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Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved. Introduction.
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Transcript of Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved. Introduction.
Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
IntroductionIntroduction
I-2 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
ObjectivesObjectives
At the end of this lesson, you will be able to: At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
• Describe the life-cycle development phases
• Discuss the theoretical and physical aspects of a relational database
• Describe the Oracle implementation of the RDBMS and ORDBMS
• Describe how SQL is used in the Oracle product set
At the end of this lesson, you will be able to: At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
• Describe the life-cycle development phases
• Discuss the theoretical and physical aspects of a relational database
• Describe the Oracle implementation of the RDBMS and ORDBMS
• Describe how SQL is used in the Oracle product set
I-3 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
ObjectivesObjectives
• Describe the purpose of PL/SQL
• Describe the use of PL/SQL for the developer as well as the database administrator
• Explain the benefits of PL/SQL
• Describe the purpose of PL/SQL
• Describe the use of PL/SQL for the developer as well as the database administrator
• Explain the benefits of PL/SQL
I-4 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Data Storage on Different MediaData Storage on Different Media
Electronic Electronic spreadsheetspreadsheet
Filing cabinetFiling cabinet
DatabaseDatabase
SALGRADESALGRADE GRADE LOSAL HISAL
--------- --------- ---------
1 700 1200
2 1201 1400
3 1401 2000
4 2001 3000
5 3001 9999
SALGRADESALGRADE GRADE LOSAL HISAL
--------- --------- ---------
1 700 1200
2 1201 1400
3 1401 2000
4 2001 3000
5 3001 9999
DEPTDEPT DEPTNO DNAME LOC
--------- -------------- ----------
10 ACCOUNTING NEW
YORK
20 RESEARCH DALLAS
30 SALES CHICAGO
40 OPERATIONS BOSTON
DEPTDEPT DEPTNO DNAME LOC
--------- -------------- ----------
10 ACCOUNTING NEW
YORK
20 RESEARCH DALLAS
30 SALES CHICAGO
40 OPERATIONS BOSTON
I-5 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Relational Database ConceptRelational Database Concept
• Dr. E. F. Codd proposed the relational model for database systems in 1970.
• It is the basis for the relational database management system (RDBMS).
• The relational model consists of the following:
– Collection of objects or relations
– Set of operators to act on the relations
– Data integrity for accuracy and consistency
• Dr. E. F. Codd proposed the relational model for database systems in 1970.
• It is the basis for the relational database management system (RDBMS).
• The relational model consists of the following:
– Collection of objects or relations
– Set of operators to act on the relations
– Data integrity for accuracy and consistency
I-6 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Relational Database DefinitionRelational Database Definition
A relational database is a collection of A relational database is a collection of relations or two-dimensional tables.relations or two-dimensional tables.A relational database is a collection of A relational database is a collection of relations or two-dimensional tables.relations or two-dimensional tables.
DatabaseDatabase
DEPTNO DNAME LOC
10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
20 RESEARCH DALLAS
30 SALES CHICAGO
40 OPERATIONS BOSTON
DEPTNO DNAME LOC
10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
20 RESEARCH DALLAS
30 SALES CHICAGO
40 OPERATIONS BOSTON
Table Name: Table Name: DEPTDEPT
EMPNO ENAME JOB DEPTNO
7839 KING PRESIDENT 10
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 30
7782 CLARK MANAGER 10
7566 JONES MANAGER 20
EMPNO ENAME JOB DEPTNO
7839 KING PRESIDENT 10
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 30
7782 CLARK MANAGER 10
7566 JONES MANAGER 20
Table Name: Table Name: EMPEMP
I-7 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Data ModelsData Models
Model ofModel ofsystemsystem
in client’sin client’smindmind
Entity model ofEntity model ofclient’s modelclient’s model
Table modelTable modelof entity modelof entity model
Tables on diskTables on disk
ServerServer
I-8 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
• Create an entity relationship diagram from business specifications or narratives
• Scenario– “. . . Assign one or more employees to a
department . . .”– “. . . Some departments do not yet have
assigned employees . . .”
• Create an entity relationship diagram from business specifications or narratives
• Scenario– “. . . Assign one or more employees to a
department . . .”– “. . . Some departments do not yet have
assigned employees . . .”
