Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 15 Physical and Cognitive...

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Development Through the LifespanDevelopment Through the Lifespan

Chapter 15

Physical and Cognitive Development inMiddle Adulthood

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Chapter 15

Physical and Cognitive Development inMiddle Adulthood

This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:

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Vision Changes in Middle AdulthoodVision Changes in Middle Adulthood

Presbyopia Problems reading small print Bifocals if nearsighted

Difficulties in dim light Reduced color discrimination Glaucoma risk

Presbyopia Problems reading small print Bifocals if nearsighted

Difficulties in dim light Reduced color discrimination Glaucoma risk


Hearing Changes in Middle AdulthoodHearing Changes in Middle Adulthood

Gender, cultural differences Men lose more hearing

Hearing aids can help

Gender, cultural differences Men lose more hearing

Hearing aids can help

Presbycusis - “old hearing” Earliest, most loss in high frequencies

Presbycusis - “old hearing” Earliest, most loss in high frequencies


Skin Changes in Middle AdulthoodSkin Changes in Middle Adulthood Wrinkles

Forehead – starting in 30s Crow’s Feet - 40s

Sagging Face, arms, legs

Age Spots After age 50

Faster with sun exposure, for women

Wrinkles Forehead – starting in 30s Crow’s Feet - 40s

Sagging Face, arms, legs

Age Spots After age 50

Faster with sun exposure, for women


Muscle-Fat Makeupin Middle AdulthoodMuscle-Fat Makeupin Middle Adulthood

Middle-age spread common – fat gain in torso Men: upper abdomen, back Women: waist, upper arms

Very gradual muscle declines Can be avoided

Low-fat diet with fruits, vegetables, grains

Exercise - resistance training

Middle-age spread common – fat gain in torso Men: upper abdomen, back Women: waist, upper arms

Very gradual muscle declines Can be avoided

Low-fat diet with fruits, vegetables, grains

Exercise - resistance training


Should You Cut Calories?Should You Cut Calories?

Restricted diet helps diverse animals Longer life Less disease

Natural human experiments show benefits Okinawa Biosphere

Hard for many people to do Calorie-restriction mimetics may work

Restricted diet helps diverse animals Longer life Less disease

Natural human experiments show benefits Okinawa Biosphere

Hard for many people to do Calorie-restriction mimetics may work


Climacteric and MenopauseClimacteric and Menopause

Gradual end of fertility Menopause follows 10–year

climacteric Age range extends from late

thirties to late fifties Drop in estrogen

Shorter monthly cycles, eventually stop

Can cause problems Sexual functioning Cholesterol

Gradual end of fertility Menopause follows 10–year

climacteric Age range extends from late

thirties to late fifties Drop in estrogen

Shorter monthly cycles, eventually stop

Can cause problems Sexual functioning Cholesterol


Menopausal SymptomsMenopausal Symptoms

Research shows menopause link

Hot flashes/night sweats Sexual problems

Not linked to menopause, other causes should be

investigated

Irritability Sleep difficulties Depression


Menopause Symptoms Around the WorldMenopause Symptoms Around the World


Hormone Therapy for Menopause Hormone Therapy for Menopause

Benefits

Reduces hot flashes, vaginal dryness May help mood Bone benefits

Risks

Heart attack, stroke, blood clots Cancer Cognitive declines, Alzheimer’s

Alternatives

Gabapentin for hot flashes Antidepressants Black cohosh


Reactions to MenopauseReactions to Menopause

Individual differences Importance of child-bearing capacity Other interests

Cultural differences Medicalization in industrial West linked

to complaints Ethnic differences in North America Social status of aging women linked to

reactions

Individual differences Importance of child-bearing capacity Other interests

Cultural differences Medicalization in industrial West linked

to complaints Ethnic differences in North America Social status of aging women linked to

reactions


Male Reproductive Changesin Middle AdulthoodMale Reproductive Changesin Middle Adulthood Reduced sperm and semen after 40 Gradual testosterone reduction

Sexual activity stimulates production

Reduced sperm and semen after 40 Gradual testosterone reduction

Sexual activity stimulates production Erection Problems

Frequent problems may be linked to anxiety, diseases, injury, loss of interest

Viagra & other drugs

Erection Problems Frequent problems may be linked to anxiety,

diseases, injury, loss of interest Viagra & other drugs


Health in Middle AgeHealth in Middle Age

Over 80% rate as good or excellent Decline from early

adulthood

More chronic diseases than in early adulthood

Over 80% rate as good or excellent Decline from early

adulthood

More chronic diseases than in early adulthood


Sexuality in Middle AdulthoodSexuality in Middle Adulthood

Intensity of response declines Slower arousal due to climacteric Partner may seem less attractive

Sex still important, enjoyable to most

Gender differences in partner availability

Intensity of response declines Slower arousal due to climacteric Partner may seem less attractive

