Copyright for the 21st Century Educator and Scholar ‐‐ … · such as the Directory of Open...

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2013 Fall Meeting ADEA Council of Faculties Copyright for the 21 st Century Educator and Scholar ‐‐ RESOURCES Copyright U.S. Copyright Office – Copyright Basics ‐‐ http://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ1.pdf Public Domain Chart ‐‐ http://copyright.cornell.edu/resources/publicdomain.cfm Stanford Copyright Renewal Database ‐‐ http://collections.stanford.edu/copyrightrenewals/ Copyright Challenges in a MOOC Environment ‐‐ http://www.educause.edu/library/resources/copyrightchallengesmoocenvironment Copyright on Campus Blog – http://campuscopyright.wordpress.com Author’s Rights SHERPA/RoMEO: Publisher Copyright Policies – http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo/ SPARC Author’s Addendum http://www.sparc.arl.org/resources/authors/addendum Negotiating Publishing Agreements ‐‐ http://www.library.american.edu/Help/arc/pdf/copyright_rights.pdf List of Author Addenda Drafted by Individual Organizations/Institutions ‐‐ http://oad.simmons.edu/oadwiki/Author_addenda Author’s Rights Overview ‐‐ http://digitalscholarship.org/ts/authorrights.pdf Open Access Directory of Open Access Journals – http://www.doaj.org Directory of Open Access Repositories – http://www.opendoar.org Creative Commons – http://www.creativecommons.org Peter Suber’s Open Access ‐‐ http://bit.ly/oabook Beall’s List of Predatory Publishers – http://scholarlyoa.com/publishers

Transcript of Copyright for the 21st Century Educator and Scholar ‐‐ … · such as the Directory of Open...

2013 Fall Meeting ‐ ADEA Council of Faculties  

Copyrightforthe21stCenturyEducatorandScholar‐‐RESOURCESCopyright

• U.S. Copyright Office – Copyright Basics ‐‐ http://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ1.pdf  

• Public Domain Chart ‐‐ http://copyright.cornell.edu/resources/publicdomain.cfm 

• Stanford Copyright Renewal Database ‐‐ http://collections.stanford.edu/copyrightrenewals/  

• Copyright Challenges in a MOOC Environment ‐‐ 

http://www.educause.edu/library/resources/copyright‐challenges‐mooc‐environment  

• Copyright on Campus Blog – http://campuscopyright.wordpress.com  

Author’sRights• SHERPA/RoMEO: Publisher Copyright Policies – http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo/  

• SPARC Author’s Addendum ‐ http://www.sparc.arl.org/resources/authors/addendum  

• Negotiating Publishing Agreements ‐‐ 

http://www.library.american.edu/Help/arc/pdf/copyright_rights.pdf  

• List of Author Addenda Drafted by Individual Organizations/Institutions ‐‐ 

http://oad.simmons.edu/oadwiki/Author_addenda  

• Author’s Rights Overview ‐‐ http://digital‐scholarship.org/ts/authorrights.pdf  

OpenAccess• Directory of Open Access Journals – http://www.doaj.org 

• Directory of Open Access Repositories – http://www.opendoar.org 

• Creative Commons – http://www.creativecommons.org  

• Peter Suber’s Open Access ‐‐ http://bit.ly/oa‐book  

• Beall’s List of Predatory Publishers – http://scholarlyoa.com/publishers  

COPYRIGHT FOR THE 21ST

CENTURY EDUCATOR AND SCHOLARChristine Fruin, J.D., MSLIS – University of FloridaADEA Council of Faculties – Fall Forum 2013

Understanding the Rights of Copyright Holders and Users of Copyrighted Works

Basics of Copyright Law

U.S. Copyright Law…in a Nutshell

Copyright Act of 1976,17 U.S.C. § 101 et seq. Protects original works that are fixed in any tangible

medium of expression (e.g. books, articles, music, movies, software).

Author/Creator holds several exclusive rights, including the right to copy and disseminate, to create derivative works, and to publicly display.

Since 1989 - no requirement of publication, registration or inclusion of the © symbol.