Entity Relationship ModelEntity Relationship Model
EMPLOYEEEMPLOYEE#* #* numbernumber** namenameoo job titlejob title
EMPLOYEEEMPLOYEE#* #* numbernumber** namenameoo job titlejob title
DEPARTMENTDEPARTMENT#* #* numbernumber** namenameoo locationlocation
DEPARTMENTDEPARTMENT#* #* numbernumber** namenameoo locationlocation
assigned toassigned toassigned toassigned to
composed ofcomposed ofcomposed ofcomposed of
I-9 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Entity Relationship Modeling Conventions
Entity Relationship Modeling Conventions
EntityEntitySoft boxSoft boxSingular, unique nameSingular, unique nameUppercaseUppercaseSynonym in parenthesesSynonym in parentheses
AttributeAttributeSingular nameSingular nameLowercaseLowercaseMandatory marked with “*”Mandatory marked with “*”Optional marked with “o”Optional marked with “o”
Unique Identifier (UID)Unique Identifier (UID)Primary marked with “#”Primary marked with “#”Secondary marked with “(#)”Secondary marked with “(#)”
EMPLOYEEEMPLOYEE#* #* numbernumber** namenameoo job titlejob title
EMPLOYEEEMPLOYEE#* #* numbernumber** namenameoo job titlejob title
DEPARTMENTDEPARTMENT#* #* numbernumber** namenameoo locationlocation
DEPARTMENTDEPARTMENT#* #* numbernumber** namenameoo locationlocation
assigned toassigned toassigned toassigned to
composed ofcomposed ofcomposed ofcomposed of
I-10 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Relational Database TerminologyRelational Database Terminology
1
2 3 4
5
EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO
------------- ------------ --------------------- -------- ---------------- ----------- -------------- -----------
7839 KING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 5000 10
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01-MAY-81 2850 30
7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09-JUN-81 2450 10
7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81 2975 20
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-SEP-81 1250 1400 30
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-81 1600 300 30
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 08-SEP-81 1500 0 30
7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-DEC-81 950 30
7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-81 1250 500 30
7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81 3000 20
7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80 800 20
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 09-DEC-82 3000 20
7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 12-JAN-83 1100 20
7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 23-JAN-82 1300 10
6
I-11 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Relating Multiple TablesRelating Multiple Tables
• Each row of data in a table is uniquely identified by a primary key (PK).
• Each row of data in a table is uniquely identified by a primary key (PK).
Table Name: Table Name: EMPEMP Table Name: Table Name: DEPTDEPT
Primary keyPrimary key Primary keyPrimary key
• You can logically relate data from multiple tables using foreign keys (FK).
• You can logically relate data from multiple tables using foreign keys (FK).
Foreign keyForeign key
EMPNO ENAME JOB DEPTNO
7839 KING PRESIDENT 10
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 30
7782 CLARK MANAGER 10
7566 JONES MANAGER 20
DEPTNO DNAME LOC
10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
20 RESEARCH DALLAS
30 SALES CHICAGO
40 OPERATIONS BOSTON
I-12 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Relational Database PropertiesRelational Database Properties
A relational database A relational database
• Can be accessed and modified by executing structured query language (SQL) statements
• Contains a collection of tables with no physical pointers
• Uses a set of operators
A relational database A relational database
• Can be accessed and modified by executing structured query language (SQL) statements
• Contains a collection of tables with no physical pointers
• Uses a set of operators
I-13 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Communicating with a RDBMS Using SQL
Communicating with a RDBMS Using SQL
DatabaseDatabase
SQL> SELECT loc 2 FROM dept;
SQL> SELECT loc 2 FROM dept;
SQL statementSQL statementis enteredis entered Statement is sent to Statement is sent to
databasedatabase
LOC
-------------
NEW YORK
DALLAS
CHICAGO
BOSTON
LOC
-------------
NEW YORK
DALLAS
CHICAGO
BOSTON
Data is displayedData is displayed
I-14 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
SQL StatementsSQL StatementsSELECT SELECT INSERTINSERTUPDATEUPDATEDELETEDELETE
CREATECREATEALTERALTERDROPDROPRENAMERENAMETRUNCATETRUNCATE
COMMITCOMMITROLLBACKROLLBACKSAVEPOINTSAVEPOINT
GRANTGRANTREVOKEREVOKE
Data retrieval Data retrieval
Data manipulation language (DML)Data manipulation language (DML)
Data definition language (DDL)Data definition language (DDL)
Transaction controlTransaction control
Data control language (DCL)Data control language (DCL)
I-15 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
What Is PL/SQL?What Is PL/SQL?
