Copyright and Fair Use in Higher Education
Transcript of Copyright and Fair Use in Higher Education
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University of Massachusetts Amherst
From the SelectedWorks of Laura Quilter
January 17, 2013
Copyright and Fair Use in Higher EducationLaura Quilter, University of Massachusetts - Amherst
Available at: https://works.bepress.com/laura_quilter/21/
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Copyright & Fair Usein Higher Education
Laura Quilter / UMass Library2013 January 17
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“It's one of those life skills now, right? When you graduate from high school or college, you should know how to read a map, you should know how to use GPS, you should know a little bit about copyright. If you are somebody who is going to be in a field where you will encounter copyrighted
Maria Pallante, Register of Copyrights, Ars Technica, July 13, 2011, http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2011/07/new-register-of-copyrights-unfortunately-i-start-with-enforcement.ars
materials all the time, you should know more. If you're going to be an artist or musician and you're getting a red-hot degree in the performing arts, you should know a lot. And I don't think that's quite the case—I don't think it's been built into curricula.”
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How did we get here?
1. technology shift … Expanding markets in entertainment, IT, biotech
2. that precipitated a wholesale transformation in law of information○Quiet area of law suddenly suffused with $$$, lobbyists,
Congressional hearings○Public interest groups late to the table ○Rapid changes in law with little or no public input
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• 1976: Copyright by default, on everything• 1980: Computer program amendments• 1982: Piracy & Counterfeiting • 1984: Record Rental Amendment• 1984: Semiconductor Chip Protection Act (SCPA)• 1988: Berne Convention Implementation• 1990: Visual Artists Rights Act• 1990: Architectural Works Copyright Protection Act• 1990: Computer Software Rental Amendments Act• 1991: Semiconductor International Protection Extension• 1992: Copyright Renewal Act• 1992: Audio Home Recording Act• 1994: Uruguay Round Agreements• 1995: Digital Performance Right in Sound Recordings• 1996: Anticounterfeiting Consumer Protection Act• 1997: No Electronic Theft Act• 1998: Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act• 1998: Fairness in Music Licensing Act• 1998: Digital Millennium Copyright Act◦ WIPO Performances & Phonograms Implementation◦ OCILLA (Section 512, DMCA)◦ Computer Maintenance Competition Assurance◦ Vessel Hull Design Protection Act (VHDPA)• 1999: Digital Theft Deterrence & Copyright Damages “Improvement”• 2000: Work Made for Hire• 2002: TEACH (Technology, Education, & Copyright “Harmonization”) Act• 2004: Copyright Royalty & Distribution Reform Act• 2004: Satellite Home Viewer … • 2004: Intellectual Property Protection & Courts Amendment … • 2005: Artists’ Rights & Theft Prevention Act• 2005: Family Entertainment & Copyright Act of 2005• 2008: PRO-IP (Prioritizing Resources and Organization for IP)• 2009: Webcaster Settlement Act, Section 119 Satellite Statutory License• 2010: Satellite TV Extension & Localism Act• 2010: Copyright Cleanup
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why do academics care about copyright?
● creators & owners of copyrights● users of others' material in teaching● users of others' material in research /
publications
● changes in copyright law and publishing have turned academic copyright into an impediment to research and teaching
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why do universities care about copyright?
● pay to create the copyrighted works: ○ (a) costs of supporting the researcher; ○ (b) support the researchers for peer review; ○ (c) page charges
● pay again to access the copyrighted works they paid to create:○ journal subscriptions○ licensing : document delivery & e-reserves &
permissions for re-use for teaching or replicating● subsidizing profits for publishers
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Scholarly Publishing, Today
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subsidizing (for-profit) publishers
● consolidation of scholarly journals into for-profit publisher's portfolios; consolidation of publishers into larger media corporations○ e.g., Elsevier, 2010: 37% profit margin
● serials budgets swallowing monograph budgets, leading to decline of University & scholarly presses
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Crisis in scholarly communication
● “publish or perish” > more jrnls
● “profit or perish” > more $$$
● more users & more uses● University bottom line:
Pay, pay, pay, pay (research, publication, subscription, re-use)
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part 1: you own copyrights.
now what?
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you own copyrights! (lots of them)
● any "original work of authorship"
● "fixed in any tangible medium of expression"○ what does that mean ?
● you don't have to register or print (c) on the document (although it's helpful)
● the (c) extends 70 years after your death!
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"fixed in any tangible medium of expression"
● .... ? ○ papers○ photographs○ unpublished manuscript○ letters○ emails○ slide decks○ scribbled notes on post-its○ doodle
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is there anything you can't copyright?