Copyright Duration

America in a Nutshell by Vermario(Flickr.com CC-BY-NC-SA)

U.S. Constitution, Art. 1, § 8“…the Progress of Science and Useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries…”

Exceptions to Exclusive Rights

Public Domain – works whose copyright term has expired according to the Copyright Act. See Cornell University chart -http://copyright.cornell.edu/resources/publicdomain.cfm

Non-Copyrightable Works – ideas, facts, government documents, symbols

Face-to-Face Teaching Exception – allows performance or display, without permission, of copyrighted works during face-to-face instruction. Note - this exception does not provide for copying or distribution of copyrighted works.

Fair Use Exception – permits use and reproduction of copyrighted works where purpose of such use is criticism, comment, news reporting, scholarship, research, or education and where the balance of four separate factors weighs in favor of such use.

Four Factors of Fair Use

Purpose and Character of the Use

a) Educational vs. Commercial

b) Transformative vs. Reproduction

**MOOCs – educational or commercial??

Nature of the Copyrighted Worka) Technical vs. Artistic

b) Factual vs. Imaginative

c) Published vs. Unpublished

Amount and Substantiality of the Portion Used

a) Small amount vs. Larger quantity than needed to meet pedagogical objective

b) Selection is or is not considered “heart of the matter”

Effect of the Use on the Marketa) Copying viewed as alternative to

student purchase?

b) Ready market for the original?

c) Avoiding payment of royalties?

**MOOCs openness viewed as negative effect upon market

Newest Exception: TEACH Act

2002 enactment of the TEACH Act extended face-to-face teaching exception to distance education Fair Use still matters – TEACH Act is not an alternative to Fair Use

but instead purports to extend face-to-face teaching exception to online classroom

TEACH Act does NOT apply to MOOCs

TEACH Act allows digital display and performance of copyrighted works without permission under very limited circumstances.

To invoke TEACH Act instructors MUST solely make decision to use material, only select materials that are essential for achieving pedagogical goal of the lesson/course (not supplementary)

Using Copyrighted Works in Online Courses

Can I Use That?

Text Materials - Can I Use That?

Textual materials (book chapters, journal articles, poems, web site content)

Post-It by bookgrl (Flickr.com CC BY-NC-ND)

Distribution of materials to students = reproduction, not display or performance. Hence, not addressed by TEACH Act.

1. Link to existing digital copy (e.g. content in licensed database) – not an option for MOOCs

2. Digitize and post electronic copy within bounds of fair use (more limited in MOOCs)

3. Seek permission from copyright holder

Issues and Considerations

Linking to electronic materials Is it licensed? License conditions govern usage Is there a persistent or stable link? MOOC participants will not be able to access licensed

resources

Fair Use or Permission Fair Use Analysis Seeking Permission

Locating and Using Open Access Materials Open Access – free, unrestricted, online Directory of Open Access Journals (http://www.doaj.org)

Video: Can I Use That?

Video materials – VHS, DVD, streaming video

Showing of a film or video is a “performance” under the Copyright Act; TEACH Act may be invoked if all the requirements of the Act are present.

Fair Use also available as exception permitting the streaming of video to online classes.

Permitted to circumvent protection measures on DVDs to create digital clips of films. Now faculty from all disciplines may do so.

Permission from copyright holder –variety of business models for licensing.

Issues and Considerations

Digitization and streaming of DVDs DMCA restrictions – 2010 rulemaking (exemption expanded) License accompanying DVD may restrict streaming without

permission MOOCs – shorter excerpts may be fair use

Digitization of VHS (analog) when no DVD (digital) equivalent available

Use of subscription or pay-per-view streaming services (e.g. Netflix, Amazon, iTunes)

Freely available streaming content Beware of You Tube – may not be “legal” content Examples of free streaming content for linking: PBS;

Folkstreams.net; SnagFilms.com; Nature Video Archive

Audio: Can I Use That?

Sound Recordings – audio cassettes, audio CDs, MP3s

Playing of an audio clip is a “performance” under the Copyright Act; hence, the TEACH Act may be invoked if all the requirements of the Act are present.

Fair Use may also be available as exception permitting the streaming of audio to online classes.

Permission from copyright holder

Issues and Considerations

Pre-1972 Sound Recordings – not protected by federal law; look at state statute where work will be used

Dramatic vs. Non-Dramatic Works and the TEACH Act Conversion of analog works License restrictions on digital recordings Locating copyright free audio works

Creative Commons licensed audio works – ccmixter.org; jamendo.com

Public Domain audio works – Library of Congress National Jukebox (http://www.loc.gov/jukebox/); Musopen(http://www.musopen.com/)

Images: Can I Use That?