• PL/SQL is an extension to SQL with design features of programming languages.
• Data manipulation and query statements of SQL are included within procedural units of code.
• PL/SQL is an extension to SQL with design features of programming languages.
• Data manipulation and query statements of SQL are included within procedural units of code.
I-16 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
PL/SQL EnvironmentPL/SQL Environment
PL/SQLblock
PL/SQL engine
Oracle10g Server
ProceduralStatementExecutor
PL/SQL
SQL
SQL Statement Executor
PL/SQLblock
I-17 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Benefits of PL/SQLBenefits of PL/SQL
IntegrationIntegrationIntegrationIntegration
ApplicationApplication
Oracle10g Oracle10g ServerServer
SharedSharedlibrarylibrary
I-18 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Benefits of PL/SQLBenefits of PL/SQL
ApplicationApplication Other DBMSsOther DBMSs
ApplicationApplicationOracle with
PL/SQLOracle with
PL/SQL
SQLSQL
SQLSQLSQLSQL
SQLSQL
SQLSQLIF...THENIF...THEN
SQLSQLELSEELSE
SQLSQLEND IF;END IF;SQLSQL
Improve PerformanceImprove PerformanceImprove PerformanceImprove Performance
I-19 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Benefits of PL/SQLBenefits of PL/SQL
• It is portable.
• You can declare identifiers.
• You can program with procedural language control structures.
• It can handle errors.
• It is portable.
• You can declare identifiers.
• You can program with procedural language control structures.
• It can handle errors.
I-20 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
SQL and SQL*Plus InteractionSQL and SQL*Plus Interaction
SQL*PlusSQL*Plus
BufferBuffer
SQL scripts
ServerSQL StatementsSQL Statements
Query ResultsQuery Results
I-21 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
SQL Statements Versus SQL*Plus Commands
SQL Statements Versus SQL*Plus Commands
SQLSQLstatementsstatements
SQL SQL
• A languageA language
• ANSI standardANSI standard
• Keyword cannot be Keyword cannot be abbreviatedabbreviated
• Statements manipulate Statements manipulate data and table data and table definitions in the definitions in the databasedatabase
SQL*PlusSQL*Plus
• An environmentAn environment
• Oracle proprietaryOracle proprietary
• Keywords can be Keywords can be abbreviatedabbreviated
• Commands do not Commands do not allow manipulation of allow manipulation of values in the databasevalues in the database
SQLSQLbufferbuffer
SQL*PlusSQL*Pluscommandscommands
SQL*PlusSQL*Plusbufferbuffer
I-22 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
• Log in to SQL*Plus.
• Describe the table structure.
• Edit your SQL statement.
• Execute SQL from SQL*Plus.
• Save SQL statements to files and append SQL statements to files.
• Execute saved files.
• Load commands from file to bufferto edit.
• Log in to SQL*Plus.
• Describe the table structure.
• Edit your SQL statement.
• Execute SQL from SQL*Plus.
• Save SQL statements to files and append SQL statements to files.
• Execute saved files.
• Load commands from file to bufferto edit.
Overview of SQL*PlusOverview of SQL*Plus
I-23 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Logging In to SQL*PlusLogging In to SQL*Plus
• From Windows environment:From Windows environment:
• From command line:From command line: sqlplus [sqlplus [usernameusername[/[/password password [@[@databasedatabase]]]]]]
I-24 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Tables Used in the CourseTables Used in the Course
EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO
--------- ---------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------
7839 KING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 5000 10
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01-MAY-81 2850 30
7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09-JUN-81 1500 10
7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81 2975 20
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-SEP-81 1250 1400 30
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-81 1600 300 30
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 08-SEP-81 1500 0 30
7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-DEC-81 950 30
7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-81 1250 500 30
7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81 3000 20
7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80 800 20
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 09-DEC-82 3000 20
7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 12-JAN-83 1100 20
7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 23-JAN-82 1300 10
EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO
--------- ---------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---------
7839 KING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 5000 10
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01-MAY-81 2850 30
7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09-JUN-81 1500 10
7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81 2975 20
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-SEP-81 1250 1400 30
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-81 1600 300 30
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 08-SEP-81 1500 0 30
7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-DEC-81 950 30
7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-81 1250 500 30
7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81 3000 20
7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80 800 20
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 09-DEC-82 3000 20
7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 12-JAN-83 1100 20
7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 23-JAN-82 1300 10
EMPEMP
DEPTDEPT
DEPTNO DNAME LOC
--------- -------------- ----------
10 ACCOUNTING NEW
YORK
20 RESEARCH DALLAS
30 SALES CHICAGO
40 OPERATIONS BOSTON
DEPTNO DNAME LOC
--------- -------------- ----------
10 ACCOUNTING NEW
YORK
20 RESEARCH DALLAS
30 SALES CHICAGO
40 OPERATIONS BOSTON
GRADE LOSAL HISAL
--------- --------- ---------
1 700 1200
2 1201 1400
3 1401 2000
4 2001 3000
5 3001 9999
GRADE LOSAL HISAL
--------- --------- ---------
1 700 1200
2 1201 1400
3 1401 2000
4 2001 3000
5 3001 9999
SALGRADESALGRADE
I-25 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Displaying Table StructureDisplaying Table Structure
Use the SQL*Plus DESCRIBE command to Use the SQL*Plus DESCRIBE command to display the structure of a table.display the structure of a table.Use the SQL*Plus DESCRIBE command to Use the SQL*Plus DESCRIBE command to display the structure of a table.display the structure of a table.
