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WHAT A COPYRIGHT ACTUALLY IS? Copyright is literally, the right to copy, though in legal terms the right to control copying is more accurate. Copyright are exclusive statutory rights to exercise control over copying and other exploitation of the works for a specific period of time. Your exclusive packaging design or main page of your website may also be copyrightable in addition to trademark registration.Copyright initially only granted the exclusive right to copy a book, allowing anybody to use the book to, for example, make a translation, adaptation or public performance. At the time print on paper was the only format in which most text based copyrighted works were distributed. Therefore, while the language of book contracts was typically very broad, the only exclusive rights that had any significant economic value were rights to distribute the work in print. The exclusive rights granted by copyright law to copyright owners have been gradually expanded over time and now uses of the work such as dramatization, translations, and derivative works such as adaptations and transformations, fall within the scope of copyright.Copyrights are a form of protection provided to the authors of original works of authorship, including literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, and certain other intellectual works. This protection is available to both published and unpublished works.WHAT CAN BE REGISTERED AS A COPYRIGHT?As defined by Pakistans Copyright Law, Copyright is a form of protection provided to the authors of original works of authorship, including: Literary Dramatic Musical Artistic

Calligraphy Product Packaging And certain otherintellectual works.This protection is available to both published and unpublished works.WHAT RIGHTS DOES A COPYRIGHT OWNER EARN AFTER COPYRIGHT REGISTRATION IN PAKISTAN?The copyright owner is given two sets of rights, a positive one and a negative one:1.POSITIVE RIGHTAn exclusive, positive right to copy and exploit the copyrighted work, or license others to do so,2.NEGATIVE RIGHTNegative right is to prevent anyone else from doing so without consent, with the possibility of legal remedies if they do.In general the owner of copyrights has the exclusive right to do and to authorize others to do the following: To reproduce the copyrighted work in copies or phonorecords; To prepare derivative works based upon the copyrighted work; To distribute copies or phonorecords of the copyrighted work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending; To perform the copyrighted work publicly, in the case of literary, musical, dramatic, and choreographic works, pantomimes, and motion pictures and other audiovisual works; To display the copyrighted work publicly, in the case of literary, musical, dramatic, and choreographic works, pantomimes, and pictorial, graphic, or sculptural works, including the individual images of a motion picture or other audiovisual work; and In the case of sound recordings*, to perform the work publicly by means of a digital audio transmission.It is illegal for anyone to violate any of the rights provided by the copyrights law to the owner of copyrights. These rights, however, are not unlimited in scope, the copyrights law establishes limitations on these rights. In some cases, these limitations are specified exemptions from copyrights liability. One major limitation is of fair use, In other instances, the limitation takes the form of a compulsory license under which certain limited uses of copyrighted works are permitted upon payment of specified royalties and compliance with statutory conditions. For further information about the limitations of any of these rights, consult the copyrights law.HOW IS COPYRIGHTS ENFORCED AND WHAT IS ANTI INFRINGEMENT MECHANISM?Copyrights are generally enforced by the holder in a civil law court, but there are also criminal infringement statutes.An unskippable anti-piracy film included on movie DVDs equates copyright infringement with theft. Copyright infringement, or copyright violation, is the unauthorized use of works covered by copyright law, in a way that violates one of the copyright owners exclusive rights, such as the right to reproduce or perform the copyrighted work, or to make derivative works.For electronic and audio-visual media, unauthorized reproduction and distribution is also commonly referred to as piracy.

WHO CAN CLAIM COPYRIGHTS?Copyrights protection subsists from the time the work is created in fixed form. The copyright in the work of authorship immediately becomes the property of the author who created the work. Only the author or those deriving their rights through the author can rightfully claim copyrights.In the case of a work prepared by an employee within the scope of his or her employment; the employer and not the employee is considered to be the author, if the parties expressly agree in a written instrument signed by them that the work shall be considered a work made for hire.The authors of a joint work are co-owners of the copyrights in the work, unless there is an agreement to the contrary.Note: Mere ownership of a book, manuscript, painting, or any other copy or phonorecord does not give the possessor the copyrights. The transfer of ownership of any material object that embodies a protected work does not of itself convey any rights in the copyrightsWHAT WORKS ARE PROTECTED?Copyrights protects original works of authorship that are fixed in a tangible form of expression. The fixation need not be directly perceptible so long as it may be communicated with the aid of a machine or device. Copyrightable works include the following categories:1. Literary works;2. Musical works, including any accompanying words3. Dramatic works, including any accompanying music4. Pictorial, graphic, and sculptural works5. Motion pictures and other audiovisual works6. Sound recordings7. Architectural worksThese categories should be viewed broadly. For example, computer programs and most compilations may be registered as literary works.WHAT IS NOT PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHTS?Many items although intellectual are generally not eligible for copyrights protection. These include among others: Works that have not been fixed in a tangible form of Ideas, procedures, methods, systems, processes, concepts, principles, discoveries, or devices, as distinguished from a description, explanation, or illustration Works consisting entirely of information that is common property and containing no original authorship (for example: standard calendars, height and weight charts, tape measures and rulers, and lists or tables taken from public documents or other common sources)HOW LONG COPYRIGHTS PROTECTION ENDURES?A work that was created (fixed in tangible form for the first time) protected from the moment of its creation and is ordinarily given a term enduring for the authors life plus an additional 50 years after the authors death. In the case of a joint work prepared by two or more authors who did not work for hire, the term lasts for 50 years after the last surviving authors death. For works made for hire, and for anonymous and pseudonymous works the duration of copyrights will be 50 years from publication.

IS THE TRANSFER OF COPYRIGHTS POSSIBLE?Any or all of the copyrights owners exclusive rights or any subdivision of those rights may be transferred, but the transfer of exclusive rights is not valid unless that transfer is in writing and signed by the owner of the rights conveyed or such owners duly authorized agent.WHAT LAW REGULATES COPYRIGHTS LAW IN PAKISTANIn Pakistan, copyright registration and ancilliary regulation is employed by the Intellectual property office of government of Pakistan under the following statutes.

Copyrights Ordinance, 1962 Copyright RulesWHO MAY FILE AN APPLICATION FORM?The following persons are legally entitled to submit an application form in person or through a legal representatives and attorneys(lawyers):1. THE AUTHOR.This is either the person who actually created the work or, if the work was made for hire, the employer or other person for whom the work was prepared.2.THE COPYRIGHTS CLAIMANTThe copyrights claimant is defined in Copyrights regulations as either the author of the work or a person or organization that has obtained ownership of all the rights under the copyrights initially belonging to the author. This category includes a person or organization who has obtained by contract the right to claim legal title to the copyrights in an application for copyrights registration.

3.THE OWNER OF EXCLUSIVE RIGHT(S)Under the law, any of the exclusive rights that make up a copyrights and any subdivision of them can be transferred and owned separately, even though the transfer may be limited in time or place of effect. The term copyrights owner with respect to any one of the exclusive rights contained in a copyrights refers to the owner of that particular right. Any owner of an exclusive right may apply for registration of a claim in the work.WHAT IS THE COPYRIGHT REGISTRATION PROCESS IN PAKISTAN?Copyrights Registration in Pakistan is regulated by the IPO Office. Registration helps establish prima facie evidence in court of the validity of the copyrights and of the facts stated in the certificate.

COPYRIGHT LAW IN PAKISTANBy: Umar Saddam & Hassan MasoodSubject: Corporate LawNCBA & E