Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 1 Chapter 4 States of Consciousness.

38
Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 1 Chapter 4 States of Consciousness

Transcript of Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 1 Chapter 4 States of Consciousness.

Page 1: Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 1 Chapter 4 States of Consciousness.

Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 20101

Chapter 4States of Consciousness

Page 2: Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 1 Chapter 4 States of Consciousness.

Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 20102

Chapter Preview

The Nature of Consciousness

Sleep and Dreams

Psychoactive Drugs

Hypnosis

Meditation

Page 3: Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 1 Chapter 4 States of Consciousness.

Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 20103

Consciousness

William James & Stream of Consciousness

Awareness of external events and internal sensations Metacognition: thinking about thinking Involves cerebral cortex: association areas & frontal lobes

Arousal Physiological state of being engaged with the

environment Determined by reticular activating system

Page 4: Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 1 Chapter 4 States of Consciousness.

Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 20104

Levels of Awareness

Higher-Level Consciousness

Lower-Level Consciousness

Altered States of Consciousness

Subconscious Awareness

No Awareness

Page 5: Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 1 Chapter 4 States of Consciousness.

Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 20105

Higher-Level Consciousness

Controlled Processes Most alert states of human consciousness

Active focus of efforts toward a goal

Require attention and effort

Slower than automatic processes

Page 6: Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 1 Chapter 4 States of Consciousness.

Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 20106

Lower-Level Consciousness

Automatic Processes States of consciousness requiring little attention

Do not interfere with other ongoing activities

Require less conscious effort than controlled processes

Daydreaming Lies between active consciousness and dreaming

Mind wandering is one type of daydreaming.

Page 7: Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 1 Chapter 4 States of Consciousness.

Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 20107

Altered States of Consciousness

Mental states noticeably different from normal awareness

Can be produced by: Drugs Fatigue Sensory deprivation Hypnosis

Page 8: Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 1 Chapter 4 States of Consciousness.

Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 20108

Subconscious Awareness

Waking Subconscious Awareness Processes just below surface of awareness

Can occur simultaneously along parallel tracks

Sleep and Dreams Lower level of awareness than daydreaming

Some degree of awareness of external stimuli

Page 9: Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 1 Chapter 4 States of Consciousness.

Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 20109

No Awareness

May apply to someone . . . knocked out by a blow anesthetized in a deep, prolonged unconscious state

Unconscious Thought (Freud) Reservoir of unacceptable wishes, feelings, and

thoughts beyond conscious awareness

Nonconscious mental processes

Page 10: Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 1 Chapter 4 States of Consciousness.

Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 201010

Sleep: Biological Rhythms

Biological rhythms Periodic physiological fluctuations in body “Biological Clocks”

Circadian Rhythms Daily behavioral or physiological cycle Sleep/wake, body temperature, blood pressure, blood sugar

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) Small brain structure using retinal input to synchronize its

rhythm with daily light/dark cycle

Page 11: Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 1 Chapter 4 States of Consciousness.

Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 201011

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

Page 12: Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 1 Chapter 4 States of Consciousness.

Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 201012

Sleep: Biological Clocks

Desynchronizing the Biological Clock Can get thrown off regular schedules

Jet travel, changing work shifts, insomnia

Resetting the Biological Clock Bright light

Melatonin

Page 13: Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 1 Chapter 4 States of Consciousness.

Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 201013

Why Do We Sleep?

Restoration Cellular production, growth, repair

Adaptation Evolutionary value of sleep during darkness

Growth Physical growth and brain development

Memory Consolidation, storage, maintenance

Page 14: Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 1 Chapter 4 States of Consciousness.

Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 201014

Sleep Deprivation

Lack of sleep is stressful. Trouble paying attention to tasks and solving problems Decreased brain activity Can influence moral judgment

Yet many of us do not get sufficient sleep. Americans, in general Adolescents, in particular Also, sleep patterns change into middle/late adulthood.

Page 15: Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 1 Chapter 4 States of Consciousness.

Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 201015

Stages of Wakefulness & Sleep

Massive electrophysiological changes occur throughout the brain.

Wakefulness Fast, irregular, low-amplitude electrical activity

Sleep Slow, regular, high-amplitude waves

EEG is used to monitor brain’s electrical activity.

Page 16: Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 1 Chapter 4 States of Consciousness.

Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 201016

Wakefulness Stages

Beta waves Reflect concentration and awareness Highest in frequency, lowest in amplitude More desynchronous, or inconsistent

Alpha waves Relaxed, but still awake Brain waves slowed down, increased in amplitude More synchronous, or regular

Page 17: Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 1 Chapter 4 States of Consciousness.

Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 201017

Sleep Stages 1 and 2

Stage 1 Drowsy sleep Myoclonic jerks, or sudden muscle movements EEG characterized by slow, high-amplitude theta waves

Stage 2 Decreased muscle activity No conscious awareness of environment Theta waves interspersed with sleep spindles

Page 18: Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 1 Chapter 4 States of Consciousness.

Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 201018

Sleep Stages 3 and 4

Characterized by delta waves: slowest and highest-amplitude brain waves

Referred to as delta sleep, the deepest sleep Bedwetting, sleep walking, sleep talking

Stage 3 less than 50% delta waves Stage 4 more than 50% delta waves

Page 19: Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 1 Chapter 4 States of Consciousness.

Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 201019

REM Sleep

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

Active stage during which dreaming occurs Fast wave activity, similar to relaxed wakefulness Likely plays a role in memory

Non-REM sleep Stages 1 through 4

Page 20: Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 1 Chapter 4 States of Consciousness.

Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 201020

Stages of Sleep

Page 21: Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 1 Chapter 4 States of Consciousness.

Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 201021

Sleep Cycles

One sleep cycle Five stages of sleep

90 to 100 minutes

Recurs several times a night

REM stages become progressively longer.

Page 22: Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 1 Chapter 4 States of Consciousness.

Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 201022

Sleep Cycles

Page 23: Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 1 Chapter 4 States of Consciousness.

Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 201023

Sleep and the Brain

Reticular Formation Core of brain stem Distinct pattern of neurotransmitter activity during

each sleep stage Plays crucial role in sleep and arousal

Neurotransmitters involved in sleep: Serotonin Epinephrine Acetylcholine

Page 24: Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 1 Chapter 4 States of Consciousness.

Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 201024

Sleep and Disease

Stroke and Asthma Obesity and Heart Disease Immune System and Infection

Cytokines

Mental Disorders Depression

Alzheimer Disease, Stroke, and Cancer

Page 25: Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 1 Chapter 4 States of Consciousness.

Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 201025

Sleep Disorders

Insomnia Sleepwalking, Sleep Talking, Sleep Eating Nightmares Night Terrors

Sudden arousal from sleep, intense fear Narcolepsy

Sudden, overpowering urge to sleep Sleep Apnea

Individuals stop breathing and awaken to breathe better

Page 26: Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 1 Chapter 4 States of Consciousness.

Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 201026

Dreams

Freud: Dreams symbolize unconscious wishes. Manifest content surface content symbolic Latent content hidden content true meaning

Cognitive Theory Dreams as subconscious cognitive processing Lack of attention to roles of brain structures and activity in dreaming

Activation-Synthesis Theory Dreams as result of synthesis of neural signals

Page 27: Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 1 Chapter 4 States of Consciousness.

Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 201027

Uses of Psychoactive Drugs

Act on the nervous system to: alter consciousness modify perceptions change moods

Tolerance Increasing amounts for same effect Physical dependence Need / Withdrawal Psychological dependence Strong desire

Page 28: Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 1 Chapter 4 States of Consciousness.

Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 201028

Addiction

Physical or psychological dependence, or both

Psychoactive drugs increase dopamine levels in brain’s reward pathways. Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)

Nucleus Accumbens

Activation of limbic and prefrontal areas of brain

Page 29: Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 1 Chapter 4 States of Consciousness.

Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 201029

Reward Pathways in the Brain

Page 30: Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 1 Chapter 4 States of Consciousness.

Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 201030

Psychoactive Drugs: Depressants

Alcohol

Barbiturates Nembutal, Seconal

Tranquilizers Valium, Xanax

Opiates Morphine, Heroin

Page 31: Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 1 Chapter 4 States of Consciousness.

Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 201031

Psychoactive Drugs: Depressants

Page 32: Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 1 Chapter 4 States of Consciousness.

Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 201032

Psychoactive Drugs: Stimulants

Caffeine

Nicotine

Amphetamines (“Uppers”) Crystal meth

Cocaine Crack

Page 33: Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 1 Chapter 4 States of Consciousness.

Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 201033

Psychoactive Drugs: Stimulants

Page 34: Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 1 Chapter 4 States of Consciousness.

Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 201034

Psychoactive Drugs: Hallucinogens

Also called psychedelic drugs

Marijuana

MDMA (Ecstasy)

LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)

Page 35: Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 1 Chapter 4 States of Consciousness.

Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 201035

Psychoactive Drugs: Hallucinogens

Dr. Éva Szeli
Is there an updated version of this figure, which includes MDMA?
Page 36: Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 1 Chapter 4 States of Consciousness.

Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 201036

Hypnosis

Altered state of consciousness, or Psychological state of altered attention/expectation

Nature of hypnosis: The Four Steps Minimizing distractions, maximizing comfort Concentration on something specific Information about what to expect in hypnotic state Suggestion of events or feelings already occurring

Page 37: Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 1 Chapter 4 States of Consciousness.

Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 201037

Explaining Hypnosis

Hypnosis as a Divided State of Consciousness “Hidden Observer”

Social Cognitive Behavior View of Hypnosis Cognitive Factors

Attitudes Expectations Beliefs

Social Context

Page 38: Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2010 1 Chapter 4 States of Consciousness.

Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 201038

Meditation

Attaining peaceful state of mind

Mindfulness Meditation For depression, panic attacks, anxiety For chronic pain, stress, psoriasis

Meditative State of Mind Hypnogogic reverie Feeling of wellness Increased activation in basal ganglia and prefrontal cortex Decreases in anterior cingulate


Chapter Ten LocalMarketing in Emerging Markets Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies,, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies,,

Chapter Ten LocalMarketing in Emerging Markets Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies,, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies,,

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1 The Sociological Perspective McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1 The Sociological Perspective McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Chapter 10 · Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 $ Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., ...

Chapter 10 · Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2001 $ Irwin/McGraw-Hill © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., ...

© McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., McGraw-Hill/Irwin McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2010 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

© McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., McGraw-Hill/Irwin McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2010 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill ...

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill ...

© 2002 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

© 2002 McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill ...

McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill ...

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 1 States of Consciousness 5.

© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved Slide 1 States of Consciousness 5.

MACMILLAN/McGRAW-HILL SCIENCE A CLOSER … 11 Gr5.pdf · Correlation of the Macmillan/McGraw-Hill SCIENCE Program to ... Chapter 3: Interactions in ... McGraw-Hill . Macmillan McGraw-Hill

MACMILLAN/McGRAW-HILL SCIENCE A CLOSER … 11 Gr5.pdf · Correlation of the Macmillan/McGraw-Hill SCIENCE Program to ... Chapter 3: Interactions in ... McGraw-Hill . Macmillan McGraw-Hill

McGraw-Hill 10-1. 10 McGraw-Hill Systems Analysis & Programming.

McGraw-Hill 10-1. 10 McGraw-Hill Systems Analysis & Programming.

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 5: States of Consciousness.

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Chapter 5: States of Consciousness.

Correlated to Macmillan/McGraw-Hill€¦ · Mondo Bookshop - Grade K correlated to Macmillan/McGraw-Hill Treasures. Mondo Bookshop Macmillan/McGraw-Hill Treasures. Mondo Macmillan/McGraw-Hill

Correlated to Macmillan/McGraw-Hill€¦ · Mondo Bookshop - Grade K correlated to Macmillan/McGraw-Hill Treasures. Mondo Bookshop Macmillan/McGraw-Hill Treasures. Mondo Macmillan/McGraw-Hill

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, All Rights Reserved McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, All Rights Reserved.

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, All Rights Reserved McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2009 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, All Rights Reserved.

12-1 McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, All Rights Reserved McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All.

12-1 McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, All Rights Reserved McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2013 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All.

McGraw-Hill/Irwin ©2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, All rights reserved ©2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, All rights reserved McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

McGraw-Hill/Irwin ©2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, All rights reserved ©2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, All rights reserved McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2004

McGraw-Hill © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies 1 S M McGraw-Hill © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies.

McGraw-Hill © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies 1 S M McGraw-Hill © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies.

© McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

© McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002 McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

© The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002 McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Local Marketing in Mature Markets Chapter Eight. Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies,, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies,,

Local Marketing in Mature Markets Chapter Eight. Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies,, Inc., 2000 Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies,,