DESC[RIBE] tablenameDESC[RIBE] tablename
I-26 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Displaying Table StructureDisplaying Table Structure
SQL> DESCRIBE deptSQL> DESCRIBE dept
Name Null? Type----------------- -------- ----DEPTNO NOT NULL NUMBER(2)DNAME VARCHAR2(14)LOC VARCHAR2(13)
Name Null? Type----------------- -------- ----DEPTNO NOT NULL NUMBER(2)DNAME VARCHAR2(14)LOC VARCHAR2(13)
Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Writing Basic SQL StatementsWriting Basic
SQL Statements
I-28 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Capabilities of SQL SELECT Statements
Capabilities of SQL SELECT Statements
SelectionSelection ProjectionProjection
Table 1Table 1 Table 2Table 2
Table 1Table 1 Table 1Table 1JoinJoin
I-29 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Basic SELECT StatementBasic SELECT Statement
SELECT [DISTINCT] {*, column [alias],...}FROM table;
SELECT [DISTINCT] {*, column [alias],...}FROM table;
• SELECT identifies what columns
• FROM identifies which table
• SELECT identifies what columns
• FROM identifies which table
I-30 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Writing SQL StatementsWriting SQL Statements
• SQL statements are not case sensitive.
• SQL statements can be on one ormore lines.
• Keywords cannot be abbreviated or split across lines.
• Clauses are usually placed onseparate lines.
• Tabs and indents are used to enhance readability.
• SQL statements are not case sensitive.
• SQL statements can be on one ormore lines.
• Keywords cannot be abbreviated or split across lines.
• Clauses are usually placed onseparate lines.
• Tabs and indents are used to enhance readability.
I-31 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Selecting All ColumnsSelecting All Columns
DEPTNO DNAME LOC--------- -------------- ------------- 10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK 20 RESEARCH DALLAS 30 SALES CHICAGO 40 OPERATIONS BOSTON
SQL> SELECT * 2 FROM dept;
I-32 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Selecting Specific ColumnsSelecting Specific Columns
DEPTNO LOC--------- ------------- 10 NEW YORK 20 DALLAS 30 CHICAGO 40 BOSTON
SQL> SELECT deptno, loc 2 FROM dept;
I-33 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Column Label DefaultsColumn Label Defaults
• Default justification
– Left: Date and character data
– Right: Numeric data
• Default display: Uppercase
• Default justification
– Left: Date and character data
– Right: Numeric data
• Default display: Uppercase
I-34 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Arithmetic ExpressionsArithmetic Expressions
Create expressions on NUMBER and DATE Create expressions on NUMBER and DATE data types by using arithmetic operators.data types by using arithmetic operators.Create expressions on NUMBER and DATE Create expressions on NUMBER and DATE data types by using arithmetic operators.data types by using arithmetic operators.
Operator
+
-
*
/
Description
Add
Subtract
Multiply
Divide
I-35 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Using Arithmetic OperatorsUsing Arithmetic Operators
SQL> SELECT ename, sal, sal+300 2 FROM emp;
ENAME SAL SAL+300---------- --------- ---------KING 5000 5300BLAKE 2850 3150CLARK 2450 2750JONES 2975 3275MARTIN 1250 1550ALLEN 1600 1900...14 rows selected.
