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Transcript of Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2007 Cyborgs Today & in the Future...
Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2007
Cyborgs Today & in the FutureTransvision 2007
James J. Hughes Ph.D.Author Citizen Cyborg
Executive Director, Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies
Public Policy Studies, Trinity College, Hartford CT
Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2007
The Enlightenment Project
Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2007
Denis Diderot (1713-1784)
“D'Alembert's Dream” 1769
Machine minds are possible
Minds may be deconstructed and rebuilt later
Science can bring the dead back to life
Human-animal hybrids OK
Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2007
Marquis de Condorcet 1744-1794
Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind
Reason liberates from church, authoritarianism, nature
Women’s suffrage Opposed to slavery Radical life extension Freedom from work
Marquis de Condorcet
Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2007
Condorcet on H+
"Nature has set no term to the perfection of human faculties; the perfectibility of man is truly indefinite; and the progress of this perfectibility, from now onwards independent of any power that might wish to halt it, has no other limit than the duration of the globe upon which nature has cast us….."
Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2007
Transcending the Body’s Limits
External devices: shoes, glasses, bicycles, exoskeletons
Chemical management: diet, drugs, gene therapy
Cybernetic augmentation: implanted devices, neural interfaces, nanomedicine
Redesign: reconstructive surgery, inheritable genetic engineering
Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2007
Transcending the Body’s Limits
External devices: shoes, glasses, bicycles, exoskeletons
Chemical management: diet, drugs, gene therapy
Cybernetic augmentation: implanted devices, neural interfaces, nanomedicine
Redesign: reconstructive surgery, inheritable genetic engineering
Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2007
JD Bernal (1901-1971)
Irish physicist, pioneered X-ray crystallography
1929, "The World, the Flesh & the Devil: An Enquiry into the Future of the Three Enemies of the Rational Soul” – first projection of cybernetic implants
Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2007
Vannevar Bush (1890-1974)
Ran Office of Scientific Research and Development during WWII
Proposed NSF after war
Proposed memex in "As We Think" Atlantic Monthly, July 1945
Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2007
Nathan Kline and Manfred Clynes
1960. “Cyborgs and Space,” Astronautics, Sept.
Monitoring and controlling the body/brain of the astronaut from ground control
Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2007
Artificial Organs
Heart Assist Devices and Full Artificial Heart Replacements
Dialysis and Implantable Artificial Kidneys
Artificial Lungs
Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2007
Artificial Pancreas
Diabetes growing rapidly
Realtime blood sugar monitoring
Automated release of insulin
Implanted
Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2007
NanoTissue Engineering
Nanomaterials as scaffolding and mesh around which stem cells can grow tissues and neural bridges
Using electrical stimulation of cells through the mesh to control the growth of the tissue
Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2007
Robert Freitas & Nanomedicine
Senior Research Fellow at the Institute for Molecular Manufacturing (IMM) in California,
former Research Scientist at Zyvex Corp. in Texas
author of Nanomedicine Vols. I & II
Designs for nanorobotic
• Red blood cells (respirocytes)
• T-cells (microbiovores)
• Cell-repair (chromallocytes)
Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2007
Neuroprosthetics & NNI
NIH Neural Prosthesis Program Cochlear & retinal
implants Peripheral neural
prosthetics Brain implants
National Nanotechnology Program Ethical, Legal and Other
Societal Issues
Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2007
Respirocyte
Artificial red blood cell 18 billion atom structure 300x the amount of O2
a RBC can carry
Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2007
Prosthetic Limbs and Joints
Hip and kneee replacements
Arms and legsFingers
Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2007
NBIC Convergence
Nano-Bio-Info-Cogno Program (2003-) Psychopharmacology Genetic engineering Nanotechnology Artificial intelligence Cognitive science
The accelerating convergence of all these for “enhancing human performance”
Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2007
Implants for Depression & OCD
DepressionObsessive-compulsive
disorder
Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2007
Deep Brain Stimulation for Seizures
1% of the population has seizure disorders, such as
Epilepsy Parkinsons Disease
Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2007
Visual Impairments
8.6 million Americans have visual impairments
Includes glaucoma, cataracts, macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy
Half a million are legally blind
Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2007
Hearing Impairments
25 million people in the U.S. have hearing loss Of those, 2.4 million have severe to profound deafness 25% of those aged 65 to 74 have hearing impairments 40% over age 75 have hearing impairments
Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2007
Loss of Body Control
About 750,000 people with cerebral palsy in the U.S.
About 75,000 quadriplegics in the U.S.
Lou Gehrig's Disease or ALS and muscular dystrophy each effects about 15,000 Americans
“Locked-in state”
Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2007
Brain-Computer Interfaces
Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2007
Brain Damage & Neuroprosthetics
Post-stroke brain injury is leading cause of disability in U.S.
One in 250 suffer from the effects of head injuries
Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2007
NanoNeural Network
Self-replicatingTwo-way
communication with trillions of neurons
Networked inside and out
Perfect virtual reality, mind back-up, upload
Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2007
More Basic Research Support Needed
Cognos Project and Neural Interfaces
Biocompatible nanomaterials
Medical nanorobotics
Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2007
Legitimate Concerns: Safety, Efficacy, Access
Ensure technology is safe and effective
Make technology accessible to all
Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2007
Ensuring Safety/Efficacy of Implants
FDA’s device regulatory office is small and overwhelmed
Verichip illustrates problem with enhancement/therapy distinction
Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2007
Access to Implants Limited
Most people in the world who could benefit from implants do not have access to them
Copyright Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies 2007
For more information
World Transhumanist Associationtranshumanism.org
Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologiesieet.org