Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Classical conditioning is a basic form of learning in which a...

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

Classical conditioning is a basic form of learning in which

a stimulus that produces an innate reflex becomes

associated with a previously neutral stimulus, which then acquires the power to elicit

essentially the same response

What Sort of Learning Does What Sort of Learning Does Classical Conditioning Explain?Classical Conditioning Explain?


The Essentials of The Essentials of Classical ConditioningClassical Conditioning

• Neutral stimulus Any stimulus that produces no conditioned response prior to learning

• Examples; A bell sound is neutral…

It does nothing until paired with a natural producing stimulus, such as food


The Essentials of The Essentials of Classical Classical ConditioningConditioning

Unconditioned Unconditioned response (UCR)response (UCR)

Unconditioned Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)stimulus (UCS)

Conditioned Conditioned response (CR)response (CR)

Conditioned Conditioned stimulus (CS)stimulus (CS)



Unconditioned response (UCR)

Unconditioned Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)stimulus (UCS)

Conditioned response (CR)

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

A stimulus that automatically (without conditioning) produces a reflexive behavior

In Pavlov’s experiment, food was the UCS because it produced a salivation reflex, or UCR



Unconditioned Unconditioned response (UCR)response (UCR)

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)



The response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior learning

It’s reflective and involved NO LEARNING






Conditioned Conditioned stimulus (CS)stimulus (CS)

A previously neutral stimulus (a bell/tone) elicits a conditioned response (dog salivating)





Conditioned Conditioned response (CR)response (CR)


A response to a previously neutral stimulus that has become associated with the unconditioned stimulus

The dog salivates at the sound of the bell


Ivan PavlovIvan Pavlov• Russian physiologist,

psychologist, and physician.

• Awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1904 for research pertaining to the digestive system.

• Pavlov is widely known for first describing the phenomenon of classical conditioning.


Pavlov’s DogPavlov’s Dog

• While doing experiments on salivation, he noticed dogs salivated before the food was in their mouths

• He eventually came up with an objective model of learning…. classical conditioning

Ivan Pavlov


Classical Classical ConditioningConditioningPrior to conditioning

Conditioning

After conditioning

Neutral stimulus(tone)

(Orientation to soundbut no response)

Unconditioned stimulus(food in mouth)

Unconditioned response(salivation)

Neutral stimulusCS (tone)

Unconditioned stimulus(food)

+Conditioned response

(salivation)

Conditioned stimulus(tone)

Conditioned response(salivation)


• Watch the video The Office - Pavlov's dog on You tube

Classical Conditioning in Classical Conditioning in HumansHumans

• The smell of perfume..

• a certain song…

• a specific day of the year…

When it results in intense emotions

• It's not that the smell or the song are the cause of the emotion, but rather what that smell or song has been paired with...

• …perhaps an ex-boyfriend or ex-girlfriend, the death of a loved one, or maybe the day you met your current husband or wife.


AcquisitionAcquisition

• The initial learning stage

of classical conditioning

• Refers to the period of time when the stimulus (bell) comes to evoke the conditioned response. (salivation)


Classical ConditioningClassical Conditioning ExtinctionExtinction and and Spontaneous Spontaneous RecoveryRecovery

A Conditioned Response (CR ) is not permanent… it can be reversed, or made extinct

BUT….it may return spontaneously


ExtinctioExtinctionn

Weakening of a conditioned response in the absence of an unconditioned stimulus

• The dog salivating (CR) is eliminated by repeated presentations of the bell (CS ) without the food (US)


Spontaneous RecoverySpontaneous Recovery

The reappearance of an extinguished, conditioned response after a time delay, usually at a lower intensity

• For example, cocaine addicts who are thought to be "cured" can experience an

irresistible impulse to use the drug again if they encounter a stimulus with strong

connections to the drug, such as a white powder


Acquisition, Extinction, Acquisition, Extinction, and Spontaneous and Spontaneous RecoveryRecovery

(1)Acquisition(CS + UCS)

(3)Spontaneous Recovery(CS alone)

Res

t per

iod(2)

Extinction(CS alone)

(Time)

Trials

Str

engt

h of

the

CR

(Wea

k)(S

tron

g)


Classical ConditioningGeneralization and

Discrimination

Stimulus Generalization Giving a conditioned

response (panic) to stimuli that are similar to the CS (spiders)

Stimulus Discrimination Involves responding to one stimulus butnot to stimuli that are similar


Stimulus Stimulus GeneralizationGeneralization

• Giving a conditioned response (panic) to stimuli that are similar to the CS (dogs)

Being bitten by a large dog results in fear of all dogs


Stimulus DiscriminationStimulus Discrimination

• Responding to one stimulus butnot to stimuli that are similar

Being bitten by a large dog results in fear of only large dogs, but not all dogs


Experimental NeurosisExperimental Neurosis

A pattern of erratic behavior when faced with difficult, stressful, or demanding choices

Confusing stimuli may cause experimental neurosis

Freakin’ Out


Applications of Classical Applications of Classical ConditioningConditioning

• Classical Conditioning explains many behaviors……such as cravings, aversions, and fears

• It is also useful in eliminating unwanted behavior


Systematic Systematic DesensitizationDesensitization

• A behavior therapy used to treat phobias

• Example: Fear of snakes

• The patient is first taught a muscle relaxation technique.

• Then he or she is told , over a period of days, to imagine the fear-producing situation while trying to restrain the anxiety by relaxation

• At the end of the series, the strongest anxiety-provoking situation may be brought to mind without anxiety.


A FearA Fearof Snakes?of Snakes?

• They would then present increasingly unpleasant situations:

• a poster of a snake• a small snake in a box

in the other room• a snake in a clear box

in view• touching the snake

• At each step in the progression, the patient is desensitized to the phobia using coping techniques

• As they realize that nothing bad happened to them, the fear is gradually extinguished.

Once the patient had practiced their relaxation technique, the therapist would then present them with the photograph, and help them calm down.


Little AlbertLittle Albert• Albert was

taught to fear a white rat when it was paired with a loud noise that scared the child.

• This fear was later generalized to other white , furry objects

By present-day standards, Watson's experiment was unethical for several reasons.

Albert's mother was not informed of the experiment. It was performed without her consent.


Little Albert Little Albert


Little AlbertLittle Albert

• Albert's fear was not extinguished because he moved away before systematic desensitization could be administered.

• It is presumed that, although he still must have had fear conditioned to many various stimuli after moving, he would likely have been desensitized by his natural environments later in life.


Taste-aversion Taste-aversion LearningLearning

• A biological tendency in which an organism learns to avoid food with a certain taste after a single experience, if eating it is followed by illness

Learned taste aversion may be nature's way of keeping us away from deadly foods.


Taste-aversionTaste-aversion

• This poses a problem for ‘Classical’ conditioning because it is not entirely learned.

• It appears to be part of our biological nature

• This leads some to question some parts of Pavlov’s theory

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007 Classical conditioning is a basic form of learning in which a...

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