I-36 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Operator PrecedenceOperator Precedence
• Multiplication and division take priority over addition and subtraction.
• Operators of the same priority are evaluated from left to right.
• Parentheses are used to force prioritized evaluation and to clarify statements.
• Multiplication and division take priority over addition and subtraction.
• Operators of the same priority are evaluated from left to right.
• Parentheses are used to force prioritized evaluation and to clarify statements.
**** //// ++++ ____
I-37 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Operator PrecedenceOperator Precedence
SQL> SELECT ename, sal, 12*sal+100 2 FROM emp;
ENAME SAL 12*SAL+100---------- --------- ----------KING 5000 60100BLAKE 2850 34300CLARK 2450 29500JONES 2975 35800MARTIN 1250 15100ALLEN 1600 19300...14 rows selected.
I-38 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Using ParenthesesUsing Parentheses
SQL> SELECT ename, sal, 12*(sal+100) 2 FROM emp;
ENAME SAL 12*(SAL+100)---------- --------- -----------KING 5000 61200BLAKE 2850 35400CLARK 2450 30600JONES 2975 36900MARTIN 1250 16200...14 rows selected.
I-39 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Defining a Null ValueDefining a Null Value• A null is a value that is unavailable,
unassigned, unknown, or inapplicable.
• A null is not the same as zero or a blank space.
• A null is a value that is unavailable, unassigned, unknown, or inapplicable.
• A null is not the same as zero or a blank space.
SQL> SELECT ename, job, comm 2 FROM emp;
ENAME JOB COMM---------- --------- ---------KING PRESIDENTBLAKE MANAGER...TURNER SALESMAN 0...14 rows selected.
I-40 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Null Values in Arithmetic Expressions
Null Values in Arithmetic Expressions
Arithmetic expressions containing a null Arithmetic expressions containing a null value evaluate to null.value evaluate to null.Arithmetic expressions containing a null Arithmetic expressions containing a null value evaluate to null.value evaluate to null.
SQL> select ename NAME, 12*sal+comm 2 from emp 3 WHERE ename='KING';
NAME 12*SAL+COMM ---------- -----------KING
I-41 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Defining a Column AliasDefining a Column Alias
• Renames a column heading
• Is useful with calculations
• Immediately follows column name; optional AS keyword between column name and alias
• Requires double quotation marks if it contains spaces or special characters or is case sensitive
• Renames a column heading
• Is useful with calculations
• Immediately follows column name; optional AS keyword between column name and alias
• Requires double quotation marks if it contains spaces or special characters or is case sensitive
I-42 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Using Column AliasesUsing Column Aliases
SQL> SELECT ename AS name, sal salary 2 FROM emp;
NAME SALARY
------------- ---------
...
SQL> SELECT ename "Name", 2 sal*12 "Annual Salary" 3 FROM emp;
Name Annual Salary
------------- -------------
...
I-43 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Concatenation OperatorConcatenation Operator
• Concatenates columns or character strings to other columns
• Is represented by two vertical bars (||)
• Creates a resultant column that is a character expression
• Concatenates columns or character strings to other columns
• Is represented by two vertical bars (||)
• Creates a resultant column that is a character expression
I-44 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Using the Concatenation Operator
Using the Concatenation Operator
SQL> SELECT ename||job AS "Employees" 2 FROM emp;
Employees-------------------KINGPRESIDENTBLAKEMANAGERCLARKMANAGERJONESMANAGERMARTINSALESMANALLENSALESMAN...14 rows selected.
I-45 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Literal Character StringsLiteral Character Strings
• A literal is a character, expression, or number included in the SELECT list.
• Date and character literal values must be enclosed within single quotation marks.
• Each character string is output once for each row returned.
• A literal is a character, expression, or number included in the SELECT list.
• Date and character literal values must be enclosed within single quotation marks.
• Each character string is output once for each row returned.
I-46 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Using Literal Character StringsUsing Literal Character Strings
Employee Details-------------------------KING is a PRESIDENTBLAKE is a MANAGERCLARK is a MANAGERJONES is a MANAGERMARTIN is a SALESMAN...14 rows selected.
Employee Details-------------------------KING is a PRESIDENTBLAKE is a MANAGERCLARK is a MANAGERJONES is a MANAGERMARTIN is a SALESMAN...14 rows selected.
