Copyright © 2015, W. W. Norton & Company Prepared by Lisa M. Will, San Diego City College Lecture...
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Transcript of Copyright © 2015, W. W. Norton & Company Prepared by Lisa M. Will, San Diego City College Lecture...
Copyright © 2015, W. W. Norton & Company
Prepared by Lisa M. Will, San Diego City College
Lecture SlidesCHAPTER 2: Patterns in the Sky—Motions of Earth and the Moon
Understanding Our UniverseSECOND EDITIONStacy Palen, Laura Kay, Brad Smith, and George Blumenthal
Patterns in the Sky
What do we observe on the sky due to the: Rotation of Earth? Revolution of Earth? Axial tilt of Earth? Orbit of the Moon?
Rotation of the Earth One day is 24 hours.
• One rotation with respect to stars = 23 hr 56 min = sidereal day
• One rotation with respect to the Sun = 24 hours = solar day
Earth rotates counterclockwise and also orbits the Sun in the counterclockwise direction.
Class Question The Sun rises in the east and sets in the west. Which way is Earth rotating?
A. Toward the westB. Toward the northC. Toward the eastD. Toward the south
Celestial Sphere The celestial sphere is a projection of Earth’s axes and equator into space.
The celestial sphere rotates around the north and south celestial poles each day.
Celestial Sphere: Celestial Equator and Ecliptic
Celestial equator: midway between the two poles.
Ecliptic: apparent path of the Sun, inclined 23.5 degrees to equator.
Celestial Sphere: Earth’s North Pole
At Earth’s North Pole, we would see half of the celestial sphere.
The north celestial pole would be at the zenith, the point directly overhead.
Celestial Sphere: Circumpolar
No star rises or sets =>circumpolar. Observers never see the south celestial pole.
Celestial Sphere: Circumpolar (Cont.)
Celestial Sphere: Circumpolar (Cont.)
Celestial Sphere: Circumpolar (Cont.)
From what location on Earth would all of the starson the celestial sphere be visible?
A. EquatorB. North PoleC. Prime MeridianD. South Pole
Class Question
Celestial Sphere: Hemispheres
At Earth’s equator, all stars rise and set. The celestial poles are on the northern and southern
horizons.
What would the sky look like from a latitudeof 30° N?
A. All stars would be circumpolar.B. All stars would be visible.C. No stars would be visible.D. Some stars would be circumpolar; some
would never be visible.
Class Question
Celestial Sphere: Stars Visibility
Some stars are circumpolar. Some stars are never visible.
Revolution of the Earth
The average distance to the Sun is called the astronomical unit, or AU.
1 AU = 150 million km = 8.3 light-min
Revolution of the Earth: Zodiac
As Earth revolves, the Sun is seen against different constellations—the zodiac.
The constellations are along the ecliptic.
Axial Tilt of the Earth
Earth’s axis is tilted at an angle of 23.5°with respect to the ecliptic plane.
Axial Tilt of the Earth: In Summer
The tilt causes the seasons. In summer: The angle of sunlight is more direct. Energy is more concentrated and days are longer.
Axial Tilt of the Earth: In Summer (Cont.)
Axial Tilt of the Earth: In Summer (Cont.)
Axial Tilt of the Earth: Summer and Autumnal Seasons
Summer solstice: • Sun is at its highest point
above the ecliptic (June 21).• Longest day.
Autumnal equinox:• Sun on the celestial equator
(Sept. 22). • Equal hours of day
and night.
Axial Tilt of the Earth: Winter and Vernal Seasons
Winter solstice:• Sun at its lowest point below
the ecliptic (December 21).• Shortest day.
Vernal equinox:• Sun on the celestial equator
(March 20).• Equal hours of day
and night.
Axial Tilt of the Earth: Winter and Vernal Seasons (Cont.)
Axial Tilt of the Earth: Winter and Vernal Seasons (Cont.)
If the ecliptic were aligned with the celestialequator, what would happen to the seasons?
A. Each season would last longer.B. Nothing. They would be the same as now.C. We would not have seasons at all.D. Cannot tell from the information given.
Class Question
Axial Tilt of the Earth: Changes Over Years Earth’s axial tilt changes
orientation over a period of 26,000 years due to precession.
The location of the poles slowly shifts.
Currently the north celestial pole is near the bright star Polaris.
Orbit of the Moon Synchronous
rotation. The Moon completes
one full rotation in one full revolution around Earth.
Orbit of the Moon: Moon From the Earth The Moon shines
because of reflected sunlight.
Half of the Moon is always illuminated by the Sun.
Phases of the MoonThe phase of the Moon is determined by how much of the bright side we see.
Phases of the Moon: New and Crescent Moon
New Moon: Moon between Earth and the Sun.
Crescent: Less than half of the Moon is lit up from the Earth’s point of view.
Quarter: Moon at right angles with Earth and the Sun.
Gibbous: More than half of the Moon is lit up from Earth’s point of view.
Full Moon: Moon on opposite side of Earth from the Sun.
Phases of the Moon: Quarter, Gibbous, and Full Moon
At what phase of the Moon is a solar eclipsepossible?
A. First QuarterB. FullC. NewD. Third Quarter
Class Question
Eclipses: Solar Eclipse
Solar eclipses happen at new Moon. Only a small portion of Earth can witness each one.
Eclipses: Solar Eclipse (Cont.)
Eclipses: Solar Eclipse (Cont.)
Eclipses: Types of Solar Eclipse Three types of solar
eclipses:• Total: the Moon completely
blocks the Sun.• Partial: only part of Sun is
blocked.• Annular: the Sun appears
as a bright ring surrounding the Moon.
At what phase of the Moon is a lunar eclipsepossible?
A. First QuarterB. FullC. NewD. Third Quarter
Class Question
Eclipses: Lunar Eclipse
Lunar eclipses occur at full Moon. Visible over a wider area of Earth. Longer duration than solar eclipses.
Eclipses: Lunar Eclipse (Cont.)
Eclipses: Lunar Eclipse (Cont.)
Eclipses: Lunar Eclipse (Cont.)
Eclipses: Lunar Eclipse (Cont.)
Do we observe eclipses every month?
A. YesB. No
Class Question
Orbit of the Moon Eclipses do not occur
every month because the Moon’s orbit is tilted about 5 degrees with respect to Earth’s orbit around the Sun (the ecliptic).
If Earth rotated in 12 hours but its orbit were thesame, which of the following would NOT be true?
A. Each season would happen twice per year.B. We would still see only one hemisphere of the
Moon.C. The cycle of lunar phases would last as long
as it does now.D. Observers at the North Pole would only see one
half of the celestial sphere.
Class Question
Chapter Summary The daily patterns of rising and setting => Earth’s
rotation. The annual patterns of the stars and constellations in
the sky => Earth’s revolution. The changes in the length of day and intensity of
sunlight that create the seasons => Axial tilt of the Earth.
The phases of the Moon => Moon’s revolution around the Earth.