a28abf838c7f31c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Traditional Three-Terminal Scheme
87L(1)
87L(2)
87L(3)
![Page 7: Copyright © SEL 2010 Advancements in Transmission Line Protection and Fault Location Brian Smyth Lead Product Engineer.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf731a28abf838c7f31c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
87L(1)
87L(2)
87L(3)
Traditional Three-Terminal Scheme
PORT 1
PORT 2
PORT 1
PORT 2
PORT 1 PORT 2
CHANNEL 1
CHANNEL 2 CHANNEL 3
![Page 8: Copyright © SEL 2010 Advancements in Transmission Line Protection and Fault Location Brian Smyth Lead Product Engineer.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf731a28abf838c7f31c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Multiterminal Alpha Plane
CT-5 CT-6T3
CT-1
CT-2
T1
CT-3
CT-4
T2
IDIF(N)
IRST(N)
I3
I2
I1
I4IN
IDIF(2)
IRST(2)
IL EQ
IR EQ
IL EQ IR EQ
IL EQ
k = IR EQ
![Page 9: Copyright © SEL 2010 Advancements in Transmission Line Protection and Fault Location Brian Smyth Lead Product Engineer.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf731a28abf838c7f31c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Faults on 87L Alpha Plane
0 180
InternalExternal
Multiterminal Alpha Plane
ILQ EQ
IRQ EQ
ILQ EQIRQ EQ
Im(k)
Re (k)
![Page 10: Copyright © SEL 2010 Advancements in Transmission Line Protection and Fault Location Brian Smyth Lead Product Engineer.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf731a28abf838c7f31c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Four-Terminal Scheme
87L(1)
87L(2)
87L(3)
87L(4)
![Page 11: Copyright © SEL 2010 Advancements in Transmission Line Protection and Fault Location Brian Smyth Lead Product Engineer.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf731a28abf838c7f31c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Four-Terminal SchemePoint-to-Point Serial?
Impractical• Number of ports and channels• Data alignment challenges
87L(1)
87L(2)
87L(3)
87L(4)
Terminals Ports Channels3 2 34 3 65 4 106 5 15
![Page 12: Copyright © SEL 2010 Advancements in Transmission Line Protection and Fault Location Brian Smyth Lead Product Engineer.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf731a28abf838c7f31c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Four-Terminal SchemeEthernet With Dedicated Fiber
87L(1)
87L(2)
87L(3)
87L(4)
SWITCHSWITCH
SWITCH SWITCH
• All relays receive all remote data• Dedicated fiber between switches• Isolated Layer 2 Ethernet network• Optionally, a ring for fiber redundancy
![Page 13: Copyright © SEL 2010 Advancements in Transmission Line Protection and Fault Location Brian Smyth Lead Product Engineer.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf731a28abf838c7f31c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
SEL-411L Implementation
• Dedicated Ethertype from IEEE
• Layer 2 Ethernet
• VLAN for multiple 87L schemes
• Extra data integrity (Ethernet CRC)
• MAC addresses to identify relays in the same scheme
![Page 14: Copyright © SEL 2010 Advancements in Transmission Line Protection and Fault Location Brian Smyth Lead Product Engineer.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf731a28abf838c7f31c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
SONET RING
MultiplexerMultiplexer
Multiplexer Multiplexer
Four-Terminal SchemeEthernet Over Protection-Class SONET
87L(1)
87L(2)
87L(3)
87L(4)
• All relays receive all data• Relay to multiplexer over Ethernet• TDM between multiplexers• Advantages of SONET
![Page 15: Copyright © SEL 2010 Advancements in Transmission Line Protection and Fault Location Brian Smyth Lead Product Engineer.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf731a28abf838c7f31c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
87L Serial vs. Ethernet Over ICON
• Point-to-point between relay and multiplexer
• One physical connection per terminal
• ICON maps serial circuits between sites
• One point-to-point connection between relay and multiplexer
• ICON delivers packets based on VLAN
SEL ICONMultiplexer
SEL-411L
IEEE C37.94, EIA-422
TDM
SEL ICONMultiplexer
SEL-411L
Ethernet
TDM
![Page 16: Copyright © SEL 2010 Advancements in Transmission Line Protection and Fault Location Brian Smyth Lead Product Engineer.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf731a28abf838c7f31c/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
87L Algorithm for Multiterminal Applications
• Tried-and-true Alpha Plane
• Generalized Alpha Plane to handle any number of currents
• External fault detection for CT saturation
• Charging current compensation
• In-line transformers
Technical paper “Tutorial on Operating Characteristics of Microprocessor-Based Multiterminal Line Current Differential Relays”
