Copyright & Ethics in the Digital...
Transcript of Copyright & Ethics in the Digital...
Copyright & Ethics in the Digital AgeProfessor BushMarch 7, 2018
Tonight
1. Basic HTML2. Midterm Questions?3. Cover the basics of copyright
law.4. Understanding “public domain”
and how it applies to us.5. Discussion of ethics & legal
issues of doing history online
The Basics of HTML
Programming Websites
HyperText Markup Language (HTML) = the programming language read by browsers to display webpages. Code to “describe” how to display content; local directions. Page‐by‐page instructions.
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) = the file that tells the browser how to display the website. Global directions, ie: these instructions apply to the entire site unless otherwise specified.
Examples: DeathinDiorama.comHTML: Page‐level HTML for DeathinDiorama home page.CSS: Cascading Style Sheet for DeathinDiorama.com
Computers are Very Literal.
HTML “tags” signal to the browser to display content in a specific way.<tagname>content</tagname>
Tags come in pairs – the <start> tag and the </end> tag. ‐ It’s good practice to only use lowercase – both standard and faster‐ Computers are literal – they require BOTH tags to work. ‐ You “wrap” the content you want to style in your tags.
You can nest tags:<b><i>This class rocks!</i></b>Would display as: This class rocks!
Common HTML Tags
Header <h1></h1> through <h6></h6>Paragraph <p></p>Bold <b></b> <strong></strong>Italics <i></i>Links <a href=“URL”></a>Ordered (numbered) lists
<ol></ol>
Unordered (bullet) lists
<ul></ul>
List item <li></li>
Midterm Questions?What can I help you with?
Copyright & Ethics
Copyright
The law that protects authors or creators of "original works of authorship," including literary, dramatic, musical, artistic and other intellectual works. It allows the author to decide how, when, and where their work can be reproduced and used.
Brief History of Copyright
• Existed in the United States since 1790. • Major revision in 1909 and again in 1976.
The Copyright Act of 1976 is the basis for our current copyright law.• Gave us details on the length of protection for creative works.• Defined the types of works eligible for protection.• Detailed the “fair use” doctrine.
Dove Evolution
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iYhCn0jf46U
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jVY6VqfASOM
Fair Use
• A way copyrighted works can be used under certain circumstances without permission of the copyright holder. It’s limited, but flexible, and is commonly used in educational settings.
• There are four factors you should use to evaluate whether a use qualifies as fair:
• Purpose and character: Does it have a nonprofit, educational purpose?• Nature of the copyrighted work: What kind of material do you want to use? Fiction/nonfiction? Published/unpublished?
• Amount used: Are you using a small portion of the copyrighted work?• Market effect: Will your use deprive the author from making money?
Length of Protection?
Copyright Extension Act of 1998
• Extended the terms of protection: • Life of author plus 70 years for “personal” works. • *For works of corporate authorship (anonymous or pseudonymous) 120 years after creation or 95 years after publication, whichever endpoint is earlier.’*
• Copyright protection for works published prior to January 1, 1978, was increased by 20 years to a total of 95 years from their publication date.
• Effectively "froze" the advancement date of the public domain for works covered by the older fixed term copyright rules.
Public Domain
“The Public Domain is made up of all knowledge not covered by some form of IP protection, including facts, most governmental publications, and works for which copyright has expired. Like water, it is a vital and renewable resource.”
– Stan Adams, cdt, 2017
• All works published in the US before 1923.• Works published between 1923 and 1977 andwithout a copyright notice.• Works by the U.S Government or created by its employees as part of their job.
Disney: Built on the Public Domain
What is in the public domain?
The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Project Gutenberg
Discussion: The Amen Break
We now live in a remix culture.
Are we hindering creative expression with strict copyright laws?Who do they protect and how?
Questions of fair use are at the core of the debate over music sampling.
Can you own a sound?
Digital Millennium Copyright Act
• Bans the circumventing or tampering with the copyright protection and encryption devices common in software, DVDs and CDs.
• Corporations can limit how we use digital products even after we’ve purchased them
• Safe harbor for ISPs
So what does this mean for us?
#h390
Restrictions on Images
Wikimedia Commons & Wikipedia• Legit digital projects, museums & archives• Government‐produced• Do your research.
Is this in the Public Domain?
Possible Answers: • Yes•No
• It depends
• .
Intellectual Property
• Copyright – creative works.• Patents – a license conferring a right or title for a set period to exclude others from making, using, or selling an invention or a specific application of an idea.
• Trademark – a symbol, word or visual identity legally registered by use as representing a company or product.
The Creator Chooses
Distribution Options
Copyright = All Rights Reserved.
Creative Commons = Some Rights Reserved.
Open Source = No Rights Reserved.
Ethics & Digital History
•What is legal vs what is ethical?
• Last names A‐D: Linder’s Famous Trials Site• Last names F‐M: Shorpy Historic Picture Archive• Last names N‐W: Paperless Archives
What is legal vs what is ethical?
Legality is often easier to determine – ethics requires some thought and personal reflection. Every field has different standards.
• Images of dead bodies? • Publishing the names of delinquent children?• Pedophile registers• Holocaust victims?• How descriptive do you get when you describe torture or murder in a paper or other project?
• Lynching victims? Are you re‐inscribing violence when you publish images?
Ethics
• Cite your sources—what you borrow.• Faithfully transcribe evidence.• Don’t ignore contradictory evidence.• Don’t fabricate evidence. • Don’t cherry pick evidence.• Acknowledge biases—your own, your sources; financial support.• Maintain transparency of research.
NEXT TIME
• Next week is Spring Break. Do not come to class.• Midterms are due before class on March 21. • When we return, we’ll be digging into the actual Chicago Homicide Database.
• Reading from Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology – you pick it!