Sex still important, enjoyable to most

Gender differences in partner availability

Slight drop in frequency among married couples Continue patterns from early adulthood More sex in good marriages

Slight drop in frequency among married couples Continue patterns from early adulthood More sex in good marriages


Leading Causes of Deathin Middle AdulthoodLeading Causes of Deathin Middle Adulthood


Cancer in Middle AdulthoodCancer in Middle Adulthood

One-third of U.S. midlife deaths, half in Canada More in lower SES

Results from mutations Oncogenes Tumor suppressor genes Stability genes Can be germline (genetic) or somatic

Often curable Treatment and survival

emotionally challenging

One-third of U.S. midlife deaths, half in Canada More in lower SES

Results from mutations Oncogenes Tumor suppressor genes Stability genes Can be germline (genetic) or somatic

Often curable Treatment and survival

emotionally challenging


Most Common Types of CancerMost Common Types of Cancer


Reducing Cancer RisksReducing Cancer Risks

Know 7 warning signs

Do self-exams Get regular check-

ups & screenings Weigh risks of

hormone therapy Healthy diet

Know 7 warning signs

Do self-exams Get regular check-

ups & screenings Weigh risks of

hormone therapy Healthy diet

Avoid: Tobacco Too much sun Unnecessary X-rays Industrial

chemicals, pollutants

Avoid: Tobacco Too much sun Unnecessary X-rays Industrial

chemicals, pollutants


Cardiovascular DiseaseCardiovascular Disease

Symptoms Heart attack Angina pectoris – chest pain Arrhythmia

Risk Conditions High blood cholesterol High blood pressure Atherosclerosis

Symptoms Heart attack Angina pectoris – chest pain Arrhythmia

Risk Conditions High blood cholesterol High blood pressure Atherosclerosis


Reducing Heart Attack RiskReducing Heart Attack Risk

Quit smoking Reduce cholesterol Treat high blood pressure Maintain ideal weight Exercise regularly Occasional wine or beer Low-does aspirin Reduce hostility, stress

Quit smoking Reduce cholesterol Treat high blood pressure Maintain ideal weight Exercise regularly Occasional wine or beer Low-does aspirin Reduce hostility, stress


OsteoporosisOsteoporosis

Severe bone loss, fragile bones Bone breaks can be life-threatening

Causes: Normal aging

With age, bones more porous, lose bone mass Menopause estrogen drop speeds loss

Heredity, size Lifestyle

Women develop earlier; men often overlooked

Severe bone loss, fragile bones Bone breaks can be life-threatening

Causes: Normal aging

With age, bones more porous, lose bone mass Menopause estrogen drop speeds loss

Heredity, size Lifestyle

Women develop earlier; men often overlooked


Preventing and Treating OsteoporosisPreventing and Treating Osteoporosis Diet

Vitamin D Calcium Avoid too much alcohol

Avoid smoking Weight-bearing exercise Treatment:

Bone-strengthening medications

Diet Vitamin D Calcium Avoid too much alcohol

Avoid smoking Weight-bearing exercise Treatment:

Bone-strengthening medications


Hostility and HealthHostility and Health

Expressed Hostility Frequent angry outbursts Rudeness, contempt Disagreeable verbal and nonverbal

behavior Health Effects

Cardiovascular problems Health complaints, illnesses Depression, dissatisfaction Unhealthy behaviors

Expressed Hostility Frequent angry outbursts Rudeness, contempt Disagreeable verbal and nonverbal

behavior Health Effects

Cardiovascular problems Health complaints, illnesses Depression, dissatisfaction Unhealthy behaviors


Managing StressManaging Stress

Reevaluate the situation Focus on events you can control Consider alternatives Exercise regularly Relaxation techniques Constructively reduce anger Seek social support

Reevaluate the situation Focus on events you can control Consider alternatives Exercise regularly Relaxation techniques Constructively reduce anger Seek social support


Problem- versus Emotion-Centered CopingProblem- versus Emotion-Centered Coping

Problem-Centered Coping

Identify and appraise problems

Choose and implement potential solutions

Problem-Centered Coping

Identify and appraise problems

Choose and implement potential solutions

Emotion-Centered Coping

Control distress when situation can’t be changed

Emotion-Centered Coping

Control distress when situation can’t be changed


Midlife ExerciseMidlife Exercise

Many physical and psychological benefits Stress management

Barriers to beginning in middle age Time, energy, health, lack of facilities

Self-efficacy Both helps exercise

and is improved by it Choose activities that match

personality, lifestyle

Many physical and psychological benefits Stress management

Barriers to beginning in middle age Time, energy, health, lack of facilities

Self-efficacy Both helps exercise

and is improved by it Choose activities that match

personality, lifestyle


HardinessHardiness

Control Regard most experiences as

controllable

Commitment Find interest and meaning in

daily activities

Challenge View as normal part of life,

chance for growth

Control Regard most experiences as

controllable

Commitment Find interest and meaning in

daily activities

Challenge View as normal part of life,

chance for growth


Double Standard of AgingDouble Standard of Aging

Aging men rated more positively; women more negatively

Evolutionary roots; media, social messages

May be declining

Aging men rated more positively; women more negatively

Evolutionary roots; media, social messages

May be declining


Cohort Effects in Intelligence StudiesCohort Effects in Intelligence Studies


Fluid and Crystallized IntelligenceFluid and Crystallized Intelligence

Fluid Depends on basic

information processing skills: Detecting relationships

among stimuli Analytical speed Working memory

Fluid Depends on basic

information processing skills: Detecting relationships

among stimuli Analytical speed Working memory

Crystallized Skills that depend on:

Accumulated knowledge Experience Good judgment Mastery of social

conventions

Valued by person’s culture

Crystallized Skills that depend on:

Accumulated knowledge Experience Good judgment Mastery of social

conventions

Valued by person’s culture


Individual and Group Factors in High Intelligence ScoresIndividual and Group Factors in High Intelligence Scores Lifestyle

High education Complex job or

leisure Lasting marriage High SES

Lifestyle High education Complex job or

leisure Lasting marriage High SES

Personal Flexible personality Healthy Gender Cohort Perceptual speed

Personal Flexible personality Healthy Gender Cohort Perceptual speed


Age-Related Slowing ofInformation ProcessingAge-Related Slowing ofInformation Processing

Neural Network View

Neurons in brain die, breaking neural connections

Brain forms new connections

New connections are less efficient

Neural Network View

Neurons in brain die, breaking neural connections

Brain forms new connections

New connections are less efficient

Information-Loss View

Information lost at each step through cognitive system

Whole system slows down to inspect, interpret information

Information-Loss View

Information lost at each step through cognitive system

Whole system slows down to inspect, interpret information


Changing Correlations of Processing Speed with IntelligenceChanging Correlations of Processing Speed with Intelligence


Attention in Middle AdulthoodAttention in Middle Adulthood

More difficulties in Multitasking Focusing on relevant information Switching attention Connecting visual information Inhibition

More difficulties in Multitasking Focusing on relevant information Switching attention Connecting visual information Inhibition

May be linked to slower processing Experience, practice, training help adults compensate

May be linked to slower processing Experience, practice, training help adults compensate


Memory in Middle AdulthoodMemory in Middle Adulthood

Working memory decreases from 20s to 60s Less use of memory strategies--may be due to slower

processing, attention problems Adults can compensate

Self-pacing Strategy reminders Relevant information

Few changes in: Factual Knowledge Procedural Knowledge Metacognitive Knowledge

Working memory decreases from 20s to 60s Less use of memory strategies--may be due to slower

processing, attention problems Adults can compensate

Self-pacing Strategy reminders Relevant information

Few changes in: Factual Knowledge Procedural Knowledge Metacognitive Knowledge


Practical Problem Solving and ExpertisePractical Problem Solving and Expertise Practical Problem Solving

Evaluate real-world situations Achieve goals that have high uncertainty Helped by expertise

Expertise Extensive, highly organized knowledge base Provides efficient, effective approaches to

solving problems Organized around abstract principles Result of years of experience

Practical Problem Solving Evaluate real-world situations Achieve goals that have high uncertainty Helped by expertise

Expertise Extensive, highly organized knowledge base Provides efficient, effective approaches to

solving problems Organized around abstract principles Result of years of experience


Changes in CreativityChanges in Creativity

More deliberate, thoughtful Less spontaneous, intensely

emotional

Sum up or integrate ideas Less focus on unusual

new ideas

Goals more altruistic

More deliberate, thoughtful Less spontaneous, intensely

emotional

Sum up or integrate ideas Less focus on unusual

new ideas

Goals more altruistic


Vocational Life and Cognitive DevelopmentVocational Life and Cognitive Development

Cognitive and personality characteristics affect job choice

Job, in turn, affects cognition Complex work increases cognitive

flexibility Link to SES Also seek intellectually stimulating

leisure

Cognitive and personality characteristics affect job choice

Job, in turn, affects cognition Complex work increases cognitive

flexibility Link to SES Also seek intellectually stimulating

leisure


Becoming a Student in MidlifeBecoming a Student in Midlife

40% of North American college students over age 25 60% are women

Reasons diverse Job change, better income Life transition Personal achievement, self-enrichment

Concerns Academic abilities

Aging, gender stereotypes Role overload - balancing demands outside school

40% of North American college students over age 25 60% are women

Reasons diverse Job change, better income Life transition Personal achievement, self-enrichment

Concerns Academic abilities

Aging, gender stereotypes Role overload - balancing demands outside school


Possible Sources of Support for Midlife College StudentsPossible Sources of Support for Midlife College Students

Partner Children Extended family Friends Educational institution Workplace

Partner Children Extended family Friends Educational institution Workplace

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Development Through the Lifespan Chapter 15 Physical and Cognitive...

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