![Page 17: Copyright © SEL 2010 Advancements in Transmission Line Protection and Fault Location Brian Smyth Lead Product Engineer.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf731a28abf838c7f31c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
SEL-411L With 87L Over Ethernet
• Applicable with♦ Isolated network
with dedicated fiber
♦ Deterministic Ethernet over ICON
• Allows four-terminal applications
• Natural extension of serial applications
• Requires time for current alignment
![Page 18: Copyright © SEL 2010 Advancements in Transmission Line Protection and Fault Location Brian Smyth Lead Product Engineer.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf731a28abf838c7f31c/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Using Time in Critical Power System Applications
![Page 19: Copyright © SEL 2010 Advancements in Transmission Line Protection and Fault Location Brian Smyth Lead Product Engineer.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf731a28abf838c7f31c/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Time in Critical Applications
• Wide-area time needed for
♦ Line current differential
♦ Synchrophasors
♦ Multiended fault locators
• Need for robust time source and distribution
• Coherent time despite GPS problems
![Page 20: Copyright © SEL 2010 Advancements in Transmission Line Protection and Fault Location Brian Smyth Lead Product Engineer.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf731a28abf838c7f31c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
SONETTime Source and Distribution
• SONET keeps all multiplexers tightly synchronized
• ICON integrates GPS receivers
• GPS receivers act as redundant time inputs
• ICON provides coherent time across the network
![Page 21: Copyright © SEL 2010 Advancements in Transmission Line Protection and Fault Location Brian Smyth Lead Product Engineer.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf731a28abf838c7f31c/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Time Over ICONSimplicity
Service Module Line Module
GPS Antenna Input
IRIG-B Outputs
IRIG-B Input
IEEE 1588 Timing Protocol (Future)
![Page 22: Copyright © SEL 2010 Advancements in Transmission Line Protection and Fault Location Brian Smyth Lead Product Engineer.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf731a28abf838c7f31c/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Advanced Time Synchronization
• SEL-2488 GPS Clock
• Need a good holdover state to be reliable
• TCXO = 36us/day
• OCXO = 5us/day
![Page 23: Copyright © SEL 2010 Advancements in Transmission Line Protection and Fault Location Brian Smyth Lead Product Engineer.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf731a28abf838c7f31c/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Traveling Wave Fault Location
![Page 24: Copyright © SEL 2010 Advancements in Transmission Line Protection and Fault Location Brian Smyth Lead Product Engineer.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf731a28abf838c7f31c/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
2 11
d L v • t t2
2 1L 2d v • t t
Traveling Wave Fault LocationPrinciple of Operation
L - 2d
t2
d
t1
d
t1
![Page 25: Copyright © SEL 2010 Advancements in Transmission Line Protection and Fault Location Brian Smyth Lead Product Engineer.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf731a28abf838c7f31c/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Extracting the Waves
0.2 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.3 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38 0.4
-6000
-4000
-2000
0
2000
4000
6000
0.298 0.299 0.3 0.301 0.302 0.303 0.304 0.305-3000
-2000
-1000
0
1000
2000
3000
0.298 0.299 0.3 0.301 0.302 0.303 0.304 0.305-100
-50
0
50
100
150
10 kHz to 0.6 MHz
DC to 0.6 MHz
![Page 26: Copyright © SEL 2010 Advancements in Transmission Line Protection and Fault Location Brian Smyth Lead Product Engineer.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf731a28abf838c7f31c/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Traveling Wave Fault Locators (TWFLs)
• Accurate
♦ Down to a tower span
♦ Regardless of line length
♦ On series-compensated and coupled lines
• Immune to limitations of other methods
♦ Fault resistance and infeed effect
♦ Changing fault resistance
♦ Not enough data due to fast fault clearance
![Page 27: Copyright © SEL 2010 Advancements in Transmission Line Protection and Fault Location Brian Smyth Lead Product Engineer.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf731a28abf838c7f31c/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
SEL Designed a TWFL Before ...
