Copyright and citation issues : PROOF course Writing articles and abstracts in English / Leon...
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Copyright and citation issues PROOF course Writing articles and abstracts in English 08-09-2014 / 17-09-2014 [email protected], TU/e IEC/Library Available under CC BY license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
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As an author of scholarly papers, you will use in your paper materials (text fragments, picture, tables, figures) of other people. In most cases this material is copyright-protected which means that in most cases, not always, you have to ask permission to re-use that material and to attribute the source of the material. This is also the first topic of this lecture: you as a user of copyright-protected material. In the second place, when you’re done writing you want to publish your paper in a journal. In most cases, not always, this goes with a transfer of the copyright that you initially own to a publisher. Transfer of copyright has some consequences and this is the second topic of this presentation: you as a producer of copyright-protected material.
Transcript of Copyright and citation issues : PROOF course Writing articles and abstracts in English / Leon...
Copyright and citation issues
PROOF course Writing articles and abstracts in English 08-09-2014 / 17-09-2014
[email protected], TU/e IEC/Library Available under CC BY license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
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Introducing myself and IEC/Library ; shortly showing website IEC Why ‘Copyright’ in a course on scientific writing, in a course which will be especially about the readability and understandability of papers? The reasons are simple. First of all, as a writer you will use in your paper materials (text fragments, picture, tables, figures) of other people. In most cases this material is copyright-protected which means that in most cases you have to ask permission to re-use that material. This is also the first topic of this lecture: you as a user of copyright-protected material. In the second place, when you’re done writing you want to publish your paper in a journal. In most cases, not always, this goes with a transfer of the copyright that you have to a publisher. Transfer of copyright has some consequences and this is the second topic of my lecture: you as a producer of copyright-protected material. Because these topics are new in this course I have made a small evaluation form for this course. I would like to ask you to fill in this form. If you have questions, if things aren’t clear, don’t hesitate to interrupt me. [When you create something, you own the copyright of it. But what rights do you actually have when you have copyright? Copyright means two things: Having copyright means that you and only you have the right to exploit your work by reproducing it, this means: you may copy it, distribute or publish it and make derivative works of it; Besides that copyright also means that you have the moral rights of your work. This means your work is personal yours, no other person may attribute your work as his or may slightly alter your paper and say it’s his, or may use it for example in a context which you don’t like.]
YOU AS A USER OF COPYRIGHT-PROTECTED MATERIAL
Writing your paper and copyright, or:
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Research builds on previous research. So, when you’re writing a paper almost always you will use results or material of other people, for example a table or figure or a fragment of text. In most cases these results are copyright protected, this means you cannot just use this material in your paper but you must request permission to use it in your paper from the copyright holder. Of course, there are exceptions to this ‘rule’. The most important one for scientists is quoting: you are allowed to quote small parts of another man’s texts without asking him or her for permission. Of course, this is regular scholarly use but I suppose you were not aware that quoting had something to do with copyright, that it is an exception to the general copyright rule. Quoting goes with one important prerequisite. [There are more than one… ] This is that you have to acknowledge the author or source of the cited text. This is also called attribution. If not, you can be accused of plagiarism. Plagiarism = copying of ideas, data or text without permission or acknowledgement ; knowingly and falsely, so in bad faith, attributing an idea or text to yourself. Plagiarism is considered a deadly sin. [Next slide]
Why do you have to acknowledge the source of another man’s text in your paper (attribution)?
To avoid being accused of plagiarism
When do you have to acknowledge the source of the text? Paraphrasing / restating another person’s text in your own words Opinion / viewpoint / conclusion author Citing / quoting a text literally Numbers / exact data
How do you acknowledge the source of the text, or: how to cite or refer to a publication?
In the text: numerical or combination author + year In the reference list: according to style rules
Attribution & citing
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However, there are more situations in which you must acknowledge the source, not only when citing a text or figure literally When do you have to acknowledge the source of the text? Paraphrasing / restating another man’s text in your own words Opinion / viewpoint / conclusion author Citing / quoting a text literally Numbers / exact data [Next slide] How do you acknowledge the source of the text, or: how to cite or refer to a publication? In the text: numerical or combination author + year In the reference list: according to style rules
Reference style rules
Aim = to identify and retrieve publications unambiguously Descriptive elements [author name(s), year, title …], separated by punctuation marks [: , . _ ( )], placed in a certain order, and sometimes typographically emphasized [italic, underline, capitalisation]
Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). (2009) The Chicago manual of style (16th ed.). (2010) Vancouver IEEE
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Handout of the Chicago Style
Reference management software
Reference Manager and Mendeley: supported by IEC / Library Database software for end users Storage and retrieval of documentary information Automatic importing of references Automatic compiling of reference lists Cite while you write
Using another person’s figures, images, tables in
your publications
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About using another person’s figure or table in your paper. There’re some misunderstandings about this topic.
