Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu...
-
Upload
megan-anderson -
Category
Documents
-
view
222 -
download
3
Transcript of Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu...
![Page 1: Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Classification Chapter 17 Table of Contents Section 1 Biodiversity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062312/55159d2555034674578b5df3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
ResourcesChapter menu
ClassificationChapter 17
Table of Contents
Section 1 Biodiversity
Section 2 Systematics
Section 3 Modern Classification
![Page 2: Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Classification Chapter 17 Table of Contents Section 1 Biodiversity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062312/55159d2555034674578b5df3/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
ResourcesChapter menu
Section 1 BiodiversityChapter 17
Objectives
• Relate biodiversity to biological classification.
• Explain why naturalists replaced Aristotle’s classification system.
• Identify the main criterion that Linnaeus used to classify organisms.
• List the common levels of modern classification from general to specific.
![Page 3: Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Classification Chapter 17 Table of Contents Section 1 Biodiversity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062312/55159d2555034674578b5df3/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
ResourcesChapter menu
Section 1 BiodiversityChapter 17
Classifying Organisms
• Naturalists have invented several systems for categorizing biodiversity, which is the variety of organisms considered at all levels from populations to ecosystems.
![Page 4: Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Classification Chapter 17 Table of Contents Section 1 Biodiversity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062312/55159d2555034674578b5df3/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
ResourcesChapter menu
Section 1 BiodiversityChapter 17
Taxonomy
• Naturalists replaced Aristotle’s classification system because it did not adequately cover all organisms and because his use of common names was problematic.
• Taxonomy is the science of describing, naming, and classifying organisms.
![Page 5: Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Classification Chapter 17 Table of Contents Section 1 Biodiversity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062312/55159d2555034674578b5df3/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
ResourcesChapter menu
Section 1 BiodiversityChapter 17
Taxonomy, continued
• The Linnaean System – Carolus Linnaeus devised a seven-level
hierarchical system for classifying organisms according to their form and structure.
– From the most general to the most specific,the levels are kingdom, phylum, class, order, family,genus, and species.
![Page 6: Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Classification Chapter 17 Table of Contents Section 1 Biodiversity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062312/55159d2555034674578b5df3/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
ResourcesChapter menu
Chapter 17
Classification Hierarchy of Organisms
Section 1 Biodiversity
![Page 7: Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Classification Chapter 17 Table of Contents Section 1 Biodiversity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062312/55159d2555034674578b5df3/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
ResourcesChapter menu
Section 1 BiodiversityChapter 17
Levels of Classification
• Binomial Nomenclature– An important part of Linnaeus’s system was
assigning each species a two-part scientific name—a genus name, such as Homo, and a species identifier, such as sapiens.
– This system of a two-part name is known as binomial nomenclature.
![Page 8: Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Classification Chapter 17 Table of Contents Section 1 Biodiversity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062312/55159d2555034674578b5df3/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
ResourcesChapter menu
Section 2 SystematicsChapter 17
Objectives• Identify the kinds of evidence that modern biologists use in classifying
organisms.
• Explain what information a phylogenetic diagram displays.
• State the criteria used in cladistic analysis.
• Describe how a cladogram is made.
• Discuss how proteins and chromosomes are used to classify organisms.
• Explain cladistic taxonomy, and identify one conclusion that is in conflict with classical taxonomy.
![Page 9: Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Classification Chapter 17 Table of Contents Section 1 Biodiversity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062312/55159d2555034674578b5df3/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
ResourcesChapter menu
Section 2 SystematicsChapter 17
Phylogenetics
• A modern approach to taxonomy is systematics, which analyzes the diversity of organisms in the context of their natural relationships.
• When classifying organisms, scientists consider fossils, homologous features, embryos, chromosomes, and the sequences of proteins and DNA.
![Page 10: Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Classification Chapter 17 Table of Contents Section 1 Biodiversity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062312/55159d2555034674578b5df3/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
ResourcesChapter menu
Section 2 SystematicsChapter 17
Phylogenetics, continued
• A phylogenetic diagram displays how closely related a subset of taxa are thought to be.
![Page 11: Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Classification Chapter 17 Table of Contents Section 1 Biodiversity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062312/55159d2555034674578b5df3/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
ResourcesChapter menu
Section 2 SystematicsChapter 17
Phylogenetics, continued
• Evidence of Shared Ancestry– Homologous features as well as similarities in
patterns of embryological development provide information about common ancestry.
![Page 12: Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Classification Chapter 17 Table of Contents Section 1 Biodiversity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062312/55159d2555034674578b5df3/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
ResourcesChapter menu
Section 2 SystematicsChapter 17
Cladistics
• Cladistics uses shared, derived characters as the only criterion for grouping taxa.
![Page 13: Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Classification Chapter 17 Table of Contents Section 1 Biodiversity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062312/55159d2555034674578b5df3/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
ResourcesChapter menu
Chapter 17
Cladogram: Major Groups of Plants
Section 2 Systematics
![Page 14: Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Classification Chapter 17 Table of Contents Section 1 Biodiversity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062312/55159d2555034674578b5df3/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
ResourcesChapter menu
Section 2 SystematicsChapter 17
Cladistics, continued
• Molecular Cladistics– Molecular similarities (such as similar amino acid
or nucleotide sequences), as well as chromosome comparisons, can help determine common ancestry.
![Page 15: Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Classification Chapter 17 Table of Contents Section 1 Biodiversity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062312/55159d2555034674578b5df3/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
ResourcesChapter menu
Section 2 SystematicsChapter 17
Cladistics, continued
• Chromosomes– Analyzing karyotypes can provide more
information on evolutionary relationships.
![Page 16: Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Classification Chapter 17 Table of Contents Section 1 Biodiversity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062312/55159d2555034674578b5df3/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
ResourcesChapter menu
Chapter 17
Similarities in Amino Acid Sequences
Section 2 Systematics
![Page 17: Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Classification Chapter 17 Table of Contents Section 1 Biodiversity.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062312/55159d2555034674578b5df3/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved.
ResourcesChapter menu
Chapter 17
Phylogenetic Diagram of Mammals
Section 2 Systematics