Dr. Schweitzer’s work in the mid-1980s for Bonneville Power Administration (dc lines)
![Page 28: Copyright © SEL 2010 Advancements in Transmission Line Protection and Fault Location Brian Smyth Lead Product Engineer.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf731a28abf838c7f31c/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
SEL-411L Implementation
• Current-based
• Double-ended, using arrival times
• 87L channel to exchange time stamps
• Built-in traveling wave oscillography
• In parallel with impedance-based fault locator
![Page 29: Copyright © SEL 2010 Advancements in Transmission Line Protection and Fault Location Brian Smyth Lead Product Engineer.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf731a28abf838c7f31c/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
TWFL Feasibility in Protective Relays
CT Primary
CT Secondary
CAL Board Output
10 s
![Page 30: Copyright © SEL 2010 Advancements in Transmission Line Protection and Fault Location Brian Smyth Lead Product Engineer.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf731a28abf838c7f31c/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
SEL-411L TWFL Hardware
• 6 channels
• Sampling at 1.5625 MHz each
![Page 31: Copyright © SEL 2010 Advancements in Transmission Line Protection and Fault Location Brian Smyth Lead Product Engineer.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf731a28abf838c7f31c/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Traveling Wave Oscillography
![Page 32: Copyright © SEL 2010 Advancements in Transmission Line Protection and Fault Location Brian Smyth Lead Product Engineer.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf731a28abf838c7f31c/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Field Experience
• 72.78-mile 161 kV line at BPA (Goshen-Drummond)
• 18 sections with 4 different tower configurations
![Page 33: Copyright © SEL 2010 Advancements in Transmission Line Protection and Fault Location Brian Smyth Lead Product Engineer.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf731a28abf838c7f31c/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Event on April 24, 2012 60 Hz View
![Page 34: Copyright © SEL 2010 Advancements in Transmission Line Protection and Fault Location Brian Smyth Lead Product Engineer.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf731a28abf838c7f31c/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Event on April 24, 2012 Traveling Wave View
![Page 35: Copyright © SEL 2010 Advancements in Transmission Line Protection and Fault Location Brian Smyth Lead Product Engineer.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf731a28abf838c7f31c/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Event onApril 24, 2012
Front Wave
![Page 36: Copyright © SEL 2010 Advancements in Transmission Line Protection and Fault Location Brian Smyth Lead Product Engineer.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf731a28abf838c7f31c/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Event on April 24, 2012Fault Location Results
Method Miles From GoshenTwo-End Traveling Wave (SEL-411L) 68.181Two-End Impedance 66.03Single-End Impedance Relay 1 64.05Single-End Impedance Relay 2 64.15
“Using this information we asked the line crew to go to 68.181 miles and they found the flashed insulator at 68.242 miles. This was within one tower off where we said to look. The first span from 68 mile is 551 feet, the second span is 725 feet. Picture of the April 24th flashover attached.”
—Stephen Marx, BPA
![Page 37: Copyright © SEL 2010 Advancements in Transmission Line Protection and Fault Location Brian Smyth Lead Product Engineer.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf731a28abf838c7f31c/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Event on April 24, 2012Flashed Over Insulator
![Page 38: Copyright © SEL 2010 Advancements in Transmission Line Protection and Fault Location Brian Smyth Lead Product Engineer.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf731a28abf838c7f31c/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Few More Examples
Event Fault Location (Actual)
Fault Location (SEL-411L)
Flashover 68.242 mi 68.181 mi
Insulator Damage 38.398 mi 38.426 mi
Lightning Strike Under Investigation 67.76 mi
Lightning Strike Insulator Damage
![Page 39: Copyright © SEL 2010 Advancements in Transmission Line Protection and Fault Location Brian Smyth Lead Product Engineer.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062301/5697bf731a28abf838c7f31c/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Questions?