SQL> SELECT ename ||' '||'is a'||' '||job 2 AS "Employee Details" 3 FROM emp;
I-47 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Duplicate RowsDuplicate Rows
The default display of queries is all rows, The default display of queries is all rows, including duplicate rows.including duplicate rows.The default display of queries is all rows, The default display of queries is all rows, including duplicate rows.including duplicate rows.
SQL> SELECT deptno 2 FROM emp;
SQL> SELECT deptno 2 FROM emp;
DEPTNO--------- 10 30 10 20...14 rows selected.
I-48 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Eliminating Duplicate RowsEliminating Duplicate Rows
Eliminate duplicate rows by using the Eliminate duplicate rows by using the DISTINCT keyword in the SELECT clause.DISTINCT keyword in the SELECT clause.
SQL> SELECT DISTINCT deptno 2 FROM emp;
DEPTNO--------- 10 20 30
I-49 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
SQL*Plus Editing CommandsSQL*Plus Editing Commands
• A[PPEND] text
• C[HANGE] / old / new
• C[HANGE] / text /
• CL[EAR] BUFF[ER]
• DEL
• DEL n
• DEL m n
• A[PPEND] text
• C[HANGE] / old / new
• C[HANGE] / text /
• CL[EAR] BUFF[ER]
• DEL
• DEL n
• DEL m n
I-50 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
SQL*Plus Editing CommandsSQL*Plus Editing Commands
• I[NPUT]
• I[NPUT] text
• L[IST]
• L[IST] n
• L[IST] m n
• R[UN]
• n
• n text
• 0 text
• I[NPUT]
• I[NPUT] text
• L[IST]
• L[IST] n
• L[IST] m n
• R[UN]
• n
• n text
• 0 text
I-51 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
SQL*Plus File CommandsSQL*Plus File Commands
• SAVE filename
• GET filename
• START filename
• @ filename
• EDIT filename
• SPOOL filename
• EXIT
• SAVE filename
• GET filename
• START filename
• @ filename
• EDIT filename
• SPOOL filename
• EXIT
I-52 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Practice OverviewPractice Overview
• Selecting all data from different tables.
• Describing the structure of tables.
• Performing arithmetic calculations and specifying column names.
• Using SQL*Plus editor.
• Selecting all data from different tables.
• Describing the structure of tables.
• Performing arithmetic calculations and specifying column names.
• Using SQL*Plus editor.
Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Restricting and Sorting DataRestricting and Sorting Data
I-58 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Limiting Rows Using a SelectionLimiting Rows Using a Selection
“…“…retrieve allretrieve allemployeesemployees
in department 10”in department 10”
EMPEMP
EMPNO ENAME JOB ... DEPTNO
7839 KING PRESIDENT 10 7698 BLAKE MANAGER 30 7782 CLARK MANAGER 10 7566 JONES MANAGER 20 ...
EMPEMP
EMPNO ENAME JOB ... DEPTNO
7839 KING PRESIDENT 10 7782 CLARK MANAGER 10 7934 MILLER CLERK 10
I-59 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Limiting Rows SelectedLimiting Rows Selected
• Restrict the rows returned by using the WHERE clause.
• The WHERE clause follows the FROM clause.
• Restrict the rows returned by using the WHERE clause.
• The WHERE clause follows the FROM clause.
SELECT [DISTINCT] {*, column [alias], ...}FROM table[WHERE condition(s)];
I-60 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Using the WHERE ClauseUsing the WHERE Clause
SQL> SELECT ename, job, deptno 2 FROM emp 3 WHERE job='CLERK';
ENAME JOB DEPTNO---------- --------- ---------JAMES CLERK 30SMITH CLERK 20ADAMS CLERK 20MILLER CLERK 10
I-61 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Character Strings and DatesCharacter Strings and Dates
• Character strings and date values are enclosed in single quotation marks
• Character values are case-sensitive and date values are format-sensitive
• Default date format is 'DD-MON-YY'
• Character strings and date values are enclosed in single quotation marks
• Character values are case-sensitive and date values are format-sensitive
• Default date format is 'DD-MON-YY'
SQL> SELECT ename, job, deptno 2 FROM emp 3 WHERE ename = 'JAMES';
SQL> SELECT ename, job, deptno 2 FROM emp 3 WHERE ename = 'JAMES';
I-62 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Comparison OperatorsComparison Operators
Operator
=
>
>=
<
<=
<>
Meaning
Equal to
Greater than
Greater than or equal to
Less than
Less than or equal to
Not equal to
I-63 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Using the Comparison Operators
Using the Comparison Operators
SQL> SELECT ename, sal, comm 2 FROM emp 3 WHERE sal<=comm;
ENAME SAL COMM---------- --------- ---------MARTIN 1250 1400
I-64 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Other Comparison OperatorsOther Comparison Operators
Operator
BETWEEN
...AND...