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Suppose you want to use a figure from this paper in your own paper and you want to ask permission for that. For this kind of re-use, Elsevier (and other publishers) offers a service called RightsLink. [ Mouse click: arrow points to Get rights and content ] [ Image links to Elsevier RightsLink webpage of this paper, showing RightsLinks by login RightsLink ] RightsLink [email protected] deursen
This image may probably not be used as a quote in a scholarly article
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However, you don’t need always to ask permission! You can consider a figure or image as a quote and just as it is allowed to quote fragments of text in your paper, it is also allowed to quote figures or images in your paper. Of course, the figure then has to be a quote, which means it has to be functional and subordinate to the content of your paper! Using a figure or image just to brighten up your paper or thesis is not allowed without permission.
However, if your research is about different representations of scholars
in comics, it is allowed provided of course that you acknowledge the
author or source
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But always give credit to the author and source! Sometimes this can be difficult. If you’re not sure, don’t do it.
Recommended reading & actions
Rekdal, O.B. (2014). Academic urban legends. Social studies of science, 44, 638-654. doi: 10.1177/0306312714535679 Lee, C. (2014). Timestamps for audiovisual materials in APA style. Retrieved from APA style blog: http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2014/01/timestamps-for-audiovisual-materials-in-apa-style.html Follow @Write4Research Get an ORCID-id
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Paper Rekdal: excellent and nice paper about the myth that spinach is good nutritional source of iron. It’s also an illustration about the importance and the correct way of citing and checking sources other people cite. So, author A cites author B and you (author C) wants to cite author B. How do you do that? And do you have to check what author A is sayning about author B. Blog Lee: about how to quote video footage. Twitter @Write4Research: contains excellent tips about scholarly writing in general. I’ve discovered it when preparing this lecture ORCID: unique persistent identifier of you as researcher, that distinguishes you from every other researcher and, through integration in key research workflows such as manuscript and grant submission, supports automated linkages between you and your professional activities ensuring that your work is recognized. ‘There are a lot of Chinese people but not so many Chines names’
Publishing your paper and copyright, or:
YOU AS A PRODUCER OF COPYRIGHT-PROTECTED MATERIAL
isclaimer ▪ I’m not a legal expert (by education) ▪ Most things I’m going to say are based on the
assumption that you initially indeed have copyright on your ‘writings’. Maybe you or your supervisor have signed an agreement (with NWO, with a company) in which things are stated differently
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If there are no other agreements made, the copyright of your paper belongs initially to you, not to your university, not to your supervisor
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Just an example of a paper written by TUe researcher Bert Blocken (with others of course) and published by Elsevier. The copyright of this paper has been transferred to Elsevier. Question is what are you, according to Elsevier, allowed to do with your paper? With ‘do’ I mean especially what are you allowed to with regard to ‘exploiting’ your paper, this is by publishing (making public) or re-publishing it. [Next slide]
What may you do with your paper when it’s formally published? • Do = re-publishing/re-using your paper or making
paper/digital copies of it • Depends on the publisher • Depends on the version of the paper • Depends on you • …
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Depends on the copyright policy of the publisher. See link to Sherpa-Romeo. And it depends on the version of the paper: final author version versus publishers version
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This is publisher Elsevier about what you’re allowed to do with your own paper. So, you may include it in your thesis. You have published your paper with Elsevier, with that you have transferred your copyright to Elsevier and now Elsevier allows you to include your paper in your dissertation! [Image links to website Elsevier: left picture to Author use; right picture to Author posting.] Question: what is or is not allowed? 1. Using copyright protected material may start with using your own paper in your thesis! Sometimes a thesis is a compilation of already published papers. If you have transferred the copyright of these papers you should really ask the publisher to re-publish your paper in your thesis. In most cases journal publishers allows this. 2. Putting your paper on your own webpage? In our TUe repository? What about Research Gate? Research Gate is very popular among scholars and sometimes Probably not. Linking to your article is always allowed. The sting is in the footnote: “… this excludes any systematic or organized distribution of published articles.” So, depositing your paper (the publisher’s version and/or the final author version) in Research Gate, an institutional repository, ArXiv, electronic learning environment like OASE is probably not allowed.