Images – photographs, movie stills, posters, art prints

Showing of an image to an online class is a “display” under the TEACH Act.

Fair Use may also be available as exception permitting the display of images

Permission from copyright holder

Collage Sheet by Becky F. (Flickr.com CC-BY)

Issues and Considerations

Image source – legal copy? Fair Use Issues

Quantity of Images “Transformativeness”

Royalty free image sources Creative Commons search http://search.creativecommons.org http://flickr.com

Public Domain Images Library of Congress American Memory Collection

(http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/browse/ListSome.php?format=Photograph)

Public Domain Sherpa (http://www.publicdomainsherpa.com/public-domain-photographs.html)

Your Rights as Content Creators

Managing Your Own Copyright

Copyright and Publishing

Author or creator of work

Automatic copyright protection for the work

A bundle of rights (which can be transferred), including: to reproduce the work in copies (e.g., as photocopies or online),

to distribute copies of the work;

to prepare translations and other derivative works,

to perform or display the work publicly;

to authorize others to exercise any of these rights.

If you sign your copyright away to a publisher

• May need permission to use your own work

• May have to pay for access

• Your university may also have to buy back access

Some or all rights can be transferred or retained

If an author transfers ownership of the copyright, he or she can still retain the right to do certain things like include articles in course packs, or place articles on a personal web site or an institutional repository.

If an author retains ownership of the copyright, he or she can grant a non-exclusive license to the publisher, typically for the right of first formal publication.

In order to publish your work, publishers need from you the

right to publish your work.

Usually publishers ask you to transfer your copyright to them.

The work belongs to you until you give your rights away!

• A non-exclusive right to publish and distribute a work and receive a financial return

• Proper attribution and citation as journal of first publication

• Right to migrate the work to future formats

What Publishers Need

• Read the publisher’s agreement carefully - some will explicitly grant the author certain rights

• Ask whether you can retain copyright (and just grant the publisher a license to publish)

• Edit the agreement directly

• Append an amendment (e.g. SPARC Addendum) to the agreement that stipulates what rights you need to retain (http://www.arl.org/sparc/bm~doc/Access-Reuse_Addendum.pdf)

What Authors Can Do

Tips for Managing Your Rights:o Understand your rights & negotiate with publishers for the rights you want

to retain

o Work with publishers with flexible copyright policies. SHERPA/ROMEO summarizes many publisher policies (http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo/)

o Attach addendum to publisher’s copyright agreement. (e.g. SPARC (Scholarly Publishing & Academic Resources Coalition) Author Addendum http://www.arl.org/sparc/author/addendum.shtml)

o Utilize Creative Commons License (http://creativecommons.org)

o Consider publishing your work in an open access journal (see Directory of Open Access Journals http://www.doaj.org)

Creative Commons Licenses

http://www.dontwasteyourtime.co.uk/elearning/creative-commons-infographic-licenses-explained/

What is Open Access?

Scholarly literature that is "digital, online, free of charge, and free of mostcopyright and licensing restrictions."

It does not mean giving away your work; it is nottrading quality for access.

• Work is freely available to anyone  (e.g. students, colleagues, peers) with Internet access

• Authors retain copyright• Users must properly cite and acknowledge the authors.• Higher impact and citation rates than traditional journals (for list of 

numerous studies demonstrating this see the OpCit Project http://opcit.eprints.org/oacitation‐biblio.html) 

Benefits to Authors from Publishing in Open Access

• Fully Open Access Journals – see Directory of Open Access Journals (http://www.doaj.org) for list

• Hybrid Open Access Journals• Deposit your work in an open access repository, such as an 

institutional repository or a subject‐specific repository (e.g. PubMed, arXiv) – See Directory of Open Access Repositories (http://www.opendoar.org) 

Open Access Journals and Repositories

How to Locate Quality Open Access Journals

Determining Journal Quality Beware: Vanity Presses (existed before OA) Beall’s List of Predatory Publishers (http://scholarlyoa.com/publishers/)

“An intention to deceive authors and readers, and a lack of transparency in their operations and processes”

Critique of Beall’s criteria/methods

Declan Butler’s Checklist Check that the publisher provides full, verifiable contact information. Be cautious of those

that provide only web contact forms. Check that a journal's editorial board lists recognized experts with full affiliations.