IN(list)
LIKE
IS NULL
Meaning
Between two values (inclusive)
Match any of a list of values
Match a character pattern
Is a null value
I-65 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Using the BETWEEN OperatorUsing the BETWEEN Operator
ENAME SAL---------- ---------MARTIN 1250TURNER 1500WARD 1250ADAMS 1100MILLER 1300
SQL> SELECT ename, sal 2 FROM emp 3 WHERE sal BETWEEN 1000 AND 1500;
Lowerlimit
Higherlimit
Use the BETWEEN operator to display Use the BETWEEN operator to display rows based on a range of values.rows based on a range of values.Use the BETWEEN operator to display Use the BETWEEN operator to display rows based on a range of values.rows based on a range of values.
I-66 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Using the IN OperatorUsing the IN Operator
Use the IN operator to test for values in a Use the IN operator to test for values in a list.list.Use the IN operator to test for values in a Use the IN operator to test for values in a list.list.
SQL> SELECT empno, ename, sal, mgr 2 FROM emp 3 WHERE mgr IN (7902, 7566, 7788);
EMPNO ENAME SAL MGR--------- ---------- --------- --------- 7902 FORD 3000 7566 7369 SMITH 800 7902 7788 SCOTT 3000 7566 7876 ADAMS 1100 7788
I-67 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Using the LIKE OperatorUsing the LIKE Operator
• Use the LIKE operator to perform wildcard searches of valid search string values.
• Search conditions can contain either literal characters or numbers.
– (%) denotes zero or many characters
– ( _ ) denotes one character
• Use the LIKE operator to perform wildcard searches of valid search string values.
• Search conditions can contain either literal characters or numbers.
– (%) denotes zero or many characters
– ( _ ) denotes one character
SQL> SELECT ename 2 FROM emp 3 WHERE ename LIKE 'S%';
I-68 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Using the LIKE OperatorUsing the LIKE Operator
• You can combine pattern matching characters.
• You can use the ESCAPE identifier to search for “%” or “_”.
• You can combine pattern matching characters.
• You can use the ESCAPE identifier to search for “%” or “_”.
SQL> SELECT ename 2 FROM emp 3 WHERE ename LIKE '_A%';
ENAME---------- JAMES WARD
I-69 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Using the IS NULL OperatorUsing the IS NULL Operator
Test for null values with the IS NULL Test for null values with the IS NULL operatoroperatorTest for null values with the IS NULL Test for null values with the IS NULL operatoroperator
SQL> SELECT ename, mgr 2 FROM emp 3 WHERE mgr IS NULL;
ENAME MGR---------- ---------KING
I-70 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Logical OperatorsLogical Operators
Operator
AND
OR
NOT
Meaning
Returns TRUE if both component
conditions are TRUE
Returns TRUE if either component
condition is TRUE
Returns TRUE if the following condition is FALSE
I-71 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Using the AND OperatorUsing the AND Operator
AND requires both conditions to be TRUE.AND requires both conditions to be TRUE.
SQL> SELECT empno, ename, job, sal 2 FROM emp 3 WHERE sal>=1100 4 AND job='CLERK';
EMPNO ENAME JOB SAL--------- ---------- --------- --------- 7876 ADAMS CLERK 1100 7934 MILLER CLERK 1300
I-72 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Using the OR OperatorUsing the OR Operator
OR requires either condition to be TRUE.OR requires either condition to be TRUE.OR requires either condition to be TRUE.OR requires either condition to be TRUE.SQL> SELECT empno, ename, job, sal 2 FROM emp 3 WHERE sal>=1100 4 OR job='CLERK';
EMPNO ENAME JOB SAL--------- ---------- --------- --------- 7839 KING PRESIDENT 5000 7698 BLAKE MANAGER 2850 7782 CLARK MANAGER 2450 7566 JONES MANAGER 2975 7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 1250...14 rows selected.
