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Transcript of Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 What Are the Developmental Tasks of Infancy and Childhood? Infants...
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
What Are theDevelopmental Tasks ofInfancy and Childhood?
Infants and children face especially important
developmental tasks in the areas of cognition and social
relationships – tasks that lay a foundation for further growth in
adolescence and adulthood
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Jean Piaget and
Cognitive Development
Children undergo a revolution of thought in each stage
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Theories• Piaget's theory is based on the idea that
the developing child builds cognitive structures
• Used mental "maps" or schemas for understanding and responding to physical their environment
• Piaget's theory supposes that people develop schemas (conceptual models) by either assimilating or accommodating new information
• Showed that a child's cognitive structure increases in sophistication with development
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Cognitive Development
• The process by which thinking changes over time
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Schemas • Mental structures that
guide thinking
• According to Piaget, they are the building blocks of development
• Schemas form and change as we develop knowledge
• Right now, you are building a schema about schemas
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Assimilation
• Mental process that modifies new information to fit it into existingschemas
A baby will begin to suck o a bottle the way he or she sucked a breast
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Accommodation• Mental process
thatrestructures existingschemes so that newinformation is better understood
• Example: When children learn a butterfly is not a bird
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Jean Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
SensorimotorSensorimotor
PreoperationalPreoperational
Concrete Concrete OperationalOperational
Formal Formal OperationalOperational
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
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Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
SensorimotorSensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete Operational
Formal Operational
• Birth to about age 2Intelligence takes the form of motor actions. Experiencing the world through senses and
actions (looking, touching, mouthing)
• Sensorimotor intelligence
• Mental representations
• Object permanence
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Developmental Milestones
Mental Representation
Ability to form internal images of objects and events
Object Permanence Knowledge that an object exists independently
of one’s own actions or awareness
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Object Permanence
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Object Permanence; A not B error
Watch Object Permanence videoAt http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ue8y-JVhjS0&feature=related
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Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor
PreoperationalPreoperational
Concrete Operational
Formal Operational
Age 2 – 7 yearsIntelligence is intuitive in nature Representing things with words and images but
lacking logical reasoning
• Egocentrism
• Animistic thinking
• Centration
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Developmental Milestones
Egocentrism • Self-centering point of
view• The inability to realize
there are other viewpoint beside theirs.
• (the world revolves around the child and was invented for them)
“The only reason bees make honey is so I can eat it”
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Developmental Milestones
Animistic Thinking• Inanimate objects are
imagined to have life and mental process
Centration• The inability to consider
more than one factor at a time
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Developmental Milestones • Irreversibility: • The inability to think
through a series of events or mental operations and then reverse the steps
For example, a child can’t imagine pouring the juice from the tumbler back into the bottle.
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Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete Concrete OperationalOperational
Formal Operational
• About age 7 to age 11
The cognitive structure is logical but depends upon actual events.
• Acquires Conservation
• Mental operations
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Developmental Milestones
• Conservation• The child in this stage
masters this ability, to logically determine that a certain quantity will remain the same despite adjustment of the container, shape, or apparent size.
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This child lacks conservation abilities…she still cannot see that both glasses have the same amount in them
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A Lack of Conservation
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Developmental Milestones
Mental Operations• Solving problems by manipulating images in
one’s mind
For example, a child might be able to recognize that his or her dog is a Labrador, that a Labrador is a dog, and that a dog is an animal.
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Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete Operational
Formal Formal OperationalOperational
• From about age 12 on
• Abstract thought appears
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Developmental Milestones
• To think abstractly• To reason logically and draw conclusions from
the information available• To apply all these processes to hypothetical
situations.
• During this stage the young adult is able to understand such things as love, "shades of gray", logical proofs, and values.