Email on behalf of publisher Elsevier to remove pdf’s from a Dutch institutional website
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And Elsevier is serious about enforcement of its copyright policy.
What can you do about it? • Give publishers a license to publish in which normal
scholarly use of your paper is ensured, or try to adjust the publishing agreement
• Publish open access • …
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See the video you’ve watched a few moments ago. When I was watching this video again, I realized it was already a rather old video, it’s already a few years old. Nowadays, the advice would simple be to just publish open access. Within a few years you have to publish open access [Horizon 2020, Open access proposal Dutch Ministery of Education]. Or don’t publish with some publishers: see The Cost of Knowledge
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So, when you still own the copyright of your work and someone else wants to re-use (this is copy or distribute) parts of your work, he or she must ask your permission. Of course, in practice it can be difficult top find out who owns copyright. At this point Creative Common licenses come into play. With a Creative Commons license you specify in advance what others may do with your work. There are 6 standard CC BY licenses
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BY = Attribution = This license lets others distribute, remix, tweak, and build upon your work, even commercially, as long as they credit you for the original creation. This is the most accommodating of licenses offered. Recommended for maximum dissemination and use of licensed materials. BY-SA = ShareAlike = This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work even for commercial purposes, as long as they credit you and license their new creations under the identical terms. This license is often compared to “copyleft” free and open source software licenses. All new works based on yours will carry the same license, so any derivatives will also allow commercial use. This is the license used by Wikipedia, and is recommended for materials that would benefit from incorporating content from Wikipedia and similarly licensed projects. BY-NC-SA = ShareAlike NonCommercial = This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work non-commercially, as long as they credit you and license their new creations under the identical terms. BY-ND = No derivative works = This license allows for redistribution, commercial and non-commercial, as long as it is passed along unchanged and in whole, with credit to you. BY-NC = NonCommercial = This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work non-commercially, and although their new works must also acknowledge you and be non-commercial, they don’t have to license their derivative works on the same terms BY-NC-ND = NonCommercial No derivative works = This license is the most restrictive of our six main licenses, only allowing others to download your works and share them with others as long as they credit you, but they can’t change them in any way or use them commercial CC BY = open access [link to PhD thesis of Maxim Hendriks]
Questions? More information: • Copyright Coach • Open Access Coach • Data Coach
URL’s of mentioned web pages (in order of appearance)
1. Website IEC/Library [TU/e]: http://w3.tue.nl/nl/diensten/bib/ 2. Plagiarism: http://www.plagiarism.org/plagiarism-101/types-of-plagiarism 3. Reference style rules [Murdoch University] : http://library.murdoch.edu.au/Students/Referencing/ 4. Reference Manager [TU/e]:
http://w3.tue.nl/nl/diensten/bib/digibib/zoeksystemen/a_z/reference_manager/ 5. Mendeley [TU/e]: http://w3.tue.nl/nl/diensten/bib/digibib/zoeksystemen/a_z/mendeley/ 6. RightsLink paper Elsevier:
https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet?publisherName=ELS&contentID=S0926580513001131&orderBeanReset=true
7. Rekdal, O.B. (2014), Academic urban legends: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306312714535679 8. APA Style blog: http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/ 9. Write4Research [Twitter]: http://twitter.com/Write4Research 10. ORCID: http://www.orcid.org 11. Author rights your rights [video Dirk Visser]: http://youtu.be/hWZ_ZYbAIyg 12. Repository TU/e: http://www.tue.nl/repository 13. Copyright policies publishers [Sherpa/Romeo]: http://www.sherpa.ac.uk/romeo/ 14. Elsevier, Author rights, Author use: http://www.elsevier.com/journal-authors/author-rights-and-
responsibilities 15. Elsevier, Author rights, Author posting: http://www.elsevier.com/journal-authors/author-rights-and-
responsibilities#author-posting 16. License to publish [Copyright Toolbox]:
http://copyrighttoolbox.surf.nl/copyrighttoolbox/authors/licence/ 17. Author addendum [SPARC]: http://www.sparc.arl.org/resources/authors/addendum 18. The Cost of Knowledge: http://thecostofknowledge.com 19. Creative Commons: http://creativecommons.org/ 20. PhD thesis Maxim Hendriks (CC BY): http://repository.tue.nl/748466 21. Copyright Coach [TU/e]: http://www.tue.nl/copyrightcoach 22. Open Access Coach [TU/e]: http://www.tue.nl/openaccess 23. Data Coach [TU/e]: http://www.tue.nl/datacoach
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