Contact some of them and ask about their experience with the journal or publisher. Check that the journal prominently displays its policy for author fees. Be wary of e-mail invitations to submit to journals or to become editorial board members. Read some of the journal's published articles and assess their quality. Contact past

authors. Check that a journal's peer-review process is clearly described and try to confirm that a

claimed impact factor is correct. Find out whether the journal is a member of an industry association that vets its members,

such as the Directory of Open Access Journals (www.doaj.org) or the Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association (www.oaspa.org).

Use common sense, as you would when shopping online.

Locating Quality Open Access Repositories

Christine Fruin

[email protected]

http://campuscopyright.wordpress.com

Twitter -- @campuscopyright

Questions or Comments?

Neither Creative Commons nor Science Commons are parties to this agreement or provide legal advice. Please visit www.sciencecommons.org for more information and specific disclaimers. SPARC (the Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition) and the Association of Research Libraries (ARL) are not parties to this Addendum or to the Publication Agreement. SPARC and ARL make no warranty whatsoever in connection with the Article. SPARC and ARL will not be liable to Author or Publisher on any legal theory for any damages whatsoever, including without limitation any general, special, incidental or consequential damages arising in connection with this Addendum or the Publication Agreement. SPARC and ARL make no warranties regarding the information provided in this Addendum and disclaims liability for damages resulting from the use of this Addendum. This Addendum is provided on an “as-is” basis. No legal services are provided or intended to be provided in connection with this Addendum.

Access-Reuse 1.0 www.sciencecommons.org

SPARC Author Addendum 3.0

www.arl.org/sparc/

ADDENDUM TO PUBLICATION AGREEMENT

1. THIS ADDENDUM hereby modifies and supplements the attached Publication Agreement concerning the following Article: _________________________________________________________________________ (manuscript title) _________________________________________________________________________ (journal name)

2. The parties to the Publication Agreement as modified and supplemented by this Addendum are:

____________________________________(corresponding author) ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ (Individually or, if one than more author, collectively, Author)

_______________________________________ (Publisher)

3. This Addendum and the Publication Agreement, taken together, allocate all rights under copyright with respect to all versions of the Article. The parties agree that wherever there is any conflict between this Addendum and the Publication Agreement, the provisions of this Addendum are paramount and the Publication Agreement shall be construed accordingly.

4. Author’s Retention of Rights. Notwithstanding any terms in the Publication Agreement to the contrary, AUTHOR and PUBLISHER agree that in addition to any rights under copyright retained by Author in the Publication Agreement, Author retains: (i) the rights to reproduce, to distribute, to publicly perform, and to publicly display the Article in any medium for non-commercial purposes; (ii) the right to prepare derivative works from the Article; and (iii) the right to authorize others to make any non-commercial use of the Article so long as Author receives credit as author and the journal in which the Article has been published is cited as the source of first publication of the Article. For example, Author may make and distribute copies in the course of teaching and research and may post the Article on personal or institutional Web sites and in other open-access digital repositories. 5. Publisher's Additional Commitments. Publisher agrees to provide to Author within 14 days of first publication and at no charge an electronic copy of the published Article in a format, such as the Portable Document Format (.pdf), that preserves final page layout, formatting, and content. No technical restriction, such as security settings, will be imposed to prevent copying or printing of the document. 6. Acknowledgment of Prior License Grants. In addition, where applicable and without limiting the retention of rights above, Publisher acknowledges that Author’s assignment of copyright or Author’s grant of exclusive rights in the Publication Agreement is subject to Author’s prior grant of a non-exclusive copyright license to Author’s employing institution and/or to a funding entity that financially supported the research reflected in the Article as part of an agreement between Author or Author’s employing institution and such funding entity, such as an agency of the United States government.

7. For record keeping purposes, Author requests that Publisher sign a copy of this Addendum and return it to Author. However, if Publisher publishes the Article in the journal or in any other form without signing a copy of this Addendum, such publication manifests Publisher’s assent to the terms of this Addendum.

AUTHOR PUBLISHER ___________________________________________ ____________________________________ (corresponding author on behalf of all authors)

_______________________________________(Date) ___________________________________(Date)