I-73 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Using the NOT OperatorUsing the NOT Operator
SQL> SELECT ename, job 2 FROM emp 3 WHERE job NOT IN ('CLERK','MANAGER','ANALYST');
ENAME JOB---------- ---------KING PRESIDENTMARTIN SALESMANALLEN SALESMANTURNER SALESMANWARD SALESMAN
I-74 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Rules of PrecedenceRules of Precedence
Override rules of precedence by using Override rules of precedence by using parentheses.parentheses.Override rules of precedence by using Override rules of precedence by using parentheses.parentheses.
Order Evaluated Operator
1 All comparison operators
2 NOT
3 AND
4 OR
I-75 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Rules of PrecedenceRules of Precedence
ENAME JOB SAL---------- --------- ---------KING PRESIDENT 5000MARTIN SALESMAN 1250ALLEN SALESMAN 1600TURNER SALESMAN 1500WARD SALESMAN 1250
ENAME JOB SAL---------- --------- ---------KING PRESIDENT 5000MARTIN SALESMAN 1250ALLEN SALESMAN 1600TURNER SALESMAN 1500WARD SALESMAN 1250
SQL> SELECT ename, job, sal 2 FROM emp 3 WHERE job='SALESMAN' 4 OR job='PRESIDENT' 5 AND sal>1500;
I-76 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Rules of PrecedenceRules of Precedence
ENAME JOB SAL---------- --------- ---------KING PRESIDENT 5000ALLEN SALESMAN 1600
ENAME JOB SAL---------- --------- ---------KING PRESIDENT 5000ALLEN SALESMAN 1600
Use parentheses to force priority.Use parentheses to force priority.Use parentheses to force priority.Use parentheses to force priority.
SQL> SELECT ename, job, sal 2 FROM emp 3 WHERE (job='SALESMAN' 4 OR job='PRESIDENT') 5 AND sal>1500;
I-77 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
ORDER BY ClauseORDER BY Clause• Sort rows with the ORDER BY clause
– ASC: ascending order, default– DESC: descending order
• The ORDER BY clause comes last in the SELECT statement.
• Sort rows with the ORDER BY clause– ASC: ascending order, default– DESC: descending order
• The ORDER BY clause comes last in the SELECT statement.
SQL> SELECT ename, job, deptno, hiredate 2 FROM emp 3 ORDER BY hiredate;
ENAME JOB DEPTNO HIREDATE---------- --------- --------- ---------SMITH CLERK 20 17-DEC-80ALLEN SALESMAN 30 20-FEB-81...14 rows selected.
I-78 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Sorting in Descending OrderSorting in Descending Order
SQL> SELECT ename, job, deptno, hiredate 2 FROM emp 3 ORDER BY hiredate DESC;
ENAME JOB DEPTNO HIREDATE---------- --------- --------- ---------ADAMS CLERK 20 12-JAN-83SCOTT ANALYST 20 09-DEC-82MILLER CLERK 10 23-JAN-82JAMES CLERK 30 03-DEC-81FORD ANALYST 20 03-DEC-81KING PRESIDENT 10 17-NOV-81MARTIN SALESMAN 30 28-SEP-81...14 rows selected.
I-79 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Sorting by Column AliasSorting by Column Alias
SQL> SELECT empno, ename, sal*12 annsal 2 FROM emp 3 ORDER BY annsal;
EMPNO ENAME ANNSAL--------- ---------- --------- 7369 SMITH 9600 7900 JAMES 11400 7876 ADAMS 13200 7654 MARTIN 15000 7521 WARD 15000 7934 MILLER 15600 7844 TURNER 18000...14 rows selected.
I-80 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Sorting by Multiple ColumnsSorting by Multiple Columns• The order of ORDER BY list is the order of
sort.• The order of ORDER BY list is the order of
sort.
• You can sort by a column that is not in the SELECT list.
• You can sort by a column that is not in the SELECT list.
SQL> SELECT ename, deptno, sal 2 FROM emp 3 ORDER BY deptno, sal DESC;
ENAME DEPTNO SAL---------- --------- ---------KING 10 5000CLARK 10 2450MILLER 10 1300FORD 20 3000...14 rows selected.
I-81 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
SummarySummary
SELECT [DISTINCT] {*, column [alias], ...}FROM table[WHERE condition(s)][ORDER BY {column, expr, alias} [ASC|DESC]];
I-82 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Practice OverviewPractice Overview
• Selecting data and changing the order of rows displayed
• Restricting rows by using the WHERE clause
• Using the double-quotation-marks in column aliases
• Selecting data and changing the order of rows displayed
• Restricting rows by using the WHERE clause
• Using the double-quotation-marks in column aliases