● facts, ideas, methods: the digits of pi (3.14159...), the A-B-Cs (not an "original work of authorship"), a plot, a recipe, a formula
● functional designs / "useful articles"○ clothing or furniture designs
● short phrases and titles● works by the US government
cf. trademark, trade secret, patent, contracts
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... your copyright lets you:
● authorize reproductions (copies), the first distribution (publication), derivative works (translations, adaptations), performance, display, broadcast
● assign your copyright or a part of it to someone else (e.g., a journal)
● "license" your work to someone else (e.g.,. Creative Commons; permit re-use)
● terminate an assignment after 35 years
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... BUT your copyright DOES NOT:
● guarantee attribution / credit● allow you to control re-sale● allow you to prevent a "fair use" (critique,
news, teaching, transformation)
● allow you to control facts● allow you to control use of your image
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... you can transfer your copyright
● assign your copyright or a part of it to someone else (e.g., a journal)
● "license" your work to someone else (e.g., Creative Commons; permit re-use)
● terminate an assignment after 35 years
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assigning your copyright
● When you assign your copyright to a journal, you no longer own the copyright to your article. You are now a legal stranger to your article* and may have to ask permission from the journal to reprint it, distribute it, or adapt it.
● Does the journal need you to assign your copyright to them to print it? NO.
* in most circumstances
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alternatives to assignment
● You can license some rights. ○ Publisher may only need non-exclusive rights
■ First publication; credit; rights to re-print.○ Open Access ("OA") publications○ Creative Commons licensing
■ CC-BY guarantees attribution
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Creative Commons
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alternatives to assignment
● You can assign your copyright but retain some rights. ○ SPARC Addendum (attach it to your author
agreement!)○ YOU KEEP -- Rights to re-distribute
(classroom use? faculty requests, include in other works), self-archive, archive in your institutional archive, adapt / translate
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SPARC Author Addendum
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open access facilitates scholarship!
● greater distribution without journal fees○ developing nations, less wealthy institutions,
students & teachers, practitioners, the public● improved citation indexes● less hassle -- no permission requests &
transactions for routine uses● helps research & university budgets
○ cost of research... page charges... subscriptions... peer review... other uses
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UMass ScholarWorks
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self-archiving
● Increasingly author agreements facilitate self-archiving on author websites or institutional repositories.
● If not, ASK. (SPARC et al)
PLUS:● #PDFtribute for Aaron Swartz
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more information
● UMass ScholarWorks, http://scholarworks.umass.edu● AAAS, Authorship Rights Report, http://www.aaas.
org/spp/sfrl/projects/epub/● US Copyright Office, http://copyright.gov/ ● Create Change, http://createchange.org/● Creative Commons, http://creativecommons.org/● SPARC, http://arl.org/sparc/
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part 2: you use copyrights.
is it fair use?
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Simple questions in the Academy ….
● Can a scholar publish portions of landscape plans held by the National Park Service?
● Can the Development Office redistribute copies of newspaper articles?
● Can a faculty member use a patented reagent?● Can the library digitize this book?
but ambiguous, confusing, or complex answers in copyright law ….
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copyright controls some rights...
... but not all rights. Rights not controlled by copyright include:● numerous specific statutory exceptions● "de minimis" uses● uses of non-copyrighted aspects (facts)● first sale● fair uses● licensed uses [e.g., Creative Commons;
library licensed; requested permission]
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Bion Smalley, American Libraries, May 1977
"What is 'fair use'?"
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what is fair use?
"A legislatively sanctioned element of 'gut instinct' lies at the core of every fair use determination." Julie Cohen, 1995
17 USC 107: "the factors to be considered shall include" ... * purpose /character * nature of the work* amount taken * effect on market
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purpose or character of the use
● transformative in character?
● transformative purpose?
● non-profit educational? (multiple copies for classroom use)
● substitutive
● commercial
more fair less fair
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purpose or character of the use
● transformative in character? or substitutive?
● transformative purpose? or commercial?
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nature of the copyrighted work
● factual?
● published?
● not commercially available at a reasonable price?
● creative (fictional, artistic)
● unpublished? * [not dispositive]
● commercially available?
more fair less fair
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amount & substantiality taken
● only as much needed?
● a small portion?
● a portion that doesn't substitute?
● more than needed?
● the whole thing?
● the heart of the work?
more fair less fair
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effect on the market
● does not substitute in the market?
● does not substitute for a derivative market?
● no licenses available
● substitutes in the market?
● substitutes for a derivative market?
● licenses available (reasonable $$)
more fair less fair
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other factors to consider
● public benefit? ● benefits purposes of
copyright?● good faith? ● clean hands?● attribution?
● no public benefit
● bad faith● unclean hands● no attribution
more fair less fair
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add it up?
"Fair Use Visualizer" based on Field v. Google, Benedict.com
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weigh it?
LQ 2012
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Barton Beebe, “An Empirical Study of U.S. Copyright Fair Use Opinions, 1978-2005”, 156 Pennsylvania Law Review 549 (2008)
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... discipline-specific guidance: "Best Practices in Fair Use"● Media Studies Publishing● Teaching for Film & Media Educators● Media Literacy Education● Scholarly Research in Communication● Documentary Filmmakers● Music Scholarship● Dance-Related Materials● Poetry● Visual Resources Association● Story Arts● User-Generated Video● Academic & Research Libraries
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Timothy Vollmer, http://www.flickr.com/photos/sixteenmilesofstring/2596569134/
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more information on fair & lawful uses in teaching & research● UMass Scholarly Communication website, SOON
http://library.umass.edu/sc/● UMass Library eReserves, http://ereserves.library.umass.
edu/● Center for Social Media, Best Practices in Fair Use http:
//centerforsocialmedia.org/fair-use/best-practices● Kenneth Crews, TEACH Act (distance ed) http://copyright.
columbia.edu/copyright/special-topics/distance-education/● Copyright Office, DMCA Exemptions, http://www.copyright.
gov/1201/● STM Guidelines, http://stm-assoc.org/permissions-
guidelines/
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part 3: librarians as information activists.
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Information law, transformed
● Damages● DMCA (TPMs; ISP intermediate liability)● Courts & case law
○Fair use■Whittling away at Sony standard / secondary liability■Rise of transformativeness factor of fair use■ Intermediate uses / Reverse engineering
○Clickwrap licenses○First sale (Costco v. Omega)
● all driven by commercialization of copyright
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the year of library litigation
● Authors Guild v. HathiTrust● Cambridge Univ. Press v. Becker (Georgia State
Univ. ereserves)● AIME v. UCLA (videostreaming)
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the year of library litigation. 2.0
● Authors Guild v. HathiTrust● Cambridge Univ. Press v. Becker (Georgia State
Univ. ereserves)● AIME v. UCLA (videostreaming)
coming up:● replays of the above● Authors Guild v. Google (Google BookSearch)● Kirtsaeng v. Wiley (first sale vs. import)● ReDigi (electronic first sale)
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Open Access - Responses
● Preprint archives● Self-archiving● Author addenda● Institutional repositories● Open access mandates● Library pubilshing● Open Data / Open Knowledge
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Challenges
● Improving our repositories● Improving scholarly communications● Alliances● Get political● Get evidence-based
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Challenges
● Improving our repositories○Educating slow-adopter faculty & departments○Extending beyond research & scholarship
■Non-journal scholarship [monographs; conferences; blogs; datasets; methods & protocols]
■Teaching & learning resources [OER]■Community outreach & service
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Challenges
● Improving scholarly communications○Push journals away from requiring copyright
assignment; e.g., Nature○Peer-review process; e.g., HHMI/Planck/Wellcome○MTA reform; working with journals on their acceptance
policies, and encouraging OA-MTAs○Close review of licensing and DRM
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Challenges
● Get political○Defending & enhancing fair use, esp. transformative
use, in digitization○Fighting off legal challenges to OA & over-zealous
copyright assertions (e.g., GSU case)○Orphan works○Copyfraud (e.g., ProQuest)○Section 108 reforms, esp. digital archives○Author reversion rights○CFAA reform : no criminal enforcement of licensing○ legislation in response to Kirtsaeng
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Challenges
● Get political (cont’d)○DMCA anticircumvention rulemaking○More OA mandates & support○Attribution rights○ International issues, e.g., right to knowledge
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Challenges
● Get evidence-based○Chilling effects of IP regimes on research? ○Economic costs of IP regimes – transaction costs,
opportunity costs? Costs of copyright compliance imposed on academia?
○Scholarly-impact studies of OA? Benefits of OA to interdisciplinary work? community-building?
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Targets & Issues
● Digitization: Embedded content, archives, born-digital
● Holistic approaches to copyright and other information practices: Cultural rights, subject interest rights (privacy), ethics
● Vendors & Outsourcing: Interlocking layers of policies & practices
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Support & Education
● Faculty, incl. Adjuncts, Postdocs, etc.● Policy-making staff, e.g., General Counsel;
Administration● Education support staff (IT, R&D, etc.)● Librarians & library staff
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Unique role of the library
● Our institutional mandate: promote scholarship● Our legal role: represent users and educators● Our political position: we are mom & apple pie
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“It's one of those life skills now, right? When you graduate from high school or college, you should know how to read a map, you should know how to use GPS, you should know a little bit about copyright. …. And if you are a librarian, you must become an expert in copyright; an educator, an activist, and an advocate.”
Maria Pallante, remixed:
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more information
● lquilter @ library.umass.edu